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Journal of Wilderness

APRIL 2002

VOLUME 8, NUMBER 1

FEATURES

EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION

EDITORIAL PERSPECTIVES

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31 Running with the Wild Dogs

Global Wilderness Management Education in Africa

BY MALCOLM DRAPER and ALAN WATSON

Wilderness and IJW as the Century Begins

BY JOHN C. HENDEE

SOUL OF THE WILDERNESS

School Of Lost Borders

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The 7th World Wilderness Congress

Wilderness and Human Communities

BY VANCE G. MARTIN and ANDREW MUIR

Establishes International “Wilderness Passage Rites” Degree

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
STEWARDSHIP

The Zambezi River

Wilderness and T o urism

BY SALLY WYNN

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A Summary of the Report

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Ensuring the Stewardship of the National Wilderness Preservation System

BY PERRY J. BROWN

One Year in the Arctic Wilderness

A Surgeon ’ s Vision for Youth Expeditions

BY MARK EVANS

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Keeping It Wild

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Be Involved in Wilderness Management!

BY TINAMARIE EKKER

WILDERNESS DIGEST

Announcements and Wilderness Calendar

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SCIENCE AND RESEARCH

PERSPECTIVES FROM THE ALDO LEOPOLD

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Letters to the Editor

WILDERNESS RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Managing the Density of Recreation Use

in Wilderness

Book Reviews

Plundered Promise: Capitalism, Politics and the Fate of the Federal Lands

BY DAVID N. COLE

By Richard Behan

20 Restoring Wildness?

Conservation Management on The Isle of Rum

BY BRIAN WOOD

REVIEW BY JOHN SHULTIS

The World and the Wild: Expanding Wilderness Conservation Beyond Its American Roots

Edited by David Rothenberg and Marta Ulvaeus

REVIEW BY JOHN SHULTIS

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Wilderness Attribute Mapping in the United Kingdom

BY STEVE CARVER, ANDY EVANS, and STEFFEN FRITZ

The large FRONT COVER photo shows yuccas at 1,636 m. elevation in Sierra Peña Nevada, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. INSERT PHOTO is of a delicate but pointy cactus in flower, Sierra Madre Oriental, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Both photos © 2001 courtesy of Alan Watson/Forest Light.

Rocky Terrain

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A Look at the Risks in the Outdoor Adventure Industry

A Research Report by the ST. PAUL INSURANCE COMPANIES and OUTWARD BOUND, USA. Reviewed by STEVE HOLLENHORST and KEITH RUSSELL

International Journal of Wilderness

The International Journal of Wilderness links wilderness professionals, scientists, educators, environmentalists, and interested citizens worldwide with a forum for reporting and discussing wilderness ideas and events; inspirational ideas; planning, management, and allocation strategies; education; and research and policy aspects of wilderness stewardship.

EXECUTIVE EDITORS

Alan W. Ewert, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., USA Vance G. Martin, WILD Foundation, Ojai, Calif., USA
Alan Watson, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Missoula, Mont., USA John Shultis, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, B.C., Canada

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

John C. Hendee, Director, University of Idaho Wilderness Research Center, Moscow, Idaho, USA

CO-MANAGING EDITORS

Chad Dawson, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, N.Y., USA
Steve Hollenhorst, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA

WEB MASTER

Wayne A. Freimund, University of Montana, Missoula, Mont., USA

ASSOCIATE EDITORS—INTERNATIONAL

Gordon Cessford, Department of Conservation, W e llington, New Zealand; Karen Fox, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Les Molloy, Heritage W o rks, W e llington, New Zealand; Andrew Muir, South African Wilderness Leadership School, Durbin, South Africa; Ian Player, South Africa National Parks Board and The Wilderness Foundation, Howick, Natal, Republic of South Africa; Vicki A. M. Sahanatien, Fundy National Park, Alma, Canada; Won Sop Shin, Chungbuk National Universit y , C hungbuk, Korea; Anna-Liisa Sippola, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland; Pamela Wright, Bamfield Marine Station, Bamfield, B.C., Canada; Franco Zunino, Associazione Italiana per la Wilderness, Murialdo, Ital y .

