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Important Conversion Factors in Petroleum Technology Conversion

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Important Conversion Factors in Petroleum Technology Conversion 1183 Important Conversion Factors in Petroleum Technology Conversion Table 1 Oil volume and mass To convert . ... Into Tonnes (metric) Kiloliters Barrels US gallons Tonnes/yrb Tonnes (metric) 1 1=SGa 6:2898=SGa 264:17=SGa – Kiloliters 1SGa 1 6:2898 264:17 – Petroleum barrels 0:159 SGa 0:159 1 42 – US gallons 0:0038 SGa 0:0038 0:0238 1 – Barrels/dayb – – – – 58:03 SGa a SG D specific gravity of the oil @ 15:55 ıC b For converting between mass and volume, some sources use an assume or average density. That can be misleading and is not best practice Table 2 Flow/consumption ratios To convert . ... Into Multiply by Standard cubic feet per barrel (scf=bbl) Normal cubic meters per cubic meter (Nm3=m3) 0:178 Table 3 Geothermal gradients To convert . ... Into Multiply by ıC=100 m ıF=100 ft 0:549 Table 4 Density To convert . ... Into Use the formula API gravity Specific gravity @ 60 ıF(sp.gr.) API gravity D .141:5=sp.gr./ 131:5 Specific gravity @ 60 ıF(sp.gr.) API gravity sp.gr. D 141:5=.API gravity C 131:5/ Table 5 Vol um e To convert . ... Into Multiply by Standard cubic feet (scf) of gas @ 60 ıF and 14:73 psi Standard cubic meters (Sm3)@15ıC and 101:325 kPa 0:0283058 Standard cubic meters (Scm) of gas @ 15 ıC Normal cubic meters (Nm3)@0ıC and 101:325 kPa 1:0549000 and 1:0325 kPa In considering industrial gases, especially when negotiating contracts, it is crucial to know the difference between standard and normal. Table 6 Temperature To convert . ... Into ıC ıF K R Use the Formula Celsius (ıC) – Multiply by 1.8, Add 273.15 Convert to ıF, then add 32 then add 459.67 Fahrenheit (ıF) Subtract 32, – Convert to ıC, Add 459.67 then divide by 1.8 add 273.15 Kelvin (K) Subtract 273.15 Subtract 273.15, – Add 273.15, then convert to ıF then convert to ıF, then add 459.67 Rankine (R) Subtract 459.67, Subtract 459.67 Subtract 459.67, – then convert to ıC then convert to ıC, then add 273.15 1184 Important Conversion Factors in Petroleum Technology Conversion Table 7 Temperature difference To convert . ... Into Multiply by ıC ıF 1:8 Table 8 Pressure To convert . ... Into bar atm MPa psi Torr mmHg Multiply by bar 1 0:986923 0:1 14:5038 750:062 750:062 Atmospheres (atm) 1:01325 1 0:101325 14:6959 760 760 Megapascals (Mpa) 10 9:86923 1 145:038 7500:6 7500:6 Pounds/square inch (psi) 0:06895 0:06986 0:006895 1 51:7149 51:7149 Torr 0:001333 0:001316 0:0001333 0:0193368 1 1 mmHg 0:001333 0:001316 0:0001333 0:0193368 1 1 Table 9 Masses and energy 1 metric tonne D 2204:62 lb D 1:1023 short tons D 1000 kg 1 kilolitre D 1 cubic meter D 6:2898 barrels 1 kilocalorie (kcal) D 4:187 kJ D 3:968 Btu 1 kilojoule (kJ) D 0:239 kcal D 0:948 Btu 1 British thermal unit (Btu) D 0:252 kcal D 1:055 kJ 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) D 860 kcal D 3600 kJ D 3412 Btu Table 10 Energy equivalenciesa One tonne of oil equivalent equals approximately: Heat units 10 106 kcal 42 GJ 40 106 Btu Solid fuels 1:5 tonnes of hard coal 3 tonnes of lignite Electricity 12 MWh 106 tonnes of oil or oil equivalent produces about 4400 GWh of electricity in a modern power station. a BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2016) Table 11 Greek and Roman prefixes Prefix Factor Power Specific Specific Gravity vs API Gravity atto 10 18 gravity femto 10 15 1.20 nano 10 12 1.15 9 nano 10 1.10 : 6 micro 0 000001 10 1.05 milli 0:001 1.00 centi 0:01 0.95 deci 0:1 0.90 deca 10 hecto 100 0.85 kilo 1000 0.80 mega 1 000 000 106 0.75 giga 1 000 000 000 109 0.70 tera 1012 0.65 peta 1015 –10 –5 50 10 15 20 3025 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 API gravity exa 1018 1185 Glossary of Defining Terms A C9 isoparaffins. The process is catalyzed by strong acids such as sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. Absorbent American Petroleum Institute (API) Glossary A material (solid or liquid) able to take in and hold The largest trade association for the oil and gas (absorb) a gas or liquid. Examples include industry in the United States. API publications include alkanolamine solutions, which absorb H2SandCO2 technical standards and online products designed to from sour gas, and absorbent clays, which pick up oil help users improve the efficiency and by incorporating the oil into their structure cost-effectiveness of operations, to comply with Absorption tower legislative and regulatory requirements, to safeguard A column or tower in which absorption of selected health, to improve safety, and to protect the components from mixtures occurs environment Acid gas Amine treating (amine washing) Natural gas or a gas mixture containing high Used in petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants and other industrial facilities to remove