1183

Important Conversion Factors in Petroleum Technology Conversion

Table 1 Oil volume and mass To convert ...... Into Tonnes (metric) Kiloliters Barrels US gallons Tonnes/yrb Tonnes (metric) 1 1=SGa 6:2898=SGa 264:17=SGa – Kiloliters 1SGa 1 6:2898 264:17 – Petroleum barrels 0:159 SGa 0:159 1 42 – US gallons 0:0038 SGa 0:0038 0:0238 1 – Barrels/dayb – – – – 58:03 SGa a SG D specific gravity of the oil @ 15:55 ıC b For converting between mass and volume, some sources use an assume or average density. That can be misleading and is not best practice

Table 2 Flow/consumption ratios To convert ...... Into Multiply by Standard cubic feet per barrel (scf=bbl) Normal cubic meters per cubic meter (Nm3=m3) 0:178

Table 3 Geothermal gradients To convert ...... Into Multiply by ıC=100 m ıF=100 ft 0:549

Table 4 Density To convert ...... Into Use the formula API gravity Specific gravity @ 60 ıF(sp.gr.) API gravity D .141:5=sp.gr./  131:5 Specific gravity @ 60 ıF(sp.gr.) API gravity sp.gr. D 141:5=.API gravity C 131:5/

Table 5 Vol um e To convert ...... Into Multiply by Standard cubic feet (scf) of gas @ 60 ıF and 14:73 psi Standard cubic meters (Sm3)@15ıC and 101:325 kPa 0:0283058 Standard cubic meters (Scm) of gas @ 15 ıC Normal cubic meters (Nm3)@0ıC and 101:325 kPa 1:0549000 and 1:0325 kPa In considering industrial gases, especially when negotiating contracts, it is crucial to know the difference between standard and normal.

Table 6 Temperature To convert ...... Into ıC ıF K R Use the Formula Celsius (ıC) – Multiply by 1.8, Add 273.15 Convert to ıF, then add 32 then add 459.67 Fahrenheit (ıF) Subtract 32, – Convert to ıC, Add 459.67 then divide by 1.8 add 273.15 Kelvin (K) Subtract 273.15 Subtract 273.15, – Add 273.15, then convert to ıF then convert to ıF, then add 459.67 Rankine (R) Subtract 459.67, Subtract 459.67 Subtract 459.67, – then convert to ıC then convert to ıC, then add 273.15 80 75 70 65 API gravity mmHg 750:062 760 7500:6 51:7149 1 1 60 55 50 45 40 35 Torr 750:062 760 7500:6 51:7149 1 1 3025 20 :8 Multiply by 1 15 10 Specific Gravity vs API Gravity :0193368 :0193368 50 psi 14:5038 14:6959 145:038 1 0 0 –5 kcal Btu 6 6 10 10 –10   1.10 1.15 0.75 0.70 1.05 Specific gravity 0.65 1.20 1.00 0.95 0.85 0.90 0.80 :5 tonnes of hard coal 10 42 GJ 40 1 3 tonnes of lignite 12 MWh :1 :101325 :006895 :0001333 :0001333 1000 kg MPa 0 0 1 0 0 0 D 3412 Btu 055 kJ D : 1 GWh of electricity in a modern power station. D 3600 kJ :001316 :001316 :986923 :86923 :06986 0 0 atm 0 1 9 0 968 Btu F 9 6 18 15 12 : D ... Into ı 948 Btu 3   6 9 12 15 18    1023 short tons : : 252 kcal 0 : 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Power 10 10 2898 barrels 1 D : 0 6 D D D D 860 kcal a 187 kJ : 62 lb D 4 :001333 :001333 :01325 :06895 0 0 ... Into bar Multiply by 1 1 10 0 239 kcal : D :000001 :001 :01 :1 0 0 0 0 0 2204: 10 100 D 1000 D 1 cubic meter 1 000 000 D 1 000 000 000 Factor Energy equivalencies Greek and Roman prefixes Pressure Masses and energy Temperature difference 1 metric tonne 1 kilolitre 1 kilocalorie (kcal) 1 kilojoule (kJ) 1 British thermal unit (Btu) 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) tonnes of oil or oil equivalent produces about 4400 6

C BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2016)

tera peta exa centi deci deca hecto kilo mega giga Prefix atto femto nano nano micro milli Solid fuels Electricity One tonne of oil equivalent equalsHeat approximately: units       bar Atmospheres (atm) Megapascals (Mpa) Pounds/square inch (psi) Torr mmHg To convert . . . ı To convert . . . 10 a Table 11 Table 10 Table 9 Table 8 Table 7

Conversion 1184 Important Conversion Factors in Petroleum Technology 1185

Glossary of Defining Terms

A C9 isoparaffins. The process is catalyzed by strong acids such as sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. Absorbent American Petroleum Institute (API) Glossary A material (solid or liquid) able to take in and hold The largest trade association for the oil and gas (absorb) a gas or liquid. Examples include industry in the United States. API publications include alkanolamine solutions, which absorb H2SandCO2 technical standards and online products designed to from sour gas, and absorbent clays, which pick up oil help users improve the efficiency and by incorporating the oil into their structure cost-effectiveness of operations, to comply with Absorption tower legislative and regulatory requirements, to safeguard A column or tower in which absorption of selected health, to improve safety, and to protect the components from mixtures occurs environment Acid gas Amine treating (amine washing) Natural gas or a gas mixture containing high Used in petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants and other industrial facilities to remove acidic concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and/or components, such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon carbon dioxide (CO2). Acid gas is a more general dioxide, from gas streams by treatment with an term than I sour gas, which contains H2S but does alkanolamine not always contain CO2 Acid number Aniline point I total acid number (TAN) The lowest temperature at which aniline is soluble in a specified amount of oil. The aniline point is Adsorbent proportional to aromatics content; a low value A material like activated charcoal, alumina, or silica indicates high aromatics. The aniline point is a gel that is used in an adsorption process. Impurities specification for certain refining processes selectively attach to its surface Anticline Adsorption A type of fold with an arch-like shape resembling an A process of removing selected components from a inverted bowl, with the oldest beds at its core. Some stream by adherence to an adsorbent of the world’s largest oil fields, including many of Alcohol those in the Middle East and the East Texas oil field, A chemical compound composed of an alkyl group reside within anticlines and an OH group. Examples include methanol Antiknock index (AKI) (CH3OH) and ethanol (CH3CH2OH). In the oil I Octane number industry, ethanol is used as gasoline additive and API gravity isopropanol as a solvent Used for expressing density of crude oil. API gravity Aldehyde is defined as ıAPI D 141:5=.specific gravity at 60ıF/ A chemical compound in which one carbon atom is 131:5 bound to both DOandH. Examples include Aquifer . / formaldehyde, H CDO H, and acetaldehyde, A subsurface rock formation (stratum), such as . / CH3 CDO H. Formaldehyde is a building block in permeable rock, sand, or gravel, which holds water. the synthesis of many other compounds of specialized An aquifer often underlies a petroleum reservoir and industrial significance. Acetaldehyde is mainly Archie’s law used as a chemical precursor, for example to make Named after Gus Archie, this empirical equation acetic acid, resin, pyridine derivatives, etc. relates the electrical conductivity of sedimentary rock Alkanes to its porosity and brine saturation. It is used to relate I Hydrocarbons, paraffins borehole electrical conductivity measurements to Alkenes hydrocarbon concentration of the material I Hydrocarbons, olefins Aromatics or aromatic hydrocarbons Alkylate I Hydrocarbons, aromatic The main product from an alkylation process unit. Asphalt Alkylate is a high-octane gasoline blending (1) A dark brown or black cement-like material component with many desirable properties, such as precipitated from atmospheric residue with aliphatic zero sulfur, olefins and benzene solvents, usually propane. (2) Often used as a Alkylation synonym for bitumen. (3) Also used as a feed for A refining process in which isobutane reacts with C3 coking to increase the yields of more valuable to C5 olefins to produce alkylate – a mixture of C6 to products S) 2 90%, 90%, 03%, and < > : 0 and H 120. 2 <  120. Obtained > 90%, sulfur > 120. Obtained from  03%, and viscosity index 03%, and viscosity index 80 : : 0 0 < > from severe hydroprocessing, isodewaxing or gas-to-liquid processes. Group IV: madepolyalpha from olefins (PAO). Group V:included Basestocks in not Groups I–IV, suchoils as synthetic lubricant Large-scale region of the earthsubsidence where has long-term created a depression.for Provides infilling by space sediments and oils A noncontinuous process in whichinto material a vessel is and loaded givenreaction time is to complete, react. the When vesselproducts the is are opened removed. and Examples includecoking, delayed digestion, batch polymerization,roasting and of the ores A typical batch reactor consistscanister of or vessel a with large, its sturdy mechanisms. own Sometimes heating includes and a cooling rotatinginside agitator the vessel to facilitate mixing A process for removing acid gases (CO sulfur hydroprocessing. Group III: with saturates viscosity index 80 from natural gas or manufacturedgases hydrogen. are The adsorbed acid into moltenthen potassium recovered carbonate in concentrated formregeneration during of thermal the carbonate A fuel comprised of monoalkylthe esters. long-chain Derived fatty from acids foundanimal in fats vegetable oils or Material derived from biological sources,bacteria, such algae, as and vegetables Organic compounds contained in rockswhose and carbon petroleum skeletons remain after paleotransformation stages and can beknown biological be linked precursors to Biological organic matter A process to produce liquidwhich biofuels may from include biomass, the Fischer-Tropschpyrolysis process, or catalytic depolymerization High molecular weight polymers, such as sulfur Obtained from solvent processing (solventGroup II: refining). with saturates A blend of one or more basestocks Products produced from the lubeadditives in refinery the without oil. any Group I: with saturates Basins (sedimentary basins) Batch processing Batch reactor Benfield process Biodiesel Biogenic Biomarkers (petroleum biomarkers) Biomass Biomass to liquid (BTL) Biopolymer Base oil Base stock (Basestock) 9873 liters pressure point cannot be measured unning under normal operating ). ATR does not require external heat. It SMR 6 Imperial gallons, or 158: Crude oil, asphaltic Distillation, atmospheric I processes mixtures containing hydrocarbon(primarily gases methane), steam, and oxygen.combustion In zone, a partial oxidation generatesand syngas heat. The syngas flowsreforming to reactions a occur, catalyst producing zone, mainly hydrogen. where The product can alsospecific be composition syngas with a A high-octane blend of hydrocarbonswhich meets and ASTM additives, Specification D910Specification or Military MIL-G-5572. Used primarilyairplanes in with piston-driven propellers. Oftentetraethyl lead contains (TEL) In petroleum, a unit of33: volume equal to 42 US gallons, Archipelago and continental (pericondensed) structures. Surrogate molecules used toasphaltenes model are commonly classified basedresemblance on to their archipelagos and continents Polar fraction of petroleum thatalkanes, is e.g., insoluble in pentane light or heptane,aromatic but solvents. soluble Asphaltenes in do notcrude dissolve oil in but exist as a colloidal suspension I ASTM International, formerly known asSociety the American for Testing and Materials,publishes develops consensus and standards for materials,and processes. products I Calculated based on observed boilingreduced points pressure, at the a atmospheric equivalentpoint boiling (AEBP) is relevant toatmospheric compounds boiling for which the because they decompose before they boil An alternative to traditional steam( methane reforming conditions, with referal to theprocess feedstock operating quality, conditions, and product objectives The average daily amount ofor oil processed produced, in a transported petroleumcalendar facility day. during BPCD one is lessBPCD than includes BPSD, downtime because for maintenance The maximum daily amount oftransported or oil processed produced, in athe petroleum facility facility is when r

B

Aviation gasoline (Avgas) Barrel (bbl) Asphaltene structures Asphaltenes Asphaltic crudes (Naphthenic crude) ASTM Atmospheric distillation Atmospheric equivalent boiling point (AEBP) Autothermal reforming (ATR) Barrels per calendar day (BPCD) Barrels per stream day (BPSD) Glossary 1186 Glossary of Defining Terms Glossary of Defining Terms 1187

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and lignin, in living and xylenes (C6H4(CH3)2).Commonlyusedasa organisms solvent or feedstock to chemical plants Bitumen Bunker oil (Bunker fuel) A naturally occurring thick, sticky form of Fuel oil used in engines aboard ships. Bunker A hydrocarbon found in pits or associated with oil sand. corresponds to No. 2 fuel oil, Bunker B corresponds to It will not flow unless heated or diluted with lighter No. 4 or No. 5 fuel oil, and Bunker C corresponds to hydrocarbons. It is also the British term for asphalt or No. 6 fuel oil extra heavy crude oil Butanes: A mixture of two isomers Glossary Blending terminal normal butane and isobutane. Normal butane was used A facility used for intermediate storage of refinery as a RVP booster during cold weather prior to the use products and for blending them with additives. of ethanol. It is isomerized to isobutane. Isobutane is Gasoline additives might include oxygenates such as an important (key) feed for alkylation ethanol and detergents to mitigate intake valve (I Hydrocarbons) deposits. Additives for diesel might include cetane Butene (butylene) improvers and antioxidants. Oil trucks (lorries) are A colorless alkene with the formula C4H8 generated loaded at blending terminals, from which they in refineries or olefin plants by cracking transport the products to retail filling stations (I Hydrocarbons, olefins) Blending unit Butyl rubber A facility in a refinery where streams are A synthetic rubber. Specifically, it is a copolymer mechanically blended to make finished products. In consisting of about 98% isobutylene with about the case of US gasoline, the main product is RBOB 2% isoprene. Butyl rubber and halogenated rubber are reformulated blendstock before gasoline blending used for the impervious inner liner of tubeless tires Blowout Uncontrolled escape of oil or gas from a well C BMCI (Bureau of Mines Correlation Index) A method of petroleum classification. Calcining (calcination) BMCI D 48; 640=TB C 473:7G  456:8, where TB is Decomposition of a solid with heat below the melting mean average boiling point in K and G is specific or fusing point. Causes loss of moisture and the gravity at 60 ıF. Also called CI. CI for straight-chain decomposition of carbonates and other compounds paraffins is 0 and for benzene it is 100. 015 indicates Cap rock (seal rock) a predominance of paraffinic hydrocarbons; 1550 Impermeable rock that serves as a cap to stop indicates a predominance either of napthenes or of petroleum migration. A key component of a petroleum mixtures of paraffins, napthenes, and aromatics. > 50 and/or natural gas reservoir indicates the predominance of aromatic character. For Carbene a petroleum fraction, CI correlates with many The pentane or heptane insoluble fraction that is characteristics, such as crackability, steam cracking insoluble in benzene or toluene but soluble in carbon feed quality, and aromacity dioxide or pyridine Carboid Borehole logging The pentane or heptane insoluble fraction that is I Well log insoluble in benzene or toluene but also insoluble in Bottoms carbon dioxide or pyridine The product coming out of the bottom of a distillation Carbon Preference Index (CPI) column The ratio obtained by dividing the sum of the odd Brent crude oil carbon-numbered n-alkanes to the sum of the even An important group of crude oils produced in North carbon-numbered n-alkanes between C25 and C34 Sea, which is used as a reference crude for CPI D 1=2 Œ.C25 C C27 C C29 C C31 C C33/=.C24 C international crude trading C26 C C28 C C30 C C32/ C Œ.C25 C C27 C C29 C Bright stock C31 C C33/=.C26 C C28 C C30 C C32 C C34/. It can A heavy lube basestock derived from vacuum resid also be used to estimate thermal maturity of organic after dewaxing matter British Thermal Unit (BTU) Carbon rejection The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature Upgrading processes in which coke and other of 1 pound of water by 1 ıF hydrogen-deficient products are formed. Examples Bromine number include FCC and coking. Carbon rejection is The grams of bromine absorbed in 100 g of oil. accompanied by the formation of light products. The Correlates to the percentage of double bonds in the oil heavy products contain less hydrogen than the feed, sample while the light products contain more hydrogen than BTX the feed. Often, molecular hydrogen is one of the A mixture of benzene (C6H6), toluene (C6H5CH3), products C API –inwhich units, the M D 90 vol%. This G  log G where semiregen 192 : 2 0 reformers include four to M C D86 temperature at 50% 2 G D Cyclic M 016 0001809 : : 0 0 C  Fand ) serves as high-octane gasoline 2 ı F / 34 ı M continuous catalyst regeneration 420: C5 hydrocarbons, operators shut the unit down log  reformate ) Hydrotreating ) Hydrocracking 01. D I I I A catalytic refining process innaphthenes which and C6 paraffins to are C12 convertedwhile into producing aromatics hydrogen. The liquid( product blendstock or as a feedstockunits. to Hydrogen purities aromatics range production from 80 hydrogen goes primarily to hydroprocessingThe three units. main catalytic reformingsemiregen, processes cyclic, are and CCR. In catalyst occupies fixed-bed reactors anddeactivates. slowly When liquid yields andbecome hydrogen unacceptably purity low, due toof increased C1 formation and regenerate the catalyst. Typicallastsixto12months. semiregen cycles six reactors. The reactors deactivateEvery sequentially. week or so, aregeneration reactor as goes a down regenerated for reactorservice. returns With to this strategy, a unitwithout can a run total for shutdown. years Theis most CCR profitable – option the catalyst moves through severalcirculating reactors through before an online regenerationback to section the and lead reactor.because CCR they liquid operate yields continuously, are andpressure, greater, at which lower favors dehydrogenation. For semiregen units, catalysts usually containplatinum both (Pt) and rhenium (Rh),improves stability. where For the CCR Rh units, Rhbut is promoters not such needed, as tinselectivity. (Sn) To provide are acidity, added chloride to is improve the injected unit into at prescribed rates.important Chloride reactions, promotes but too muchexcessive cracking chloride can lead to The process of treating asolution product to with remove a minor caustic butimpurities soda especially undesired Used as an alternative fordensity cetane and number. distillation Based range. on CI ( Catalytic process for converting normalisoparaffins, paraffins usually to with a heterogeneousa catalyst fixed-bed in reactor ( A measure of the tendencyand of undergo a ignition diesel delay. It fuelstandard is to diesel measured knock engine in according a toOriginally, the ASTM CN D613. of a test fuel was compared to 65: gravity at 60 volume, in Catalytic reforming Caustic Wash Cetane index Catalytic hydrotreating Catalytic dewaxing Catalytic hydrocracking Cetane number (CN) ) ) Catalyst poisoning I Catalyst deactivation I A method for adding activesupport metals to a solid catalyst Partial or total deactivation ofexposure a to catalyst a caused range by of chemical compounds Restoration of catalyst activity. Heterogeneous refining catalysts for FCC, hydroprocessing,catalytic reforming and are regenerated bycombustion, controlled which removes accumulated coke,nitrogen, sulfur, and other volatile or flammable materials Further restoration of catalyst activitytreatment via of chemical a regenerated catalyst.example) Used to (for redisperse active metalswhich on agglomeration catalysts has in occurred Percentage of desired product fromreaction a catalyzed The conversion of high-boiling feedstocks into lower-boiling products over a catalyst.beds Occurs or in fluid fixed beds, in(as the in absence FCC) of or excess in(as hydrogen the in presence hydrocracking) of external hydrogen Permeable rock that allows oilfrom and source gas to to reservoir migrate A process that consolidates sedimentorganic containing material, dead water, minerals, andorganisms, numerous providing living conditions that convert biopolymers to geopolymers (kerogen) A substance that increases thereaction rate without of itself a undergoing chemical anychange permanent For heterogeneous catalysts, acidity refersnumber to and the strength of acidvolume. sites Includes per both unit Lewis of andgenerally, weight Brønsted the or sites; Hammett function isto used indicate instead strength. Relative of acidity pH adsorption is of determined by ammonia or otherknown volatile acidity. bases For with homogeneous systems,refer acidity either can to the strengthconcentration of of the acid acid in itself or the to system the Relative rate at which a catalyzed reaction proceeds Carbonaceous material that deposits on catalysts Loss of catalyst activity dueattrition, to or routine agglomeration fouling, ( Plugging of catalyst beds withSometimes particulates used or as gums. a synonymcoking for ( deactivation due to

Catalyst impregnation Catalyst poisoning Catalyst regeneration Catalyst rejuvenation Catalyst selectivity Catalytic cracking Carrier rock Catagenesis Catalyst Catalyst acidity Catalyst activity Catalyst coke Catalyst deactivation Catalyst fouling Glossary 1188 Glossary of Defining Terms Glossary of Defining Terms 1189

standard mixtures that knocked with the same oxidation. In power plants, some form of sulfur intensity as the test fuel. The original standards were capture is required to meet current North American prepared by mixing n-hexadecane (CN D 100) with emission standards a-methylnaphthalene (CN D 0). In 1962, Coke, green a-methylnaphthalene was replaced with Uncalcined raw coke from a delayed coker 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane, which has a CN of Coke, needle 15 Premium highly crystalline petroleum coke used in the Characterization factor (UOP K or Watson K, Kw)

