Late Pleistocene Proboscideans from Yangjiawan Caves in Pingxiang Of

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Late Pleistocene Proboscideans from Yangjiawan Caves in Pingxiang Of 第56卷 第4期 古 脊 椎 动 物 学 报 pp. 306–326 2018年10月 VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA figs. 1–5 DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.180410 Late Pleistocene proboscideans from Yangjiawan caves in Pingxiang of Jiangxi, with discussions on the Stegodon orientalis–Elephas maximus assemblage TONG Hao-Wen1,2,3 DENG Li4 CHEN Xi1,2,3 ZHANG Bei1,2,3 WEN Jun4 (1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 [email protected]) (2 CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Beijing 100044) (3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049) (4 Pingxiang Museum, Jiangxi Province Pingxiang 337000) Abstract The mammalian fauna from the Yangjiawan caves in Jiangxi contains more than 40 species, including Stegodon and Elephas, whose age is Late Pleistocene. The 40 pieces of Stegodon fossils include such elements as DP2, DP3, DP4, M1, M3, dp3, m2 and m3, which can be included in the species S. orientalis according to their morphological characters and their dimensions; but with the following specialities: the teeth are relatively small, with thin but wrinkled enamel layer, the mammillae are lesser in number but well defined and equally developed, DP3 and dp3 with larger W/L ratios, and the cement is not well developed. The fossils of Elephas are few, only 2 isolated lamellae whose thickness and size correspond with those of Elephas maximus. In addition, a fragment of tusk (upper incisor) of elephant was also recovered, whose Schreger outer angle is 136°, which falls within the ranges of both Stegodon and Elephas. Therefore, it is difficult to refer it to either Stegodon or Elephas. This is the first sample of fossil elephant tusk with Schreger outer angle examined in China. The range of S. orientalis covered almost all of the period of Pleistocene in southern China, but the situation for E. maximus is far from clear because of the taxonomic uncertainty of the Early-Middle Pleistocene Elephas (Palaeoloxodon). It is sure that E. maximus became popular since Late Pleistocene. According to the study on the origin of the modern species of Asian elephant, the Stegodon-Elephas assemblage in southern China probably has a late Middle-Late Pleistocene age, and definitely with a Late Pleistocene age. The fossils of Stegodon were recovered throughout all the