Décadrages, 34-36 | 2017 L’Œuvre Composite De Christian Marclay, Ou Les Migrations New-Yorkaises Du Ré

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Décadrages, 34-36 | 2017 L’Œuvre Composite De Christian Marclay, Ou Les Migrations New-Yorkaises Du Ré Décadrages Cinéma, à travers champs 34-36 | 2017 Cinéma de re-montage L’œuvre composite de Christian Marclay, ou les migrations new-yorkaises du réemploi à travers les domaines de l’art, entre 1977 et 1982 Jean-Michel Baconnier Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/decadrages/1122 DOI : 10.4000/decadrages.1122 ISSN : 2297-5977 Éditeur Association Décadrages Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 mai 2017 Pagination : 179-201 ISBN : 978-2-9700963-3-7 ISSN : 2235-7823 Référence électronique Jean-Michel Baconnier, « L’œuvre composite de Christian Marclay, ou les migrations new-yorkaises du réemploi à travers les domaines de l’art, entre 1977 et 1982 », Décadrages [En ligne], 34-36 | 2017, mis en ligne le 19 août 2019, consulté le 23 septembre 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ decadrages/1122 ; DOI : 10.4000/decadrages.1122 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 23 septembre 2019. ® Décadrages L’œuvre composite de Christian Marclay, ou les migrations new-yorkaises du ré... 1 L’œuvre composite de Christian Marclay, ou les migrations new- yorkaises du réemploi à travers les domaines de l’art, entre 1977 et 1982 Jean-Michel Baconnier 1 COMME LE MENTIONNENT Yann Beauvais et Jean-Michel Bouhours, les exemples de gestes de réemploi de matériaux culturels dans l’art du XXe siècle sont légion1. Le passage des images d’un contexte historique et culturel à un autre couvre un large spectre de domaines visuels, de formats et de supports (peinture, installation, photographie, cinéma, affiche, etc.)2. Cette migration ne se limite pas aux arts plastiques, puisqu’elle se déploie aussi dans les arts sonores et la littérature. En outre, ces pratiques de réutilisation esthétique font régulièrement l’objet de discussions sans pour autant donner lieu à une véritable unification terminologique. Ainsi, comme le constate Georges Roque, au gré des auteurs, « nous trouvons un grand nombre de termes utilisés de façon plus ou moins équivalente : ‹ citation ›, ‹ clin d’œil ›, ‹ emprunt ›, ‹ influence ›, ‹ imitation › (dans une de ses acceptions : ‹ action de prendre l’œuvre d’un autre pour modèle et s’en inspirer › [Le Petit Robert]), ‹ détournement ›, ‹ plagiat ›, ‹ appropriation ›, etc. »3 Roque tente de préciser ce glossaire en le structurant à l’aide d’un corpus de catégories et de définitions qu’il classe en fonction de leur régime opératoire. Pour notre part, à défaut d’assigner une logique d’usage définitive à ces vocables notionnels, nous tenterons de maintenir une cohérence en les limitant aux domaines artistiques auxquels ils sont généralement liés : l’appropriation et le détournement dans les arts visuels, le found footage et le remontage dans le cinéma et la vidéo, le sample, le remix et le mashup dans la musique rap, par exemple. Cette précaution d’usage nous permet d’éclairer les enjeux esthétiques d’opérations de réemploi qui s’exercent à travers des champs artistiques ancrés dans des milieux socioculturels hétérogènes. A cet égard, les termes de réemploi et de recyclage, précise encore Roque, « impliquent un cycle, une Décadrages, 34-36 | 2017 L’œuvre composite de Christian Marclay, ou les migrations new-yorkaises du ré... 2 ‹ vie › d’une œuvre »4. Ce processus de mise en boucle peut s’envisager au niveau d’une seconde vie de matériaux iconographiques et sonores, avec plus d’épaisseur encore lorsque celle-ci coïncide avec une période d’intenses mouvements sociaux, comme ceux engendrés par la crise financière, culturelle et identitaire aux Etats-Unis, entre 1975 et 1980, suite à la guerre du Viêt Nam, à l’affaire du Watergate et à une ségrégation toujours rampante5. Toutefois, si ces deux vocables – réemploi et recyclage – induisent un processus générique de relance, le premier détermine un usage peut-être trop spécifique à un matériau esthétique qui le cantonne à une fonction prédéterminée (c’est-à-dire qui astreindrait une propriété fonctionnaliste à la réutilisation, au risque d’annuler de fait les effets esthétiques du réemploi : détournement, insertion, amplification, etc.), tandis que le second implique une dimension écologique sur laquelle nous pourrions nous méprendre, en l’appréhendant d’un point de vue climatique. En revanche, cette connotation écologique a le mérite d’introduire la prise en compte d’un environnement qui s’organise par le biais de ses interactions avec les composantes humaines et non humaines qui le structurent. Autrement dit, la notion d’écologie met en lumière le fait qu’un processus de recyclage iconographique peut trouver son sens dans une prise en considération du contexte dans lequel il opère. 