manufacturing of graphite electrodes of low thermal Glossary A method of petroleum classification. expansion for arc furnaces in the steel, aluminum and . / = = Kw D TB 1 3 G,whereTB is mean average boiling I Coke, anode grade ı titanium industries ( ) point in K and G is specific gravity at 60 F. Kw : : Coke, shot ranges from 10 5 for highly naphthenic crude to 12 9 Lowest quality coke from a delayed coker. Typically, for highly paraffinic crudes shot coke is comprised of small round pellets ranging Chemical injection 1:54 or 5 mm in diameter, which are loosely bound A tertiary recovery or enhanced oil recovery method. together in structures roughly the size and shape of It involves injecting water-soluble polymers, ostrich eggs. Shot coke can disrupt coke drum surfactants or alkaline solutions into rock to flood the operations by causing blowbacks during the cutting of formation and drive oil to production wells for coke from drums, plugging of the bottom nozzle of a recovery coke drum, and fouling of coke handling equipment Claus process Coke, sponge Converts hydrogen sulfide into sulfur in a two-step process. (1) The thermal step entails combustion of a Sponge-like coke from a delayed coker with a relatively uniform consistency mixture containing H2S and air in which the Coking H2S:oxygen molar ratio is 2 W 1. The products are A thermal process for continuous conversion of SO2, water, and unreacted H2S. (2) The catalytic step reduced crude, straight-run residua or cracked residua entails the reaction of SO2 from step 1 with unreacted into hydrocarbon gases, H S, NH , naphtha, gas oils H2S to form elemental sulfur. Named after Carl 2 3 Friedrich Claus and petroleum coke. The most common processes are I I Cloud point delayed coking (batch), fluid coking and I Temperature at which a haze appears in a sample due Flexicoking (continuous) to the formation of wax crystals. Determines the Coking, delayed plugging tendency of a fuel as it flows through small A semicontinuous (semi-batch) process by which orifices. Particularly import for jet fuel and diesel at residue and other heavy fractions, such as FCC decant cold operating temperatures oil or coal tar, are thermally decomposed to produce Coal coke and cracked products. The feed is heated to ca. ı A combustible black rock. A solid fossil fuel 500 C and sent to large coking (soaking) drums. comprised of 6595% carbon and different amounts Usually, four or more drums are used so that operation of hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and ash. It is a can be staggered. Drums are switched every 1824 h. sedimentary rock formed from peat that is buried Hot oil is added until a drum is full. Cracking begins under rocks immediately, generating coke and hot cracked vapor. Coal bed methane The oil stays in the drum for several hours (hence the Natural gas extracted from natural coal beds. Contains term delayed) until coking is complete. Vapors rise to fewer C2C hydrocarbons than natural gas from the top, from whence they are sent to a fractionator for conventional reservoirs separation and recovery. Coker gases and liquids Coke (petroleum coke) contain sulfur and olefins. The liquids must be Carbonaceous product generated in refineries by stabilized by hydrotreating or hydrocracking. The coking processes coke can be used either as a fuel or in other Coke, anode grade applications such as the manufacturing of andoes for Calcined petroleum coke, low in sulfur and metals. steel or aluminum production Primarily used to produce electrodes for steel and Coking, Flexi- aluminum (I Coke, needle) A combination of continuous fluid coking and Coke, catalyst oxidative steam reforming, which can upgrade Undesired carbonaceous material that deposits on virtually any pumpable feed including residual, pitch catalysts or total crude. Approximately 95 wt% conversion of Coke, fuel grade feed can be achieved. Products include coke and a full Calcined sponge coke or shot coke from a delayed range of gas and liquid products. Some of the coke is coker, with lower quality than anode-grade coke due heated and circulated back to the reactor to supply to excessive ash or trace metals. Suitable as a process heat. Excess coke goes to a gasifier, where it replacement for coal in fired boilers in power plants. reacts with air and steam to produce Flexigas. After Can be a feedstock for gasification with partial treatment to remove particulates and hydrogen sulfide, entional drilling -paraffins. In n S, and trace metals such as Fe, 2 ,H m the ground by conv .reservoirs It is formed from the 2 I Liquid form of petroleum. Aoccurring mixture hydrocarbons of in naturally (or producedunderground from) bodies of dead microorganisms, whichmillions accumulated of years ago inancient sediments seas at and the lakes. bottoms Deep of sediments underground, were the subjected to heatconverted and them pressure, into which sedimentary rockDuring via diagenesis, diagenesis. the organic mattertransformed was into fossil hydrocarbons. Dependinglocal conditions, on including time, diagenesisnatural gas, produces petroleum, heavy oil,Crude bitumen, oil or in coal. reservoirs ishydrocarbon associated gases, with water, dissolved salt, dirt,natural dissolved gas, light CO Ni, V, As, and Hg.dissolved When gases brought desorb to and the are surface, processed collected in and associated facilities. Widelythe construed, term crude oil alsohydrocarbons: includes bitumen other recovered fossil from tarconventional mining, pits bitumen by recovered from tar sands (oil sands), and liquidskerogen produced in from oil the shale. Liquidsprocessing from plants natural are gas often included,they especially are when back-blended with crudetransportation. oil Crude prior oil to is refinedfuels into and a other wide products array of also called naphthenic crudes, containingconcentrations higher of naphthenes and aromaticsparaffinic crudes than Oil extracted fro comparison, naphthenic crudes containconcentrations relatively low of paraffins. Waxy crudesproblems cause due to their highleave viscosity deposits and in tendency equipment to Crude oil produced from coal,this context, bitumen shale or oil shale comes oil;To from make in retorted so-called oil synthetic shale. bitumen (synbit),is bitumen upgraded by a coker,unit. visbreaker, To or make hydroprocessing so-called diluted bitumenbitumen is (dilbit), the diluted with cuttersynbit stock. is The much quality of higher than the quality of dilbit Unconventional crude oils include oilcondensates and that natural are gas not recoveredmeans, by such conventional as primary toinclude tertiary oil recoveries. sand These bitumen andcrude syncrude, oil, extra and heavy shale oil The portion or fraction of a crude oil boiling within methods. Includes oil produced withsecondary, and primary, tertiary recoveries Paraffinic (waxy) crude oils containconcentrations relatively of high long-chain Crude oil Crude oil, asphaltic Crude oil, conventional Crude oil, synthetic Crude oil, unconventional Cut Crude oil, paraffinic F ı D D Z barrels of X price of D RO)/FF, where FF X C recycle oil rate (FF D . Corresponds roughly with where barrels of gasoline, and Z D Z Y W C Y Y W D X C bonds. Depending on the feedstock, up X price of  barrels of distillate fuel oil (diesel, etc.). By D Z Y C) can be achieved by other reactions: ı BMCI fresh feed rate and RO The ratio of the volumesengine in when an the internal combustion piston isand at the the top bottom of of the the stroke stroke Liquids produced during the processingAlso of referred natural to gas. as gasnatural condensate, gasoline. and Includes (historically) pentanes andhydrocarbons heavier Also known as Concarbon. Ameasurement quantitative of carbonaceous residue remainingevaporation after and pyrolysis of oilcontrolled from conditions. a An sample indication under coke-formation of the tendency of the oil being tested In refining, conversion means boiling pointThat reduction. is: transforming material thatproduct boils cutpoint above a into material thatcutpoint. boils Most below conversion is that accomplishedbreaking by C to 15% conversion of material that boils above 700 the Flexigas is ready forand use furnaces as and/or fuel for in steam refinery and boilers power generation A continuous thermal cracking processresidua for to converting more valuable products,full such range as of gases, liquids, a andgasified coke. and The returned coke to is thesome burned main of or reactor the to heat provide required for cracking In a process where unconvertedcombined feed feed is ratio recycled, the crude, price of refinery profitability The gas from thermal crackers,catalytic steam crackers crackers, and cokers. Dependingprocess on and the reaction conditions crackedrich gas in is hydrogen often and olefins Breaking down large molecules intomolecules smaller by heat. Thermal crackingcracking includes and steam coking. Catalytic crackingand hydrocracking includes FCC A collection of the resultsdetermine of key properties physical (boiling tests, point, which viscosity, density, heteroatom contents, acid number,crude etc.) oil of and a its fractions.the Important value and for processability determining of crude oil convention, saturating aromatics and removing heteroatoms I Expressed as (370

Compression ratio Condensate Conradson carbon residue (CCR) Conversion Coking, fluid Combined feed ratio (CFR) Cracked gas Cracking Crude assay (crude oil assay) Correlation index (CI) Crack spread Glossary 1190 Glossary of Defining Terms Glossary of Defining Terms 1191

certain temperature limits. Also called I distillate in have alkyl groups adjacent to the sulfur atom or when distillation they include fused aromatic rings (I Hydrocarbons, Cut point heteroatom-containing) The temperature limit of a cut or fraction, usually (but Diesel not always) specified on a true boiling point basis Fuel used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines. Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) Most diesel (petro diesel) is produced in petroleum A thermal recovery method for heavy oils, also known refineries from distillation of crude oil and by as the Huff and Puff method, consisting of three

conversion processes such as hydrocracking. Other Glossary stages: steam injection, soaking, and production sources include biomass, biogas or natural gas. Diesel is produced from synthesis gas with the D Fischer–Tropsch process. No. 1 diesel is lighter than No. 2 diesel (close to kerosene) and with high cetane Deasphalted oil (DAO) number and volatility, it is better suited for cold The extract or residual oil from which asphalt and temperatures. No. 2 diesel is less volatile than No. 1 resins have been removed by an extractive (containing heavy gas oil), enabling it to carry heavy precipitation process called deasphalting loads for long distances at sustained speed. No. 4 Deasphalting diesel fuel is used for low- and medium-speed diesel A refinery process for removing asphalt from reduced engines and conforms to ASTM Specification D 975 crude or vacuum residua (residual oil) by light alkanes Dilbit (diluted bitumen) (propane, pentane, heptane, etc.) Bitumen diluted with cutter stock to facilitate Deep catalyic cracking (DCC) transportation. In refineries, dilbit is processed as if it A modified catalytic conversion technology that uses were a conventional heavy crude oil heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks, such as VGO, VR or VGO, blended with DAO to produce light olefins Distillate (ethylene, propylene and butylenes), LPG, gasoline, An overhead or side-draw distillation fraction from a middle distillates, etc distillation column after cooling Delayed coking Distillate fuel oil I Coking, delayed A collective term referring to heating oils for which Desalting the distillation endpoint is less than about 400 ıC Removal of salts and other material, such as (750 ıF). No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils are similar particulates, from crude oil. Usually the first step in to No. 1, No. 2, and No 4. diesel respectively, but with crude oil refining. The process entails: (1) adding and different (fewer) additives. Used primarily for space dispersing water, (2) forming an emulsion to expedite heating and electric power generation the dissolution of salts in the water, and (3) separating Distillation the emulsion into oil and water phases by electrostatic Process of selective evaporation and condensation to and/or chemical methods separate substances from a liquid mixture. Primary Desulfurization means of separation in oil refineries Removal of organic sulfur compounds by scrubbing, Distillation, atmospheric mercaptan oxidation, or catalytic hydrotreating via Distillation at atmospheric pressure up to 700 ıFor hydrodesulfurization (HDS) 370 ıC. In petroleum refining, atmospheric distillation Dewaxing separates crude oil into fractions, which are A lubricant plant process to remove wax subsequently transformed into finished products. (higher-boiling normal paraffins) from oil after Typical fractions include C1C4 gases, naphtha, extraction of aromatics. Solvent dewaxing often middle distillates, atmospheric gas oil, and employs methylethyl ketone (MEK) mixed with atmospheric residue toluene or propane Dewaxed oil (DWO) Distillation, vacuum The oil remaining after dewaxing processes for Distillation of crude oil under vacuum or reduced ı lubricant oil production pressure, such as 40 mmHg (50 mbar), up to 700 For ı Diagenesis 370 C. Recovers components that thermally Formation of sedimentary rocks from sediments or decomposed before they vaporize under atmospheric from different sedimentary rocks at high temperature pressure and pressure. Diagenesis occurs at depths reaching Donor solvent process several kilometers. When the sediments contain A hydrogenation process, such as donor-solvent coal enough organic matter, kerogen forms. Over time, the liquefaction, in which a hydrogen-rich liquid solvent kerogen starts evolving into liquid petroleum, various such as tetralin replaces gaseous molecular hydrogen. ranks of coal, and gases (mostly methane) Much of the hydrogenated coal liquefies; the coal Dibenzothiophenes liquids are easier to transport and process than solid A class of sulfur-containing aromatic compounds. coal. Due to the modest pressure of the coal section, They are difficult to remove, especially when they construction and processing costs are relatively low. , C O, and heat. 2 ,H 2 heavy crude oils API gravity less than 10 (specific ı 0). The heaviest of : 1 > Coking, Flexi- Coking, fluid The exhaust gas from a furnace, boiler, reactor, etc. Catalytic cracking in a fluidizedcracking bed reaction reactor. occurs The on high-aciditycatalysts, zeolite which have the consistencyReaction of products sifted include flour. gases, predominantly C3 which are highly olefinic; high-octanehighly FCC aromatic gasoline; cycle oils; anda coke. regenerator, where The it coke is goesoxygen-enriched burned to air) in to air produce (or CO A reactor in which theupflowing catalyst gas. bed Used is in fluidized fluidfluid by catalytic coking cracking and The oil washed out of slack wax Stratified sedimentary bed. The fundamentalpetrostratigraphy unit in of geology Characteristics of a rock expressedcomposition, and by fossil its content. morphology, Fascesfor is the a bundles Latin of term sticksRome carried by lictors in Ancient Primary constituent of biodiesel, resultingtransesterification from of the fats with methanol Natural fracture in stratum causedServes by as plate a tectonics. conduit forreservoir petroleum in migration the presence or of as cap a rock A permanent deformation caused whensedimentary flat strata are bent orforces curved by geological A series of chemical reactionscarbon to monoxide convert and a hydrogen mixture intohydrocarbons. of liquid The key process insynthetic the lubricants production or of fuels intechnology gas-to-liquid (GTL) The lowest temperature at whichmaterial vapor will of ignite a volatile I Crude oil with Hot catalyst is mixed withthe fresh reactor. feed FCC and produces returned aworld’s to significant gasoline portion of the I gravity F Flue gas Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) Fluidized bed reactor Foots oil Formation (geological) Facies Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) Fault Fold (geological) Fischer–Tropsch process Flash point Flexicoking Extra heavy crude oil Fluid coking (fluidized bed coking) ) Raffinate I components C hydrogenated, and recycled -methylpyrrolidone (NMP) N Hydrocracking Tertiary recovery The dehydrogenated solvent is removeddistillation, by re Technique to characterize reservoirs anddistribution the of reservoir-fluid properties usingspectroscopy optical Business sector in the oiloils industry and for purifying refining natural crude gas.and Includes distribution the of marketing refined products A branch of petroleum engineeringimplementing procedures for to designing drill and wellseconomically safely and Natural gas or refinery gassignificant that amounts does of not C2 contain I Keypartofanebulatedbedunit Lubricant oils for internal combustion engines I Entrainment is the carryover ofphase liquid or by of the gas vapor bythe the form liquid of phase. a spray, Liquid foam may or be mist in Stereoisomers with different configurationsaround of atoms one of several asymmetric(chiral carbon centers). atoms Important isomeric moleculematurity for assessment through petroleum biomarkers A slurry-phase hydrocracking process licensed by ENI Searching for oil and gassurface. deposits A under branch the of Earth’s the petroleum upstream business For solvent refining in general,stream the rich extract in is impurities. In the preparing solvent lube extraction for basestocks, the extractaromatics is and rich other in undesirable components.deoiling, In the wax extract is rich in oil ( In general, extraction is themixture process into of a separating fraction a solubleinsoluble in residue. a In solvent solvent and refiningproduction, an for the lube aromatic oil portionfrom of an the oil paraffinic is and separated naphthenicimproves portions. the viscosity This index, oxidationcolor resistance, of and the basestock. Itsludge also formation. reduces Solvents carbon used and includephenol furfural, or

E

Downhole fluid analysis (DFA) Downstream Drilling engineering Dry gas Ebulated bed (e-bed) hydrocracking Ebulated bed (e-bed) reactor Engine oils Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) Entrainment Epimers EST (ENI Slurry Technology) Exploration (discovery) Extract Extraction Glossary 1192 Glossary of Defining Terms Glossary of Defining Terms 1193

Formulated oil molecules inside its cavity. In nature, the gas is mostly A blend of base oils with special additives methane Fouling Gas injection (for oil recovery) The deposition and accumulation of unwanted Gas injection is used both in secondary recovery for materials such as scale, algae, suspended solids and artificial lift of the oil, and in tertiary recovery. In the insoluble salts on the internal or external surfaces of latter, carbon dioxide or nitrogen is introduced processing equipment including boilers and heat through an injection well to sweep the formation for exchangers remaining oil Glossary Fracking Gas oils I Hydraulic fracturing Distillation fractions boiling between heavy naphtha Fractional distillation or kerosene and atmospheric residue. They are Primary means of separating crude oils at refineries obtained from atmospheric distillation as atmospheric into fractions with different boiling ranges gas oils (AGOs), vacuum distillation as vacuum gas Fracture oil (VGOs) and coker as coker gas oils (KGOs). Also A natural or man-made crack in reservoir rock known as middle distillates. After subsequent Frasch Process processing, gas oils become suitable for blending into Method to extract sulfur from underground deposits, finished fuel oil and transportation fuel where superheated water is pumped into the formation Gas oils, heavy coker (HKGO) to melt the sulfur. Compressed air is used to froth the Heavy gas oil fraction from coker with boiling points > ı ı sulfur and bring it to the surface 650 F (340 C), which contains very high Froth treatment concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds and A process of eliminating the aqueous and solid other contaminants, such as metals. If used as a contaminants from bitumen froth to produce a clean hydrotreating or hydrocracking feed, it is crucial to bitumen product control endpoint, CCR, and metals to avoid shortening Fuel ethanol catalyst cycle life. Ethanol intended for fuel use, as in reformulated Gas oils, heavy straight run (HGO or HAGO) gasoline. Fuel ethanol in the United States must Liquid petroleum distillates from atmospheric distillation heavier than kerosene with boiling points contain less than 1 wt% water and be denatured with ı ı ı > 2vol%C5C paraffins or conventional gasoline between 600 F and 800 F (315420 C) in the Fuel oils (heating oils) diesel range A range of oils used for heating or for locomotion in Gas oils, light coker (LKGO) ships and locomotives. No. 1 fuel oil is a volatile Highly olefinic middle distillates produced by coking units, with boiling points that range from about 400 ıF distillate oil with a boiling range similar to that of ı ı kerosene, but a higher pour point and an end point that to 650 F (200340 C). Highly reactive with air. is is adjusted to suit vaporizing pot-type burners. No. Hydroprocessing transforms light coker gas oils into 2 fuel oil is a distillate home heating oil, similar to No. diesel blendstocks or heavy naphtha 1. It may contain hydrotreated cracked stock. The Gas oils, light straight run (LGO or LAGO) chain length of the hydrocarbons ranges from 10 to Liquid petroleum distillates from atmospheric distillation heavier than naphtha with boiling points 20. No. 3 fuel oil is for burners requiring ı ı ı low-viscosity heating oil, merged with No. 2 in between 400 F and 600 F (200315 C) in the specifications. No. 4 fuel oil is usually a light residual kerosene and jet fuel range. Also called middle oil used in a furnace that can atomize the oil and is not distillates equipped with preheater. The chain length of the Gas oils, vacuum (VGO) hydrocarbons ranges from 12 to 70. No. 5 fuel oil has Overhead and side-streams from a vacuum distillation higher viscosities than No. 4. In use, it requires unit. Include light vacuum gas oil (LVGO) and heavy ı vacuum gas oil (HVGO). A typical VGO boiling preheating to 170220 F for atomizing and handling. ı ı Also known as Bunker B oil. The chain length of the range is 6501050 F (340560 C). They are hydrocarbons ranges from 12 to 70. No. 6 fuel oil is a feedstocks for catalytic cracking or hydrocracking high-viscosity residual oil that requires preheating to Gasohol 220260 ıF for storage, handling and atomizing. Also A mixture of gasoline and ethyl alcohol used as fuel in specified by navies as Bunker C oil for ships. The internal combustion engines Gasoline chain length of the hydrocarbons ranges from 20 to  70. Residual fuel oils are the heaviest, including No. 5 A mixture of C5 C12 hydrocarbons used as fuel in andNo.6fueloils spark-ignition internal combustion engines. A high-octane naphtha blend with additives to meet official specifications for octane number, RVP, and G other properties as described by ASTM D4814, EN 228, JIS K2202, China V, etc. Gas hydrate Gasoline, blending Solid ice-like form of water cage that contains gas Mechanical mixing of motor gasoline blending 6for ,i.e., where z D 12 for C z n  2 -xylene, and H ), and four p n 8 bad actors H with a 7 ,where z 2 H C 2 -xylene, n the literature because 2 m H ther hydrocarbons with the 10 for indenes, n  ), toluene (C 6 H -xylene, 6 o : 10 H 8 8 for indans,  naphthalenes, etc. The rings areresonance stabilized energy, making with them difficultcracking to processes. open Aromatics with are densehigher and boiling have points than o same number of carbon atoms.include Important benzene examples (C Molecules that contain carbon andterm hydrogen. is loosely The used incompounds the containing oil carbon industry and to hydrogen, including include those all that also containHydrocarbons heteroatoms. are classified into thesaturates following (paraffins groups: and cycloparaffins), olefins, aromatics (monoring and polyring)heteroatom-containing and Acetylenes have a formula of C isomers of C benzenes, they cause equipment problems andThe poison sulfur catalysts. compounds include mostlythiophenes, thiols, benzothiophenes, sulfides, dibenzothiophenes, etc. The nitrogen compounds include pyrroles,carbazoles, pyridines, etc. The oxygen compoundsphenols, include furans, acids, etc. Trace metalnickel compounds and include vanadyl porphyrins, theis removal the of subject which of intensive research cycloalkanes) Naphthenes have the general formula C ethylbenzene Diolefins have two carbon-to-carbon doublewhich bonds, are usually conjugated. Butadieneimportant is monomer an for making petrochemicals.refining, In due to their highstorage reactivity, and diolefins processing cause problems asformation well in as gasoline gum engines. Cokingsignificant units butadienes produce and pentadienes, whichpolymerize can at the top ofproducing hydroprocessing gums reactors, that increase pressureshut drop a and unit can down Strict definitions of hydrocarbons excludethat contain compounds heteroatoms. However, theywith are hydrocarbons included in much of their hydrocarbon backbones are theThe main most interest. common heteroatom compoundssulfur, nitrogen, contain and oxygen. They are carbon–carbon triple bond. They arepetroleum not or found natural in gas duecan their be high manufactured reactivity, from but thecarbide, hydrolysis and of the calcium partial oxidationcoal. of Acetylene methane, has coke, mainly or beenwelding used and in as oxyactylene a feedstockacrylic for acid a derivatives variety of plastics and Aromatics are hydrogen-deficient ringwith compounds the general formula C Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons, acetylene Hydrocarbons, naphthenes (cycloparaffins or Hydrocarbons, diolefins Hydrocarbons, heteroatom-containing Hydrocarbons, aromatics ) Coke I C) ı 5% proppant, and ) : 400 Fuel oil F (260 ı API gravity ranging from 10 to 20 ı Gas oils, heavy coker Cyclic steam stimulation components from refinery process unitsadditives, including with oxygenates when required.blends Final must meet official specificationsnumber, for RVP, sulfur, octane and other properties Refinery streams containing C5-C12 hydrocarbonswith suitable properties for blendingTypically, the into streams gasoline. include straight-runreformate, naphtha, FCC gasoline, alkylate, isomerate,gasoline, polymer and others. Oxygenates andare other included additives as required or needed A process for converting naturalhydrocarbons gas into liquid The movement of oil in a reservoir due toA gravity semisolid lubricant usually prepareda by lubricant emulsifying basestock with soap.viscous Greases when are first highly applied, butthinning they (their viscosities undergo fall) sheer duringBecause operation. they are semisolid, greaseswhere stay liquid in lubricants place will not.lubricated Bearings with are grease typically instead ofSome with greases less-viscous act oil. as sealants or waterproofing agents Unprocessed raw coke from a delayed coker ( No. 2 to No. 4 fuel oils (I I Crude oil with An ebullated-bed hydrocracking process licensedAxens by A process invented by Eugènechemist. Houdry, Revolutionized a thermal French cracking withof the use a moving bed ofregeneration. catalyst Produced integrated less with gas, oxidative higherand liquid gasoline yields, with higher octane I Injecting fluid (about 90% water, 9 chemical additives) under controlled pressure intermittently over a short periodto (three create to fractures five days) in afracture targeted permits rock oil formation. or The naturalwellbore. gas The to proppants flow are to smallceramic, the grains aluminum of oxide sand, or otherthe particulates fracture to open keep Petroleum distillates with an approximaterange boiling from 500 to 750