ASSOCIATE EDITORS—UNITED STATES

Greg Aplet, The Wilderness Societ y , D enve r , C olo.; Liz Close, U.S. Forest Service, W a shington D.C.; David Cole, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Missoula, Mont.; John Daigle, University of Maine, Orono, Maine; Lewis Glenn, Outward Bound USA, Garrison, N. Y . ; Glenn Haas, Colorado State Univer- sit y , F ort Collins, Colo.; Troy Hall, University of Idaho, Mosco w , I daho; Dr. William Hammit, Clemson Universit y , C lemson, S.C.; Greg Hansen, U.S. Forest Service, Mesa, Ariz.; Dave Harmon, Bureau of Land Management, Portland, Oreg.; Bill Hendricks, California Polytechnic State Universit y , S an Luis Obispo, Calif.; Ed Krumpe, University of Idaho, Mosco w , I daho; Jim Mahoney, Bureau of Land Management, Sierra Vista, Ariz.; Bob Manning, University of V e rmont, Burlington, Vt.; Jeffrey Marion, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, V a .; Leo McAvoy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.; Michael McCloskey, Sierra Club, Washington, D.C.; Christopher Monz, Dean, Sterling College, Craftsbury Common, Vt.; Bob Muth, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.; Connie Myers, Arthur Carhart Wilderness T r aining Cente r , M issoula, Mont.; Roderick Nash, University of California, Santa Barbara, Calif.; David Ostergren, Northern Arizona Universit y , F lagstaff, Ariz.; Marilyn Riley, Wilderness T r ansitions and the Wilderness Guides Council, Ross, Calif.; Joe Roggenbuck, Vir- ginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, V a .; Holmes Rolston III, Colorado State Universit y , F t. Collins, Colo.; Mitch Sakofs, Outward Bound, Garrison, N. Y . ; Susan Sater, U.S. Forest Service, Portland, Oreg.; Tod Schimelpfenig, National Outdoor Leadership School, Lande r , W yo.; Jerry Stokes, U.S. Forest Service, W a shington, D.C.; Elizabeth Thorndike, Cornell Universit y , I thaca, N. Y . ; Jay Watson, The Wilderness Societ y , S an Francisco, Calif.

International Journal of Wilderness (IJW) publishes three issues per year

(April, August, and December). IJW is a not-for-profit publication.
Submissions: Contributions pertinent to wilderness worldwide are solicited, including articles on wilderness planning, management, and allocation strategies; wilderness education, including descriptions of key programs using wilderness for personal growth, therapy, and environmental education; wilderness-related science and research from all disciplines addressing physical, biological, and social aspects of wilderness; and international perspectives describing wilderness worldwide. Articles, commentaries, letters to the editor, photos, book reviews, announcements, and information for the wilderness digest are encouraged. A complete list of manuscript submission guidelines is available from the editors.
Manuscripts to: University of Idaho, Wilderness Research Center, Moscow, ID 83844-1144, USA. Telephone: (208) 885-2267. Fax: (208) 885-2268. E-mail: [email protected].

Business Management and Subscriptions: WILD Foundation, P.O. Box 1380, Ojai, CA 93024, USA. Fax: (805) 640-0230. E-mail: [email protected].

Subscription rates (per volume calendar year): Subscription costs are in U.S. dollars only—$30 for individuals and $50 for organizations/ libraries. Subscriptions from Canada and Mexico, add $10; outside North America, add $20. Back issues are available for $15.
Artwork: Submission of artwork and photographs with captions are encouraged. Photo credits will appear in a byline; artwork may be signed by the author.

All materials printed in the International Journal of Wilderness, copyright

© 2002 by the International Wilderness Leadership (WILD) Foundation. Individuals, and nonprofit libraries acting for them, are permitted to make fair use of material from the journal. ISSN # 1086-5519.
World Wide Website: www.ijw.org. Printed on recycled paper.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATIONS

• Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute • Indiana University, Department of Recreation and Park Administration • National

®

™

Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) • Outward Bound • SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry • The WILD Foundation • The Wilderness Society • University of Idaho Wilderness Research Center • University of Montana, School of Forestry and Wilderness Institute • USDA Forest Service • USDI Bureau of Land Management • USDI Fish and Wildlife Service • USDI National Park Service • Wilderness Foundation (South Africa) • Wilderness Inquiry • Wilderness Leadership School (South Africa)

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APRIL 2002 • VOLUME 8, NUMBER 1

FEATURES

E D I T O R I A L P E R S P E C T I V E S

Wilderness and IJW as the
Century Begins

BY JOHN C. HENDEE

his issue of the IJW (vol. 8, no. 1) begins our eighth year of publication. When the IJW began in 1995, there was excitement and optimism for the role of reflected in the preceding seven

years of the IJ W . This issue dem-

onstrates the diverse and international wilderness interests that have evolved. Vance Martin, USA, and Andrew Muir, South Africa, report on the November 2001 7th WWC. Perry Brown, leader of a U.S. wilderness stewardship evaluation committee presents a summary report of their review and recommendations. Tina Ekker of Wilderness Watch, USA, describes how citizens can—and must—get in-

