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The Army's Future Combat System (FCS) Order Code RL32888 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web The Army’s Future Combat System (FCS): Background and Issues for Congress Updated May 5, 2006 Andrew Feickert Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress The Army’s Future Combat System (FCS): Background and Issues for Congress Summary The Future Combat System (FCS) is the U.S. Army’s multiyear, multibillion- dollar program at the heart of the Army’s transformation efforts. It is to be the Army’s major research, development, and acquisition program consisting of 18 manned and unmanned systems tied together by an extensive communications and information network. FCS is intended to replace such current systems as the M-1 Abrams tank and the M-2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle with advanced, networked combat systems. The FCS program has been characterized by the Army and others as a high- risk venture due to the advanced technologies involved as well as the challenge of networking all of the FCS subsystems together so that FCS- equipped units can function as intended. The FCS program exists in a dynamic national security environment which could significantly influence the program’s outcome. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and potential defense budget cuts could play a role in shaping the FCS program. The revised FCS program timeline — including four “Spin-Outs” whereby equipment is to be tested first by a FCS evaluation brigade and then introduced into the current force — has extended the program’s timeline by four years and has added additional funding requirements, but it has also served to reduce some of the risk associated with this admittedly high-risk venture. The overall FCS program budget has risen steadily since the program’s inception and because the program is still in its early stages, its full costs are not yet known. The FCS program is managed by a lead systems integrator group consisting of major defense contractors Boeing and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). Although widely criticized, the Army adopted this program management approach because it maintains it did not have the required acquisition, scientific, and engineering staff to manage a program of this complexity and scope. The program’s recent conversion from an Other Transaction Authority (OTA) agreement to a Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) contract — in part due to congressional pressure — raises concerns regarding increasing program costs as well as the Army’s ability to take on a larger role in overseeing and executing this highly complex and technologically risky program. The FCS is experiencing a number of program development issues - with some technologies advancing quicker than anticipated, others progressing along predicted lines, while still others not meeting the Army’s expectations. Congress, in its authorization, appropriation, and oversight roles may wish to review the FCS program in terms of its capabilities and program costs. This report will be updated as the situation warrants. Contents Issues for Congress ................................................1 Background ......................................................2 FCS Program Origins...........................................2 Recent Activities ..............................................3 FCS and the National Security Environment ........................................................5 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) 2006 ......................5 The Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.............................6 The FCS Program .................................................8 Program Overview ............................................8 FCS Program Timeline .........................................9 Restructured Program ......................................9 Lack of a Sound “Business Case” for FCS? ....................11 The FCS Program: A Sound Business Strategy ..................13 The Army’s View on the FCS Program’s Progress to Date.........14 FCS Program Budget..........................................14 FY2007 Defense Authorization Bill Markup ...................15 FCS Budget Versus FCS Costs..............................15 Defense Budget Cuts......................................16 Rising Costs of Military Personnel ...........................17 Program Management and Risk Reduction.........................18 Lead Systems Integrator (LSI) and Restructured Contract .........18 Risk Reduction...........................................20 Program Developmental Issues......................................22 Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) ..............................22 Program Reorganization ...................................22 Reduced Program Scope ...................................23 Warfighter Information Network - Tactical (WIN-T).................23 Manned Ground Vehicles (MGV) ................................25 MGV Transportability .....................................25 Congressional Action......................................26 MGV Engines ...........................................27 Active Protection System (APS).............................27 Safety Concerns..........................................28 Technological and Integration Challenges ......................28 Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) ..............................28 Issues for Congress ...............................................29 What if FCS Proves to be “Less Capable” than Originally Envisioned?...29 System Level Requirements.................................29 Network Dependency......................................30 Possible Congressional Interest..............................31 What if FCS Becomes “Cost-Prohibitive” Late in its Development Cycle? .................................................31 Factor One: FCS Acquisition Strategy.........................31 Factor Two: Potential Cost Increases..........................32 Factor Three: Constrained Resources and Competition for Funding . 32 Options for an Under-Budgeted FCS Program ..................33 Possible Congressional Interest..............................33 Additional Reading ...............................................34 Appendix A. FCS Subsystems ......................................35 Manned Ground Vehicles ......................................35 Mounted Combat System (MCS) .............................35 Infantry Carrier Vehicle (ICV)...............................35 Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) ........................35 Non-Line-of-Sight Mortar (NLOS-M).........................35 Reconnaissance and Surveillance Vehicle (RSV) ................35 Command and Control Vehicle (C2V) ........................36 Medical Vehicle - Evacuation (MV-E) and Medical Vehicle - Treatment (MV-T).....................36 FCS Recovery and Maintenance Vehicle (FRMV)...............36 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) ..............................36 Class I UAVs ............................................36 Class II UAVs ...........................................37 Class III UAVs ...........................................37 Class IV UAVs ..........................................37 Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) .............................37 Armed Robotic Vehicle (ARV)..............................37 Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle (SUGV) ....................37 Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment Vehicle (MULE) . 38 Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS) ...............................38 Tactical UGS............................................38 Urban UGS..............................................38 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System (NLOS-LS) and Intelligent Munitions System (IMS)...............................38 The Network ................................................39 System-of-Systems Common Operating Environment (SOSCOE)...39 Battle Command (BC) Software .............................39 Warfighter-Machine Interface Package ........................40 Communications and Computer (CC) Systems..................40 Intelligence, Reconnaissance and Surveillance (ISR) Systems ......40 The Soldier..................................................40 List of Tables Restructured FCS Program Schedule..................................10 The Army’s Future Combat System (FCS): Background and Issues for Congress Issues for Congress The Future Combat System (FCS) is the Army’s multiyear, multibillion-dollar program which is considered to be at the heart of the Army’s transformation efforts. It is to be the Army’s major research, development, and acquisition program for the foreseeable future and is to consist of 18 manned and unmanned systems tied together by an extensive communications and information network. FCS is intended to replace such current systems as the M-1 Abrams tank and the M-2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle with advanced networked combat systems. The FCS program has been characterized by the Army and others as a high-risk venture due to the advanced technologies involved as well as the challenge of networking all of the FCS subsystems together so that FCS-equipped units can function as intended. The Army’s success criteria for FCS is that it should be “as good as or better than” the Army’s current force in terms of “lethality, survivability, responsiveness and sustainability.”1 The primary issues presented to Congress are the capabilities and affordability of the FCS program and the likelihood, given a myriad of factors, that the Army will be able to field its first FCS-equipped brigade by 2014 and eventually field up to 15
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