H

Gasoline, blending components Gas-to-liquids (GTL) Gravity drainage Grease Green coke Heating oil Heavy coker gas oil (HKGO) Heavy crude oil H-Oil Houdry process Huff and Puff Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) Heavy gas oil (HGO) Glossary 1194 Glossary of Defining Terms Glossary of Defining Terms 1195

z D..number of rings/  2  2/. They contain a fully Hydrocracking saturated ring comprised of five or six carbons. A group of upgrading processes that convert heavy Cyclopentane and cyclohexane are the simplest oils into light products in the presence of naphthenes. Commercially, naphthenes can be high-pressure hydrogen. Hydrocracker (HC) products prepared by saturating aromatics with hydrogen. are low in sulfur and nitrogen. HC light naphtha can Cyclohexane (C6H12) is an important solvent and be blended into gasoline. HC heavy naphtha is an petrochemical excellent feedstock for catalytic reforming. With certain feeds, HC middle distillates can meet sales Hydrocarbons, naphthenoaromatics (hydroaromatics) Glossary Naphthenoaromatics contain at least one aromatic ring specifications for jet and diesel fuels. HC unconverted fused to at least one naphthene ring. One example is oil (UCO, also called hydrowax) is a superb FCC feed. In some locales, UCO serves as a feedstock for olefin tetralin (C10H12). Alkyl naphthenoaromatics are highly isomeric. The isomers tend to have similar production plants. For lubricant basestock production, chemical and physical properties and are very difficult hydrocracking replaces the aromatic extraction step by to separate from each other saturating aromatics to naphthenes and converting the naphthenes into isoparaffins (I Isodewaxing) Hydrocarbons, olefins Hydrocracking, ebullated-bed (e-bed) Olefins (alkenes) have the general formula CnH2n and Ebullated-bed (e-bed) hydrocracking employs contain one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Olefins are bifunctional catalysts. E-bed processes can achieve rare in nature, but they are produced in large quantities significant conversion of vacuum residue. A mixture by thermal cracking and steam cracking. Examples of catalysts, hydrogen, and resid-containing oil is include ethylene (ethane), propylene (propene), pumped upwards through a reactor into a reaction 1-butene, 2-butene (butylenes), and isobutylene zone at high temperature and pressure. The mixture (2-methylpropylene). Far more reactive than paraffins, expands as hydrocracking reactions generate light olefins have a tendency to polymerize. They serve as molecules. At the top of the reactor, the catalyst is building blocks of polyethylene, polypropylene, and separated from the product gases and liquids, which hundreds of other important polymers pass through a series of separators. Hydrogen is Hydrocarbons, paraffins scrubbed to remove H2S and recycled. Reaction Paraffins (alkanes) have the general formula products go through a stripper to a fractionator. The CnH.2nC2/. They can be divided into normal paraffins, catalyst is returned to the reactor with a recirculation where chains of carbon atoms are straight (linear) and pump at a rate that maintains equilibrium flow inside isoparaffins, containing at least one branch. The the reactor lightest paraffins are methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6) Hydrocracking, fixed-bed catalytic and propane (C3H8). There are two stable isomers of Fixed-bed catalytic hydrocracking produces C3C butane (C4H10), three stable isomers of pentane hydrocarbons from vacuum gas oil and other (C5H12), five for hexane (C6H14), 75 for decane distillates with similar boiling points. The catalysts (C10H22), and many, many thousands for C34H70. are bifunctional, providing both acid-derived cracking Light paraffins are highly flammable. Large normal activity and metal-derived hydrogenation activity. paraffins are waxy. Large isoparaffins are excellent Hydrocracking catalysts are protected by lube basestocks hydrotreating upstream Hydrocarbons, polynaphthenes (polycycloparaffins) Hydrocracking, slurry-phase (thermal) Polynaphthenes contain more than one fully saturated Slurry-phase hydrocracking is thermal, employing five- or six-membered ring, where at least two of the small-diameter additives, which might or might not be rings are fused. At high temperatures, polynaphthenes catalytic. In combination with a fixed-bed second readily lose hydrogen to form naphthenoaromatics stage, slurry-phase processes can achieve 95 wt% and/or polyaromatics. Examples include cis- and conversion of vacuum residue, FCC slurry oil, and transdecalin (C10H18). Polynaphthene structures can coal be three-dimensional, as diamondoid hydrocarbons Hydrodemetalation (HDM) Hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic (PNA or PAH) Removal of trace metals, such as Fe, Ni, V, As, Hg, Polynuclear aromatics (PNA) are also known as and Si, in a hydroprocessing unit. HDM is polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). They accompanied by HDS, HDN, and saturation reactions contain more than one aromatic ring, and at least two Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of the rings are fused. They are more hydrogen Conversion of organic nitrogen compounds into deficient than benzene. Important examples include hydrocarbons and ammonia in a hydroprocessing unit. naphthalene (C10H8), anthracene (C14H10), chrysene HDN is accompanied by HDO, HDS, and saturation (C18H12), pyrene (C16H10), perylene (C20H12), reactions coronene (C24H12), and ovalene (C32H14). Large Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) polyaromatics are difficult to crack and readily form Conversion of organic oxygen compounds into coke. Many of them are carcinogenic or mutagenic hydrocarbons and water in a hydroprocessing unit. Jet B -pentane F) with an n F). ı -C6 ı i -paraffins with n C (100 C (410 ı ı -C5 and C, while the freezing i ı -butylether) and t 40 Jet A and Jet A-1  C. Both Jet A and Jet A-1 ı 47 C). Must meet specifications for  ı ) 8 have been used in the US since the is a fuel comprising about 70% 285 H 4 isomerization converts low octane 6 -hexane into high octane F (175 n ı C = Hydrocarbons 5 Middle distillate fuels with boiling550 ranges of 350 to Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5,Prepared JP-8 from and hydrotreated JP-50, straight-run and kerosenehydrocracking. others. and Naphtha-based jet fuelmainly (Avjet) is for military usage. (Commercial) 1950s. Jet A-1 is usedfreezing in point the of rest Jet of A the is world. The Kerosene-type jet fuel has adistribution carbon between number 8 and 16,(Commercial) similar to JP-8. naphtha-range material and 30% kerosene-range material. It is used forperformance. its Its enhanced lighter cold-weather composition makes it more and point of Jet A-1 is have a flash point higher than 38 autoignition temperature of 210 2-methylpropene, also known as isobutylene.important An feedstock for polyisobutylene,rubbers, butyl ethers (e.g., methyl- minimal cracking, thereby reducing theand pour wax content point of lubereplacement basestocks for and solvent serve dewaxing as a High octane product from anExcellent for isomerization blending unit. into gasoline Refinery processes for isomerizing linearC paraffins. A fixed-bed hydrocracking process licensedChevron by Lummus Global (CLG) In the original place, asreactor within a reservoir or inside a A substance that prevents chemicalhappening reactions from A fixed-bed hydrocracking process licensedChevron by Lummus Global (CLG). Specifically designed to catalytically isomerize compounds, which are excellent blendstocksgasoline. for C4 isomerization converts normalinto butane isobutane, which is aalkylation necessary units feedstock for Chemical compounds with the samedifferent formula structures but antioxidants (e.g., butylated hydroxytoluene). I J I Jet and turbine fuels Isobutylene (C Isomerate Isomerization Isocracking In situ Inhibitor Isodewaxing Isomers , 2 4 and ,CH 90% of 2 2 > ,Cl 2 ,N hydroprocessing 2 streams might HDS, and saturation 2 ntities in 3000 psig (about  from everything steam-methane reforming 95%. Benfield units remove CO S with diethanolamine (DEA), 2 2 I > 99% purity. In hydrotreaters and and H 2 S with potassium carbonate. Amine units 2 200 barg). Most hydrotreaters employ fixed-bed is consumed in large qua . In petroleum processing, H S, and higher hydrocarbons. On-purpose hydrogen 2 2 2 the hydrogen in high-pressure offgasachieving purities streams, units Processes for recovering and purifyingPressure-swing hydrogen. adsorption (PSA) unitshydrogen produce with 99: hydrocrackers, membrane units can recover is manufactured by steam-hydrocarbon reforming,colloquially called (SMR). Coproduced hydrogen comesreformers, from olefin catalytic manufacturing plants (steam crackers), and electrolytic chlorine-productionH plants. H methane from other hydrocarbons, andunits can cryogenic separate H remove CO and H HDO is accompanied by HDN, reactions Conversion of organic sulfur compoundshydrocarbons into and hydrogen sulfidehydroprocessing in a unit. HDS is accompaniedHDO, by and HDN, saturation reactions A high-pressure hydrotreating processcolor to and improve oxidation the stability of lubricant oils The lightest chemical element. MolecularH hydrogen is methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), or similar compounds. Lean-oil adsorption units removehydrocarbons. C3C Turboexpanders can separate H contain different amounts of CO, CO 140 reactors. Hydrotreating reactions include saturationolefins of and aromatics, HDS, HDN, HDO, and HDM Isomerization under hydrogen, also knownisodewaxing as in lubricant base oil manufacturing A general term for refininghydrogen processes is in consumed. which Includes catalytichydrotreating (to remove sulfur, nitrogen,trace oxygen, contaminants), and catalytic hydrocrackingconvert (to heavy hydrocarbons into lighter hydrocarbons), catalytic saturation ofproduce aromatics cyclohexane (to from benzene), andthermal noncatalytic hydrocracking (to convert vacuum residue) A refining process for removingpetroleum contaminants fractions from in the presenceexcess of hydrogen. catalysts Required and pressures dependfeedstock of properties. Naphtha hydrotreatersoperate may at 300 psig (abouthydrotreaters 20 require barg) while 2000 residue

Hydrogen purification Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) Hydrofinishing Hydrogen Hydroisomerization Hydroprocessing Hydrotreating Glossary 1196 Glossary of Defining Terms Glossary of Defining Terms 1197

dangerous to handle. Hence, it’s rarely used except in LHSV very cold climates. Naphtha-type jet fuel has a carbon An acronym for liquid hourly space velocity. LHSV is number distribution between 5 and 15, similar to JP-4. the ratio of the hourly volume of oil processed to the JP-4 (Military) is a turbine or propeller fuel, and a volume of catalyst wide-cut fuel (kerosene-gasoline blend) for broader Light coker gas Oil (LKGO) availability. JP-6 (Military) is a turbine or propeller I Gas oil, light coker fuel and a higher cut than JP-4 with fewer impurities. Light cycle oils (LCO) JP-7 (Military) is a turbine fuel and a high-flashpoint Highly aromatic light middle distillate produced by Glossary specialty kerosene used in advanced supersonic FCC units, with boiling points that range from about aircraft. JP-8 (Military) turbine fuel is kerosene 200 to 400 ıC (400750 ıF). Hydrotreaters saturate modeled on the Jet A-1 fuels used in civilian aircraft much of the aromatics and reduce the amounts of sulfur and nitrogen. A typical cetane number for LCO K is < 25, and the sulfur content can exceed 0:5wt%. With severe hydrotreating, LCO can be made suitable Kerogen for blending into diesel. In hydrocrackers, LCO is A mixture of complex organic compounds and converted into naphtha. LCO is commonly used as a minerals found in sedimentary rocks. Geologically, cutter stock to decrease the viscosity of heavy fuel oils kerogen is a precursor to petroleum and natural gas. Light ends ı ı When heated above 510 C (950 F), kerogen The lowest boiling (lightest) fractions of crude oil. decomposes into a full range of hydrocarbon gases Note: light ends of oil are not referred to as gases and liquids, leaving behind trapped oil/gas, Light gas oils undecomposed geopolymers and minerals. Type I Liquid petroleum distillates heavier than naphtha, kerogen (sapropelic) has a H W C ratio > 1:25 and an with boiling ranges similar to kerosene O W C ratio < 0:15. It has a great tendency to produce Liquefied natural gas (LNG) liquid hydrocarbons. Type II (planktonic) kerogen has Natural gas, mainly methane, which has been aHW C ratio < 1:25 and an O W C ratio 0:030:18. It liquefied under pressure and supercooling. The tends to produce a mix of gas and oil. Type III removal of carbon dioxide is critical for dry-ice (Humic) kerogen has a H W C ratio < 1andanOW C formation during transportation ratio 0:030:3. It tends to produce coal and gas. Type Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) IV (residue) kerogen has a H W C ratio < 0:5. It has no Liquefied hydrocarbon gases, mainly propane and potential to produce hydrocarbons butanes. Usually sold as fuels Kerosene Liquefied refinery gases (LRG) ı A fuel with a boiling range between about 150 Cand Hydrocarbon gas liquids produced in refineries, ı 275 C. Historically, due to its use as an illuminant, it liquefied with pressurization and/or refrigeration. was called lamp oil. At present, kerosene is widely LRG might include ethane, propane, butanes, and used to fuel turbine engines, primarily those that refinery olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylene, and power jet aircraft. It is also a fuel for domestic heaters isobutylene) or furnaces (I Fuel oil and I Jet fuel) Lithology Kerosene-type jet fuel The physical characteristics of rocks I Jet fuel, Jet A and Jet B Lube assay Similar to a crude assay. Specifically for crude oils or L distillates intended for production of lube basestocks. Includes atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, LC fining aromatics content, naphthene content, wax content, An ebullated-bed hydrocracking process licensed by viscosity, and sulfur content CB&I and Chevron Lummus Global (CLG). It is a Lubricant (lube) hydrocracking process capable of desulfurizing, A substance that reduces friction between surfaces in demetallizing and upgrading a wide spectrum of contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated heavy feedstocks. It allows the processing of heavy when surfaces move against each other. The finished feedstocks, including atmospheric resids, vacuum product is a blend of basestocks with special additives. resids and bitumen Lubricant base oil is a blend of one or more LC MAX I basestocks A CLG process that combines LC-finingand solvent I deasphalting (SDA)inanintegrated M hydroprocessing configuration. Vacuum residue conversions ranging from 80 up to 90% can be Magnaforming attained, even when processing very difficult A semiregenerative catalytic reforming process high-sediment feeds developed by Engelhard and Atlantic Richfield (now a Lean oil part of BP). Its characteristic feature is a split flow of An absorbing liquid (oil) entering the absorption tower recycled hydrogen, with about half going to the first ) 3 C. COCH ı ). Merox 3 C. ) ı 3 I ulated gasoline. ). Small amounts of thods in a field facility or in and less than 4 ppmv hydrogen 2 itially used in reform Catalytic reforming Octane number Hydrocarbons, naphthenes Gasoline Contain more naphthenes than paraffinicfor crudes. producing Good certain lubricant basestocks A mixture of naturally occurringprimarily methane. hydrocarbon Used gases, for fuelpetrochemicals. and Merchant to natural make gas mustless than contain 2 vol% CO I Treated LN can be used as a solvent Full-range low-sulfur naphtha that isolefins converted in into steam-cracking plants. Paraffinicare naphthas preferred I LNG, natural gas, and refinedsome petroleum companies, products. midstream In includes trading, marketing, and/or retail sales I The lowest-boiling liquid fractions from petroleum distillation Heavy naphtha boils between 90 and 200 Constituents have carbon numbers ranging12. from The 6 octane to rating isblending usually into too gasoline. low for Therefore, direct afterremoval, HN sulfur is generally conveyed toreforming a unit, catalytic which converts itreformate into (I high-octane hydrotreated HN are used as solvents Light naphtha boils between 30 and 90 sulfide Components of natural gas otherincluding than ethane, methane, propane, butane, isobutanepentanes. and Separated from methane bycondensation absorption, or other me a gas processing plant A mixture of hydrocarbons, mostlyheavier, which pentanes are and extracted from natural gas. To be Banned in the United Statesgroundwater after from it some leaked filling into stationStill storage used tanks. in Europe, wheretanks filling are station storage properly maintained An oxygenate in Constituents have carbon numbers ranging6. from 5 The to octane rating ofsuitable straight-run for LN blending is into often gasoline,treating usually to after remove sulfur compounds ( N MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether, (CH Naphthenic crudes (asphaltic crudes) Natural gas Motor octane number (MON) Naphtha, petrochemical (PCN) Naphthenes Motor gasoline (Mogas) Naphtha Naphtha, heavy (HN) Naphtha, light (LN) Natural gas liquids (NGL) Natural gasoline C ı ) which metals such as -alkyl and isoalkyl n Catalytic reforming ween about 200 and 400 I OH) F). Middle distillates include kerosene, jet 3 ı 700 Thiols (400 two reactors, which operate atthe mild other conditions, half and going toconditions the are third more reactor, severe where (i.higher). e., Initially, temperatures it employed are a monometallic-supported platinum catalyst. More recently, most units contain Pt-Reenhanced catalysts stability for ( Solvent-soluble fraction from deasphaltening Methyl ethyl ketone, a commonlylubricant dewaxing used units solvent in I A mercaptan oxidation process developedthe by removal UOP of for odorous mercaptanspropane, from butane, LPG, naphthas, kerosene, andMercaptans jet are fuel. converted to liquidcan disulfides, be which processed with hydrotreating A process that occurs whenexposed sedimentary to rocks the are influence ofeffects magma (metamorphism). and At hydrothermal this physicochemical paleotransformation stage, the onlycarbon-containing remaining molecules are methanecarbon and residue a Organometallic compounds in nickel and vanadium are boundtetrapyrolic by structure chelation within a fuel, diesel, and fuel oils Business sector in the oiltransportation, industry storage, and that distribution involves of bulk crude oil, The simplest alcohol. An importantpetrochemicals. An source intermediate of to syntheticfrom gasoline the Fischer–Tropsch process A process that converts methanolinitial to formation gasoline of dimethyl via ether the dehydration, (DME) followed by by DME dehydrationzeolite catalyst, over ZSM-5 a A process that converts methanolinitial to formation olefins of dimethyl via ether the dehydration (DME) over followed an by acidic zeoliteH-SAPO-34, catalyst, to such yield as ethylene and propylene Methyl isobutyl ketone, a commonlywax used deoiling units solvent in Wax derived from vacuum resids,mostly which cycloparaffins contains with sidechains Fractions boiling bet

Maltenes MEK Mercaptan Merox Metagenesis Metalloporphyrins Methanol (CH Midstream Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) Methanol-to-olefin (MTO) MIBK Microcrystalline wax Middle distillates Glossary 1198 Glossary of Defining Terms Glossary of Defining Terms 1199

transported in common-carrier pipelines, it must meet P specifications on vapor pressure, endpoint, and composition set by the Gas Processors Association or PAH similar organizations I Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon Needle coke Paraffinic (waxy) crudes (I Coke, needle) I Crude oil, paraffinic Normal paraffin Paraffins I Hydrocarbons, paraffins I Hydrocarbons, parraffins Glossary Partial oxidation (POX) O Process for converting coke, coal, or resid into a mixture of CO and H2 (synthesis gas) in the presence Octane number of substoichiometric oxygen and steam A measure of the burning quality of gasoline (petrol) Petrol in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine. A A term commonly used in some countries as a higher octane number (ON) means a fuel is less synonym for gasoline susceptible to knocking (premature ignition). Petrolatum Specifically, ON is the percentage by volume of Petroleum jelly derived from dewaxing heavy lube isooctane in a combustible mixture containing basestocks. Its color is translucent white, amber or isooctane (ON D 100) and normal heptane (OND0) yellowish. It has no odor or taste. In can be used in for which the knocking characteristics match those of medicines, ointments and cosmetics, as well as in the fuel being tested. The octane number tested in a polishes and greases standard engine at 900 rpm to compare with highway Petroleum driving conditions is the Motor octane number Generally includes liquid crude oils and condensates. (MON).TheResearch octane number (RON) is tested Sometimes includes natural gas and synthetic in a standard engine at 600 rpm to compare with petroleum. Synthetic petroleum, also known as low-speed or city driving conditions. The Posted synthetic crude or syncrude, is liquid obtained from octane number (PON) is defined as (RON C MON)=2 the processing of oil shale, oil sands, and biomass and is posted on pumps in gasoline filling stations in (I Crude oil). Physical properties of petroleum North America, where it is also referred to as the include boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom antiknock index (AKI) contents, etc., measured by crude assay tests Oil sand (tar sand) Petroleum classification Loose sand or partially consolidated sandstone Petroleum (crude oil) is broadly classified as containing mixtures of sand, clay, water, and bitumen paraffinic, asphaltic or mixed crudes by Watson Oil shale Characterization Factor for paraffinicity or Correlation Organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing Index for aromaticity (I Crude oil) kerogen from which liquid hydrocarbons can be Petroleum coke recovered I Coke, petroleum Olefins Petroleum components (chemical composition) I Hydrocarbons, olefins Petroleum is mainly composed of hydrocarbons, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries which may include heteroatoms of sulfur, nitrogen, (OPEC) oxygen and metals. Hydrocarbons include saturates, An intergovernmental organization, founded in 1960, such as paraffins and naphthenes, and aromatics whose stated objective is to coordinate and unify the Petroleum engineering petroleum policies of member countries. Founding A field of engineering related to the production of members include Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, crude oil and natural gas, including drilling and Venezuela. Other members now include Algeria, engineering, reservoir engineering, production Angola, Ecuador, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, and the engineering, etc. United Arab Emirates. Former members are Gabon Petroleum gas and Indonesia. It is not true that Alberta, a Province of Hydrocarbons that are gases at ambient temperature Canada, is a member of OPEC and pressure. Includes natural methane and ethane Outcrop along with C2C4 olefins from refining processes. A visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial May include small amounts of propane and butanes deposits on the surface of the Earth Petroleum system (hydrocarbon system) Overburden rock The petroleum system is a unifying concept that Rock that overlies the source rock, seal rock, and encompasses all of the disparate elements and reservoir rock of a petroleum system. The weight of processes of petroleum geology, including the the overburden affects the pressure and temperature in essential physical elements: source rock, in which oil a reservoir and gas were formed; reservoir rock, in which oil and gas Catalytic dirty I describes Inferential control , Ar, light 2 S, passes over a 2 ,N 2 product gas, and 99 vol% purity : SMR Advanced process control I C above the temperature at which a ı 90% hydrogen recovery while from 2 ) describes a broad range of techniques that Distributions of paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics The lowest temperature at whichDetermined an as oil 3 loses fluidity. The expulsion of newly generateda hydrocarbons source from rock and movement into carrier rock Oil recovery by natural undergroundsupplied pressure, by usually associated natural gasdissolved and gas evolution (gas of drive), orpressure, driven liquid by expansion hydrostatic and expansionwater of (water reservoir drive) A system of valves, instruments,computer controllers, programs and that are usedindustrial to process operate unit. an (APC) enhance process control. Applications canwithin reside a DCS computer orAdvanced supervisory regulatory control computer. (ARC) techniques including feed-forward, override, adaptive gain, switching logic, and inferentials.term It for is customized a DCS-resident catch-all techniquesnot fall that into do any otherimplemented category. in ARCs the are DCS typically computer. calculates a stream property frommeasurements. process Inferentials are developed and verified containing hydrogen, CO, CO purification of refinery offgas streams.adsorbents, PSA usually employs activated carbon, silicaalumina, gel, and zeolite molecular sieves.steps The are process as follows: 1. At high pressure, clean bed of adsorbents. Theof adsorbents the remove nonhydrogen most components. Thecontinues hydrogen on to a subsequentlow-pressure reactor. step, 2. the In reactor the isconcurrent first depressured flow, i. under e., theoriginal gases direction. continue 3. to During flow in thestep, the second clean low-pressure hydrogen flows acrossadsorbent the in loaded the opposite direction,contaminants sweeping into the a tail gasclean, stream. the When reactor the is bed repressuredcan is with achieve dirty 80 gas. PSA producing hydrogen with 99 An adsorbant-based process in whichby a differential gas pressure. is In purified refining,hydrogen PSA purification. is Applications used include for of removal CO and CO reforming sample no longer moves whenparameter inverted. for Important pipeline transportation and diesel fuel A semiregenerative catalytic reforming process developed by Esso (now ExxonMobil) ( hydrocarbons, and sometimes H PONA or PIONA analysis Pour point Primary migration Primary recovery Process control Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) Powerforming ). It C12 isoparafins Overburden  I ) Hydrocarbons I -shaped polymer (oligomer) with a central carbon PONA analysis Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon also includes the processes thatpetroleum form formation, traps migration, and and enable accumulation. Finally, it includes mechanisms forpetroleum the from movement reservoirs of and othershows, sources seeps, into or accumulations I A distillation apparatus composed ofused a to series fractionate of pipes petroleum. Synonymatmospheric distillation for unit Materials made of organic compounds,polymers typically of high mass. Plasticsbe are molded malleable into and solids can A group of oil fieldsregion or that prospects are controlled in a bycircumstances. the geographic Usually same refers set to of anconditions geological area favorable with for hydrocarbon accumulation, including a specific source, reservoir, and trap type I Star atom connected to four armsfrom (alkyl alpha groups). olefins Derived and usedlube as basestock high-viscosity index Polymer with units linked byused ester as groups. a resin Mainly for making synthetic textile fibers Gasoline product from polymerization of light olefins A chemical reaction in whichmolecules two combine or to more form larger small contain molecules repeating that structural unitsmolecules. of the In original oil refining, catalytic(Catpoly) polymerization converts propylene (and sometimes isobutylenes) into high-octane C6 High polymers derived from olefins,polyethylenes, such polypropylenes, as ethylane/porpylene copolymers, polyisobutylenes, etc. Esters made from polyols (pentaerithritol,propane or trimethylol neopentyl glycol) withhigh acid. viscosity Due indexes to (VIs), their theyV are lube excellent basestocks Group suitable for gasoline blending. Thecatalyst most is common solid phosphoric acidpetrochemical (SPA). industry, In polymerization the is theprocess key for producing high polymers,polyethylenes such and as polypropylenes Molecules that include at leastrings two ( fused aromatic gas accumulate; impermeable seal rockwhich (cap prevents rock), oil and gasreservoir; from and escaping overburden the rock (