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wilderness in the expanding environmental movement worldwide. Many important wilderness events followed.
The past seven years have seen important growth in wilderness systems in the United States and around the world. Two more World Wilderness Congresses (WWCs) have been held—the 6th WWC in 1998 held in Bangalore, India, and the 7th WWC in 2001 held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, substantially contributing to the wilderness cultural and technical literature with their proceedings, and expanding the relevance of wilderness internationally. In the United States, the Arthur Carhart Wilderness Training Center has trained hundreds of federal resource managers in wilderness stewardship nationwide, and they now are assisting other countries. The Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute provides leadership for wilderness research nationwide and internationally, and it sponsored the largest ever wilderness science conference in 1999, generating a five-volume proceedings. The University of Montana Wilderness Institute established an online network for easy access to wilderness information for managers, scientists, citizens and students (www.wilderness. net). Wilderness advocates, led by The Wilderness Society (but including many local and regional groups) have strengthened the sophistication and information base of their proposals, making wilderness initiatives all the more compelling. Wilderness experience programs aimed at personal growth and inspiration, led by organizations such as Outward Bound, the National Outdoor Leadership School, and Wilderness Inquiry, have created a movement now involving hundreds of programs worldwide for youth and adults.

Article author John C. Hendee.

volved in wilderness stewardship to support and critique agency efforts. David Cole, eminent wilderness scientist, USA, provides perspective on managing density of wilderness recreation use.
International articles report on restoring wilderness on the
Isle of Rum (Brian Wood); wilderness attribute mapping in the United Kingdom (Steve Carver, Andy Evans, and Steffen Fritz); global wilderness management training in Africa (Malcolm Draper and Alan Watson); and wilderness and tourism on the Zambezi River (Sally Wynn). Mark Evans gives his “surgeon’s vision” of one year in the Arctic wilderness, and Kevin Proescholdt reports on what 75 years of protection can do (in the Boundary Waters Wilderness of Northern Minnesota).
Enjoy this issue, and stay involved in the wilderness

movement with the IJ W .

JOHN C. HENDEE is IJW editor-in-chief, Professor and Director of the University of Idaho Wilderness Research Center. E-mail: [email protected].

Today wilderness has a stronger presence in natural resource conservation than ever before. This progress and promise is

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FEATURES

S O U L O F T H E W I L D E R N E S S

The 7th
World Wilderness Congress

Wilderness and Human Communities

BY VANCE G. MARTIN and ANDREW MUIR

he World Wilderness Congress (WWC) returned to its African roots in November 2001 when it met in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The 7th WWC—
Africa (Port Elizabeth), 2001—and is the longest-running international public environmental forum. A project of The WILD Foundation, each WWC is hosted by a local nongovernmental organization (NGO) in partnership with WILD and a number of relevant host-country organizations, agencies, and companies. The WWC has no central, ongoing budget and must raise its funds each time from local, regional, and international sources. It meets when timing, issues, needs, and resources converge.
In the recognition that the world is only diversifying more rapidly and in all ways, an important principle in planning and implementing the WWC is “focused diversity.” Despite the difficulties inherent in such an approach, solutions are ultimately more effective and long-lasting when crafted by diverse but focused input—including technical, cultural, political, financial, social, and spiritual—and through a process that utilizes different methods of thinking, assimilation, and living. Therefore, the WWC is multidisciplinary and involves a range of people and perspectives—from ministers of state to philosophers, scientists to game rangers, businesspeople to artists—representing government, education, the private sector, and NGOs.

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after a planning period beset with political, financial, timing, and terrorism-related issues—was arguably the most productive of the WWC series, which began in Africa in 1977. And, by unanimous agreement, both the debate and the after-hours sessions were filled with an enlivening spirit that overpowered the issues and obstacles, making the road to practical accomplishments both productive, enjoyable, and full of hope and anticipation.
The WWC has convened seven times—South Africa
(Johannesburg), 1977; Australia, 1980; Scotland, 1983; United States, 1987; Norway, 1993; India, 1998; South

In planning the 7th WWC and aiming for quality objectives and accomplishments, an even higher priority than usual was placed on professional, racial, and gender diversity. This began with the membership of the Executive Committee itself, which was charged with overseeing all aspects of the 7th WWC, and included senior figures in politics, finance, business, and culture from government, private, and NGO sectors—both men and women, the majority being nonwhite. The body of 7th WWC delegates—700

Article co-authors (left to right) Andrew Muir and Vance G. Martin.