acidic concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and/or components, such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon carbon dioxide (CO2). Acid gas is a more general dioxide, from gas streams by treatment with an term than I sour gas, which contains H2S but does alkanolamine not always contain CO2 Acid number Aniline point I total acid number (TAN) The lowest temperature at which aniline is soluble in a specified amount of oil. The aniline point is Adsorbent proportional to aromatics content; a low value A material like activated charcoal, alumina, or silica indicates high aromatics. The aniline point is a gel that is used in an adsorption process. Impurities specification for certain refining processes selectively attach to its surface Anticline Adsorption A type of fold with an arch-like shape resembling an A process of removing selected components from a inverted bowl, with the oldest beds at its core. Some stream by adherence to an adsorbent of the world’s largest oil fields, including many of Alcohol those in the Middle East and the East Texas oil field, A chemical compound composed of an alkyl group reside within anticlines and an OH group. Examples include methanol Antiknock index (AKI) (CH3OH) and ethanol (CH3CH2OH). In the oil I Octane number industry, ethanol is used as gasoline additive and API gravity isopropanol as a solvent Used for expressing density of crude oil. API gravity Aldehyde is defined as ıAPI D 141:5=.specific gravity at 60ıF/ A chemical compound in which one carbon atom is 131:5 bound to both DOandH. Examples include Aquifer . / formaldehyde, H CDO H, and acetaldehyde, A subsurface rock formation (stratum), such as . / CH3 CDO H. Formaldehyde is a building block in permeable rock, sand, or gravel, which holds water. the synthesis of many other compounds of specialized An aquifer often underlies a petroleum reservoir and industrial significance. Acetaldehyde is mainly Archie’s law used as a chemical precursor, for example to make Named after Gus Archie, this empirical equation acetic acid, resin, pyridine derivatives, etc. relates the electrical conductivity of sedimentary rock Alkanes to its porosity and brine saturation. It is used to relate I Hydrocarbons, paraffins borehole electrical conductivity measurements to Alkenes hydrocarbon concentration of the material I Hydrocarbons, olefins Aromatics or aromatic hydrocarbons Alkylate I Hydrocarbons, aromatic The main product from an alkylation process unit. Asphalt Alkylate is a high-octane gasoline blending (1) A dark brown or black cement-like material component with many desirable properties, such as precipitated from atmospheric residue with aliphatic zero sulfur, olefins and benzene solvents, usually propane. (2) Often used as a Alkylation synonym for bitumen. (3) Also used as a feed for A refining process in which isobutane reacts with C3 coking to increase the yields of more valuable to C5 olefins to produce alkylate – a mixture of C6 to products 1186 Glossary of Defining Terms Asphaltene structures Base oil Archipelago and continental (pericondensed) A blend of one or more basestocks structures. Surrogate molecules used to model Base stock (Basestock) asphaltenes are commonly classified based on their Products produced from the lube refinery without any resemblance to archipelagos and continents additives in the oil. Group I: with saturates < 90%, Asphaltenes sulfur > 0:03%, and viscosity index 80120. Polar fraction of petroleum that is insoluble in light Obtained from solvent processing (solvent refining). alkanes, e.g., pentane or heptane, but soluble in > < : Glossary Group II: with saturates 90%, sulfur 0 03%, and aromatic solvents. Asphaltenes do not dissolve in viscosity index 80120. Obtained from crude oil but exist as a colloidal suspension hydroprocessing. Group III: with saturates > 90%, Asphaltic crudes (Naphthenic crude) sulfur < 0:03%, and viscosity index > 120. Obtained I Crude oil, asphaltic from severe hydroprocessing, isodewaxing or ASTM gas-to-liquid processes. Group IV: made from ASTM International, formerly known as the American polyalpha olefins (PAO). Group V: Basestocks not Society for Testing and Materials, develops and included in Groups I–IV, such as synthetic lubricant publishes consensus standards for materials, products oils and processes. Basins (sedimentary basins) Atmospheric distillation Large-scale region of the earth where long-term I Distillation, atmospheric pressure subsidence has created a depression. Provides space Atmospheric equivalent boiling point (AEBP) for infilling by sediments and oils Calculated based on observed boiling points at a Batch processing reduced pressure, the atmospheric equivalent boiling A noncontinuous process in which material is loaded point (AEBP) is relevant to compounds for which the into a vessel and given time to react.
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