period of Quaternary in southern China, and even appeared in some localities in northern China during the Early Pleistocene. Whereas the elephantid species, including Palaeoloxodon and Elephas, were absent in southern China during the Early Pleistocene epoch, but widely spreaded during the Middle- Late Pleistocene. What should be emphasized is that it is Stegodon which used to dominate the proboscidean fauna during the whole period of Pleistocene in southern China, but the last survivor is Elephas even though it was poorly documented in the fossil records, and Stegodon got extinct around the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. Key words Yangjiawan caves in Pingxiang, Jiangxi; Late Pleistocene; Stegodon orientalis, Elephas maximus Citation Tong H W, Deng L, Chen X et al., 2018. Late Pleistocene proboscideans from Yangjiawan caves in Pingxiang of Jiangxi, with discussions on the Stegodon orientalis– Elephas maximus assemblage. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 56(4): 306–326 国家自然科学基金(批准号:41572003)和中国科学院古生物化石发掘与修理专项经费资助。 收稿日期:2017-12-29 Tong et al. - Late Pleistocene proboscideans from Yangjiawan caves in Pingxiang of Jiangxi 307 江西萍乡上栗杨家湾洞晚更新世长鼻类化石: 兼论东方剑齿象–亚洲象组合 同号文1,2,3 邓 里4 陈 曦1,2,3 张 贝1,2,3 文 军4 (1 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室 北京 100044) (2 中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心 北京 100044) (3 中国科学院大学 北京 100049) (4 江西省萍乡博物馆 萍乡 337000) 摘要:江西萍乡杨家湾1、2号洞出土了40余种哺乳动物化石,其中包括剑齿象和亚洲象, 其地质时代为更新世晚期。杨家湾洞的剑齿象化石包括DP2, DP3, DP4, M1, M3, dp3, m2和 m3等40余件;根据形态特征和测量数据,可将其归入东方剑齿象(Stegodon orientalis); 在形 态方面最显著特征是乳齿的宽/长比值较大、每个齿脊上乳突数目较少和白垩质层不发育。 亚洲象化石只发现2件齿板,其特征和大小均与现生亚洲象(Elephas maximus)的一致;此 外,2号洞还出土了1件门齿残段;我国南方更新世的长鼻类化石多为颊齿,门齿则报道较 少;首次观察了我国化石象类门齿施氏线,其外施氏角为136°, 该数值在剑齿象和亚洲象 的变化范围之内,因此,仅藉此特征很难将其归入二者之一。东方剑齿象的地质分布纵贯 整个更新世,但亚洲象在我国的初现时间却至今不明,其根本原因是对早–中更新世亚洲 象(古菱齿象)的分类、演化问题没有很好解决;不过,在晚更新世,亚洲象已在我国南方 广泛分布;依据现生亚洲象可能出现的时间判断,东方剑齿象–亚洲象组合在我国南方地 区的分布时间应当是在中更新世晚期至晚更新世末期,并以晚更新世最为常见。剑齿象出 现于我国南方第四纪各个时期,早更新世甚至在北方少数地点发现;真象类在早更新世期 间在南方地区缺失,而中–晚更新世时却几乎遍布全国(高山地区除外)。这种时空分布上的 变化,究竟是长鼻类自身演化的结果还是由环境变化所致,目前还不清楚。 关键词:江西萍乡杨家湾洞,晚更新世,东方剑齿象,亚洲象 中图法分类号:Q915.878 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000–3118(2018)04–0306–21 长鼻类是我国南方第四纪洞穴动物群中最为常见的动物之一(裴文中,1987), 主要 有3个属:中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)、剑齿象(Stegodon)和象(Elephas)。剑齿象始终是出 现几率最高和分布最广的,而中华乳齿象是新近纪孑遗分子,在第四纪仅出现于早更新 世(Wang et al., 2014)和极少数中更新世化石点(陈冠芳,1999); 归入亚洲象的化石一般仅 出现于晚更新世动物群(裴文中,1987)。