PIONA Analysis Pipe still Plastics Play or petroleum play PNA Polyalphaolefin (PAO) Polyester Polymer gasoline Polymerization Polyolefins Polyol Esters Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH or PNA) Glossary 1200 Glossary of Defining Terms Glossary of Defining Terms 1201

with laboratory measurements. They are used to acid-catalyzed alkylation, a solvent in deasphalting, or replace online analyzers when suitable analyzers to a diluent in catalytic polymerization of propylene not exist or are deemed to be too expensive to install (I Hydrocarbons) and maintain. Model predictive control (MPC), also Propylene (C3H6) called multivariable predictive control (MVPC), I Hydrocarbons manipulates several MVs simultaneously to achieve Prospect multiple objects. It is based on a matrix of important An individual exploration target. A specific trap that independent variables (MVs and DVs), a matrix of has been identified and mapped but has not yet been controlled variables, and a third matrix that captures drilled Glossary dynamic relationships between the other two. Proper Pseudocomponents matrix identification, for example with manual or Hypothetical components used to model petroleum automated step tests, is the key to success. An MPC during the design and optimization of equipment and controller executes on a predetermined schedule, processes. The properties of pseudocomponents are typically every minute; some controllers in the glass averages of the properties of many individual industry execute far more frequently compounds with similar boiling ranges. Traditional Process control, distributed control system (DCS) pseudocomponents do not include molecular A system in which control elements (controllers) are information, such as hydrocarbon types or located in many places throughout a system. In concentrations of heteroelements. This makes them modern facilities, operators in a central control room ill-suited for kinetic reaction models, in which can operate important control elements from a single conversion, HDS, HDN, and saturation are important location. Computerized DCS systems include the parameters ability to host computer programs, including ARC and PVT measurements APC applications The pressure, volume and temperature of a material, Process control, proportional–integral–derivative usually a gas (PID) Pyrolysis A common type of feedback controller, which Thermochemcial decomposition of organic material at continuously calculates the difference between a elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen measurement and a setpoint. The controller calculates how to minimize the error based on P, I, and/or D Q algorithms. It then adjusts the relevant MV accordingly Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) Process control, time to steady state (TSS) Correlation or classification that quantitatively relates The time it takes for a CV to reach a steady value after the response (activity, adsorptivity, etc.) of a group of an MV is changed chemicals to changes in certain common Process control, variables physicochemical characteristics (descriptors) of the The Controlled variable (CV) is the process target constituent species, usually by modeling achieved by adjusting manipulated variables. The Quench Disturbance variable (DV) is an independent variable, A relatively cool stream (liquid or gas), which is such as ambient temperature, which cannot be mixed with hot reactants to control reaction manipulated. The Manipulated variable (MV) is an temperatures independent variable that can be used to manage process performance. The change in the value of a CV R divided by a unit change in an MV is called Gain Production Raffinate A branch of upstream petroleum business that In general, the raffinate in a solvent extraction process recovers gas or oil from reservoirs is the stream from which undesired components have Production engineering been removed. In lube basestock preparation, the A branch of petroleum engineering that includes a raffinate is the dearomatized oil. In extractive wax combination of manufacturing technology, deoiling, the raffinate is the oil-free wax engineering practices, and management principles Raffinate hydroconversion related to oil and gas production. A production Hydroconversion of raffinate from solvent extraction engineer is engaged in reviewing seismic and other processes to produce lubricant basestock with a high data, designing and executing drilling plans, selecting viscosity index and low volatility drilling technology (mud weight, bits, piping, Reboiler centralizers, motors, etc.) and well completion A heater or heat exchanger at the bottom of an technology, and the handling of produced oil and gas atmospheric distillation tower, which vaporizes a at the well head portion of the liquid and introduce it several trays Propane (C3H8) above the bottom to assure some of light components A three-carbon alkane used as a chillant in sulfuric not carried out with the bottom product Reformate I is used for any C) of vapor pressure of ı ) 38 buoyant forces keep  F( ı Catalytic reforming unconventional reservoir I Catalyst, regeneration Octane number Common measure of the volatilitydetermined of at gasoline 100 A process to convert low-octanehigh-octane naphtha gasoline to Low-emissions gasoline that meets regulations promulgated by the US EnvironmentalAgency Protection (EPA) under Section 211(k)Act. of Specifications the include Clean upper Air limitsolefins, on sulfur, air RVP, toxics suchlimits as on benzene, oxygen. and A lower gasolinereformulated can if be it designated meets as orbenzene exceeds content EPA standards emissions in and engineit tests, may even not though meet alloxygen composition content). requirements This (e.g., category includesFuels Program Oxygenated Reformulated Gasoline (OPRG). Reformulated gasoline excludes Reformulated Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending (RBOB)Gasoline Treated and as Blendstock (GTAB) The ratio of the velocitywavelength in of air light to of the ato velocity specific in estimate a polynuclear test aromatic sample. (PNA) Used content I and the top product. Reflux isvariable (MV) an for essential controlling manipulated tower temperature The ratio of the portionto of the condensed distillation tower liquid to returning product the portion collected as top Liquid product from a catalytichighly reformer. aromatic, Reformate and is has alow vapor high pressure octane (RVP). number It andgasoline can a or be converted blended into into solvents andprecursors chemical in an aromatics plant A catalytic process for dehydrogenatinginto aromatics. naphthenes Also converts acyclic paraffinscyclopentanes to and alkyl alkyl cyclohexanes, whichundergo then dehydrogenation. The products are high-quality hydrogen and reformate ( hydrocarbons in place below aterm sealing caprock. The Oil and gas accumulations thatcan have be been produced drilled economically and Subsurface pool of oil orfractured gas rock contained formation, in broadly porous dividedconventional or and into unconventional reservoirs. In conventional reservoirs reservoir that requires special recovery operations. the liquid by ASTM D-323 I Reid vapor pressure (RVP) Reforming, thermal Reformulated gasoline Refractive Index Regenerator Reflux ratio Reformate Reforming, catalytic Reserve Reservoir (petroleum) Research octane number (RON) . C bonds)  C bond  conversion cutpoint ecessary utility systems breaking), alkylation and polymerizationhigh-octane (making C6 to C12 moleculesmolecules), from catalytic C3 isomerization, to lubricant C5 manufacturing, sulfur removal and recovery,production, hydrogen product blending, andprotection environmental A refinery with atmospheric distillation,and hydrotreating reforming units designed tofuels, produce petrochemical desulfurized naphtha, and high-octanegasoline. In many modern hydroskimmingthe refineries, atmospheric residue goes to an asphalt plant A refinery integrated with amanufacturing petrochemical plant A simple refinery that consistsatmospheric of distillation unit, tankage, recovery an unitsand for light gas hydrocarbons and n (steam, power and water treatmentrestrictions plant). on Due product to quality, tight veryleft few in of developed these countries are The amount of finished productdivided from by the a refinery sum ofimported feedstocks unfinished (crude oils), oil expressed and eitherpercent other as or volume weight percent. Theexcludes calculation produced generally sulfur, natural gasoxygenates liquids, and other imported blending components That portion of the condensedatmospheric top distillation tower stream that from is an tower returned to to provide the cooling. Reintroductioncondensed of liquid the reduces the amountcomponents of that heavy otherwise would be carried out with with thermal and catalytic cracking,reforming catalytic (dehydrogenation of naphthenesformation and of ring compounds; no C In hydrocracking, the recycle cutpointfinal (RCP) boiling point is of the theconversion. heaviest If product it of were possiblegive for square-cut distillation a with fractionator no to would overlap, be the the RCP initial boiling(UCO). point In of many unconverted oil units, therecycled. hydrocracker The UCO analogous is term forin once-through which there units, is no recycling, is RCP has been applied towhich delayed heavy coking liquids units are in recycledseparation to in improve the fractionator An installation that manufactures finishedproducts petroleum from crude oil, unfinishedliquids, oils, other natural hydrocarbon gas streams, andRefinery oxygenates. operations include: planningcrude and blending, scheduling, preprocessing in desaltingseparation units, with distillation or extraction,(including treating chemical treatment, mecaptanand oxidation, hydrotreating) conversion (breaking C

Refinery, hydroskimming Refinery, integrated Refinery, topping (simple) Refinery yield Reflux Recycle cut point (RCP) Refinery Glossary 1202 Glossary of Defining Terms Glossary of Defining Terms 1203

These include tight shale, tight sands, oil shales, catalysts. The rhenium improves catalyst stability coalbed methane, heavy oil, oil sands, and gas-hydrate (I Catalytic reforming) deposits Rich oil Reservoir engineering The absorbing liquid (oil) containing selectively A branch of petroleum engineering concerned with absorbed components characterizing and defining oil and gas reservoirs. Rock-Eval pyrolysis Reservoir engineers work closely with production An analytical method used in petroleum exploration to engineers as they develop drilling and production measure the quantity, quality, and thermal maturity of plans. It also deals with drainage problems or other organic matter in rock samples Glossary challenges arising during development and production Resid S A term commonly used in the oil industry as a synonym for residue or residuum. Specifically refers Scrubber to the residue at the bottom of a distillation after all An apparatus to remove particulates and/or gases from light fractions distill off process streams, including industrial exhaust streams. Resid FCC (RFCC) Examples include amine scrubbers, which remove A version of I FCC designed to process resid. H2SandCO2, and flue-gas scrubbers, some of which Includes provisions to deal with both the high metals remove SOx and NOx content of resid and its high propensity to form coke. Secondary migration Typically, most metals are removed in an upstream After primary migration, further movement of the resid hydrotreater. Remaining metals are hydrocarbons in carrier rock into reservoir rock in a accommodated with metal-resistant catalysts. When hydrocarbon trap or other area of accumulation burned in the regenerator, the excess coke on the FCC (reservoir) catalysts produces more than enough heat to run the Secondary recovery unit. The excess heat can be removed with catalyst When the natural pressure of a reservoir is low and not coolers (steam coils) in the regenerator. Another sufficient for oil recovery, surface or submerged solution is to burn off part of the coke in a primary pumps are used. Alternatively, it is possible to regenerator and the rest of the coke in a secondary increase reservoir pressure by water injection (water regenerator flood) and gas injection (gas flood). Chemicals are Resid hydrocracking (RHC) often applied to free up oils Hydrocracking processes that convert resids Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) (I Hydrocracking, e-bed and I Hydrocracking, A catalytic process for removing nitrogen oxides from slurry-phase) flue gas. The nitrogen oxides are reacted with Resid upgrading ammonia to produce N2 and water Processes for upgrading resids, either thermally, Selectivity catalytically, or with extraction (I Coking The amount (percentage) of a desired product in the I Hydrocracking, e-bed I Hydrocracking, total product slurry-phase and I deasphaltening). The choice of Shale gas technologies depends upon both the quality of the Natural gas trapped within shale formations and resid stream and the desired quality of the naphtha, recovered by unconventional means, such as hydraulic diesel, and VGO products. Products from coking and fracturing solvent extraction require hydroprocessing to remove Shale oil sulfur, nitrogen, metals, Conradson carbon residue Oil trapped within shale formations and recovered by (CCR), and any remaining asphaltene unconventional means, such as hydraulic fracturing. Residual oil supercritical extraction (ROSE) Also refers to oil produced by thermally cracking the A process for extracting oil from atmospheric and kerogen in oil shale vacuum resids with supercritical propane, butane or Shell Claus Offgas Treatment (SCOT) pentane, leaving behind resins and asphaltenes The sulfur compounds in Claus tail gas are converted Residuum to H2S by hydrotreating over a Co-Mo catalyst. The I Resid gas is cooled and contacted with di-isopropanolamine Resin (DIPA) to recover the H2S. The sulfur-rich DIPA is Polar fraction of petroleum isolated by solvent sent to a stripper, where H2S is removed and sent back fractionation, containing relatively to the Claus plant. The lean DIPA is recycled to the high-molecular-weight, polar, polycyclic, aromatic absorber ring compounds Slack wax RFCC Raw wax containing oil. A byproduct of solvent Resid FCC or reduced crude cracking (I FCC) dewaxing during lubricant oil manufacturing Rheniforming Slurry Reactor A semiregenerative reforming process developed by Slurry reactors process mixtures of solids, mixtures, Chevron, which employs bimetallic platinum-rhenium and gases, where the solids are so finely divided that 1 9%. It W F ı 99: > 4 ppm by C3 gases  5 wt% total sulfur : 0 < 1 mole ratio) occurs at 1500 W and more hydrogen. In modern units, CO are removed from the product with a PSA 2 2 C) over a nickel catalyst. The main reaction ı than SMR, because some feedsnonmethane contain hydrocarbons up to 20% The most common method forhydrogen producing from high-quality methane. The reactionand between methane steam (1 Natural gas with a low sulfur content (< volume under standard temperature and pressure) A process for improving odorproducts and by color oxidizing in or petroleum removingcompounds sulfur-containing Crude oil produced from coal,this context, bitumen shale or oil shale comes oil;To from make in retorted so-called oil synthetic shale. bitumen (synbit),is bitumen upgraded by a coker,unit visbreaker, or hydroprocessing A mixture of CO andsteam-methane hydrogen reforming, produced partial by oxidation,Fischer–Tropsch or synthesis Gasoline produced from biomass, coalfractions and with heavy Fischer–Tropsch oil or methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) processes Basestock synthesized from polyalphaolefins.make Used lubricants to of very high quality, with high and CO is common now to sendSMR refinery units; offgas in streams addition to tostreams methane, contain these hydrogen offgas and C2 A general term for gasesstrippers produced or in distillation refineries units. Depending by composition, on still gas is usedsource as of a recoverable refinery hydrogen, fuel, a orfeedstock a petrochemical A fraction taken directly fromdistillation the unit atmospheric and not from a conversion process Petroleum stocks maintained by thefor US use government during periods of major supply interruption A layer or a series of layers of rockA in chemical the that ground reduces interfacialmixing resistance of for oil the and water.change In the oil wettability production, of reservoir surfactants rock Crude oil containing unit, which makes hydrogen with a purity products are hydrogen and carbon monoxide (3 ratio). In a downstream high-temperatureCO shift reacts reactor, with water viaform the CO water-gas reaction to (815 Steam-methane reforming (SMR) Sweet gas Sweetening Syncrude (synthetic crude oil) Syngas (synthetic gas) Synthetic gasoline (note: not syngas) Synthetic lube basestock (synlube) Still gas (refinery gas) Straight-run Strategic petroleum reserve Stratum Surfactant Sweet crude C and are rapidly ı ). C in Cr-Ni reactor ı ) t mobilizes oil with heat. 1050 components. A prominent 5 wt% total sulfur  : 3 0 > C to improve yields and avoid coke ı and SO 2 S per cubic meter (equivalent to 4 ppmv 2 Hydrocracking, slurry-phase Steam-methane reforming, SMR 7mgofH : I I Steam-hydrocarbon reforming is a more accurate term in methane) Rocks containing kerogens that couldhydrocarbons generate tubes, where the hydrocarbons crackcompounds, into primarily smaller olefins; at suchtemperatures, high olefins are more stableReaction than time paraffins. is measured incracked milliseconds. products The exit at around 850 A test (ASTM D1322) performedsmoke-forming to tendency determine of the jet fuelsis and the kerosene. maximum flame It heightburn at without which smoking a in test a fueland standard will a smoke circular point wick lamp madepoints of are woven highest cotton. for Smoke paraffinsaromatics and lowest for The amount of a compounddissolved or in liquid a that specific can amount be of solvent Crude oil containing Natural gas and any other5 gas containing more than The sum of SO they behave as part ofintroduced the at liquid. the Bubble-point bottom gas ofthe is the slurry reactor as the and mixture reacts( moves with toward the top quenched to 300 The liquid used in anconstituents absorption to be tower extracted to soak up the A fractionator used to stabilizevolatile products or by reactive removing lighter example is removal of butanestreams from gasoline range An enhanced oil recovery technologyheavy for crude producing oil and bitumen.wells A is pair drilled into of the horizontal through oil the reservoir. Steam top is well, pumped whereThe i oil flows down tobelow, the where bottom it well, is a collected few meters and brought to the surface A process for converting saturatedhydrocarbons gaseous – or such liquid as ethane,hydrocracker LPG, UCO naphtha, – and into olefins.with The steam feed and is heated diluted to formation. Steam cracking is themeans principal of industrial producing ethylene, propylene,olefins, and which other are converted into(polyethylenes, polyolefins polypropylenes, etc.) ( x

Source rock SO Smoke point Solubility Sour crude Sour gas Sponge oil Stabilizer Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) Steam cracking Steam-hydrocarbon reforming Glossary 1204 Glossary of Defining Terms Glossary of Defining Terms 1205

viscosity index (VI), low pour point, low volatility, Toe-to-heel air injection (THAI) and high thermal and oxidation stability An in situ combustion method for producing heavy oil, also known as fireflooding. Air is introduced through a vertical injection well. Oil is produced from T a horizontal well having its toe in close proximity to the air-injection well. Combustion supported by air Tail ends injection generates a flame front, which pushes oil The highest boiling components of a mixture through the horizontal well to its heel,wherea Tank farm Glossary production well conveys the oil to the surface A collection of tanks at a given location for storing Toluene (C H CH ) crude oil and products 6 5 3 An aromatic hydrocarbon, used as a solvent or Tanker and barge petrochemical feedstock (I Hydrocarbons) Tankers transport crude oil and products over oceans Topped crude and seas. The largest supertankers can carry more than The bottoms of atmospheric distillation of crude oil three million barrels of crude. Barges transport after the removal of gas oil and lighter fractions smaller quantities on rivers or lakes Topping Tar sand Removal of light fractions from crude oil by I Oil sand distillation (I Refinery, topping) Tertiary recovery (enhanced oil recovery) Total acid number (TAN) Tertiary recovery or enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is The acidity of a crude oil determined by titration with designed to reduce viscosity of the crude oil in potassium hydroxide. Results are expressed as low-permeability carbonate reservoirs that respond milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the acids in poorly to conventional secondary recovery. Three agramofoil primary techniques for EOR are gas injection, Total boiling point (TBP) curve chemical injection, and thermal recovery A distillation curve in which accumulated yield is Tetraethyl lead (TEL) plotted against boiling point. Determined from A nearly extinct gasoline additive used to enhance the atmospheric and vacuum distillation, where vacuum octane number of gasoline. It is used in avgas and in distillation boiling points are converted to atmospheric some countries with loose environmental regulations equivalent boiling points (AEBP) Thermal cracking Trap Breaking CC bonds with thermal energy (heat). Impermeable rock that enables the accumulation of Modern thermal cracking processes include petroleum. Typical petroleum traps include anticline visbreaking, delayed coking, fluid coking, and one traps, faults and salt-domes (I Petroleum system) particular brand of slurry-phase hydrocracking. Trickle bed reactor Compared to catalytic cracking, thermal cracking A fixed-bed reactor containing a packed bed of makes far more undesirable light ends (methane, catalyst, in which reacting fluids flow concurrently ethane) and olefinic naphtha. The advantage of downwards. Typically used in catalytic hydrogenation, noncatalytic thermal hydrocacking is the ability to hydrotreating, and hydrocracking processes achieve up to 95 wt% conversion of vacuum resid True boiling point (TBP) curve Thermal recovery A distillation curve in which accumulated yield is Thermal recovery introduces heat into a reservoir with plotted versus boiling point, determined from steam, hot water, or hot gas. This increases pressure atmospheric and vacuum distillation with vacuum and reduces the viscosity of oil in the reservoir, distillation boiling points converted to atmospheric allowing it to make its way to a production well. In equivalent boiling points (AEBP) situ combustion, supported by pumping air into an injection well, is another thermal recovery method Thermofor catalytic cracking (TCC) U An obsolete catalytic cracking process, which contained a moving bed to which regenerated catalysts Ultraforming were added and from which spent catalysts were A cyclic semiregenerative reforming process removed. Catalysts were transported by baskets on developed by Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco, now a elevators part of BP) in 1954 Thermoplastic Ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) Synthetic resin that becomes plastic on heating and Diesel fuel with sulfur content < 10 ppmw in North hardens on cooling America, Europe and many other countries. As of Thiols (mercaptans) January 1 2017, ULSD in populous regions of China Organosulfur compounds containing an SH group. must contain < 10 ppmw sulfur Many have strong odor. Some mercaptans, especially Unicracking t-butyl mercaptan, are used as odorants in natural gas A collection of hydrocracking processes designed and for leak detection licensed by UOP ) For 3min) w ı  K For 830 ı  930  C) and shorter reaction time (1 C) and longer reaction time ı ı 500 433 Characterization factor purpose. The residence time isformation. low The to cracking avoid reaction coke iscompletion to quenched minimize before overcracking Occurs in furnace tubes (coils).provided The by quench heat is exchange withcold feed oil. or Compared a with stream soakerhigher of visbreaking, outlet it temperatures has (885 A solid or semisolid materialof consisting hydrocarbons of obtained a or mixture derivedfractions, from or petroleum through a Fischer–Tropsch-typein process, which straight-chained paraffins withnumbers high predominate carbon A process for making food-gradeslack wax wax, from which low-sulfur is aduring byproduct lube of basestock solvent preparation. dewaxing Oilfrom the is slack extracted wax with(methylisobutyl solvents ketone). such The as wax MIBK ischiller crystalized and recovered in by a rotary drum filtration Crude oil that has lostvolatile an components appreciable during quantity transportation, of handling more and storage The injection of water intofor a secondary reservoir recovery to displace oil Reaction of carbon monoxide (CO)produce with carbon steam dioxide to and hydrogen.reaction step The second in a steam-methanereformer (steam-hydrocarbon) 473 427 Occurs not in the furnace,the but furnace. in Oil a is soaker heldpredetermined drum in time after the prior drum to for quenchingcracking a to to allow occur. Compared withit coiled has visbreaking, lower outlet temperatures (800 Resistance of a fluid todynamic shear viscosity and/or is tensile the stress. resistanceshearing The of flows, a where fluid adjacent against layersdifferent move speeds, with parallel to eachviscosity other. is Kinematic the ratio ofliquid the to absolute its viscosity specific of gravity a which at the the temperature viscosity at is measured A measure of kinematic viscositytemperature. as Higher a function VI of lubricant oilsbecause are for superior, them the relativetemperature change is in lower viscosity with I W Visbreaking, coiled cracking Wax (petroleum wax) Wax deoiling Weathered crude oil Water flooding Water gas shift (WGS) reaction Watson (or UOP) characterization factor ( Visbreaking, soaker cracking Viscosity Viscosity index (VI) C) ı 565 C.  8bar ı F( 13: ı  4 : ) F) and at 3 ı C-plus) can exceed 95 wt%. 920 ı under atmospheric conditions of high C (880 ı F-plus (565 490 ı 200 psi), and reduces the viscosity of fuel oil to Hydrocracking, slurry-phase  Distillation, vacuum Gas oil, vacuum 60 vol% diesel yield. Uniflex VGO can go to a I (50 acceptable levels. Conversion is not the prime Slurry-phase hydrocracking occurs inThe the slurry first stage. is a mixturedivided of additive. oil, Thermal hydrogen, cracking generates andproducts a light and finely intermediate microcoke,on which the deposits additive and undergoesstage hydrogenation. products First then go toconventional the fixed-bed second hydrocracking stage, unit. which The hydrogen is pressure a for both stagesTemperature in is the 200 bar. first stage is about 465 (AEBP). Contains the highest boilingcomponents and in nonboiling crude oil Plots the hydrogen-to-carbon ratiooxygen-to-carbon as a ratio. function Used of to the assesspetroleum kerogens and A condition temperature that causes excessive gasolinefuel vaporize lines, in disabling the fuelthe pump engine and shutting down A two-stage hydrocracking process developedVeba (now by BP) and licensedresidue, by FCC KBR. slurry Vacuum oil, coalconverted into tar, finished and gasoline, coal finished are high-quality diesel, unconverted and oil. Total conversion of 1050 I A slurry-phase hydrocracking process licensedUOP that by achieves higher thanvacuum 90 residue wt% and conversion other of low-quality> feeds. Achieves conventional refinery unit, such ashydrocracker FCC or a Business sector in the oil(exploration) industry. and Includes recovery discovery (production) ofand crude natural oils gases. Commonly knownand as production exploration (E&P) Using urea to dissolve waxylow-pour-point paraffins oils for producing I Resid from a vacuum distillationeverything unit; that typically boils above about 1050 A mild thermal cracking process,470 which operates at Second-stage temperatures are lower (

V

Van Krevelen diagram Vapor lock Veba Combi-Cracking (VCC) Vacuum distillation Uniflex Upstream Urea dewaxing Vacuum gas oil (VGO) Vacuum residue or vacuum resid (VR) Visbreaking Glossary 1206 Glossary of Defining Terms Glossary of Defining Terms 1207

Weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) and southern Louisiana, which is used as a reference Weight of feed flow per hour divided by catalyst crude for domestic trading weight. Units: 1/hr Wet gas Well completion Natural gas containing C4C and natural gasoline that In petroleum production, the process of making a well has not been removed ready for oil recovery or fluid injection. Wells are White oil completed by casing the well bore with steel pipe and Kerosene or treated kerosene used for pharmaceutical

cementing the casing into place purposes or in the food industry Glossary Well log wppm A record of chemical and physical measurements Parts per million by weight along the depth of a well bore. Well logs can be updated in real time with signals transmitted via wire X to the surface. An Acoustic well log (Aonic) is a record of the speed of sound as it travels through rock, and is Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2) useful in determining porosity. Electric resistivity well An important aromatic molecule (I Hydrocarbons), logging records the resistivity of the rock. The used as a solvent or petrochemical feedstock downbore measurement of various physical properties, such as porosity, resistivity, mineral Y contents, etc., versus depth is also often described as electric resistivity well logging. Well logs augment Yen–Mullins model (modified Yen model) other geological information and hence are important Describes the predominant molecular and colloidal in defining a reservoir. Oil-filled sand has higher structure of asphaltenes in crude oil, whether the resistivity than water-filled sand. A Gravity well log asphaltene molecules form nanoaggregates or clusters. (or radioactivity well log) is a record of the absorption The model provides a foundation for the development of gamma radiation through the rock, used to of the first asphaltene equation of state for predicting determine the rock density. A Magnetic well log is a asphaltene gradients in oil reservoirs record of the mineral content of rock formations, especially ferromagnetic minerals Z Well stimulation Zeolites, synthetic Performed on oil or gas wells to increase the flow of Microporous, crystalline aluminosilicates used as hydrocarbons for higher production commercial adsorbents and molecular sieves, and as Wellhead catalyst components in petroleum refining Equipment at the surface of an oil or gas well that ZSM-5 provides the structural and pressure-containing Important shape-selective aluminosilicate patented by interface for the drilling and production equipment Mobil in 1975. Used in numerous heterogeneous West Texas Intermediate (WTI) catalytic processes, including FCC, catalytic An important group of crude oils produced in Texas dewaxing, and the conversion of methanol to gasoline 2001. ondensed Matter Physics from the University tillation. He graduated from the Technical Studies College of eaches Geosciences and coordinates the Petroleum Geology Program Sultan Al-Salem is aUniversity Chemical and Engineer with a degreesexperience PhD at from from a Kuwait number University ofprojects College in institutions has the London. crude linked His oil himmonitoring, refining with work and dispersion, a petrochemicals strand area, and of aircurrently chemical pollutants an mass Associate Research balance ScientistSciences modeling. at Research the Center He of Environment is and KISR. Life Chapter C.32 Adel Al-Mutairi received hisHe BSc works from as Clarkson a Universitypre-treatment in Chemical and Engineer, hydroprocessing focusedResearch using on Centre pilot (PRC), heavy Kuwait plants oil Institute for at (AR Scientific the and Research (KISR). VR) Petroleum Chapter C.21 Jan Andersson obtained hisGermany PhD after from 2 the years University ofdegree of postdoctoral research Lund, in in Sweden, Analytical USA. and HeProfessor Chemistry moved obtained at to his from Habilitation the theseparation University University techniques of of of Muenster supercomplex Ulm in mixtures and 1991. like petroleum. was His appointed research interests center on A. Ballard Andrews received his PhD in C of Texas at Austin,films. where he His investigated postdoctoral the researchon electronic at structure heavy Los of fermions. Alamos magnetic He Nationaland thin worked Laboratory scientific at concentrated visualization. Brookhaven Heasphaltene National now science. works Laboratory on in laser computation applications in spectroscopy and Mubarak Al-Mujaibel is ain Research various Technician petroleum with downstream overhydro-cracking 15 processes, and years including dis of pilotKuwait, experience unit Chemical Engineering commissioning Department and for beforeScientific joining Research, the where Kuwait he Institute for is still affiliated to this day. Hendratta Ali obtained her PhD in Geologyin from Oklahoma 2010. State University-Stillwater Prior toin this, Soil she Science, obtained andCameroon. a She a Diplôme t BSc D’études in Approfondie Earth (DEA), Sciences, MSc from the University of Yaoundé I, at Fort Hays State University, Kansas, USA. Chapter A.5 Chapter B.9 Chapter A.6 Chapter C.32 Sultan M. Al-Salem Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) Environment & Life SciencesCenter Research Safat, Kuwait [email protected] University of Münster Inst. of Inorganic andChemistry Analytical Münster, Germany [email protected] Fort Hays State University Dept. Geosciences Hays, USA [email protected] Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Petroleum Research Center Safat, Kuwait [email protected] Jan T. Andersson Adel Al-Mutairi Hendratta N. Ali

Schlumberger-Doll Research Sensor Physics Cambridge, USA [email protected] Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) Environment & Life SciencesCenter Research Safat, Kuwait [email protected] A. Ballard Andrews Mubarak M. Al-Mujaibel About the Authors Authors 1208 About the Authors 1209

Brent E. Beasley Chapter D.33

Brent E. Beasley and Associates, LLC Brent Beasley worked in various capacities for ExxonMobil over a 34- Consulting, Contracting and Engineering year career, including a decade in conventional lube research, pilot plant Laguna Woods, USA operations, manufacturing plant troubleshooting, and technical licensing [email protected] support. Brent is President and CEO of Brent. E. Beasley and Associates, LLC, a consulting contracting and engineering company.

F. Emmett Bingham Chapter C.23

Haldor Topsoe, Inc. Emmett Bingham is the Manager of Hydroprocesing Technology for Orange, USA Haldor Topsoe Inc. He has more than 40 years of experience. He has worked for Topsoe for 10 years, Unocal for 20 years, and Dow Chemicals for 10 years.

Gary Brodeur Chapter D.38 Authors

Intel Corp. Gary Brodeur received his PhD from Florida State University in 2013. He worked Logic Technology Development at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, CO, within the National Hillsboro, USA Bioenergy Center division. He now works as a Senior Process Development Engineer [email protected] at Intel Corporation in Hillsboro, OR.

Leslie Bromberg Chapter D.40

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dr Bromberg received his BS and PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center and He worked at MIT in plasma physics, first on fusion and recently on industrial Sloan Automotive Laboratory applications of plasmas and microwave based sensors. He has over 70 issued patents Cambridge, USA and started three companies in the automotive market. [email protected]

Michael Carpenter Chapter D.40

RTI International Michael Carpenter received degrees in physics and chemical engineering Energy Technology in 2011 from North Carolina State University. His work at RTI Inter- Research Triangle Park, USA national focuses on catalysis relevant to the natural gas industry such [email protected] as GTL and ammonia synthesis. He also has interest and experience in modeling physical systems and chemical synthesis.

Shengnan Chen Chapter B.14

University of Calgary Shengnan Chen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemical Dept. Chemical and Petroleum and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Calgary. Her major Engineering interests include the development of unconventional reservoirs, reservoir Calgary, Canada simulation, and production optimization. Chen holds BSc and MSc [email protected] degrees in Petroleum Engineering from China University of Petroleum and a PhD degree in Petroleum Systems Engineering from the University of Regina, Canada.

Dennis Cima Chapter C.26

Aspen Technology, Inc. Houston, USA

Cortis K. Cooper Chapter B.15

Chevron Energy Technology Company Dr Cooper is a Chevron Fellow, one of 27 scientists and engineers recognized San Ramon, USA by Chevron for their contributions. His primary job is providing wind, wave, and [email protected] current criteria for Chevron’s worldwide operations. He received a PhD from the University of Maine in 1987, has published 44 papers, co-authored 8 books, served on 7 National Academy of Sciences committees and Boards, and advisory panels to Federal agencies. NMR in vivo ecame an independent consultant in itions mainly related to polyethylene resins eceived his PhD in Chemistry from Harvard University David M. Fiscus receivedin his 1985. PhD He from hasand the run customer Ohio technical support State pos programs University and products. in He research, currently manufacturing, in worksfor Global ExxonMobil Chemical Productmetallocene Company catalyzed Research polyethylene resins. supporting the development of new Sudhin Datta r in 1978. He hasnew been polyolefin at polymers ExxonMobil andauthored Chemical their 118 blends Company US for developing patents theDatta and is last 13 the 35 review recipient chapters years. ofDivision on the He of polyolefins. 2015 has the Charles Sudhin American Goodyear Chemical Medal Society. of the Rubber Chapter D.37 Chapter D.37 spectroscopic techniques for materialsrelevance. and organisms of environmental Rudraksha Dutta Majumdar receivedLethbridge, his Canada, PhD in from 2015, theusing working NMR University on spectroscopy. His of asphaltene current structure positionAssociate as elucidation a at Postdoctoral Research thedeveloping University novel comprehensive of multi-phase NMR Toronto and Scarborough is focused on M. Andrew Crews received histhe degree University in of Chemical Arkansaspositions Engineering in at from 1991. Chicago He Bridgerecent assignment has and was held as Iron the various Vice overand President management of he the Operations is for last currently CB&I 25 assigned India for as years. the the Americas. His Regional Vice most President of Engineering Chapter C.24 Chapter A.6 Go Fujisawa received his Master’s degreeSince in he Applied joined Physics from Schlumbergerspectroscopic Osaka in University. downhole 1999, fluid he analysisScientist, has for and worked oil Project on field Manager various wellbore in projects applications engineering related as and to Engineer, research organization. Antonios K. Doufas received hisIllinois PhD at in Urbana-Champaign Chemical in Engineeringof 2000. at the He the Dow worked University of Chemical atSunoco the Company Chemicals corporate and and R&D later laboratories BraskemGlobal in Polymers Americas. polypropylene Technology He product at is thestructure development ExxonMobil properties, currently at Chemical rheology, a and Company Technical flow-induced with Leader crystallization. interests in in Geoff Dolbear is aStanford. Physical After Chemist 24 years with in a1989, industrial BSc retiring research, from in he UC b 2014.with Berkeley His particular and publications strengths a and PhD in patentsAmerican from hydrocracking, Chemical describe Society. heavy catalysts oil, and and processes, coal. He is a Fellow of the Chapter A.7 Chapter D.37 Chapter C.22 David Fiscus Sudhin Datta ExxonMobil Chemical Co. Global Research Product Development Baytown, USA [email protected] ExxonMobil Chemical Co. Global Chemical Research Baytown, USA [email protected] Schlumberger Gould Research Cambridge, UK [email protected] Katy, USA [email protected] Chicago Bridge andHouston, Iron USA [email protected] University of Toronto Scarborough Dept. Physical and Environmental Sciences Toronto, Canada [email protected] Go Fujisawa Rudraksha Dutta Majumdar Geoffrey Dolbear E. M. Andrew Crews

ExxonMobil Chemical Co. Global Polymer Technology Baytown, USA [email protected] Antonios Doufas Authors 1210 About the Authors About the Authors 1211

Graham Ganssle Chapter B.12

Sandstone Oil&Gas Graham Ganssle received his PhD from the University of New Orleans. He is the New Orleans, USA Owner and Principal Geoscientist of Sandstone Oil & Gas, a petroleum exploration [email protected] company operating in the North America, South America, and Africa. His research interests are in the fields of acoustic imaging and digital signal processing, specializing in optimization methods for seismic data migration.

Adam A. Gentile Chapter D.40

Freedom Energy Tech, LLC Adam A. Gentile has served as Lead Research Analyst of the Prism Clermont, USA cold plasma catalytic partial oxidation technology for use with various [email protected] hydrocarbon feed stocks producing high quality synthesis gas for the purpose of synthetic fuel production using Fischer–Tropsch processes. He currently works as a Scientist and Analyst in a GLP compliant bioanalyt- ical laboratory on the development and validation of immunoassays for clinical and non-clinical drug studies. Authors

Pierre-Yves le Goff Chapter C.18

Axens SA Pierre le Goff holds a PhD from the Ecole de Chimie de Mulhouse and Rueil-Malmaison, France an MBA from Sorbonne University. He started his career in the field [email protected] of inorganic chemistry. He joined Axens in 2000 and was involved in reforming and hydrotreating activities. Since 2013 he has been in charge of the R&D program covering reforming, isomerization, and aromatics.

Martin R. Gonzalez Chapter C.31

BP Martin R. Gonzalez received his PhD in Chemical Engineering from the Univer- Refining Technology and Engineering sity of Wisconsin, with research in heterogeneous catalysis. In his 20-year career Naperville, USA with Amoco and BP, he has held positions in R&D, process design, and refinery martin.gonzalez@bp.com operations, including commissioning and start-up of hydrotreaters for BP’s North American heavy-oil project. He is currently Discipline Leader for Hydroprocessing and Reforming technologies.

Lamia Goual Chapter A.6

University of Wyoming Lamia Goual received her PhD in Petroleum Engineering from Imperial College, UK, Dept. Petroleum Engineering in 2003. She worked at the University of Alberta and the Enhanced Oil Recovery Laramie, USA Institute. She is currently an Associate Professor of Petroleum Engineering at the [email protected] University of Wyoming. Her research interests include interfacial phenomena with applications to energy and environment. She holds an NSF CAREER award on remediation of oil-contaminated aquifers.

Nick Hallale Chapter C.25

AspenTech Nick Hallale holds BSc and PhD degrees in Chemical Engineering from Warrington, UK the University of Cape Town. He has experience across the academic, [email protected] consulting, and industrial sectors.

Thomas Hantschel Chapter B.11

Schlumberger Aachen Technology Center Thomas Hantschel is the Manager of the Schlumberger Technology Aachen, Germany Center for Exploration Geology, in Aachen, Germany. He is a physicist [email protected] with a focus on basin modeling simulations related to heat flow, pore pressure and stress evolution, and multiphase fluid-flow. He has worked as a peer reviewer for more than 100 exploration projects and applications worldwide related to petroleum systems modeling and geomechanics. 2002. At ophysicist and Adjunct Professor of hnology in 1986. After a postdoctoral unghai University, Taiwan, and a PhD titution Joint Program innography. Ocea Prior eceived his BS from PaiChai University, Korea, in ceanographic Ins For biographical profile, please see the section “About the Editors”. Suzzy Ho is aStrategic Senior Research. She Research received Associate herthe at PhD California ExxonMobil’s in Institute Corporate Organic of Chemistryposition Tec from at Princeton University,worked she primarily joined in ExxonMobil theresearch area and to of product, has lubricant processes, base and new stocks market ranging development. from Chapter D.35 the Korea Basic Science Institute hemass improved the spectrometers. performance of Since FT-ICR 2008,of his novel research statistical focuses on modelsat the and the development software Iowa for Stateintegrative University petroinformatics. analysis also of His multi-omics includes data. work bioinformatics and big-data Manhoi Hur r Donald G. Hill isPetrophysics a Consulting at Petr the Universityin of Geology Southern and California. Explorationdeveloping He Geophysics. and holds conducting Over a innovative 40geothermal projects PhD years exploration in he petroleum, and has production mining, been worldwide. and in Chapter A.4 Chapter B.13 eceived Wilhelm and Evans Awards of the American Institute of Chemical Teh C. Ho receivedin a Chemical BSc Engineering degreeconsultant, from from having the T retired University from2013. of ExxonMobil’s He Delaware. Corporate r He Strategic Research is Labs. an in independent Allegra Hosford Scheirer ising a in Research basin Geophysicist and atthe petroleum Stanford MIT-Woods system Hole University O modeling. specializ- Allegra’s obtained her PhD degree from Engineers and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Yalin Hao joined ChevronUniversity as of a California, Research Davisfor Engineer in 2008. base after Her oil receiving work her andshe focused fuel PhD has on hydroprocessing. from been process/catalyst responsible Since studies Oil for she Slate providing joined and technical other Chevron key support Base marketing for activities. Oils Chevron’s in Group 2012, II Base Paul Hazendonk isobtained an his MSc Associate at the ProfessorUniversity. University An of at expert Manitoba the and in received NMRdeveloping University his PhD experimental spectroscopy, of Paul from techniques McMaster specializes Lethbridge. particularly inmixtures He suited and solid-state fluorine NMR, to containing complex systems.of organic-inorganic His nano-structural current projects motifs include in the fossil investigation fuel materials. to joining Stanford, Allegra wasthe a Energy member Resources of Program thethree-dimensional Geophysical at geologic Unit the models of US for Menlo Geological Park use and in Survey, where the she resource assessment constructed process. Chapter C.27 Chapter D.34 Chapter A.6 Chapter B.11 Chapters 1, A.3, A.4, C.16, C.17, D.38 Suzzy C. Ho Exxon Mobil Research & EngineeringCorporate Co. Strategic Research Department Annandale, USA [email protected] Bridgewater, USA [email protected] Chevron Lubricants Chevron Base Oils Richmond, USA [email protected] Iowa State Unviersity Genetics, Development and CellAmes, Biology USA [email protected] University of SouthernWalnut California Creek, USA [email protected] Manhoi Hur Teh C. Ho Donald G. Hill Yalin Hao

University of Lethbridge Dept. Chemistry and Biochemistry Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada [email protected] Stanford University Dept. Geological Sciences Stanford, USA [email protected] Chang Samuel Hsu Allegra Hosford Scheirer Paul Hazendonk Authors 1212 About the Authors About the Authors 1213

Maurice D. Jett Chapter C.28

BP Refining Maurice Jett received his PhD in Chemical Engineering from Rice Refining Technology & Engineering University in 1991. He spent more than 19 years at Aspen Technology Houston, USA executing reactor modeling and real-time optimization projects for [email protected] a wide range of refinery and petrochemical processes. He is currently employed by BP, building and deploying high fidelity operator training simulators.

Sriganesh Karur Chapter C.28

Katy, USA Sriganesh Karur received his DSc in Chemical Engineering from Washington [email protected] University in Saint Louis. He worked with Aspen Technology Inc. as Optimization Engineer for 10 years before joining Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc., where at present he heads the Process Engineering and Supply Chain Applications group. Authors

Sunghwan Kim Chapter A.4

Kyungpook National University Sunghwan Kim received his PhD from the Ohio State University in 2003. He has Dept. Chemistry worked at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State University Buk-Gu Daegu, Korea and at the Korea Basic Science Institute. He is an Associate Professor at Kyungpook [email protected] National University. His research focusses on understanding the chemical composition of crude oil at the molecular level.

William Kostka Chapter C.18

Axens North America Bill Kostka received his PhD from Purdue University in 1981. He worked Houston, USA at Mobil Research and Development Corporation in Paulsboro, NJ and [email protected] ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company in Fairfax, VA. After retirement from ExxonMobil, he came to Axens North America in Houston, TX as a Technical Advisor for reforming and isomerization.

Stephen K. Lee Chapter D.34

Lee Associates Stephen Lee has a BS and an MS in Chemical Engineering. He Oakland, USA worked 36 years at Chevron Corporation in process engineering, project [email protected] engineering, refinery planning and operations, capital projects, and new technology development. Stephen is an expert in the manufacture of premium lube base oils using hydroprocessing technology. He has extensive experience in technical consultation and process design of base oil plants.

Guan-Dao Lei Chapter D.34

Chevron Energy Technology Company Guan-Dao Lei received his PhD from the University of Houston. He worked at Downstream Technology and Service Honeywell International, in Illinois, US and Süd-Chemie Inc. in Kentucky, US. He Richmond, USA now works on hydroprocessing catalyst and process development at the Chevron [email protected] Energy Technology Company in California, US.

Zaiting Li Chapter D.36

Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Zaiting Li studied Chemical Engineering at Tsinghua University and Petroleum Beijing, China Processing at China University of Petroleum. She worked at the Research Institute of [email protected] Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC. She is the inventor of the deep catalytic cracking (DCC) technology for the production of low-carbon olefins from heavy oil. 1995. He has worked at the dynamics. She is a recipient of several prestigious awards, azeem M.J. Marafi received his PhD from the University of Shuji Luo received herUniversity PhD of in Chicago Organometallic ChemistryCorporate in from Strategic 2007. the Research Since LaboratoryEngineering 2009, of company she ExxonMobil in Research has Clinton,performance and worked fluids NJ, in and conducting polymers. the research SheResearch Associate. currently related holds to the position of Chapter D.35 Chapter C.28 Abdul Oklahoma in 1996. Heon works petroleum as refining athe (heavy Senior Petroleum Research Research oil Center Scientist, hydroprocessing)Research (PRC), (KISR). focused Kuwait and Institute kinetics for Scientific at Bruce Locke earned his degreesUniversity, University in of Chemical Houston, Engineering and from NorthHe Vanderbilt Carolina serves State on University. thea Faculty Distinguished of University Chemical Research and ProfessorHis Biomedical at research Florida Engineering interests State as include University. plasmasynthesis reaction and engineering environmental for pollution chemical control. Chapter D.41 Chapter C.21 Milo D. Meixell, Jr. is ain chemical the engineer. area He worked of withbefore agricultural Exxon joining Chemical chemicals Aspen Company and Technology, withplant-wide Inc. optimization Dynamic in using Matrix 1996. large-scale, His Control high-fidelitykinetics, area Corporation, models, simultaneous, of reactor matrix-based expertise modeling, modeling, is and real optimization. time and Dr Maksimova is an NSFFlorida Postdoctoral and Fellow affiliated Florida with State theprocesses University University that of (FSU). govern ocean South Her interests are in fundamental physical Xiaoliang Ma received his PhD fromChina Kyushu Coal University in Research Institute, the National InstituteJapan, for Pennsylvania Resources State and University, Environment and in theHe Kuwait Institute works for on Scientific petroleum Research. refineryadsorption, processes and and separation fuel in science, clean focusing fuel on production. hydrotreating, including the Gold Medal foran Academic O’Brien Excellence Graduate from Fellowship MoscowFellowship from State from FSU, University, NSF. and an Ocean Sciences Postdoctoral Chapter C.32 Chapter C.29 Chapter B.15 Blaine McIntyre Shuji Luo Exxon Mobil Research & EngineeringCorporate Co. Strategic Research Department Annandale, USA [email protected] Calgary, Canada Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) Petroleum Research Center Safat, Kuwait [email protected] Aspen Technology, Inc. Professional Service Houston, USA [email protected] Florida State University Dept. Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Tallahassee, USA [email protected] Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Petroleum Research Center Safat, Kuwait [email protected] Milo D. Meixell Abdulazeem M. J. Marafi Xiaoliang Ma Bruce R. Locke

University of South Florida College of Marine Science St. Petersburg, USA [email protected] Ekaterina V. Maksimova Authors 1214 About the Authors About the Authors 1215

Isao Mochida Chapter C.21

Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Isao Mochida received his PhD from the University of Tokyo in 1968. He was Association Professor at Kyushu University for 22 years and has been Professor Emeritus since Fukuoka, Japan 2004. He is now a consultant to Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Association [email protected] and works in applied chemistry on petroleum refining, coal conversion and carbon materials for environmental protection.

Ian Moore Chapter C.25

Jacobs Consultancy Ian Moore has over 30 years’ experience in engineering services, Power and Energy modeling, optimization, and capital project development for the refining Stockport, UK and petrochemicals industries. He has led hydrogen management studies [email protected] in North America, Europe, and Asia. He is an expert in the application of pinch analysis in energy-intensive industries, and executes energy improvement, power generation, carbon management, and GHG reduction studies worldwide. Authors

Daniel Morton Chapter C.23

Haldor Topsoe Inc. Daniel Morton received his degree in Mechanical Engineering from Refinery and Chemicals Auburn University. He worked in various industries, including paper- Houston, USA mills, steel fabrication, and building maintenance and construction. In [email protected] 2009 he joined Topsoe and has since been involved in the design and sale of much of the proprietary hardware in the company’s refinery and chemical business.

Dale R. Mudt Chapter C.28

Suncor Energy Products Partnership Dale R. Mudt is the Process Automation Manger at the Suncor Energy Products Sarnia Refinery Refinery. For the last 30 years he has implemented and maintained DMC controllers Sarnia, Canada and closed-loop real-time optimizers, and managed the Process Automation group [email protected] at the Sarnia Refinery. Dale was a key contributor to the development of the online version of Sun Oil Company’s hydrocracker model, which is now marketed worldwide as AspenHydrocracker.

Oliver C. Mullins Chapters A.6, A.7

Schlumberger-Doll Research Dr Oliver C. Mullins, Science Advisor at Schlumberger, is the primary originator of Cambridge, USA downhole fluid analysis (DFA) in well logging. Dr Mullins also leads an active research [email protected] group leading to the Yen–Mullins model of asphaltenes and the Flory–Huggins–Zuo EoS. His current interests include utilizing DFA technology and new asphaltene science for reservoir evaluation and clarifying reservoir fluid geodynamic processes.

Douglas E. Nelson Chapter C.23

Haldor Topsoe, Inc. Douglas E. Nelson is the Engineering Manager for Haldor Topsoe Inc. Orange, USA He has worked for more than 38 years in refinery hydroprocessing for Unocal, Fluor, and now at Haldor Topsoe. Doug has a BSc in Chemical Engineering from Oregon State University.

Joo-Il Park Chapter C.21

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Joo-Il Park received his PhD from Kyushu University in 2012. Petroleum Research Center He worked at Kyushu University as an Associate Professor from Safat, Kuwait 2012–2015. Since 2015 he has been researching heavy oil upgrading, [email protected] focused on the advanced characterization and catalysis of heavy oil at the Petroleum Research Center (PRC), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR). iting oughout the industry Professor at Harvard University. Subramanian Ramakrishnan received his PhDIllinois from at the Urbana Champaign University of inat 2001. Princeton After and a then postdoctoral atCollege the appointment of University Engineering of Illinois, inproduction he 2005, joined and where FAMU-FSU processing he of currently complex works fluids. on In biofuels 2016 he was a Vis Chapter D.38 Andrew E. Pomerantz receivedUniversity a in PhD 2005. in Hisnovel techniques Chemistry research to from focuses characterize Stanford onincluding the developing structure methods of and in kerogen applying information and mass-spectroscopy, is asphaltenes, and used IR-spectroscopy. tosuch That understand as fundamental asphaltene compositional processesshales. grading in and petroleum hydrocarbon transport in Chapter A.6 John Rosenbaum has aBerkeley PhD and in retired Materials in 2015 Scienceminerals after and processing, 34 Mineral petroleum years Engineering working hydroprocessing,base for from catalyst oil various UC development, Chevron product Companies and technology. in lubricant Henrik Rasmussen graduateda from degree in the Chemical University Engineeringat of before Haldor relocating Copenhagen Topsoe to for inpositions the over for US 1989 25 in all with 1991. Topsoe’s years, business HeCatalyst holding units. has and Mr worked numerous Technology Rasmussen and technical isfor responsible and USA, currently for Canada, management Vice catalyst and President the and of Caribbean. license technology business Clifford (Cliff) C. Pedersencontrol is in regarded the asspanned one oil technical of and refining the management leadership pioneers industry.Shell positions of His with Canada, NWR, computer career and Suncor process He Imperial Energy, in is Oil the currently in President oilagency plant of specializing refining in Pedersen automation advanced industry Enterprises and process Inc.,interoperability. has control, information an real-time independent optimization technology. and consulting systems Ken Peters is Sciencebasin modeling Advisor to for study petroleum Schlumberger,He systems where and has he teach or 37 uses consultSchlumberger geochemistry years with and external teaches and of clients. geochemistry experience andand basin with at modeling thr various Chevron, universities, including Mobil,Geochemistry UC from ExxonMobil, Berkeley UCLA. and USGS, Stanford. and Ken has a PhD in Chapter D.39 Chapter C.28 Chapter B.11 Chapter D.34 Florida A&M University/Florida State University Dept. Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Tallahassee, USA [email protected] Subramanian Ramakrishnan Chapters 1, .2, C.16, C.17, C.20, C.22, C.25, C.26, C.28 For biographical profile, please see the section “About Editors”. the Haldor Topsoe Inc. Houston, USA [email protected] Pedersen Enterprises Inc. Sarnia, Canada [email protected] Schlumberger-Doll Research Cambridge, USA [email protected] Henrik Rasmussen Andrew E. Pomerantz Clifford C. Pedersen

Schlumberger Mill Valley, USA Stanford University Geological Sciences Stanford, USA [email protected] Chevron Lubricants Chevron Base Oils Santa Cruz, USA [email protected] John M. Rosenbaum Paul R. Robinson Kenneth E. Peters Authors 1216 About the Authors About the Authors 1217

Joseph Ross Chapter C.18

Axens North America Joseph Ross is a graduate from Princeton University with a degree in Princeton, USA chemical engineering. He has over 30 years of commercial experience in [email protected] the field of transportation fuels including engineering design, R&D, and process licensing. He is a Technology and Marketing Manager for Axens North America specializing in fluid solid systems, heavy oil upgrading, FCC, and catalytic reforming.

