DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding Human History

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page i UNDERSTANDING HUMAN HISTORY hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page ii Other books by Michael H. Hart The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History A View from the Year 3000 hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page iii UNDERSTANDING HUMAN HISTORY An analysis including the effects of geography and differential evolution by MICHAEL H. HART Washington Summit Publishers Augusta, GA A National Policy Institute Book 2007 hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page iv © 2007 Michael H. Hart All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other elec- tronic or mechanical methods, or by any information storage and retrieval system, with- out prior written permission from the publisher, except for brief quotations embedded in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher at the address below. Washington Summit Publishers P.O. Box 3514 Augusta, GA 30914 Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hart, Michael H. Understanding Human History : an analysis including the effects of geography and differential evolution / by Michael H. Hart. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and an index. ISBN-13: 978-1-59368-027-5 (hardcover) ISBN-10: 1-59368-027-9 (hardcover) ISBN-13: 978-1-59368-026-8 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 1-59368-026-0 (pbk.) 1. Civilization--History. 2. Historical geography. 3. Evolution. 4. Social evolution. 5. Genetic algorithms. I. Title CB69.H39 2007 909--dc22 2006102193 This book was typeset using QuarkXpress 6.5. The body of the book is in 11-point Times New Roman, set 11-13, with six extra points between paragraphs. The index and footnotes are set 10/12. Chapter heads are in 18-point Arial Bold. hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page v To the memory of my father, Harold H. Hart, in appreciation of the example he set of intelligence, energy, and a passionate love of truth hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Like every serious scholar, I am deeply indebted to others whose ideas I have adopt- ed and whose painstaking research I have made use of. Several of the central ideas pre- sented in this book have already been presented by Richard Lynn, and his books and articles have been invaluable to me. I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Dr. J. Philippe Rushton, partly because his own research has helped me so much in this project, and partly because of the encouragement he has given me. Most of all, I would like to thank Professor Arthur Jensen, in part for his extensive research concerning human intelligence, and even more because his example of careful scholar- ship and personal courage has been an inspiration to me. I would be remiss, though, if I failed to acknowledge my debt to several scholars who have reached conclusions very different than my own. In particular, this book would scarcely have been possible had not Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and his associates collected extensive information concerning DNA from all over the world. I am likewise indebted to Jared Diamond for information concerning the rise and spread of agricul- ture, as well as information concerning the origin and effects of epidemic diseases. I am very grateful to Sally Barba for her careful drawing of the maps in this book, and for her careful typesetting. I am also grateful to Donald Archer, Tony Gahan, and the late Glayde Whitney for their useful suggestions concerning the text. Most of all, I am indebted to my wife Merna for editing the book, for her help in clarifying my own thoughts on difficult topics, and for her endless patience and encour- agement during the years I have spent in writing this book. vi hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page vii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of maps and diagrams ix List of abbreviations and symbols x Introduction 1 PART 1 – Background material 1) The theory of evolution 4 2) Human races 10 3) Intelligence 17 4) The origin of Homo sapiens 28 5) Altruism 35 6) Bands, and the dual code of morality 40 7) Human sexual behavior and attitudes 43 8) The ice ages 46 9) Languages 51 PART 2 – Outline of major migrations during the Paleolithic 10) The expansion out of sub-Saharan Africa 60 11) Migrations and divisions of the σ-group 68 12) Migrations and divisions of the μ-group 72 13) Location of human groups 13,000 years ago 76 PART 3 – Racial differences 14) Physical differences between the races 79 15) Racial differences in intelligence 91 16) Nature or nurture? 103 17) How did racial differences in intelligence arise? 