但目前我国南方第四纪长鼻类的研究仍存在诸 多问题,首先是剑齿象的分类和演化问题至今没有统一认识,分类十分混乱(宗冠福, 1995; 陈冠芳,2011); 其次是亚洲象的分类和初现时间以及与古菱齿象的分类、演化关 系等问题,如果确认现生亚洲象是在0.26 Ma前起源于南亚的话(Vidya, 2016), 那如何对 我国南方中更新世的真象类(即原本被归入纳玛象和江南象的化石) (裴文中,1987)进行 分类也是悬而未决的问题;最后还有东方剑齿象–亚洲象组合出现的时代及古生态问题 308 Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Saegusa, 2001; Zhang et al., 2017)仍是迫切需要解决的。可喜的是,最近几年在南方地区 不断有新的发现(Wang et al., 2007; 陈少坤等,2013; 王元等,2017a), 这为解决南方第四纪 长鼻类的分类演化问题积累了新的素材。本文将对江西萍乡杨家湾洞出土的新材料进行 记述,并对我国南方有关遗址的东方剑齿象–亚洲象组合的时代问题进行重点讨论。 江西萍乡杨家湾洞是最近几年新发现的更新世晚期化石点,包括两个自然洞,即杨 家湾 1 号和 2 号洞;目前已在这两个洞穴的出土物中鉴定出 40 余种哺乳动物化石,其 中包含东方剑齿象和亚洲象 ( 邹松林等,2016; 张贝等,2017)。由于堆积物尚未完全暴露, 地层研究及测年工作尚未完成,目前只做了堆积层顶面以下 50 cm 处石笋的铀系测年, 其结果是 3 万年左右。2015–2017 年出土的东方剑齿象化石有 40 余件,大多数为破碎 牙齿;而亚洲象化石材料则更少,只有 2 件齿板;此外,还有 1 件象的门齿残段,难以 断定是东方剑齿象还是亚洲象。 1 研究方法 本文的分类依照Shoshani and Tassy (2005)的体系;对颊齿的标记符号沿用Osborn (1942)和周明镇、张玉萍(1974)的方案,依次是DP2/dp2, DP3/dp3, DP4/dp4, M1/m1, M2/ m2和M3/m3, 大写字母代表上牙,小写字母代表下牙;齿序的鉴定以Osborn (1942)的 齿脊式(ridge formulae)和Colbert and Hooijer (1953)的齿脊式(ridge-crest formulae)及有关 数据为模板;牙齿测量方法依据van den Bergh (1999), 牙齿的长宽数值均用游标卡尺所 测,长度测量单位均为毫米(mm); 牙齿分类及比较采用长/宽值的散点图(图1)。 齿脊(齿板)计数依照Maglio (1973)和Lister (1996)的方法,用符号“×”来代表前、 后跟(座) (即未直接与齿根相连的小齿板)。剑齿象每个颊齿齿脊上的乳突(“conelets” by Osborn, 1942 or “mammillae” by Hopwood, 1935 or “conules” by van den Bergh et al., 2008) 的计数方法参照Hopwood (1935)的乳突式(mammillary formulae)。 在剑齿象牙齿描述中所用术语参照Hopwood (1935)和Saegusa et al. (2005); 亚洲象 图1 四川盐井沟的东方剑齿象颊齿长/宽数值散点图模板 Fig. 1 Scatter diagram of length/width of the cheek teeth of Stegodon orientalis from Yanjinggou (Yenchingkou), Sichuan Data from Colbert and Hooijer, 1953 Tong et al. - Late Pleistocene proboscideans from Yangjiawan caves in Pingxiang of Jiangxi 309 牙齿描述的术语参照Maglio (1973)和Todd (2010a)。本文中Elephas代表象属,Elephas maximus代表亚洲象种。 IVPP V代表中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所脊椎动物化石标本编号; PXMZ-YJW代表萍乡博物馆杨家湾洞化石编号。 2 系统记述 哺乳纲 Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 长鼻目 Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 象亚目 Elephantiformes Tassy, 1988 真象超科 Elephantoidea Gray, 1821 科、属和种未定 Fam. gen. et sp. indet. ( 图 2) 材料 1件长鼻类门齿残段(IVPP V 24125)。 产地 江西萍乡杨家湾2号洞。 时代 晚更新世。 描述 萍乡杨家湾2号洞出土的象牙残段,残存长度为280 mm; 横截面呈椭圆(近端) 至近圆形(远端), 近端横截面最大径为87.2 mm, 最小径为86.5 mm, 与黄河象的上窄下宽 的卵圆形断面轮廓(黄河象研究小组,1975)明显不同,后者截面的上轮廓呈现为明显的 棱状结构;但与奉节人遗址的东方剑齿象(黄万波等,2002)的门齿接近。两端均遭到啮 齿类动物啮咬,但仍依稀可以观察到同心环状细纹和白垩质层及齿质层的圈层结构, 中心部位为牙髓腔,髓腔由近端至远端快速变小。由于风化严重,质地酥松,在抛光的 切面上难以观察到连续的施氏线,但在自然断面上依稀可辨部分施氏线和施氏夹角, 其内、外夹角都是136° (图2), 该数值在三角头剑齿象和亚洲象的变化范围之内(图3)。长 鼻类门齿的施氏线和施氏夹角是区分不同属种的重要依据之一(Palombo and Villa, 2001; Virág, 2012), 但却并非很精准,因为不同属种之间有大范围的重叠,例如剑齿象、亚洲 象和非洲象的夹角都很接近(图3)。 