Yosadara Ruiz-Morales Chapter A.6

Mexican Petroleum Institute Yosadara Ruiz-Morales received her PhD in Theoretical Chemistry from Mexico City, Mexico the University of Calgary in 1998. Since 1999, she has been working at [email protected] the Mexican Petroleum Institute. She is a pioneer in the application of electronic structure calculations to elucidate the asphaltenes’ aromatic

core and inventor of the Y-rule for asphaltene stability. In her current Authors research on oil rheology, she investigates asphaltene interfacial activity using particle dynamics.

Marco A. Satyro (deceased) Chapter A.8

Oliver Schenk Chapter B.11

Schlumberger Aachen Technology Center Oliver Schenk is a Geologist and received his PhD from RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany (2006), focusing on the influence of fluids on recrystallization and the deformation [email protected] behavior of rocks. Since 2006 he has been working for Schlumberger, specialized on multi-dimensional applications of basin and petroleum system modeling (BPSM). Since 2007, he has been Research Affiliate at Stanford University, lecturing and mentoring graduate students in BPSM.

John M. Shaw Chapter A.8

University of Alberta John M. Shaw obtained his PhD from the University of British Columbia in 1985 Dept. Chemical and Materials Engineering and was a Professor at the University of Toronto, before joining the University of Edmonton, Canada Alberta, in 2001, where he holds a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research [email protected] Council of Canada Industrial Research Chair in Petroleum Thermodynamics. His research focuses on experimental methods development, and thermophysical property measurement and prediction of hydrocarbon resources.

B. Gregory Shumake Chapter C.24

CB & I Greg Shumake is the Director of Engineering for the Engineered Products Engineered Products business group within CB&I. He has over 20 years of experience in Tyler, USA the hydrogen and synthesis gas industry. He has a BS in Chemical [email protected] Engineering from the University of Arkansas. He has published several articles on various aspects of hydrogen plants.

James G. Speight Chapter C.19

CD&W Inc. Dr James G. Speight has degrees in Chemistry, Geological Sciences, Laramie, USA and Petroleum Engineering and is the author of more than 60 books in [email protected] petroleum science, petroleum engineering, and environmental sciences. He has more than 45 years of experience in the petroleum industry and has taught at various universities worldwide. Among other honors, he received the Scientists without Borders Medal of Honor (Russian Academy of Sciences) and the Einstein Medal. 1976. 1987. He 1987 and has been on the faculty illips 66. He started his career doing research, process Chaogang Xie received his MScworks at from the Tianjin SINOPEC University Research in research Institute of centers Petroleum around Processing. His catalyticproduction cracking of light processes, olefins. focusing on the Xieqing Wang received his PhDburg in University Chemical Engineering of from Applied Merse- Research Sciences Institute in of 1961. Petroleum His Processingrefining, concentrates work with on a at petroleum special SINOPEC’s focus on catalytic cracking. Chapter D.36 Chapter D.36 Björn Wygrala received his PhDversity in of Petroleum Cologne Geology inIntegrated from 1989. Exploration the He Systems Uni- has (IES) workedin in for Germany. Germany, He Uranerz and currently in for worksware Australia, Schlumberger on and for services global related business to development exploration for risk and soft- resource assessments. Robert J. Wandell studied Chemicalsity. His Engineering research interests at include Florida thedischarge study State and plasma Univer- development rectors of electrical foras synthesis transfer of of useful university chemical technologies species, into as commercial well markets. Chapter B.11 Chapter D.41 Keith Wisecarver is Professor of Chemicalreceived his Engineering at PhD the from University the ofat Ohio Tulsa. Tulsa State He since University in thatsince time. 1999, He as has co-PI been of doing the research Tulsa in University the Delayed field Coking of Joint delayed Industry coking Project. Margaret Wu received her PhD from the University of Rochester at Rochester in design, and technical services for hydrotreaters and hydrocrackers at Unocal. She worked at ExxonMobilresearch Research related & to synthetic Engineeringco-author lubricant Co. of products for numerous and 32 patentsholds processes years, the and position and conducting of publications. was Emeritus Since the Senior Scientific author her Advisor or for retirement the in same organization. 2009, she Dennis Vauk received a Chemical Engineering degree fromworked the as University of Senior Idaho. He Internationaloptimization Expert for studies Air for Liquide,Technology where refineries Director he worldwide. for conducted He Ph hydrogen is currently Hydroprocessing Clifford C. Walters received his PhD inin Geochemistry from 1982. the University Since of Maryland then,ExxonMobil he with has efforts been focused areservoir on Research transformations, petroleum Geochemist and biomarkers, with geomicrobiology. models Gulf, of Sun, generation Mobil, and and Chapter C.25 Chapter C.30 Chapter D.35 Chapter B.10 Chaogang Xie Xieqing Wang Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Beijing, China [email protected] Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Beijing, China [email protected] Phillips 66 Refining Business Improvement Houston, USA [email protected] University of Tulsa Dept. Chemical Engineering Tulsa, USA [email protected] Schlumberger Aachen Technology Center Aachen, Germany [email protected] Florida State University Dept. Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Tallahassee, USA [email protected] Björn Wygrala Keith Wisecarver Robert J. Wandell Dennis Vauk

Exxon Mobil Research & EngineeringCorporate Co. Strategic Research Department Annandale, USA [email protected] ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co. Corporate Strategic Research Annandale, USA [email protected] Margaret M. Wu Clifford C. Walters Authors 1218 About the Authors About the Authors 1219

Harvey W. Yarranton Chapter A.8

University of Calgary Harvey Yarranton is a Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and the Dept. Chemical and Petroleum NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Heavy Oil Properties and Processing. He Engineering received his PhD degree from the University of Alberta in 1997. His research interests Calgary, Canada are the phase behavior and properties of heavy oils and the fundamentals water-in-oil [email protected] emulsions, with application to heavy oil and oil sands processes.

Richard N. Zare Chapter A.6

Stanford University Richard (Dick) Zare is the Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor in Natural Science at Dept. Chemistry the Department of Chemistry of Stanford University. He works in the area of physical Stanford, USA and analytical chemistry with an emphasis on the development of new methods and [email protected]; [email protected] new instrumentation.

Genquan Zhu Chapter D.36 Authors

Research Institute of Petroleum Genquan Zhu received his PhD from China University of Petroleum Processing in 2001. He works at the SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Beijing, China Processing. His research centers around catalytic cracking processes, [email protected] focusing on the production of light olefins. 675, 244 678 243 483 621, 678 642 678 918 462 462 371 462 241 262 448 852 225, 23 870 700 700, 451, 230, 460 236 1009 228 162, 939 1017 676, 1130 598 508 180 684 226, 696 592 152, 559, 684 693 327, 240 299 682 72 1055 1128– 687, 702 , 1117, 825 679 244 APPI mode approximate lumping aqueous phase reforming (APR) – model AR hydrotreatment Arabian – heavy gas oil (AH-GO) – light gas oil (AL-GO) – medium gas oil (AM-GO) Archie formation factor Archie resistivity index Archie’s equations Archimedes buoyancy archipelago model ARDS process aromatic – content –ester –ring – species aromaticity aromatics – alkylation – complex – saturation (ASAT) Arps relationships array laterolog tool (ALT) array sonic log (AST) arsenic artificial lift Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM) Aspen hydrocracker asphalt – residual treating (ART) asphaltene –cluster – cluster accumulation – contamination – Hansen solubility parameter – Hildebrand solubility parameter – intermolecular interaction – molecule – nanoaggregate 1044 186, 488 1059 103 575, 151 939, wa 164, 563 R 705 59, 341 661 34, 553 722 722, 806 553 43, 140 698, 688 211 958 526, 657 103, 26 694, 504 679 332 855 818 ilica alumina (ASA) 77 179 868, 447, 705 426 328 734 679 684, 327 421 1118 639, 717 640 385, 309 713, 563, acid (ACDA) 43, (AVO) 676, 155 Materials (ASTM) 625, 328, amine treating amine unit aminocyclopentene dithiocarboxylic ammonia destruction ammonia formation ammonium nitrate explosion Amoco Cadiz apparent water resistivity analytical instrumentation angular unconformity annular flow anticline trap anti-knock index (AKI) apparent conversion API – gravity amplitude variations with offset amorphous s all glass heated inlet system (AGHIS) alumina American Society for Testing and –behavior aggregation air induction system – model air quality air/fuel ratio (AFR) airgun airlift thermofor catalytic cracking algae alkane alkyl substitution alkylated aromatic base stock alkylation (ALKY) – support American Petroleum Institute (API) appearance APPI data 584 931 835 768, 942 698, 351 489 834, 576 669 669 135 897 344 936, 685, 44, 427 852 87 660 728 700 1071 675, 87 682 301 665 696 385 387 289, 634 603 1098 681 630 684, 656

A (4,6-DMDBT) 699 1110 (ABS) 833

– control acoustic borehole imager acoustic impedance acrylonitrile (AN) – –butadiene–styrene terpolymer – styrene (AS) activated carbon active continental margin activity – catalytic – coefficient additive adiabatic prereformer adsorption advanced – fluidized (AF) – process control (APC) – regulatory control (ARC) acidity acid – deposition –gas – gas enrichment – mine drainage (AMD) – -soluble oil (ASO) abatement technology absolute permeability acceptor acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) –gasremoval(AGR) – rock drainage (ARD) 1-D BPSM 2-D BPSM 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene Subject Index 4-methyldibenzothiphene (4-MDBT) 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) 5-lump FCC model aggregate – asphaltene

Subject Index 1220 Subject Index 1221

– polymer 681 barrel of oil equivalent (boe) 325 biomass 1117, 1121, 1126–1128, – precipitation 920 barrels per day (BPD) 590 1130 – Yen–Mullins model 222, 252, basal heat flow 394 –conversion 1118 262, 371, 681 base metal catalyst 1040 – feed 1127 ASTM D1655-15 34 base oil oxidation stability test – fractionation 1117, 1120, ASTM D4814–14b 34 1023 1127–1130 Athabasca bitumen 277 base stock 1015 – lignocellulosic 1118, 1127–1130 Athabasca vacuum residue (AVR) – categories 959, 1018 – processing routes 1120 277 – group II 1017 – -to-liquid (BTL) 1118, 1120, atmospheric – group III 1017 1125, 1130 – distillation 545, 937 – impurities 1022 bio-oil (biomass oil) 1117, 1120, 1126, 1130 – distillation unit (ADU) 541, 656, – properties 959 – hydrotreated 1127 717 basic sediment and water (BSW) – lignocellulosic 1127 – equivalent boiling point (AEBP) 722 biorefinery 1117, 1130 544 basin Biot coefficient 391 – gas oil (AGO) 21 –fill 382 bitumen 20 – pressure chemical ionization – modeling 74 (APCI) 160, 163, 174 – -derived crude 922 basin and petroleum system – diluted (Dilbit) 29 – pressure chemical ionization mass modeling (BPSM) 381 spectrometry (APCI MS) 243 – non-Newtonian behavior 275 – three-dimensional model 387 blending optimization 585 Index Subject – pressure gas chromatography – two-dimensional model 387 (APGC) 163 blendstock 552 – workflow 382 – pressure ionization 159, 160 block dewaxing 1037 Beavon sulfur removal (BSR) 662 block hydrocracking 1030 – pressure laser ionization (APLI) bed axial temperature rise blowout preventer (BOP) 28, 354 213 –average 724 blowout well failure 27 – pressure photo ionization (APPI) –max 724 boiling 160, 163, 174 bed pressure drop 723 – point reduction 23 – residue (AR) 21, 546, 679, 683, Benfield process 659 – range 676, 683, 700 705, 717, 943 – -water reactor (BWR) 105 – residue hydrodesulfurization benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) Boolean relation matrix 844 (ARDS) 936 591, 1063, 1069 borehole atomic emission detector (AED) benzothiophene 202, 688, 689, 692 – compensated (BHC) 447 154, 214 best available control technology – diameter 469 automatic transmission fluid (ATF) (BACT) 805 – environment 252 958, 1016 Bhagyam field 268 –fluid 470 automation infrastructure 838 biaxially oriented PP (BOPP) 1103 bimolecular second-order reactions – gravity meter (BHGM) 448 automotive engine oil 1019 –imager 488 autothermal reformation (ATR) 858 binder 61 –televiewer(BHTV) 443 793, 879 bottom dead center (BDC) 554 biochemical 1130 –plant 794 bottom-hole temperature (BHT) – process 151 autothermal reforming (ATR) 787, 384 biodiesel 1118 1150 bottom-of-the-barrel cut 32 bioethanol 1133 average bottoms stripping section 968 biofuel 1117, 1130 – absolute relative deviation (AARD) boundary conditions 395 308 – 1st generation 1118 Branch and Bound algorithm 853 – bed bottom temperature 724 – 2nd generation 1117, 1121, 1130 branched hydrocarbon 1171 – bed top temperature 724 – 3rd generation 1118 breakdown – molecular weight (AMW) 230 – 4th generation 1118, 1122 – petroleum product 4 aviation gasoline 552 – catalyst 1137 British Petroleum (BP) 12, 324 biogas 1122 – Texas City isomerization unit 114 B biogenic methane 395 British Standards Institution (BSI) biomarker 359, 372 958 Bakken Formation 409 –analysis 155 British thermal unit (BTU) 325 639 676, 589, 1078 608 843 640 57, 619, 451 1129 607 1063, 44, 618 653 572, 643 865 625, 641 640 617, 617 46 615 619 160 731 617 707 615 590 332 1119, 618 640, 618 818 151 989 717, 626, 580, 983 617, 617 617 287 288 104 152, 595 941 617 1130 151 1117, 1150 986, 608 617 682 618 848, 1128 818, 1112 catalytic cracking – airlift thermofor – batch reactor – catalyst –chemistry – deep (DCC) – feedstock –fluid – heavy oil – Houndry process – orthoflow fluid-bed process – process options – reactor design –resids – S and W process – suspensoid – commercialization – cyclic – main reaction – reaction – semiregenerative – unit (CRU) caustic scrubbing cellulose – scheme Chemec chemical – engineering – ionization (CI) – kinetic – process – property chemical reaction – hydrocracking – matrix representation chemistry – heavy oil Chernobyl chilling rate chloride control chloride trapping chloriding roasting chlorin chlorinated butyl rubbers (CIIR) chlorine plant cementation exponent characterization – heavy oil – Thermofor – thermoform catalytic reforming 724 599, 47, 1141 1063, 873 717 590, 659 395 136 870 60, 703 686, 724 571, 332 700 882 683 629 731 367, 635 1090 47 854 777 683 634 57, 744 699, 629 635, 629 745 682 704 624 1127 1144 740 1078 887 636 326, 724 628, 636 694 704 805 684, 392 603 848 639 632 1066 614, 1071, 744 657, (CCD) 613, 1069– 137, carbonate mineral carbonyl sulfide (COS) cascaded arc catagenesis catalyst – acidity – activity – aggregation – average temperature (CAT) – capacity – contact time – coordination –cycle – cycle life – characterization – coking – deactivation – deactivation rate – degradation – demetalization –design – manufacture – –oil ratio – poisoning – regeneration – reclamation carbonate compensation depth – regenerator – rejuvenation – relative activity – residence time – stripping – support – testing – -to-oil (CTO) – transfer line model – treatment – weight ratio catalytic –conversion – Ziegler–Natta –dewaxing(CDW) – partial oxidation (CPOX) – hydrocracking – hydrotreating – oxidation (Cat-Ox) – pyrolysis process (CPP) – NOx removal – selective reduction (SCR) 936 662 666, 659 632 373 153 931 1065 931 1105 631, 569 1057 29, 153 932 89, 390 1084 1128 714 1030 398 999 659 950 707 696 443 662 698 1112 504 1037 653 1119, 541 722 347 681, 931 931 739 685 isomerization 940 6 C

C = glucose) 1101 1112 contents (CHNS) 763, 5

– monoxide (CO) – mitigation technique calcination calcining caliper (CAL) capacity capillarity carbenium ion carbohydrate sugars (xylose, sucrose, – –hydrogen–nitrogen–sulfur carbon – –carbon (C–C) – deposition – dioxide C – property bulked continuous filament (BCF) butadiene rubber (BR) BSR-Beavon sulfur removal bubble flow bulk – compressibility –dewaxing – hydrocracking – properties (petroleum) Butler equation Brønsted acid (B-acid) BSR reaction bubble cap – kinetic model – polymerization butyl rubber butylene oxide (BO) brominated butyl rubbers (BIIR) brown coal briquettes (BKB) – preference index (CPI) – nanotube (CNT) – number – on regenerated catalyst – sequestration –storage carbon capture – and sequestration (CCS) – and storage (CCS)

Subject Index 1222 Subject Index Subject Index 1223

chloro sulfonated rubber (CSM) – heavy oil production with sand conventional hydrocarbon potential 1112 (CHOPS) 512 521 chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) 91, 134, – high-pressure separator (CHPS) conversion 934 666, 1059 723 – parameter 722 chromatography 153, 207, 222 – wash distribution 997 – processes 153 chromium catalyst 1090 collisional activated dissociation copolymer circumferential acoustic scanning (CAD) 230 – monomer sequence 1086 tool (CAST) 449, 489 combination trap 348 co-processing, biomass oil and clarified slurry oil (CSO) 629 combined feed ratio (CFR) 722 petroleum oil 1117, 1127, 1129, Claus combined heat and power (CHP) 1130 – process 46, 78, 660 951, 1124 core measurement 460 – tail gas recovery 46 combustion corona discharge 1145 clean air acts 128 – air preheat unit (CAP) 790 correlation 309 clean fuel 830 – product 684 –diagram 184 – rigorous model 868 comfort cooling tower (CCT) 134 – study 183 Cleveland open-cup method (COC) common midpoint (CMP) 424 corrosion 695 1052 –gather 424 cracking unit 818 closed-loop real-time optimization CoMo 676, 685, 700 critical clustering concentration (CLRTO) 879 compact microimager (CMI) 491 (CCC) 240 cluster analysis 852 compaction 389 critical nanoaggregate concentration (CNAC) 238 Index Subject CO2 – correction 452 cross cutting 338, 339 – emission factor 936 compensated neutron logs (CNL) cross direction (CD) 1104 –recycle 794 475 crude – sequestration 1118 completion 356 – compatibility 920 coal 9, 19 component lumping 74 – desalting 917 – asphaltene 226 composition – distillation tower troubleshooting – bed methane (CBM) 374 – -based modeling 843 970 – mining 102 –petroleum 7 – extra heavy 917 – -to-liquids 1121 compound – fractionation 915 co-hydrotreatment 1127 – identification 160, 166 –gasoil 919 coil outlet temperature (COT) 975 – -type analysis 159, 166 – vanadium nickel 919 coke 71, 607 – -type separation 159 crude assay 153 – deposition 885 comprehensive two-dimensional gas – fraction 22 –drum 906 chromatography (GCGC) 154, – lube 964 – formation 599, 621, 909 157, 676 – report 21 – formation induction time 842 computational fluid dynamics (CFD) crude oil 20, 327, 533 – sponge 909 842, 854 – assay 72 coker 590 computer-aided engineering (CAE) – bulk physical property 20 – furnace 905 1104 – bulk property 22 – naphtha 593 condensate 655 – complex 223 – naphtha hydrotreating 593 connected pores 344 – cracking catalyst 632 coking 36, 598, 682, 685, 707, 885 Conradson carbon residue (CCR) – distillation (COD) 47, 541, 936 – /decoking cycle 905 705, 722, 875, 908, 959 – distillation unit (CDU) 35, 533, –cycle 905 – catalytic reforming 574 865, 936 –drum 905 consumer gas 655 – property 328 –flexi- 51, 903, 912 contaminant 604, 675 – selection 1025 –fluid 903, 912 – removal 623 – sour 329 cold continental drift hypothesis 350 – sulfur-containing compound 692 – -bed adsorption (CBA) 654, 662 continuous – sweet 329 – box 795 –filament(CF) 1101 crustal thinning 352 – crank simulator (CCS) 959, 1016, – stirred tank reactor (CSTR) 761, cubic equation of state (CEOS) 1034, 1050 858, 1048, 1095 293, 297 – dilution ratio (CDR) 1006 controlled rheology (CR) 1097 cubic plus association (CPA) 294 174, 251 448 834 167 1129 855 713 508 676 708 55, 153, 385 165 761 881 687, 162 344 48 421 55, 151– 164, 889 903 344 557 537 340 681, 965 436 14, 260 257 697 548 36, 344 865 692 153 662 675, 525 390 354 22, 537 290 681, 549 834, 681, E 833, 1150 184, spectrometry 1122 ebullated bed (e-bed) – hydrocracking eccentric shaft effective – gas radiating – permeability – porosity –stress effectiveness factor –data – fraction – ideal – yield distillation tower – sidestream distributed control system (DCS) disturbance variables (DV) disulfide donor – chemical composition –fuel distillation double-bond equivalent (DBE) drill stem test (DST) driller’s logs drilling drillship droplet–catalyst collision dry methane reformation (DMR) dual treatment (DAWNT) Dubbs process dynamic porosity dynamite source double-focusing sector mass down-draft gasification unit (system) downhole fluid analysis (DFA) – hardware – operation downhole plunger pumb downstream direct digital logging (DDL) disconformity DISTACT fraction distillate 426 87 678, 945 699 657, 736, 582, 202, 1138 1144, 29 136, 166 278 77, 717 657 847 395 973 645, 164, 60, 981 206 365, 205, 1034 1033 1007 994 685 1055 1008 1135 643 689 326, 707 67 690 978, 88 980 918 363 994 984 1171 1133 67 688– 1146, 685, (DDT) (DAFVA) 943 240 1129 1164 744 1077 (DMDBT) dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) diesel – additive – cetane – deep hydrodesulfurization –fuel – renewable diethanolamine (DEA) dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane – cloth – DILCHILL™ – filter media – ketone – VI reduction dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate diagenesis dibasic ester dibenzothiophene (DBT) diffusion limited aggregation (DLA) diffusivity dilution – ratio dimension reduction dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) dimethylsulfide Diophantine algorithm dip moveout correction (DMO) direct current (DC) diglycolamine (DGA) diluent phase behavior dilute sulfur acid (DA) treatment diluted bitumen (Dilbit) di-isopropanolamine (DIPA) dewaxed oil (DWO) dewaxing desulfurizer –aids(DWA) – reactivity – catalytic (CDW) desulfurization dimethyl ether (DME) dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) dimethyldibenzothiophene 359, 640, 448 100 292, 846, 155, 1127 916 49, 1128 684 621 399 608 116 602 903, 904 1122, 682 682, 873 602, 1127, 1128 1128 694 50, 702 1128 1171 392 1138 740 934 542, 276 537 676, 1078 502 1120, 686 907 621, 309 681 686, 1019 283 907 36, 1003 277 283 717 283 472 637 1068, 958,

D 548, 363 1063, 1066

Darcy flow migration Darcy’s law deactivation dead oil – density –heavy – viscosity deasphalted oil (DAO) Dalton’s law Cyber Service Unit (CSU) cyclic – catalytic reforming cyclization – hydrocarbon – steam stimulation (CSS) decoking decompaction deep – catalytic cracking (DCC) deBoer plots decarbonylation decarboxylation Deepwater Horizon degradation dehydration –conversion – desulfurization dehydrocyclization dehydrogenation delayed coking demetalization – process diagram – reactions – unit (DCU) demet denitrification density – functional theory (DFT) desalter desalting deposition depositional environment – logs deoiling deoxygenation desorption

