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Philosophy and Theology, Being the First ( t % #^^ PRINCETON, N. J. BL 51 .S78 1890 c.2 1 Stirling, James Hutchison, 1820-1909. 5/4^^ Philosophy and theology '^^i^ i?^-v g^^2?^^v!?t-. rf5 £^ ••J^. o THE FIRST EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY GIFFORD LECTURES. PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB, FOR T. & T. CLARK, EDINBURGH LONDON, n.VMILTON, ADAMS, AND 00. DUBLIN, GEORGE HERBERT KEW YORK, SCRIBNER AND WELFORD. PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY BEING THE FIRST EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY 4rIIFFORD LECTURES JAMES HUTCHISOX STIELING, LL.D. (Edin.) FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF BERLIN GIFFORD LECTURER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, lSSS-90 EDINBURGH T. & T. CLARK, 38 GEORGE STREET 1890 \_All Rights Eeserved.] These Lectures are published at the request of the Senatus Academicus of the University of Edinburgh in agreement with the terms of the Gifford Bequest. Further, tliey explain themselves. CONTENTS. GIFFORD LECTURE THE FIRST. THE BEQUEST OP LORD GIFFORD—ITS CONDITIONS. PAGE — — — —God Introductory Lord Gifford The bequest— The lectureships— really all in all to Lord Gifford The lecturers Natural theo- the science—The immediate lecturer—The three logy —only — — — — Churches Feeling Understanding Both Intolerance — Reason as reason—The positive—Rationalism—Auflvliirung " " — of the time—Tom Paines of Advanced— views The— temper — the tap No -God men What is really the—new The pre- judice against belief—Duty of philosophy now Sacred books— Those of the Hebrews—Discrepancies—Buckle, Hume, Voltaire —Historical anachronism, 3-2G GIFFORD LECTURE THE SECOND. NATURAL THEOLOGY—HOW TO BE TREATED. — — Natural theology, what is it?—Usual answers Hutcheson Varro —The Middle Ages—Raymund of Sebondc—Rays, Paleys, etc. —Till 1860—Since—Philosophies of religion—Pagan gods—De Quincey, Augustine, Cicero, Pliny, Juvenal,— Herodotus, Aulus— Gellius—The proofs historically treated That the theme Plotinus, Augustine—Natural theology not possibly a physical science—Understanding and faith, Augustine, Anselm— — The Monotheism alone religion proper course, affirmative,— negative—China, India, Colebrooke, Ras bihari Mukharji Hindu texts (Gnostics)—Hesiod, 21-40 Vlll CONTENTS. GIFFORD LECTURE THE THIRD. HISTORICAL TREATMENT OF THE I'ROOFS—ANAXAGORAS. PAGE Filial causes—The four Aristotelian causes—Are there final causes in nature—Matter and form—Other causes only to realize the final causes—Cudworth—Adam Smith—The proofs, number, order, etc. —Teleology—Anaxagoras—Socrates in the Phfedo— Xenophoii—Plato—Socrates on Anaxagoras—The causes to- — — Maxwell — gether, concrete— —"Abstract"— Forces,— Clerk — Heraclitus Newton Buckle Descartes Gassendi Bacon on— causes, metaphysics, and forms—The uoiJs (7^o?w) of Anaxagoras Bacon on design—Reid, Newton, Hume on design—Newton, 41-59 GIFFORD LECTURE THE FOURTH. ANAXAGORAS AND DESIGN. Anaxagoras, the vovs —Aristotle —Understanding—Pythagoreans— — —The volJ; to Pantheism Lord— Giff'ord^Baghavad Gita — Socrates,— Plato, Aristotle Grote, Schwegler,— Zeller The world—a life Berkeley, Cudworth,— Plato, Zorzi Subject —and object— Nature and thought Externality and internality —Bruno Universal— and particular—Spinoza—Physical theories Space and time Hodgson, Carlyle, Berkeley, Reid, Leibnitz, Kant—But for an eye and an ear, the world utterly dark, utterly silent, . 60-78 GIFFORD LECTURE THE FIFTH. DESIGN GENERALLY—SOCRATES. — — Astronomy, space, time, the voiJ; Kant, Fichte, Schelling Carlyle, — — Plato—Aristotle—A — The the Sartor Emerson — beginning want of eye and ear again Deafness and blindness—together —Design restored —Thomson—Diogenes of ApoUonia Socrates — — and — Meteorology and practical action— Morality ethicality— — The first teleological argument Proofs of design Bacon Socrates finally, 79-96 GIFFORD LECTURE THE SIXTH. DESIGN—PLATO. — — — to Socrates—Monotheism Plato His position His prose Indebted — —The popular gods— Socrates' one principle— His method Universalized by Plato—Epinomis—The Timaeiis—The eyes, etc. —Kant liere—Subject and object—Mechanical and final CONTENTS. IX PAGE causes—The former only /or the latter— Identity and difference —Creation, the world—Time and eternity—The Christian Trinity—The two goods—Religion, the Laws—Prayer—Super- stition —Hume, Dugald Stewart, Samuel Johnson, Buckle—The Platonic duality—Necessity and contingency—Plato's work, 97-114 GIFFORD LECTURE THE SEVENTH. THE SOPHISTS —THEIR NEGATIVE, ARISTOTLE. Sophists—Aufkliirung—Disbelief, Simon of Tournay, Amalrich of Bena, David of Dinant— Italian philosophers, Geneva Socinians, Bacon, Hobbes, the Deists, Locke, Descartes, Spinoza—Hume, Gibbon—Germany, Reimarus, etc. —Klopstock, Lavater—Less- ing, Hamann, Herder, Jacobi—Goethe, Schiller, Jean Paul— —France—Kant and his successors— of Carlj^le — — Necessary end such—movements Cosmological argument Locke, Clarke, Leib- nitz Aristotle—Dependency— Potentiality and actuality — A beginning—Aristotle and design—Mr. Darwin's mistake—Em- pedocles and the survival of the fittest, .... 