有关我国南方第四纪长鼻类的门齿报道很少,仅有重庆奉节县兴隆洞遗址的两根 剑齿象门齿,其根部直径为100~110 mm (黄万波等,2002), 比杨家湾2号洞的稍微粗壮 些;而亚洲象门齿化石在我国尚未见有报道。因此,萍乡杨家湾2号洞象门齿标本的归 属尚难以确定。 剑齿象科 Stegodontidae Young-Hopwood, 1935 剑齿象属 Stegodon Falconer & Cautley, 1847 东方剑齿象 Stegodon orientalis Owen, 1870 ( 图 4A–K; 表 1) 1929 Stegodon orientalis grangeri Osborn, pp. 16–17 材料 1件左DP2 (IVPP V 24123.1), 1件左DP3 (V 24123.2), 1件左DP4 (PXMZ- 310 Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol. 56, No. 4 YJW01-01), 1件左M1 (V 24123.3), 1件左M3 (V 24123.4), 4件左、右dp3 (V 24123.5–7, PXMZ-YJW01-02), 1件右m2 (V 24123.8)和1件右m3 (PXMZ-YJW01-03)。 图2 萍乡杨家湾2号洞出土的象门齿化石(IVPP V 24125) Fig. 2 The tusk fragments of elephantoid (IVPP V 24125) from Yangjiawan Cave 2 in Pingxiang A. 侧视 lateral view; B. 近端视 proximal view; C. 抛光断面 polished surface of a cross section; D. 断面局部放大,只可见部分施氏线 close-up of the cross section, partial Schreger lines can be observed; E. 施氏线及施氏夹角示意图 illustration of Schreger lines and outer Schreger angle 图3 几种长鼻类门齿的施氏夹角 Fig. 3 Variabilities of the outer Schreger angles in different proboscidean taxa After Palombo and Villa, 2001; Virág, 2012 Tong et al. - Late Pleistocene proboscideans from Yangjiawan caves in Pingxiang of Jiangxi 311 产地 江西萍乡杨家湾1、2号洞。 时代 晚更新世。 测量 牙齿测量数据见表1。 描述 DP2 (图4A) 齿冠几乎未曾磨耗。冠面轮廓为圆三角形,3个边分别朝向颊 侧、舌侧和远中侧。有3个横脊并有前后跟座(talon); 一般而言,前跟座较大,且与第 一齿脊在舌侧斜交;第一齿脊厚,且颊-舌径最短;第二齿脊颊-舌径最大,小乳突最 多,有5个;第三齿脊与第二齿脊平行且很靠近,后跟座扁而短。齿冠长×宽数值为 22.9 mm×19.9 mm。 DP3 (图4B) 牙齿中度磨耗,前第一、二齿脊已完全暴露齿质,第三齿脊的大釉质 环尚未完全联通,第四齿脊有少量齿质暴露,第五齿脊的齿质刚开始出露,但乳突模糊 难辨。冠面轮廓整体呈前窄后宽的梯形,但在近中颊侧有一突角,从而造成前边倾斜和 第一横脊颊侧比舌侧厚很多。一般都具有5个横脊及一个很窄的后跟座(或称其为1/2齿 脊), 但无前跟座;第二到第五齿脊基本等厚,但第四齿脊颊-舌径最大和稍厚,且有发 育的中沟(cleft); 第二齿脊颊-舌径最小,由此造成齿冠轮廓在第二、三齿脊之间的中谷 处有收缩;后半个齿脊呈齿带状。齿冠舌侧较为陡直,颊侧缓坡状。齿冠长×宽数值为 55.7 mm×41.7 mm。 我国南方更新世剑齿象DP3的齿冠结构十分稳定,4个完整齿脊+前部不完整齿脊+ 后部齿带状跟座,各地点的差异主要表现在第一齿脊的完整程度及强壮程度,而后跟座 的强弱差异不大。柳城巨猿洞的先东方剑齿象(S. preorientalis) (IVPP V 1738)的后跟座 很不发育,而山西新近纪的师氏剑齿象(S. zdanskyi)的DP3只有3个或4个齿脊(Teilhard de Chardin and Trassaert, 1937; Young, 1939)。在大小方面,早更新世的先东方剑齿象、贵 州观音洞及和县龙潭洞的DP3均较大,且具有较大的宽/长比;师氏剑齿象的DP3大小与 更新世的较为一致,但宽/长比很大;杨家湾的DP3宽/长比也较大(图5A)。 DP4 (图4G) 只保存了后4个半齿脊(完整标本应当有7个齿脊)。冠面轮廓近乎矩 形,齿脊平直,颊-舌径近乎等宽,后两个齿脊微弯,最后一个齿脊颊-舌径稍小。4个 齿脊都轻度磨耗,但最后两个齿脊尚未暴露齿质,在倒数第二齿脊上可看到9个乳突, 倒数第三齿脊有少量齿质暴露,倒数第四齿脊的齿质呈串珠状暴露,但齿脊中段的齿质 暴露较多。残存齿冠最大长度为69.1 mm, 齿冠最大宽度为55.8 mm。 M1 (图4H) 只保存了后6个齿脊(完整标本应当有7个齿脊), 其中倒数第四到第二只 保留了部分齿脊,最后两个齿脊的颊-舌径稍小。最后一个齿脊的釉质层保存完好,其 上有9个小乳突,呈中部后弯的弓形;倒数第二齿脊轻度磨耗,齿质呈串珠状出露,大 釉质环尚未联通;倒数第三齿脊中度磨耗,齿质全部暴露,大釉质环已形成,釉质环前 后边基本平行,釉质层稍有褶皱;倒数第二、三齿脊之间舌侧谷口有很大的乳突状结 构。后跟是在齿带状结构上长出3个小乳突。
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