Subject Index 1224 Subject Index Subject Index 1225

elastomer 1105 – –propylene rubber (EPR) 1100, Fenske equation 539 – thermoplastic (TPE) 1108, 1110 1105 fermentation 1120, 1124, 1127, electric arc furnace (EAF) 911 – –propylene–diene terpolymer 1130 electrical (EPDM) 1100 fiber industry 1129 – microimaging (EMI) 490 – vinyl acetate (EVA) 1008 field desorption (FD) 155, 160, 164 – submersible pump (ESP) 509 ethylene–propylene rubber (EPR) field ionization (FI) 159–161 –survey(ES) 451 1109 filler 61 electron Euro V automotive 67 filter 993 – cyclotron resonance (ECR) 1144 eustatic correction 393 – cloth 996 – -impact ionization (EI) 156, 160 euxinic conditions 363 –drippipe 995 – spin resonance (ESR) 683 Evans–Polanyi correlation 848 – feed rate (FFR) 997 electronic fuel injection (EFI) 553 evaporative low-angle light scattering – hot washing 1000 electrospray ionization (ESI) detector (ELSD) 154 – master valve 994 160–163, 174 exploration 322, 353 –media 995 electrostatic desalting 543 – and production 152, 433 –spray 995 emergency depressuring (EDP) 52, exponential residence time – support grid 995 110 distribution 858 –waxscroll 995 emulsion polymerization 1085 export steam 798 filtration rate 984 EN 590 67 –credit 813 finite element analysis (FEA) 1104 engine oil blending 1019 expulsion model 370 first pretreat (PT) 55 enhanced coal-bed methane (ECBM) extended legal continental shelf Fischer–Tropsch (FT) 19, 1041, Index Subject 932 521 1120 enthalpy 304 extinction 343 – synthesis 1117, 1120, – hydrotreating 745 extraction 704 1124–1126, 1130 entropy 304 – process variable 973 five-stacked sand reservoir 268 fixed-bed environmental 151, 167 – solvent 972 – agencies 126 – catalytic hydrocracking 54 extra-heavy crude –laws 88 – hydrocracker 713 – characterization 917 enzymatic hydrolysis 1120, 1129 – hydrocracking 754, 758, 760 – processing 917 enzyme 1129 – hydroprocessing 755, 777 extratropical storm 526 Eocene 268 – trickle-flow reactor 572 extrusion surging 1100 eon 342 – unit 743 Exxon Valdez 109 equation of state (EoS) 222, 251 flame ionization detector (FID) 73, – cubic 293, 297 154, 156, 174, 290 – Flory–Huggins–Zuo (FHZ) 222, F flares carbon emission (FCE) 947 246, 251, 262 flash point 1018 – Langmuir 222 fabric 346 flexicoking 51, 903, 912 – Peng–Robinson 298 fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) flexural subsidence 382 – statistical associating fluid theory 1133 floating (SAFT) 294 fault 26 – liquid natural gas (FLNG) 525 – van der Waals 222, 252 faunal succession 339 – production system (FPS) 524 equilibrium 688 feed – production, storage and offloading – composition 282 – aggregation 707 (FPSO) 524 equivalent NaCl salinity 460 – -forward (FF) 834, 867 – storage and offloading system Ergun relationship 880, 890 – polymerization 707 (FSO) 525 E-shaft 557 – preheat exchanger 967 – storage unit (FSU) 525 ethanol 1121, 1122 – preparation unit (FPU) 1029 Flory–Huggins–Zuo (FHZ) 222, ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) 64 feed/effluent exchanger (F/E) 122 243, 251 ethylene 1064, 1072, 1077 feedstock 683, 707 – equation of state 222, 246, 252, – /propylene ratio 1063 – characteristics 592 262 –glycol(EG) 87 – hydrotreating 623 flow – oxide (EO) 87, 1057 – molecule 719 – distribution 804 – -propylene monomer (EPM) – quality 622 – -induced crystallization (FIC) 1109 feel 332 1101 129 1112 834 155 524 34 251, 675 931, 353 152, 918 476 1123, 92, 640 224, 567 326 19 591 1120– 853 552, 1112 156 1144 341 1123 563 584 64, 564 370 551 365 1117, 346 246 559 65, 421 346 9 921 208 position 552 64, 324 1129 1124 71 1129 723 H 1126, 385, (GPC) 1117 (GC-MS-MS) – -tandem mass spectrometry – -time of flight (GC-TOF) gas oil conversion – high aromatics content gas oil hydrotreater (GOHT) – fouling gaseous hydrocarbons gasification gasifier gasifying zone gasoline – additive – blend stock – engine – pool com – production – property – specification gas-to-oil ratio (GOR) halobutyl rubber hazardous air pollutant (HAP) health and safety (H&S) – crude oil gel permeation chromatography general purpose rubber (GPR) genetic algorithm geocatalysis geochemical information geochronology geophone geophysical well logging geopolymer glow discharge glucose grain shape grain size graphical user interface (GUI) gravity-based structure (GBS) grease greek fire green river oil shale greenhouse gas (GHG) Gulf residuum process Gulf oil 155, 475 675 153, 1173 1041, 945 945 1083 226 73, 165, 447, 1129 690 704, 553 289 1168, 1015, 393 160, 100 552 679, 677, 223, 296 1127, 19, 154 79, 1163, 154, 514 275, 289, 200, 310 723 856 652 675 707 1120, 1157 100 206 907 655 443 374 504 224, 506 268, 967 174, 959 14, 818 679, 326 326, 1135, 200, 501, 223, 163, G resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) 173, (GCD) 174, 1018, 157, 1121 (GC-AED) (GC-FID) spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS) – specific detector – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) fracking Fourier-transform ion cyclotron – sweet – -to-liquid (GTL) gamma – distribution – lift – slippage – sour –ray(GR) – ray neutron tool (GNT) gas – composition – hydrates – oil desulfurization (GOD) – concentration unit (GCU) gas chromatography (GC) gas chromatographic distillation – -atomic emission detection – -flame ionization detection – -inductively coupled plasma-mass fraction fractional conversion fractionation fractionator fracturing fluid – packing Frasch sulfur free radical polymerization friction theory fuel delivery system fuel gas fuel/air equivalence ratio fugitive emission functionalization fugacity coefficient fused aromatic ring (FAR) , 15, 618, 841, 879 875 622 400 590, 836, 136 637 582, 675 448 527 1127 855 581, 818, 1066 855 348 855 162, 435 841 187 135 852 638 643 549, 713, 1064, 944, 51 912 876 443 470 638 346 657 889 623 706 664 89, 804 915 677, 941, 637 846 915 1066 1069 631 903, 638 51, 905 502 624 656, 933, 715, 49,

resonance (FT-ICR) 36, 637, 915, catalyst 641,

flue gas – desulfurization – coking – saturation fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) – -path migration modeling – time – emission – scrubbing fluid –-bed –tester(FT) – micro-imager (FMI) Forristall distribution fouling – resistance – resistance, steam reforming Fourier-transform ion cyclotron fold change (FC) formation – evaluation (FE) fluorapatite flushed zone fold associated trap – zeolite fluidization – chemical composition – 5-lump model – 10-lump model – catalyst –conversion – entrance cracking – feedstock – gasoline – hydrotreating performance – nomenclature – organonitrogen poisoning of – feed injection zone – unit (FCCU) – pretreat – process – process flow – properties – reactor – residue (RFCC) – Shell process – SOx transfer additives – two-zone model

Subject Index 1226 Subject Index Subject Index 1227

health, safety, environment (HSE) – -resolution transmission electron hydrocracking (HC) 23, 55, 590, 87 microscopy (HRTEM) 242 597, 676, 695, 697, 706, 713, 856, heat – -temperature shift (HTSR) 1151 941, 1127, 1128 – balance 630, 887 – -temperature shift converter – catalytic 731 – capacity 284, 304 (HTSC) 799 – chemical reaction 731 – conduction 394 – -throughput experimentation –chemistry 1023 – convection 394 (HTE) 860 – ebullated bed 55, 761 –flow 384 – -voltage EI (HVEI) 165 – fixed-bed 54, 754, 758, 760 –flux 802 higher hydrocarbon reformation – poly-ring compound 732 –loss 890 1160 – process variable 722 – transfer rate 887 Hildebrand solubility parameter – selective 695 –-uprate 698 243 –thermal 766 heating oil 69 Hingle plot 488 – unit (HCU) 33, 714, 740 heavy homogeneous model 504 – zeolite-containing catalyst 738 – coker gas oil (HCGO) 50, 919 homologous series 844 hydrodearomatization (HDA) 684, – crude processing 915 hopane (triterpane) 156 1023 – cycle oil (HCO) 51, 581, 945, hot hydrodemetalation (HDM) 36, 40, 1067 – high-pressure separator (HHPS) 582, 675, 683, 684, 694, 698, – duty engine oil (HDEO) 1020 924 700–706, 708, 725, 730, 920, 1138 – feedstock 707 – low-pressure separator (HLPS) – activity 694

– HC fraction 328 924 – catalyst capacity 704 Index Subject –key 540 – spots 906 –chemistry 694 – naphtha (HN) 66, 717 – -water extraction process (HWEP) – reaction rate 683 – straight run (HSR) 942 921 – residual 704 – vacuum gas oil (HVGO) 21, 938 Houdresid catalytic cracking 641 hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) 23, heavy oil 20, 273, 278 – process 626 36, 39, 110, 675, 725, 730, 846, – equilibrium composition data 282 Houdriflow catalytic cracking 641 857, 871, 920, 1023, 1127, 1138 – rheology 285 – process 626 – reaction 694 – treating (HOT) 642 Houdry cracking unit (HCC) 865 hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) 36, 40, helicon discharge 1144 Hue-gamma ray zone (Hue-GRZ) 675, 725, 730, 1128, 1135 Helmholtz energy 300 404 – rate constant 702 hemicellulose 1117, 1119, hybrid migration 400 – reaction 694 1128–1130 hydraulic hydrodesulfurization (HDS) 23, 36, Henry’s Law 805 – fracturing 29, 514 37, 202, 590, 622, 641, 675, 676, heteroatom 676, 679, 681, 683, 691 – jet pumping 511 684, 687, 688, 699, 725, 727, 841, – ring-compound 721 – piston pumping 511 856, 872, 873, 919, 949, 1023, heterophasic copolymer (HECO) hydride abstraction 848 1127, 1135 1094 hydrocarbon 322, 620, 676, 677, –chemistry 687 hexose 1119, 1129 681, 695–697 – continuum model 856 hierarchical clustering analysis –analysis 160 – inhibition 691 (HCA) 173, 175 – aromatic 677 – rate constant 701 high – fossil orgin 18 – sulfide catalyst 686 – -density polyethylene (HDPE) – ring compound 720 – two-stage process 699 1089 – saturated 1163 hydrodynamic trap 348 – field pressure 1145 hydrocarbon reservoir fluid hydrofinishing 676, 717, 961, 1039 – melt strength (HMS) 1099 – Vis/NIR spectroscopy 254 – catalyst 1040 – -molecular weight nonvolatile hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) hydrofluoric acid (HF) 513, 575 material 622 1059 – alkylation (HFA) 44, 576 – -pressure low-density polyethylene hydrocracker (HYC) 715, 867 hydrogen 1090 – catalyst 1026 – and CO co-production (HYCO) – pressure separator (HPS) 871 –conversion 1025 794 – -Q ultrasonic 238 – fixed-bed 713 – available on demand 819 – -resolution mass spectrometry – performance 829 – bonding 681 164 – process condition 1027, 1032 – composite curve 823 945 402 1104 563, 166 881 676, 160 387, 33 44 34, 841 578 58, 166 1083 160 154, 382 850 371 370 365 369 68 853 369 818 344 470 230, 924 1128 365 361, 167 700 854 717, 338 19, 166 523 918, 367 1112 522 688, J K 959 method Standardization (ISO) 1105, 685, intrinsic low dimensional manifold intrusion invaded zone invariant subspace invasion percolation (IP) ion mobility analyzer ion trap ionic polymerization ionic-liquid alkylation ionization technique island model International Organization for isobutane-to-olefin (I/O) isobutylene–isoprene rubber (IIR) isolated pores isomerization (ISOM) isostatic subsidence isotactic polypropylene (iPP) isotope pattern computation jacket jack-up Jacobian matrix Kendrick mass scale kero hydrotreater (KHT) kerogen jet fuel – production – decomposition – formation – –oil interaction – type kerogen decomposition – kinetic model kerosene desulfurization (KD) kerosene jet fuel kinetic –analysis – lumping/aggregation – modeling kinetic relationship – methane steam reforming 810 762 70 258 676 546 29 857 931 502 1167 684 503 982 92, 282 875 777 331 , 698 561 722 632 4 1104 867 OH)  153 683 686 686, 31 331 93 676, 686 698 338 501 502 950 1141 324, , I 551, 6 Change (IPCC) 515 854 pressure (IMEP) (IPR) spectrometry (ICP-MS) 503 interlocking crystal intermediate asymptotics intermediate fuel oil (IFO) internal combustion engine (ICE) internal rate of return (IRR) International Energy Agency (IEA) integration point Intergovernmental Panel on Climate instantaneous shut-in pressure (ISIP) insulator catalysts –curve – partial two-phase oil reservoir – single-phase reservoir infrared (IR) – two-phase reservoir – spectroscopy inside-battery limits (ISBL) in-situ adaptive model reduction instantaneous mean effective cylinder initial boiling point (IBP) injection molding injection production well inlet diffuser device inflow performance relationship – activity – deactivation hydroxyl radical ( – unit (HTU) hydrotreating catalyst – regeneration – FCC performance – process – process variable – residue inductively coupled plasma-mass igneous rock ill-defined heavy oil immiscible operation in situ fluid analyzer (IFA) inclusion 714, 694, 1034 691, 590, 939 741 700, 689, 53, 687, 826 90 1126, 938, 475 723, 823 1127 37, 676, 685, 343 725 684, 745 41 788 818 S) 824 818, 90 2 385, 723 718 1035 1120, 52, 777 593 934 697 598, 818 1023, 704 1022 676, 799, 824 787, 693 365, 715 422 787 725 1128 686, 745 777 1117, 1024 136 748 730, 702, 736 747 916 818 723 36, 819 819 1130 715 700 676, 1120, 696,

675, 1128 696, 694– 1128–

– purity – short – source – spillover – supply – surplus diagram – thermodynamics – -to-carbon (H/C) – -to-oil ratio (H2OR) hydrogen sulfide (H – catalytic – chemical reaction –AR – coker naphtha – enthalpy – consumption – feedstock – generation flow rate – long – network optimization – partial pressure – index (HI) – pinch point – pressure – purification – production – desorption – explosive range – removal hydrogenation hydrostatic pressure hydrotreater hydroskimming hydrotreating (HDT) – kinetic – reaction – thermochemistry – unit hydrophone hydroprocessing – catalyst –flowscheme – fuel production – reactor design – catalyst poison hydrolysis hydroisomerization dewaxing –olefin hydrogenolysis

Subject Index 1228 Subject Index Subject Index 1229

– naphtha steam reforming 882 – naphtha (LN) 66, 717 – sample preparation 283 – steam reforming 879 – olefin cracking 1064 – viscosity 286, 309 kinetics – vacuum gas oil (LVGO) 21, 938 loading – -hydrodynamics tradeoff in FCC – -water reactor (LWR) 105 – sedimentary 352 854 light gas oil (LGO) 1138 – volcanic 352 – optimization 398 – hydrocarbon type 752 local grid refinement (LGR) 387 – steam reforming 880 lignin 1117, 1119, 1129, 1130 logging while drilling (LWD) 435, Kuwait export crude (KEC) 700, limited steam export 790 441 947 linear loil train derailment 118 Kyoto Protocol 127 – alkyl benzene (LAB) 87 London force 679 – alpha-olefin (LAO) 1047 long-chain branching (LCB) 1099 L – free energy relationship (LFER) long-time asymptotic kinetics 856 846 low laboratory information management – low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) – -density polyethylene (LDPE) system (LIMS) 839, 865 1089, 1100 1089 Lakeview blowout 102 – paraffin cracking 846 – -dimensional model 849 Langmuir – paraffin isomerization 597 – field pressure 1144 – –Blodgett film 229 – program (LP) 32, 819, 865 – GOR fluid 246 – equation of state 222 liquefaction 1127 – -GOR reservoir 263 liquefied natural gas (LNG) 655 – –Hinshelwood adsorption 882 – -pressure separator (LPS) 871 liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 6, Index Subject – –Hinshelwood/Hougen–Watson – -sulfur diesel (LSD) 867 64, 549, 564, 627, 643, 655, 717, (LHHW) 749, 872 – -sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) 938 825, 933, 1069 Larson–Miller equation 807 – -temperature shift (LTSR) 1151 liquid – -temperature shift converter laser desorption ionization (LDI) – chromatography (LC) 153 (LTSC) 799 174, 230 – chromatography-mass – temperature viscosity 1044 – mass spectrometry (LDI MS) spectrometry (LC-MS) 154, 158, – -voltage EI (LVEI) 165 229, 243 163 lower far crude (LFC) 701 laser desorption, laser ionization – distribution tray design 778 lower heating value (LHV) 792, mass spectrometry (L2MS) 225 – feed rate 722 936 laser induced acoustic desorption – holdup 504 lube (LIAD) 163 – hourly space velocity (LHSV) –base 70 – mass spectrometry (LIAD-MS) 722, 874 – base stock manufacturing 958 230 – hydrocarbon 1169, 1173 – crude approval (LCA) 963 laser-assisted ionization 163 – infusion 162 – crude assay 964 laterolog (LL) 443 – injection field desorption/ionization – crude selection 963 LBC correlation 309 (LIFDI) 164 – deasphalting unit (LDU) 1009 Le Chatelier principle 596 – –liquid extraction 206 –oil 959, 960, 972 lean oil recovery (LOR) 818 – –liquid–vapor (LLV) 281 lubricant base oils 153 length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) 1092 –petrol 327 lubricant base stock levelness sensitivity 780 – phase Newtonian viscosity – all-hydroprocessing route 1021 Leverett J-function 463 correlation 307 lumping levigation 653 – redistribution tray 778 – continuum approximation 855 Lewis acid (L-acid) 1065 – space velocity (LSV) 910 –matrix 852 ligand 683, 704 – water plasma 1173 – nonlinear kinetics 853 ligand-exchange chromatography lithodensity identification (LID) – structure-oriented (SOL) 74, 167, (LEC) 209 482 750, 843 light lithodensity matrix identification – coker gas oil (LCGO) 50, 1173 (LID) trimineral plot 482 M – crude oil 328 lithology tool 480 – cycle oil (LCO) 51, 581, 676, lithospheric thickening 352 maceral 332, 365 870, 945, 1067 lithostatic pressure 343 macrofossil 340 – -emitting diode (LED) 258 live oil 277 magnetic resonance imaging log –key 540 – density 283 (MRIL) 478 , 1 488 722 1034 166 679, 167 660 792 154, 847 443 403 755 227 167 676, 109 403 167 151, 982 1085 167 152– 153 492 851 820 151, 152, 151, 403 633 951 681 411 522 403 398 151– 443, 252 504 325 268 676, onnes of oil equivalent 835 (MINLP) 639 1033 (MODU) (Mtoe) 938 254 (MMSCFD) (MSFL) 833, (MDT) (MSSV) million t Miocene miscible operation mist flow mixed integer nonlinear program Mina Abdulla spill minimum export steam mini-rotary viscosity (MRV) modal analysis model IV fluid-bed catalytic cracking modeling –Darcyflow mixed oxide mixing equipment Mobil Lube Dewaxing (MLDW™) mobile offshore drilling unit middle vacuum gas oil (MVGO) middle-of-run (MOR) mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) million standard cubic feet per day –flow-path – hybrid migration – invasion percolation model-predictive control (MPC) microspherically focused log – orbital calculation – structural vector – structure – management modified Claus process modular formation dynamic tester Mohr circle molecular – -based modeling – characterization – composition – engineering –level microkinetic modeling microlaterolog (MLL) microresistivity scanner (MRS) microscale sealed vessel pyrolysis 708 , 959, 722, 7 695 129, , 695 136, 1065, 1083 7 50, 959, 704, 50, 562 1123 702– 1090 705 704 103 704 331 103 694, 703, 698, 326 1147 698 683 205 682 1119 339 484 684, 374 675, 694, 705 708 1070 637 681, 683, 1124 959 943 942, -butyl ether (MTBE) 932 1077 582, 482 908, (MCFT) 694 tricarbonyl (MMT) 695 602 657, 1020 1020 tert 567, metal – capacity – complex polymerization – deposition – extraction – function dehydrogenation catalyst –ion – reformation methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) – production reaction metamorphism methane – hydrates metal–organic framework (MOF) metamorphic rock – porphyrin – product – removal capacity – support metallocene catalyst methyl – diethanolamine (MDEA) methanol-to-olefin (MTO) microfibrils microfossil – ethyl ketone (MEK) – isobutyl ketone (MIBK) – isocyanate (MIC) – isocyanate leak – micro-carbon residue (MCR) metric matrix identification (MID) met-x microcylindrically focused tool methylcyclo-hexylamine (MCHA) methylcyclopentadienyl manganese methylation methylcyclohexane (MCH) methylcyclohexanethiol (MCHT) methylcyclohexene (MCHE) 166 843 152, 661 853 834, 394 677 70 73, 164 538 160, 807 1102 70 395 847 662 845 1094 166 156 156, 154, 654 365, 164 662 277 682 154 202 842 326, 707 512 679 292 208 471 441 207, 292 61 164, 164, 435,

867 204 623 25, 213 759 127 154, (MRT) desorption/ionization (MALDI) 163, -chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA)

marine gas oil (MGO) mass chromatogram mass spectrometer – component – magnet sector marine diesel oil (MDO) mass spectrometry (MS) McKenzie thermal model McCabe–Thiele method m mean average boiling point (MABP) mean diameter formula medium cycle oil (MCO) maya crude oil measurements while drilling (MWD) mechanistic modeling melt flow rate (MFR) melt-blown nonwoven mechanism reduction mercaptan conversion mercaptopropyl silica gel (MPSG) mercury Merichem LO-CAT process Merox reaction metagenesis magnetic roasting makeup gas compressor (MUGC) maltene – asphaltene – fraction manipulated variable (MV) – tandem (MS/MS) material safety data sheet (MSDS) mathematical programming – reference spectra – resolution matrix – data interpretation – acidizing – -assisted laser – component – representation of reactions maximum recording thermometer