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people from 45 nations—included almost 250 nonwhite field professionals, community activists, and others on full scholarship provided by the 7th WWC. Also among the delegates were 25 to 30 members of South Africa’s National Parliament from the Environment Portfolio Committee—a tremendous symbol of South Africa political interest in the 7th WWC.
The program also reflected significant professional and racial diversity. The content was presented by a majority of either nonwhite professionals, or by multiracial partnerships. Female presenters were encouraged and included as often as possible. Further, the structure of the program was designed to use both right and left brain functions, the heart as well as the head, by interspersing cultural elements, outdoor social functions, and field trips with the normal plenary, working sessions, and panels. In addition, the service aspects of the 7th WWC included, and directed benefits to, many local communities in the local area and in South Africa as a whole—such as the making of delegate badges, briefcases made of native materials, special taxi-driver training, daily cultural programs, community workshops, craft production and sales, and more.

• Private Sector Wilderness—

Shamwari, a private game reserve outside Port Elizabeth, announced the first private sector wilderness in Africa, and a unique and creative legal structure for its designation. The reserve’s lawyers worked with owner Adrian Gardiner to draft legal title restrictions to declare and protect over 3,000 hectares (7,500 acres)— or 16% of Shamwari—as wilderness, placed under legal servitude to the Wilderness Foundation of South Africa, founded by Ian Player and headed by Andrew Muir. Within 24 hours, other private landowners at the WWC announced that they would do the same, including two from Namibia, Carl Hilker and Albie Brueckner.

As much as it emphasizes a holistic approach to creating conservation solutions, the WWC is also action-oriented and strives to produce practical results through collaboration and cooperation. Some notable results include:

• Immediate Funding—The Glo-

bal Environmental Facility of the World Bank announced grants of $1 million each to the Baviaanskloof Wilderness Area in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and to Angola to assist the Kissama Foundation’s work to rehabilitate Angola’s Quiçama National Park.

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of South Africa, all the way through Namibia, into southern Angola.

• New Fundraising Initiatives—

Additional funding for wilderness will come through three new initiatives: My Acre of Africa, the African Protected Areas Initiative, and the Ian Player Wilderness Experience Scholarship Fund. My Acre of Africa is an Internet-based public fundraising strategy for southern African parks, protected areas, and local communities. (Details are available at www.myacreof africa.com.) The African Protected Areas Initiative is a strategy to be developed and launched at the 5th World Parks Congress in Durban in June 2003 with numerous international agencies, funders, and NGOs to address the need for additional funding for all African protected areas. Finally, a new scholarship program to support members of economically and socially disadvantaged communities in experiencing wilderness areas— the Ian Player Scholarship Fund— was launched and initially funded during the 7th WWC.

public parks and private conserva-

• Wilderness Legislation—Wilder-

ness conservation efforts in Africa received a boost through an announcement at the WWC by the government of Namibia that it was in the process of drafting national wilderness legislation to cover both tion areas. There are also plans for a new wilderness national park in southwestern Namibia, as well as a three-country transfrontier park (with wilderness zones) stretching from the Northern Cape Province

• Conservation Education—Private

sector support for environmental education came from Johnnic Holdings Ltd, South Africa’s media giant and one of the country’s largest black-controlled companies. Chairman Cyril Ramaphosa announced that conservation education was now one of only two top priorities in his group’s corporate social and community outreach program.

• Tropical Forests—Potential

United States legislation to help protect tropical forests was also announced at the WWC. Congressman

Linda Tucker, author, discusses a session with Patience Koloko, (President, SA Traditional Healers Association). Photo © The WILD Foundation.

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E. Clay Shaw announced the imminent introduction into the U.S. Congress of a bill addressing the need to stem the tide of unsustainable logging of tropical forests, using a number of different financial mechanisms such as debt swaps and the buyback of logging rights.

Port Elizabeth Accord

of the

7th World Wilderness Congress

8 N OV E M B E R 2 0 0 1

At this time in our history, when the shadow of uncertainty pervades our thoughts and the presence of peril dictates our actions, all of our aspirations and initiatives must by necessity be positive, determined, visionary, collaborative.
It is with this realization that 700 delegates from 42 nations convened in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, for the 7th World Wilderness Congress.
During the course of a week of presentations, consultations, debates, and decisions by a diverse array of people, cultures, professions, and perspectives, covering both challenges and solutions, some certainties were confirmed, namely that: