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Tial Vindication of Terrien De Lacouperie Quest: An African Journal of Philosophy / Revue Africaine de Philosophie , vols 23-24 (2009-2010), nos 1-2D 1-398 Chapter 7. Y+ J,ng and 9est Asia3 A par1 tial vindication of Terrien de -acouperie 7.1 Int od.ction Throughout our argument so far we have come bac2 to 01 J2ng , a classic Chinese wisdom text, the focus of a correlative system that contains a comprehensive cosmology addressing all aspects of human society and the universe, and that is expressed, in the first place in eight trigrams (Efigures consisting of three su- perimposed lines=, each line bro2en or unbro2en), each with their own multidimensional meanings, and in the second place 64 combinations of two trigrams superim- posed one upon the other 9 the hexagrams (Efigures consisting of six superimposed lines=), with complex and dynamically shifting (Echanging=) correlative meanings. 1hen a random generator (a material apparatus producing highly specific and discrete chance outcomes, e.g. coins that are thrown, or numbered yarrow stal2s that are cast) is coupled to a particular algorithm to translate the chance outcome into specifically one of the 64 combinations, and is interpreted by reference to a catalogue of divinatory meanings, 01 J2ng may be used as a powerful oracle, which during most of China=s recorded history has compelled immense respect. 01 J2ng became 2nown to 0urope (cf . Smith 2012) as a result of the communications of Aesuit Christian missionaries wor2ing in China from the late 16th century onwards. The famous German mathematician and philosopher G.1. .eibni: (1646- 1716 C08 .eibni: 1984), on the basis of Aesuits= reports from China, was the first to recognise the system=s binary numerical implications. The idea of an ,ncient 3esopotamian origin of the Chinese people 179 and 179 ,ccording to Terrien this postulated people lin2ing ,ncient 3esopotamia to China, was named ⊖ᆓ EBa2 Sing= 9 the attested (Cantonese) Chinese expression 215 1im van Binsbergen, Before the Presocratics of 01 J2ng was launched, both in well-received lectures before the Royal ,siatic Society, .ondon, and in numerous publications, 180 by the distin- guished 6rench-British Sinologist ,.0.A.-B. Terrien de .acouperie, who at the time of his untimely death from typhoid fever was professor of Indo-Chinese linguistics at 5niversity College .ondon, one of the princi- pal institutions of higher learning in the 5nited Kingdom. In the present Chapter, after vindicating the stature of Terrien=s scholarship and situat- ing it in its own time and age, I will summarise his theory as to the 1est- ern origin of the Chinese people and of the 01 J2ng in ,ncient 3esopotamia, consider its wea2nesses, and dismiss his reductionist view which until then was interpreted as meaning Ethe i foundational j Cundred 6amilies= of ,ncient China= ( cf. de Carle: 1895, where po-hsing ). Terrien=s proposal has been greatly ridiculed, yet its underlying principle is sound, and has a considerable com- parative and theoretical foundation (van Binsbergen & 1oudhui:en 2011D Ch. 2)D when ethnonyms and toponyms travel, they are li2ely to be altered in accordance with the local phonology of the destination where they end up, and to be reinterpreted by popular etymology there (so one of the great challenges of ethnic history is to deci- pher the resulting pu::les). , strong indication that this is what happened lies in the fact that in the Bron:e ,ge, the lexical e4uivalent of ⊖ᆓ would have been pro- nounced differently from Ba2 Sing (rather as SUÃN VHčV , Preclassic Ild Chinese, cf . Starostin & Starostin, 1998-2008, EChinese characters= and ESino-Tibetan etymol- ogy=). The ,rmenologist Karst (1931aD 287) proposed to identify Terrien=s (otherwise unattested) EBa2 (Sing)= with the attested Central ,sian names EKetshi=, EKetsg=, EKotchi=, EKgtsché=. In passing, note the assonance with the personal name / eth- nonym / place name Kush (according to Genesis 10 a Eson= / division of am, and 9 although am in that connection is mainly associated with the ,frican continent 9 significantly associated with 6esopotamia as the Efather / overarching unit= of Nim- rod 9 the hunter, first 2ing and (through his tower) challenger of Ceaven. (Inciden- tally, Nimrod is the 3esopotamian counterpart of the N2oya legendary 2ing Kapesh whom we shall meet below, but the N2oya name seems unrelated to the Central ,sian cluster of names.) In such languages as ESchrift-Iiratisch= of 1estern China, in Tuvan, and in Kalmu2, ketsS occurs with the meaning of Ehard, bold= (Poppe 1964D 2048 Bayarma Khabtagaeva 2009D 43), from proto-,ltaic hkiItid , with the same meaning, and with reflexes in Tur2ic, 3ongolian, Tungus-3anchu, Korean and Aapanese (Starostin & Starostin 1998-2008, s.v. E,ltaic etymology=). In Aapanese, moreover, ketsS , means Eblood= and also stands for a particular form of identitary rhetoric. These semantics may produce plausible ethnonyms. Below we will find indications that the Terrien=s postulatded ethnonym may have belonged to a proto- Bantuoid-spea2ing cluster of 1est ,sian Blac2s, and if this ma2es sense, the Uoriginal name may be analysed as > ED@ .VLQJ , with ED - as plural personal prefix (as in Common Bantu), and .VLQJ close enough to EKetshi=, EKetsg=, EKotchi=, EKgtsché=. 1erner (1984 / 1922D 13), while re(ecting the identification of ⊖ᆓ with any simi- larly-sounding 1est or Central ,sian ethnonym, accepts the possibility of an ,2- 2adian or Khotan origin of Chinese civilisation. 180 Terrien de .acouperie 1880, 1882, 1887a, 1887b, 1888a, 1888b, 1890, 1892a, 1892b, 1894, 1897. 6or provisional bibliographies, cf . ,nonymous 2012. 216 Quest: An African Journal of Philosophy / Revue Africaine de Philosophie , vols 23-24 (2009-2010), nos 1-2D 1-398 of the wholesale origin of the Chinese. Cowever, I will also maintain that his point concerning the 1estern origin of 01 J2ng grosso modo still stands, adducing new material to that effect . 7.2. The stat. e of Te ien de Laco.pe ie6s schola ship ,pparently unfamiliar with the meaning of E5niversity College= in the .ondon / 5nited Kingdom context, the Aapanese scholar Yoshihiro (2003) ma2es of Terrien an obscure scholar Ein the fringes of academic life= i Ea mere college=]X 9 1vB j, allegedly Eonly publishing in his own (our- nal=, i.e. Babylonian f Oriental Record .181 Concerning Terrien=s theory of decisive 3esopotamian influence on the rise of Chinese civilisation, and specifically of 01 J2ng , Yoshihiro gives the impression that it has long been refuted. Characterisations such as Efancyfull= i sic j, Efantasist=, Eobscure=, Einfamous=, Ea failure=, Einvented the Ba2 Sing tribes=, Especul- ative extremes=, Etoo sanguine speculation=, Eingenious but indigent i V Epoor= j=, etc. are also found in other, cursory reviews of Terrien as author of an external theory of the rise of Chinese civilisation. 182 3ore to the point and less anachronistic is the assessment by Blagden (1913), of Terrien as Ehighly imaginative and brilliant, but not always reliable=. Such unusually passionate 4ualifications do not sound as if their ob(ect is getting a fair deal 9 rather, as if the spea2ers have, in terms of ideology and self-interest, a chip on their shoulder. The truth is that Terrien, con- sidering the relatively short span of his academic life, had an ama:ing output, and both phenomenal and surprisingly lasting success. ,mong his achievements we may count pioneering wor2 in general linguistics, Chi- nese historical syntax, the identification of pre-Chinese languages of 0ast 181 I am touchy on this point because similar accusations could be, and have been, levelled at myself. If course, publishing in scholarly (ournals that one does not directly or (via old-boy ties) indirectly control, allows one=s wor2 to be ob(ectively and critically assessed in the light of current standards of scholarship. 6or interdisci- plinary and pioneering wor2 this is not always an ade4uate solution. 3oreover, we must avoid anachronisms on this pointD the peer-reviewed scientific (ournal, instead of the boo2, only emerged as a dominant, even compelling, standard of scholarly 4uality in the second half of the 20 th century, way after Terrien=s time. 1hat is more, publish- ing in one=s own (ournal is sometimes a means to contribute to that (ournal=s 4uality and continuity. 6inally, loo2ing at Terrien=s enormous productivity I suspect, on the basis of personal parallels, that he chose the 4uic2est publication venue with the least hurdles, simply to get things over and done with, and to have his hands free for the next challenge and the next text. 182 Cordier 18958 ,ndrews 19258 Yetts 19258 Girardot 20058 Kroeber 19408 ,rm- strong 19458 .evenson & Schurmann 1969D 98 Rutt 2002 / 1996D 728 .eibold 2011. 217 1im van Binsbergen, Before the Presocratics ,sia, decisive systematic wor2 on 0ast ,sian numismatics, important contributions to the history of Buddhism and of South ,sian, Central ,sian and 0ast ,sian writing systems and scriptures, the ethnography and linguistic description of 6ormosa, the archaeology of Korea, explorations in ,ssyriology, and the first recognition of the stri2ing similarities be- tween the Indus valley and 0aster Island (pseudo-)scripts. 6amous and soon, posthumously, notorious 183 for his theory of the ,ncient 3esopo- tamian indebtedness of Chinese civilisation, this was by no means his principal contribution to scholarship. No informed scholar would expect the fruits of Sinology and ,ssyriology from the 1880s to survive the confrontation with present-day 2nowledge, methods, and resources. Cowever,
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