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Theorizing Conservative Egalitarianism by Erin Baribeau a Disserta Taxpayers and Homeowners, Forgotten Men, and Citizen-Workers: Theorizing Conservative Egalitarianism by Erin Baribeau A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor Lisa J. Disch (Chair) Professor Pamela Brandwein Professor Robert Mickey Professor Matthew D. Lassiter Copyright Erin Baribeau 2014 Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank Lisa Disch for her inspiration and unflagging support and guidance, both throughout my graduate career and at every step in the writing of this dissertation. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Pamela Brandwein and Robert Mickey, both of whom have played a tremendous role in sparking my research interests, and in pushing me to be more precise when developing and articulating my ideas and arguments. Matthew Lassiter has provided great clarity and much needed historical insight for the framing of this project, and to him I am greatly indebted. The process of developing, clarifying, and revising this dissertation was truly a collective effort. For their help, I thank Danielle LaVaque-Manty, Scott Beal at the Sweetland Center for Writing, my friends and colleagues in the Political Theory Workshop at Michigan, my Fall 2013 Sweetland Dissertation Writing Group, and participants at the "Theory in Black and White" panel at the 2014 Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, and the "Race in North America" panel at the 2014 Meeting of the Western Political Science Association. For their generous financial support for research and travel, I also thank the Department of Political Science at Michigan. To Damien Picariello, a true partner in every sense of the word—in work, in play, and in love: thank you for everything. Finally, I dedicate this dissertation to my parents, David and Maryanne Baribeau, who have always given me unconditional love and support. Mom and Dad, you have set a remarkable example of individual and collective hard work and achievement. I am as proud of you both as you've always said you are of me. Thank you, and I love you. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgments......................................................................................................... ii List of Images................................................................................................................ iv Chapter One .................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction: "Equality is unfair": Race, "Backlash," and Ideological Development in American Politics Chapter Two.................................................................................................................. 32 Before Conservative Egalitarianism: (Re)presenting the New Deal Chapter Three................................................................................................................ 64 Detroit's "Second Reconstruction": Navigating “de jure/de facto” and Colorblindness in Milliken v. Bradley Chapter Four................................................................................................................. 111 Archie Bunker, the (Forgotten) Man In the Street: Popular Culture and "White Backlash" Chapter Five................................................................................................................. 153 Egalitarianism and the Black "Citizen-Worker" in the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike Chapter Six.................................................................................................................. 189 Conclusion: Conservative Egalitarianism in the Twenty-First Century Bibliography................................................................................................................ 203 iii List of Images 1. Antibusing flyer, Carmen A. Roberts Papers, 1972-1981. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor......................................87 2. Cartoon drawings sent to Judge Roth, signed by “Andrew Gaydos ‘Magyar’” from Andrew Gaydos of Bedford Township, MI. Roth Papers, Box 12, folder 4, 1972. Bentley Historical Librarary, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor...................................91 3. "Archie's Helping Hand" (© Tandem Licensing Corp., 1974, 1975, renewed 2002, 2003)......................................................................................................................126 4. "The Man in the Street" (©Tandem Productions, Inc., 1971, 1972)...........................129 5. "The Man in the Street" (©Tandem Productions, Inc., 1971, 1972)...........................131 6. "Two's A Crowd" (©Tandem Licensing Corp., 1977, 1978, renewed 2005)..............133 7. "The Games Bunkers Play" (©Tandem Licensing Corp., 1973, 1974, renewed 2001, 2002)........................................................................................................145 8. "The Games Bunkers Play" (©Tandem Licensing Corp., 1973, 1974, renewed 2001, 2002)........................................................................................................148 9. "Archie's Grand Opening" (©Tandem Licensing Corp., 1977, 1978, renewed 2005)..................................................................................................................151 iv Chapter One: Introduction: "Equality is unfair": Race, "Backlash," and Ideological Development in American Politics I. Introduction When viewers tuned in to the popular CBS sitcom "All in the Family" (AITF) on October 19th, 1974, they would have heard the show's white working-class protagonist, Archie Bunker, complaining—once again—about equality. Already irritated upon learning that his neighbor, Irene Lorenzo, has been hired as a forklift operator at the docks where he works, Archie then discovers that she will be making the same wages. As he laments to great audience laughter, “Equality is unfair. What’s the point of a man working hard all his life, trying to get someplace, if all he’s gonna do is wind up equal?”1 Throughout AITF's run, Archie understands gender and racial equality as a threat to his status a white man. Equality is unfair if it means that he will be brought down to the level of women and nonwhites—or, worse, if these groups rise above him in status. For Archie, whiteness and maleness are sources of privilege. Equality, he thinks, will only unsettle this. Equality is a zero-sum game. At first glance, it may seem unsurprising that a supporter of the Republican Party would speak of equality in pejorative terms. Indeed, in AITF's opening theme, "Those 1 "All in the Family," Season 5, episode 6 (1974). 1 Were the Days," Archie laments the loss of a pre-New Deal America, singing, "Mister, we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again."2 In both the popular American imagination and scholarship, the principle of equality has been characterized as a perennial and distinguishing characteristic not of the twentieth-century Republican Party—the party of Big Business and the wealthy—but rather of liberalism and the Democratic Party. For example, in Party Ideologies in America, John Gerring constructs a Republican "ideological epoch," from 1928 through 1992, in which individualism and antistatism, not equality, are defining themes.3 Moreover, and moving beyond party labels, equality has rarely been associated with the defenders of free-markets and wealth creation. William Graham Sumner is illustrative on this point. The late nineteenth- century conservative sociologist, anti-progressive, and defender of laissez-faire economics, juxtaposed equality against the liberty of the individual, writing that, "every effort to realize equality necessitates a sacrifice of liberty."4 Nonetheless, while certainly not an obvious trait of the party of Hoover, a story of equality that tacks the principle solely onto a Democratic epoch—or onto Progressivism and New Deal liberalism— ignores the ways in which equality became a key discursive trait of the Republican Party in the mid-twentieth century. Consequently, an account like Gerring's misses the ways in which a figure like Archie—angered over racial and gender equality—might actually be hailed by a specifically conservative language of equality. 2 "Those Were the Days," Lee Adams (lyrics) and Charles Strouse (music). 3 John Gerring, Party Ideologies in America, 1828-1996 (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 16- 17. 4 William Graham Sumner, What the Social Classes Owe to Each Other (Harper & Brothers, 1883). Project Gutenberg. Online: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18603/18603-h/18603-h.htm (Accessed 1 May 2014). 2 Such a conservative championing of equality would reorient it from a Great Society-era focus on "leveling" the playing field between whites and blacks, men and women, rich and poor. A conservative language of equality, though ostensibly colorblind, would emphasize the threatened civil rights of working- and middle-class white Americans, the "Forgotten" majority, and the losers in an increasingly liberalizing society. Yet, in appealing to a mythical, colorblind majority, a conservative equality would ultimately strengthen, rather than weaken, the privileges of race and gender that Archie cherishes. As Americans tuned in to watch AITF by the millions each week, some probably would have recognized Archie's beliefs and anxieties at work in their own lives. Indeed, for some fans, Archie's racial prejudice and contempt for equality was not unique to a fictional, Nixon-supporting "hard hat."
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