2 Dans le cadre de cet article, nous ne nous risquerons pas à retracer une histoire de la « seconde main » dans les pratiques artistiques ou de proposer une typologie exhaustive des régimes du réemploi dans l’art (ce à quoi s’appliquent respectivement Christa Blümlinger et Nicole Brenez6 par rapport aux pratiques du cinéma expérimental). Dans un premier temps, nous souhaitons plus modestement revenir sur la scène de la contre-culture new-yorkaise au milieu des années 1970 qui voit l’émergence de nombreux artistes utilisant des procédés esthétiques de recyclage dans le domaine des arts visuels, du cinéma et de la musique, à l’époque d’une profonde remise en question de la société de consommation et du conformisme culturel de la classe moyenne américaine. Nous nous arrêterons donc sur les scènes de l’Appropriation Art, du Hip-hop et du cinéma underground qui proposaient à leur manière une alternative, parfois paradoxale, souvent divergente (en regard de leurs motivations respectives), au divertissement culturel de masse et consumériste. En effet, la manipulation critique des codes des images médiatiques par des artistes comme Richard Prince ou Barbara Kruger n’est évidemment pas basée sur les mêmes enjeux que ceux qui poussent des personnages comme DJ Kool Herc ou Afrika Bambaataa à fédérer culturellement des gangs du Bronx à travers le Hip-hop afin d’exister dans une société qui les stigmatise et les condamne à vivre dans des taudis (constituant ainsi la face dub du rêve américain). Au sein de cette classe de laissés pour compte se développe tout un art du recyclage dans lequel des techniques musicales comme le cut et le sampling s’épanouiront. 3 On l’aura compris, les modalités du réemploi pratiquées par divers artistes dans les années 1970 nous semblent intéressantes non seulement parce qu’elles traversent différents champs de production esthétique, mais aussi parce que cette circulation participe à une forme de décloisonnement socioculturel complexe et équivoque entre différentes communautés. Ces points de jonction engendrent de façon sporadique des interactions entre les quartiers du ghetto et ceux du centre-ville de New York. Sur une échelle territoriale plus large, d’autres croisements émergent, comme celui entre les scènes de l’art de la côte Ouest et de la côte Est – notamment avec l’arrivée à New York de jeunes artistes tels que Jack Goldstein (qui fera d’abord un détour par Buffalo), Matt Décadrages, 34-36 | 2017 L’œuvre composite de Christian Marclay, ou les migrations new-yorkaises du ré... 3 Mullican, David Salle et James Welling suite à leurs études avec John Baldessari à CalArts (à Valencia, dans la banlieue de Los Angeles). Selon le critique d’art Douglas Crimp, la plupart d’entre eux apparaîtront comme les figures de proue de l’ Appropriation Art, dès 19777. Plus précisément, ils feront tous les cinq partie de la Pictures Generation (ils seront ainsi exposés à l’occasion de la rétrospective au titre homonyme organisée par Douglas Eklund au Metropolitan Museum of Art à New York, en 20089). D’autres artistes de cette mouvance viennent de Buffalo, comme Cindy Sherman et Robert Longo. Ils fondent dans cette ville, en 1974, avec Charles Clough, Diane Bertolo, Nancy Dwyer, Larry Lundy et Michael Zwack, l’espace indépendant Hallwalls9. Ce lieu, toujours en activité, propose dès ses débuts une programmation interdisciplinaire à travers l’organisation d’expositions, de concerts, de projections et de performances. Christian Marclay y présente d’ailleurs le 14 avril 1984 à 20h30 une composition pour multiples platines et enregistrements ayant pour titre Wish She Was Alive10. L’un des objectifs des membres fondateurs de Hallwalls était non seulement de disposer d’un endroit pour diffuser le travail d’artistes locaux et le leur, mais aussi d’inviter des artistes d’autres villes. Ce postulat leur a permis de créer notamment des liens avec les scènes artistiques de New York et de Los Angeles en organisant des échanges, comme celui proposé par Robert Longo, du 11au 31 mars 1977, intitulé Resemblance. Dans le cadre de cet événement ont été présentées les œuvres de Troy Brauntuch, Matt Mullican, Paul McMahon, Jack Goldstein et David Salle, dont la plupart feront partie de l’exposition Pictures réalisée par Crimp à New York en septembre de la même année. 4 Cependant, le séisme social qui secoue le pays durant les années 1960, à travers les mouvements contestataires rythmés par des émeutes, n’a pas pour autant fait tomber tous les murs de la ségrégation des minorités11. Par exemple, dans le milieu du Hip-hop new-yorkais, il faut attendre le début des années 1980 pour que se rencontrent, dans les sous-sols de la contre-culture qui aspire à la lumière de la reconnaissance planétaire, des rappeurs afro-américains du Bronx et des rockers blancs de downtown12. Dans ce sens, il n’est pas possible d’avancer unanimement que des gestes de réemploi esthétique et les réagencements formels d’œuvres recyclées ont provoqué par analogie une reconfiguration et un rapprochement entre des communautés. Cette hypothèse demanderait une investigation bien plus détaillée que le panorama que nous esquissons dans le cadre de cet article, mais nous proposerons ici les prémices d’une telle étude.
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