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Floods Alleviation

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Floods Alleviation A Review of Current Knowledge Floods: alleviation, protection, response and risk management Authors: Dr W R White Dr P G Samuels FR/R0015 July 2011 © Foundation for Water Research Price: £15.00 (20% discount to FWR Members) Foundation for Water Research Allen House, The Listons, Liston Road, Marlow, Bucks. This review is one of a series of Reviews Of Current Knowledge (ROCKs) produced by FWR. They focus on topics related to water supply, wastewater disposal and water environments, which may be the subject of debate and inquiry. The objective of each review is to produce concise, independent scientific and technical information on the subject to facilitate a wider understanding of the issues involved and to promote informed opinion about them. © Foundation for Water Research 2011 Copyright Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of FWR. Disclaimer Whilst every effort has been made to ensure accuracy FWR will not accept responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained in this publication. Appropriate professional advice should be sought when making important decisions to ensure the information is correct, up-to-date and applicable to specific circumstances. Review of Current Knowledge Floods: alleviation, protection, response and risk management Flooding at Dorchester-on-Thames Authors: Dr W R White Dr P G Samuels i Review of Current Knowledge Executive Summary Flooding is the most widespread of all natural hazards, often arising from adverse meteorological conditions such as: • intense or prolonged rainfall in river catchments • storm surges at the coast and in estuaries • storm-generated waves at the coast. Flooding may be triggered by a series of other natural hazards. For example, earthquakes may cause tsunamis. They also cause landslides which may block river valleys and impound water. These landslide deposits later breach resulting in flooding downstream. Another source of flooding is the failure of water management infrastructure such as dams and raised flood protection embankments. In many countries, little of the coastline or land area has escaped human influence, with increasing pressures over generations from settlement, agriculture, industry and commerce. The human influences include water and flood management activities which control the extent and frequency of floods and the drainage of water from the land. Our perception of floods and how to react to them has changed over time. Originally, floods were regarded as acts of God and society accepted the vagaries of nature. With technological development in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries the concept developed of man attempting to overcome or control nature, an approach or attitude which continued until very recently. During this period the dominant philosophy was one of taming floods, flood defence and flood prevention. Today, with the emergence of sustainability as a dominant driver of international policy and human activity, there is a move towards social responsibility and the development of general policies for flood risk management. Flood risk management can be viewed as a continuing cycle of activities with prevention and protection at the fore in normal times. When a flood is imminent or in progress, the attention moves to flood warning and emergency management responses. After the flood there is a period of recovery, relief and review to learn lessons before the next flood occurs. Flood risk management recognises that the reduction of flood damage needs active engagement with the public at large so that when a flood comes, individuals and businesses are prepared and can act appropriately. This approach aims to create greater resilience within communities. Flood risk can be analysed through a systematic consideration of: • the sources of the floodwater • the pathways by which the water moves over the land surface • the exposure of people, property, businesses and the environment to the floodwaters • the consequences of inundation on everything exposed to the floodwater. Flood risk management is achieved through a portfolio of measures including the construction of traditional flood protection schemes, the use of policies to restrict inappropriate development on floodplains, the installation of flood warning systems and the testing of action plans to protect the population. Internationally, policies and practice in flood risk management are evolving in response to many drivers including: • consideration of potential climatic changes in terms of precipitation and sea levels • increasing potential for damage to the growing world infrastructure • decreasing acceptance of flooding by communities • competing demands on public expenditure • ageing of existing flood defence infrastructure. ii Review of Current Knowledge Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................. II CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................................................III 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 1 NATURAL DISASTERS .......................................................................................................................................... 1 HISTORIC FLOODS ............................................................................................................................................... 2 ILLUSTRATIONS OF FLOODS ................................................................................................................................. 4 CONTENT OF ROCK............................................................................................................................................ 6 2 ASPECTS OF FLOODING......................................................................................................................... 7 OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT OF FLOOD EVENTS ....................................................................................... 7 The peak water level....................................................................................................................................... 8 The date and time ........................................................................................................................................... 8 The peak discharge......................................................................................................................................... 8 The duration and shape of the flood hydrograph........................................................................................... 9 The flooded area............................................................................................................................................. 9 PHYSICAL PROCESSES.......................................................................................................................................... 9 Precipitation .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Runoff ................................................................................................................................................ 11 Flood propagation........................................................................................................................................ 13 IMPACTS ON SOCIETY ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Flood risk ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Floods emergencies...................................................................................................................................... 14 Environmental impacts................................................................................................................................. 14 A NEW APPROACH TO FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................. 15 Basic principles and approaches for sustainable flood prevention, protection and mitigation ................... 15 Implementation............................................................................................................................................. 16 Pre-requisites for action............................................................................................................................... 16 3 FLOOD FREQUENCY, FLOOD PROBABILITY AND FLOOD ESTIMATION............................. 17 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................................... 17 Selection of statistic...................................................................................................................................... 17 Selection of distribution...............................................................................................................................
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