Subject Index 1230 Subject Index Subject Index 1231

– type 972 – ratio range 794 nuclear instrument module (NIM) – weight (MW) 847, 1082, 1097 – rubber (NR) 1107 453 – weight distribution (MWD) 1045, natural gas 326 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 1097 –drygas 19 73, 153, 175, 205, 222, 441, 443, molecule characterization 679, 707 – processing 655 599, 1168 monoethanolamine (MEA) 657, – sour gas 19 – logs 477 799, 943 – water removal 656 numeric dating 341 monomer insertion 1086 needle coke 909 montmorillonite clay 632 neopentylglycol (NPG) 1055 O Montreal Protocol 91 net Moody friction factor 505 – effective overburden (NEO) 461 ocean current 528 motor octane number (MON) 64, – present value (NPV) 810 octane 64 559, 871 – reaction stoichiometry 881 – rating 559 moving neural network 847 – -upgrade unit 916 – -bed process 625, 640 neutron lifetime logs (NLL) 447 octane number 559 – -belt LC-MS interface 159 neutron porosity log 474 – motor 559 mud acid 513 Newtonian viscosity correlation – prediction 158 mud logs 439 – full phase 309 – research 559 mudcake 470 NH3 desorption 685 offshore drilling 517 Mukluk prospect 405 nickel 681, 700, 704 – mobile unit (MODU) 522 ujc Index Subject multi-azimuthal seismic data NiMo 685, 696 offshore oil recording geometry 422 nitric oxide (NO) 90 – collection 519 multicomponent kinetic model 397 nitrogen 675, 681, 684, 688, 693, – main production region 522 multicomponent methodology 825 698, 703 oil multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) – chemiluminescence 676 – /wax-solvent recovery 1001 165 – chemiluminescence detector – abiogenic 359 multizone circulating reactor (NCD) 154, 676 – -based mud (OBM) 254, 256, 479 (MZCR) 1096 – oxides (NOx) 47, 90, 1149 – biogenic 359 mutual diffusion coefficient 286 – phosphorus detector (NPD) 154 – clarified slurry (CSO) 629 – slip (N slip) 722 – composition 372 N nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen (NSO) –deasphalted(DAO) 49, 292, 548, 382 958, 1019 NaCl equivalent concentration 460 N-methyl morpholine N-oxide – dewaxed (DWO) 973 nanoaggregate (NA) 237 (NMMO) 1129 – –gas contact (OGC) 347 – asphaltene 236 – pretreatment 1129 – heating 69 naphtha 618, 624, 717 N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) 50, – heavy duty engine (HDEO) 1020 – light (LN) 66, 717 959, 1020 – industry sector 151 – nitrogen 926 – plant corrosion 978 – –oil and oil–rock correlation 155 – properties 592 noble metal catalyst 1040 –originof 359 –sidedraw 907 noble metal hydrocracking catalyst – -soluble PAG (OSP) 1057 – sulfur removal 926 744 – unconverted (UCO) 6, 713, 757, naphtha hydrotreater (NHT) 592, nonane reforming 852 1019 828 nonconformity 340 – -water contact (OWC) 268, 347 – fouling 925 noncubic equations of state 299 – well logging 255 naphtha, kerosene and distillate fuel non-Newtonian behavior oil spill 100 oil (NKD) 34 – bitumen 275 – clean up 137 naphthene 327, 560, 1017 non-noble-metal catalyst 743 olefin 199, 559, 676, 679 – dehydrogenation 595 nonrandom two liquid (NRTL) 294 – catalytic cracking (OCC) 1075 – isomerization 597 nonwoven filter media 995 – conversion technology (OCT) naphthenic 620 normal moveout (NMO) 424, 430 1075 naphthenoaromatic 328 normal paraffinic, branched paraffinic – cracking mechanism 1064 natural (iso-paraffins), naphthenic, and – feedstock 1082 – butyl rubber (NBR) 1109 aromatic (PINA) 883 – hydrogenation 36, 725 1127 295 194 152 1168 441, 399 970 1118, 152 36 160 113 1167 258 1165 323 715, 808 857 6 348 817 1165 23 967 943 277 682 823 554 349 694 359 156 294 1163, 435 343 303 1164 1167 488 824 89 361 1151 63, 359 326, 1145 1144 71 347, 481 emission 2 473, 277 photoionization (PI) phytane (Ph) Pickett plot pinch analysis pinch point – hydrogen PIONA-type characterization pipe corrosion pipe failure analysis pipestill furnace pipestill troubleshooting piston engine plant performance plantwide system plasma – catalysis – discharge – -generated radical species – polymerization – processing – properties – radical chemistry –torch – type plate tectonic platform as a service (PaaS) point adjustment petrophysics Phanerozoic phase behavior – correlation – prediction phase composition measurement photodetector (PD) photo-electric factor (PEF) – mass spectrometry – middle distillate – migration accumulation – nonfuel product –origin – preindustrial use – product – refining chemistry – research and development –system –trap – trap assessment –wax petroleum production – pollution petroleum refinery –CO 847 942 700, 90 793, 225, 135, 90 351 256, 871, 694, 787, 89, 174, 842, 681, 908 1055 848 597 1122 167, 607 155 599 173 591 1078 46, 343 676, 1129 151 419 158, 343 236 152, 645 1142 675, 322 789 1071, 1149 204 461 1119, 204 322 794 342 1122, 763 371 aromatics (PONA) 665 841 298 818, (KPS) 127 125, 515 359, 707 1075 partial oxidation (POX) partial combustion partial least squares (PLS) parametric effect paraxylene (PX) paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, and partition-based and total lumping passivation passive continental margin pathways modeling pendant-core model Peng–Robinson equation of state pentaerythritol (PE) pentose – catalyst –plant – reaction particulate matter (PM) – dehydrogenation process (PDH) – isomerization petroleomics permeability, porosity, saturation permissible exposure limit (PEL) peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) peroxybenzoyl nitrate (PBN) personal protection equipment (PPE) PetroFCC petroinformatics periodate permeability peracid period Perkins–Kern–Nordgren (PKN) permanent poison petroleum – accumulation – asphaltene –biomarker –cycle – engineering – exploration – geology 13, 932 703 855 1156 1100 693, 834 596 364 254 227 650 818 969 554 683, 362 1165 387 392 285 350 361 614 621 340 849 958 1171 628 660 1017 681, 897 853 846 780 944 203, 1119 705 1169 166 664 620, 1070 675, 205 520,

P problem reformer Exporting Countries (OPEC) 324, (OCR)

– content – enrichment –plasma ozone generation opening position (OP) operating –cost(OPEX) order reduction organic – carbon redox cycle – -rich sediments – mode optical spectroscopy optimization-integer-decision orbitrap –sulfur overhead valve (OHV) oxidation oxo-alcohol synthesis gas steam – stability optical density (OD) Organization of the Petroleum overburden rock over-cracking overhead pressure oxone oxy fuel combustion capture oxychlorination orthorhombic sulfur Otto-cycle engine overall lumped kinetics oxygen oscillatory shear paleobathymetry paleomagnetism paleowater depth paraconformity paraffin – cracking – dehydrocyclization oligomerization on-stream catalyst replacement – thermoplastic (TPO) – production plant

Subject Index 1232 Subject Index Subject Index 1233

polar–polar interaction 681, 698 precombustion capture 932 proppant 514 polyalkyl acrylate (PAA) 1008 precondenser 969 propylene 1064, 1072, 1077 polyalkyl meth acrylate (PAMA) predistillation processing 541 – catalytic cracking (PCC) 1074 1008 premium base stock performance – oxide (PO) 1057 polyalkyleneglycol (PAG) 1043, 1019 propylur process 1072 1057 prereforming 879 protolytic cracking 848 polyalphaolefin (PAO) 71, 959, pressure 628 proton affinity (PA) 846 1018, 1043, 1047 –drop(dP) 723, 725, 1137 proton precession magnetometer polyaromatic condensation 727 – drop calculation 869 (PPM) 477 polybutadiene (PBR) 87 – filter 993 pseudo first-order approximation – synthesis 1106 – prediction 388 (PFOA) model 747 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) – swing adsorption (PSA) 42, 795, pseudomolecular ion 160 108 801, 818, 932, 1151 pseudosteady-state flow 502 polycyclic aromatic (PCA) 1024 pressure, volume, temperature (PVT) pulp and paper industry 1121 – hydrocarbon (PAH) 204, 221, 387, 460 pumparound 967 254, 257, 681 pressurized heavy-water reactor purge stream 818 – sulfur heterocycle (PASH) 202 (PHWR) 105 purification 824 polydispersity index (PDI) 1009, pressurized water reactor (PWR) purified terephthalic acid (PTA) 87 1099 105 P-wave 419 polyethylene (PE) 87, 1082, 1088 pretreatment 1117, 1120, 1127, pyrolysis 1117, 1120, 1125–1127, ujc Index Subject – processing 1091 1129 1130 – ultrahigh molecular weight – -hydrolysis 1120 – catalytic (CPP) 1063, 1069, 1078 (UHMWPE) 1089 primary –fast 1126 – very low-density (VLDPE) 1089 –energy 3 –oil 1126 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 7, – migration 370 –slow 1126 87, 591 – porosity 344 polyisobutylene (PIB) 1046, 1058 – productivity 362 polymer electrolyte membrane –reformer 895 Q (PEM) 1151 principal component quadrupole mass analyzer or polymeric molecule 681 –analysis(PCA) 173, 175, 845, spectrometer (QMS) 164 polymerization 579 846 quadrupole time-of-flight mass – free radical 1083 – regression (PCR) 256 spectrometer (QTOF MS) 165 polyol ester 1055 PRISM reactor 1154 polyolefin 1081 pristane (Pr) 156 quantitative comparison (QC) 190 polypropylene (PP) 87, 1094 – /phytane ratio 373 quantitative structure–reactivity – fabrication 1098 process relationship (QSRR) 846 – injection-molding conditions – controller 850 quasi-equilibrium approximation 1105 – -derived fuel (PDF) 1159 (QEA) 845 – rheology 1099 –value(PV) 834 quasi-steady state approximation polystyrene (PS) 87, 1105 product 683 (QSSA) 845 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 7, 87, – cracked 679 quench 138 – hydrogenated 697 – injection device 778 pore diffusion effect 847 – specification 675 – mixing chamber 778, 781 pore-pressure formation 391 programmable logic controller (PLC) – temperature difference 724 porosity 343 834 quinolone 729 – tool 471 progressing cavity pump 511 porphyrin 682, 702, 704 projective transformation 851 R postcombustion capture 932 propane pot still 534 – dehydrogenation 1075 R2R process 643 pour point 329, 1017 – deoiling 1007 Rackett equation 297 –giveaway 985 –dewaxing 1005 radial flow reactor 573, 609 – reduction 1038 – filter hot wash 1007 radial temperature difference 724, power-recovery turbine (PRT) 871 proportional-integral-derivative (PID) 784 precipitation 739 834 radioactivity 341 56, 581 715, 558 409 1100, 51, 1137 845 1112 828 641, 365 703 234 639 622, 163 361 223 134 696 1105 695 507 927 627, 582, 152, 993 1107 704 351 329, 694– 324 388 1050 868 842 162, 346 871 627 556 410 868 388 12 1112 826 1109 592, 627 559, (RFCC) 1069 ionization (REMPI) (RPVOT) 1105, research octane number (RON) reservoir crude oil reservoir rock resid conversion resids (residua) residual HDM residual oil residue fluid catalytic cracking residue hydrotreatment resonance enhanced multiphoton retrofit return on investment (ROI) revolutions per minute (RPM) Rice–Herzfeld mechanism rigorous kinetic modeling rigorous model – clean fuel ring-opening – hydrocracking Rio Earth Summit riser – model – outlet temperature (ROT) – pipe cracking – reactor risk analysis rock – deformation – failure – poroelastic stress modeling –stress Rock–Eval measurement rotary – engine – gas lift system – vacuum filter rotating pressure vessel oxidation test roundness Royal Dutch –Shell rubber – butadiene (BR) – butyl – chlorinated butyl (CIIR) – ethylene–propylene (EPR) – natural (NR) 64, 701, 865 153 59, 1130 1128 583 702 693, 605 137 590 1135 294 915 65, 923 427 154 1128, 691, 1021, 1135 870 699 882 870 1134 684, 880 688, 1133 344 167, 594 141 340 675, 686 1139 629 834 702 676, 594, 685, 717 1137 1135 152, 631 870 338, 322, 1135 561 525 hydrotreatment (HDV) 703 129, 421, (HDNi) 65 renewable fuel – triglyceride structure – hydrotreating renewable feed – catalyst renewable diesel –dewaxing – feed – product – reaction pathway refinery –fuelgas – gasoline-production – intermediate stream –software – solid wastes – wastewater treatment – -wide optimization (RWO) refining – research and development reflection coefficient reformat yield reforming – catalyst contaminants refractory – Motor Gasoline Pool – reaction – before oxygenate blending (RBOB) refractive index (RI) reformulated gasoline – process removal of vanadium by regeneration – character regenerator – air rate – freeboard model – model regular solution theory Reid vapor pressure (RVP) – cyclone model relative – catalyst activity – dating – permeability remotely operated vehicle (ROV) removal of nickel by hydrotreatment 120, 747 573 240 754 74, 57, 724 962 435 572 869 153 643 394 881 723 723 1136 777 653 706 723 394 702 783 152 624 624 628, 205 537 1135 852 1153 628 492 687, 599 151, 783 724 844 724 629 759

477 1040 porosity 856 127 755,

radiogenic heat Raney nickel Raoult’s law radiological dispersion device (RDD) raffinate hydroconversion (RHC) Raman spectroscopy rapeseed oil – hydroprocessing rapid sedimentation rate – constant – of penetration (ROP) Raymer–Hunt–Gardner (RHG) – axial temperature rise – effluent air cooler (REAC) – inlet temperature (RIT) – pressure drop – temperature reactant-type distribution function reaction – catalytic reforming – limited aggregation (RLA) –network – rate relationships –rules – time – trajectory reactivity reactor – apparatus – average pressure –CAT – dilute phase model reactor internal – performance –revamp real-time optimizer (RTO) –WABT reactor design – hydroprocessing – wall corrosion recommended exposure limits (REL) recycle gas compressor (RGC) recycle rate reduced crude – conversion (RCC) reduction roasting refined wax production

Subject Index 1234 Subject Index Subject Index 1235

– natural butyl (NBR) 1109 selective hydrocracking 695 sol-gel process 686 – styrene–butadiene (SBR) 1105 selectivity solid RxCat technology 1071 – catalytic 634 – -phase oxidation 1123 –strategy 1166 – phosphoric acid (SPA) 579 S self-contained breathing apparatus – waste handling 79 (SCBA) 90 – waste recovery 141 S and W catalytic cracking process semiregenerative catalytic reforming solubility 289 643 608 – -based lumping 843 safety critical reactor axe man semi-submersible 524 solution polymerization 1084 (SCRAM) 107 semisynthetic catalysts 633 solvent 704, 708 salt 332 sensitivity analysis 846 – and hydroprocessing comparison – -dome trap 27 separated flow model 505 1020 sandstone 336 sequential quadratic programming – contaminant 973 saturated hydrocarbon 1163 (SQP) 880 – deasphalting 49 saturates, aromatics, resins, and SETatWork 4 – deasphalting (SDA) 57 asphaltenes (SARA) 175, 208, shale 337 – dehydration 1001 282, 382, 679, 702, 908 –gas 374 – desphalting 962 –analysis 291 Shell FCC process 640, 643 –dewaxing 50, 960, 979, 1033 – kinetic model 397 shielding cone (SC) 237 – extraction 50, 960, 971 saturation shift converter 796 – fractionation 289 ujc Index Subject – exponent 451 shot coke 909 –loss 975 Si–Al ratio (SAR) 734 – pressure 299 – neutral oil (SNO) 1012 side wall core (SWC) 443 – reaction 36, 725 – plant with hydroprocessing 1040 side-stream stripper 969 – tool 483 – recovery 974 silica-alumina phosphate (SAPO) Saybolt universal seconds (SUS) – -refining processes 153 46, 713 959, 970, 982, 1016 – splitter 1002 silicate mineral 332 Schlumberger 449 sorting 346 silicon 682 scraped surface sour crude oil 329 silver ion 207 – chiller (SSC) 980, 983 sour gas 326, 655 simulated distillation (SimDist) 291 – exchanger (SSE) 980, 985, 993 single photon ionization (SPI) 230 source rock 329, 359, 361 – supplier 986 single-event theory 848 – generative potential 367 seal 347 single-phase reservoir IPR 502 sour-water stripper (SWS) 659 –rock 361 single-stage once-thru hydrocracker space velocity 629, 722 secondary (SSOT) 1027 spacing density 780 –energy 3 single-stage with recycle spar 524 – migration 370 hydrocracker (SSREC) 1027 spark-ignited (SI) 1148 – porosity 344 singlet oxygen 205 Spearman’s rho 183 – reformer reactions 891 singular and regular perturbation special core analysis laboratory sedimentary methods 850 (SCAL) 461 –basin 382 sinter roasting 654 speciality oil 71 –rock 331, 334, 336 sintering 686, 698, 703 sphericity 346 – structure 335 SiO2 685 split-flow enrichment 660 seismic skin factor 502 sponge coke 909 – activity 419 sludge 142 spontaneous polarization (SP) 480 – method 353 slug flow 504 stability 1018 –wave 419 slurry-phase 706 standard (temperature and pressure) seismic data – distillate (SPD) 19 original gas in place (SCFOGIP) – acquisition 420 – hydrocracking 57, 761 436 – deconvolution 423 small angle Standard Oil Company 11, 324 – interpretation 426 – neutron scattering (SANS) 236 standard temperature and pressure – processing 423 – oscillatory shear (SAOS) 1105 (STP) 460, 746, 936 selective catalytic reduction (SCR) – x-ray scattering (SAXS) 236, 279 staple fiber (SF) 1101 47, 137, 657, 805 sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) 664 start-of-run (SOR) 741, 1032 723 389 1052 64 582 524 1 111, 793 390 551 903 662 65, 1052 752 842, 1015 1130 654, 604 724 1124 766 662 165 47, 394 618, 428 447 1145 382 1128, 903 903 1043 1133 618 393 1043 41, 1121, 582 1128 633 676 1106 1018 324 19, 607 1125 19 164 T 156, spectrometer 1159 -amyl methyl ether (TAME) – hydrocracking – modeling – partial oxidation (POX) –plasmatron – process – processing – reforming – stability – subsidence tail-gas treating – unit (TGTU) t tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) tandem triple-stage quadrupole mass teletype (TT) temperature gain temperature indicator (TI) temporary poison –coke tension-leg platform (TLP) Terzaghi rock stress modeling Terzaghi-compressibility tetraethyl lead (TEL) Texaco thermal – conductivity – conductivity detector (TCD) –conversion – cracking – -to-gasoline plus (STG+) – -to-liquids (STL) synthesis –gas synthetic – automotive engine lubricant – base stock – catalyst –dieselfuel –fuel – gasoline – industrial lubricant – lubricant – seismogram synthetic crude (syncrude) – hydrocarbon type – production syngas 694, 43, 153 626, 704, 1084 915 691, 105 693 876 141 698, 654 235 676 212 689, 684, 693 642, 1090 201 695, 687– 866 54, 698 576 688, 654 928 1072 722 651 199, 684, 688 665 683, 329 78, 699 685 684 1019 703 654 736 651 676, 419 681, 687 326 701, 676 (SAPS) 699– 577 245 708 ionization (SALDI) 641 compound (S-PAC) 154, sulfated ash, phosphorus, and sulfur sulfide catalyst sulfiding sulfur – extraction – oxides (SOx) – coordination – -containing polycyclic aromatic – compound – chemiluminescence – chemiluminescence detector (SCD) – pollution – production – recovery – recovery unit (SRU) – refractory species – slip (S slip) – source –strategy sulfur removal – capacity –rate sulfuric acid alkylation (SAA) – unit (SAAU) sum frequency generation (SFG) Suncor refinery supercritical – fluid chromatography (SFC) – -water reactor (SCWR) – fluid extraction (SFE) SUPERFLEX support –alumina supported catalyst surface-assisted laser desorption – material S-wave sweet – crude oil –gas – –sour petroleum refinery suspension polymerization suspensoid catalytic cracking 750 700 19, 867, 1125 1105, 694, 1135 87 818, 694 394 1123, 879 688, 508 301 91 167 799, 880 677 87 348 592 690, 879, 350 969 687, 502 921 1147 348 802 694 525 793 347 843 790, 435 688, 906 274, 294 1041, 436 R) 750, 787, 2 627 1128 156 100, 939, 167, 740, 27, ,

578 13 74, 167 (STOOIP) (SAFT) 1107 1 42, 934, oxygen secondary reforming (SMR/O

straight run (SR) – gas oil (SRGO) – light gas oil (SRStratco LGO) effluent refrigeration process strategic petroleum reserve (SPR) stratigraphic trap stratospheric ozone structure-oriented lumping (SOL) styrene – butadiene resin (SBR) – –butadiene rubber (SBR) strike-slip fault strip logs stripper structural trap structural vectors (for molecules) structure-based lumping (SBL) – kinetic modeling study-state flow subduction zone – monomer (SM) subsea system substitution – nucleophilic sucker rod pumping sucrose steady-state heat flow – equations of state steam – /carbon ratio – -assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) – ejectors pump – methane reforming (SMR) stock tank original oil in place – kinetic relationship sterane steric hindrance – reformer model – stripping steam reforming statistical associating fluid theory – methane reforming combined with

Subject Index 1236 Subject Index Subject Index 1237

thermal/oxidative stability 1044 – overhead pressure 969 upflow 706 thermochemical route 1127 – pressure survey 970 upgrading process 151 thermodynamic – wash section 967 upstream 14, 151–153, 167 –analysis 261 TPR model 504 USY 696 – constraints and consistencies 845 trace contaminant 720 utility 931 – equation 296 transformation 322 Thermofor catalytic cracking (TCC) – ratio (TR) 387, 397 V 580, 640 transient flow 502 thermoforming 1103 transient heat flow 394 vacuum thermogenesis 370 trap 343 – distillation 546, 965 thermophysical property – anticline 26 – distillation unit (VDU) 541, 568, measurement 283 – salt dome 27, 332 717, 865, 951, 958, 960 thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) – stratigraphic 348 – gas oil (VGO) 22, 167, 548, 568, 1108, 1110 – structural 347 622, 713, 841, 865, 936, 1019, thermoplastic olefin (TPO) 1100 treatment 916 1072, 1127, 1130 thermospray (TSP) 162 – catalyst 636 – pipestill (VPS) 958, 960 thin-layer chromatography (TLC) trimethylolpropane (TMP) 1055 – residue (VR) 21, 36, 546, 679, 209 truck tape recorder (TTR) 448 thin-wall injection molding (TWIM) 684, 706, 717 true – residue upgrading 716 1104 – boiling point (TBP) 67, 718, 870 thiol 202 – residuum 904 Index Subject –conversion 722 thiophene 202, 678, 687–690 – -ultraviolet laser light (VUV) 164 – vertical depth (TVD) 263 third-stage separator (TSS) 135 validity condition for asymptotic tube metal temperature (TMT) 897 threshold limit values (TLV) 127 lumped kinetics 858 turbine 557 Tianjin 118 van der Waals – oil stability test (TOST) 1059 tight oil plays 374 – condition 297 two-dimensional heteroatom single time – equation of state (EoS) 222, 252 quantum coherence (HSQC) 228 –interval 343 van Krevelen diagram 192, 368 two-phase reservoir – -of-flight (TOF) 679 vanadium 681, 700, 704 –IPR 503 – -of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF vapor pressure osmometry (VPO) two-stage dewaxing 1002 MS) 165 163, 226 two-stroke engine 555 – -resolved fluorescence vapor-lift tray (VLT) 780 depolarization (TRFD) 226 U – distributor performance 781 – scale separation 849 vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) – to steady state 724 538 ultra-deep hydrodenitrogenation for TiO2 686 vertical seismic profiling (VSP) hydrocracking 857 tons per annum (tpa) 934 448 ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization of top dead center (TDC) 554 very low-density polyethylene diesel 856 top liquid distribution tray 778 (VLDPE) 1089 ultrahigh molecular weight topping 934 vibrational spectroscopy 153 tornado diagram 388 polyethylene (UHMWPE) 1089 vibroseis 421 tortuosity coefficient 451 ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) 38, vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) 87 Tosco Avon Hydrocracker 110 729, 836, 916, 1134 vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) 87 total – production 916 Vis/NIR spectroscopy 252 – acid number (TAN) 20, 153, 183, ultra-stable (US) 61 186, 199, 722, 917, 1059 unconformity 341 – hydrocarbon reservoir fluid 254 –depth(TD) 441 unconverted oil (UCO) 6, 713, 757, visbreaking 50, 903, 912 – dissolved solids (TDS) 487 1019 viscosity 1016, 1044 – isomerization process (TIP) 59, uninvaded zone 470 – blend index (VBI) 308 571 unit of measure (UOM) 722 – dynamic 959 – organic carbon (TOC) 365, 385 UOP – grade (VG) 1048, 1053 tower – fluid-bed catalytic cracking 640 – heavy oil 307 – flash zone 967 – Merox process 662 – kinematic 959 – fractionation 967 – Selectox process 661 – modifier (VM) 1017 452 86 1076 1090 579 727 681 9 695 1154 639 262, 371 1128 439 685, 633 637, 252, 61, 1128 1064, Z X Y 1068 1033, (XRF) 639 wireline log World Petroleum Council (WPC) Wyllie’s time-average equation – catalyst – catalyzed alkylation Zeolite Socony Mobil–5 (ZSM-5) Zero-Zero-Zero campaigns Ziegler–Natta catalyst zig-zag mechanism zinc-/calcium-aluminate zonal reaction zeolite x-ray fluorescence spectrometry yankee whaling Yen–Mullins – model x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) xylose 30, 253 657 491 135 372 27 1033 1073 784 873 466 663 435 512 28 722, 724, 829, 445, 982 347 501 465 655 436, 1125 (WHSV) (WABT) 922 279 (WART) West Texas intermediate (WTI) – site – stimulation well – bore – completion – failure blowout –log – log analysis weight hourly space velocity water-based mud (WBM) wax –crystal – hydrocracking weighted average bed temperature wet – flue-gas desulfurization –gas – -gas scrubbing (WGS) – sulfuric acid wetting whole-oil – gas chromatograms wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) wireline formation tester weighted average reactor temperature 959, 801 1123, 1123 329, 789, 1146 280 653 70, 397 665, 910 806 1045 1124 556 322 998 563, 998 79 100, 789, 1017, 1031 130, 1147 1044 1038 products 967 90,

W 1071 1135, 1016, 683 65,

vortex separation system (VSS) volatilizing roasting volatility volatile – reaction water phase behavior – droop –loss visible ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy vitrinite reflectance volatile organic compound (VOC) waste product wastewater Wankel engine wash – acceptance – efficiency –oil waste heat recovery (WHR) – treatment water gas reaction (WG) water gas shift (WGS) viscosity index (VI)

Subject Index 1238 Subject Index