115-134 GIFFORD LECTURE THE EIGHTH. ARISTOTLE AND THE PROOFS. Aristotle and design—Matter and form—Abstraction—Trinity—The ascent—The four causes—A first mover—Lambda of the Meta- physic — The hymn of Aristotle — Speculation — Mankind— Erdmann—Theory and practice —Nature—Kant, Byron, Mme. de Genlis—Aristotle's ethic and politic—God—Cicero—Time— — Buffon—Plato and Aristotle—Immanent Div- Design Hume, — — — — inity and— transcendent— Deity Schwegler Bonitz The soul— Unity Homer The Greek —movement up to Aristotle, Biese The Germans— and Ai'istotle Cuvier, Owen, Franzius, Johann von Miiller Darwin—Aristotle in conclusion, . 135-156 GIFFORD LECTURE THE NINTH. THE SECTS AND THE PROOFS—CICEKO. The Sects—The Skeptics—The Epicureans—Epicurus—Leucippus and Democritus—Aristotle, Plato—Stoics, Pantheism —Chry- sippus—Origin of evil—Antithesis—Negation—Epictetus—The Nco-Platonists—Important six hundred years^Course of his- X CONTENTS. — — PAGE tory—Kcflection at last—Aufkliirung, Revolution Eome The atom, the Caesar—The despair of the old, the hope of the — — — Ascetic- new Paganism, Christianity Tlie State The temple— — ism—Philosophy, the East, Alexandria—The Neo-Platonists — — all in him—All Ecstasy Cicero Paley and the others — pro- bably due to Aristotle — Sextus—Philo Judaeus Minucius Felix—Cicero now as to Dr. Alexander Thomson and the Germans—A word in defence, 157-176 GIFFOPD LECTUPvE THE TENTH. THE FATHERS—ANSELM. Cicero—To Anselm—The Fathers—Seneca, Plin^', Tacitus—God to the the early Fathers—Common consent in the individual aud race — Cicero — Irenaeus, Tertullian, Chrysostom, Arnobius, Clement of Alexandria, Lactantius, Cyril of Alexandria, Julian, Gregory of Nyssa, and others, Athanasius—Reid, religion, superstition—The Bible—F. C. Baur—Anselm—His argument from —The College Essay of 1838—Dr. Fleming—Dlustrations the essay—Gaunilo—Mr. Lewes—Ueberweg, Erdmann, Hegel— The Monologium—Augustine and Boethius—The Proslogium—— Finite and infinite—What the argument really means Des- cartes—Knowledge and belief, 177-193 GIFFORD LECTURE THE ELEVENTH. INTRODUCTORY—LORD GIFFORD'S ESSAYS. Lectures by Lord Gilford—By whom edited—Germane to, aud illus- trative natural Number and nature—Their of, theology— literaiy— excellence—Even poetical—Der laute Lcirni des Tages On attention—On St. Bernard of Clairvaux—(Luther, Gibbon)— What Lord Gilford admires—The spirit of religion—The Trinity — — — — —Un- Emerson, Spinoza Substance— Brahmanism —Religion — derstanding and reason Metaphysical terms —JIaterialism Literary enthusiasm—Technical shortcomings Emerson and Carlyle—Social intercourse—Humanity—Liberality and toler- ance—Faith—Mesmerism—Ebenezer Elliott—An open sense to evidence 197-216 GIFFORD LECTURE THE TWELFTH. THE NEGATIVE—HUME. A settlement for faith Lord Gifford's object—Of our single theme the negative half now—Objections to, or refutations of, the CONTENTS. XI PAGE proofs —Negative not necessarily or predominatingly modern, Kant, Darwin—The ancient negative, the Greeks, Pythagoreans, Ionics, Eleatics, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Democritus, (Bacon), Anaxagoras, Socrates, Sophists, Diagoras, Aristotle, Aristoxenus, Dicaearchus, Strato, (Hume, Cudworth), Aristophanes, etc. — Rome—Modern Hume and the seventeen — Europe, France,— atheists Epochs of atheism David— Hume, his influence^To— — many a passion and a pi'ejudice Brougham, Buckle Style ! Taste ! — Blair—Hume's John Home taste, Pope,— Shakespeare,— —Othello —The French to Hume Mr. Pope ! Some bygone litterateurs — and character of Hume — Personality— — — Jokes, stories, Kant, Aristotle The Scotch The Epigoniad America— —Germany — Generosity, affection, friendship, hospitality Smollett—Burke—but Hume, honest, genuine, and even re- ligious and pious, 217-242 GIFFORD LECTURE THE THIRTEENTH. THE NEGATIVE AND HUME {continued). The Dialogues concerning Natural Religion—Long consideration and — Hume's repeated revision of them Their publication, — anxiety for, his friends' difficulties with—Style, Cicero Words and — old new—The earlier works— things, Quintilian Styles, and — The Treatise—The, Enquiry, Rosenkranz—Hume's— provision Locke, Berkeley—Ideas—Connection in them Applied to the — of question of a Deity—Of a Particular Providence Extension the cause inferred, to be proportioned only to that of the given effect—Applied to the cause of the world—Natural theology to Hume— in Plutarch—Greek—The order of Chrysippus argu-— mentation—The outological—Matter the necessary existence — insufficient The cosmological answers that Infinite contingencies — for one necessity—The teleological—Analogy inapplicable Hume's own example,
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