121 18) Behavioral differences between the races 126 PART 4 – The Neolithic Era 19) Advances in the Upper Paleolithic 133 20) The Neolithic Revolution: Description 139 21) Technological advances in the Neolithic 146 22) Some migrations driven by agriculture 149 23) The Neolithic Revolution: Explanations 160 24) An alternative explanation 173 vii hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page viii PART 5 - Pre-modern history 25) The introduction of writing 178 26) The Indo-Europeans 183 27) The Ancient Middle East 197 28) Ancient Egypt 206 29) Ancient Greece 213 30) The rise of ancient Rome 221 31) The rise of Christianity 228 32) The decline and fall of the Roman Empire 230 33) The early Middle Ages in Europe 237 34) The Islamic world 246 35) China 257 36) India 268 37) Southeast Asia 276 38) Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands 281 39) Northern Asia 289 40) The Western Hemisphere 300 41) Sub-Saharan Africa 310 42) The Late Middle Ages in Europe 316 PART 6 – Modern history 43) The transition to modern times 325 44) European exploration and colonization, 1500-1700 334 45) The rise of science 346 46) Constitutional democracy 358 47) The Industrial Revolution 364 48) The Enlightenment and the French Revolution 367 49) The nineteenth century 374 50) The Jews 389 51) The twentieth century 398 52) Some broad trends in history 412 53) Some final comments and predictions 416 Appendices 1) Chronology 418 2) Determining ancient dates 430 3) Description of computer simulation 435 4) Calculations concerning the Neolithic transition 440 Bibliography 443 Index 457 viii hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page ix LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS Map Title Page 8-1 The Ice-Age World, 18,000 Years Ago 48 10-1 The Spread of HSS, from 60 kya to 13 kya 64 13-1 Location of Human Groups, 13,000 Years Ago 77 20-1 The Fertile Crescent and Nearby Regions 140 22-1 The Spread of Afro-Asiatic Languages 152 22-2 The Austronesian Expansion 154 24-1 Tilted Axes and E-W Expanses 175 26-1 Indo-Europeans, 4000-3000 BC 190 26-2 Indo-Europeans, about 2000 BC 191 26-3 Indo-Europeans, about 1400 BC 192 26-4 Indo-Europeans, about 600 BC 193 34-1 The Arab Conquests 248 37-1 Migrations into Southeast Asia 378 39-1 The Northern Mongolids 291 39-2 The Mongol Conquests 294 39-3 Altaic-Ruled Territories, 1700 AD 298 Diagram Title Page 10-1 Some human groups, 130-15 kya 66 14-1 Effect of off-center thrusts 85 26-1 Main branches of the Indo-European language family 188 ix hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Abbreviation Chapter it first or symbol Meaning appears in AHS archaic Homo sapiens 4 14C isotope 14 of carbon (i.e., carbon-14) Appendix 2 CRT choice reaction time 3 EA Eskimo-Aleut 39 f The fraction of the gene pool of a population that Appendix 3 comes from recent invaders or migrants, rather than from the people inhabiting the region prior to the recent invasion or migration. FDS forward digit span 3 g factor general intelligence 3 G The fraction of δ1917 that was due to genetic differences 16 between American blacks and whites GDP gross domestic product 51 HF harshness factor 17 HGHG History and Geography of Human Genes 10 HSS Homo sapiens sapiens 4 IR Industrial Revolution 47 kya kiloyears ago (= thousands of years ago) 4 K parameter affecting rate at which higher IQs evolve Appendix 3 M-1, M-2 subgroups of the Mongoloids 12 ME Middle East 147 x hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page xi N0 group The group of humans (living about 60,000 years ago in 10 Africa) from whom the modern Negroids derive NM Northern Mongolids 39 PIE Proto-Indo-European 9 r correlation coefficient 3 r-K classi- A method of describing species (or subspecies) based 18 fication on comparisons of the extent to which they use their system resources to produce large numbers of offspring (the r-strategy), or instead use their resources to produce hardy, well-adapted offspring (the K-strategy) R The “remnant factor,” defined as the fraction that 16 remains of the overall environmental disadvantage faced by American blacks in 1917 (relative to whites) R0 group The “rest-of-the-world” group 10 SEA Southeast Asia 37 SSA sub-Saharan Africa 24 δ The difference (in any given year) between the mean 15 IQ scores of American whites and blacks δ1917 The value of δ in 1917 16 μ-group The descendants of those members (the “main group”) 10 of the R0 group who, some 60,000 years ago, migrated northward and gave rise to the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races μ-1, μ-2, μ-3 subgroups of the μ-group 12 σ-group The descendants of those members (the “southern 10 group”) of the R0 group who, some 60,000 years ago, migrated eastward towards India σ-1, σ-2, subgroups of the σ-group 11 σ-3, σ-4 xi hartbookfront2.qxp 3/1/2007 3:56 PM Page xii There is no method of reasoning more common, and yet none more blameable, than in philosophical disputes to endeavor the refutation of any hypothesis by a pretense of its dangerous consequences to religion and morality.
Recommended publications
  • Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics

    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics

    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The eighth-century revolution Version 1.0 December 2005 Ian Morris Stanford University Abstract: Through most of the 20th century classicists saw the 8th century BC as a period of major changes, which they characterized as “revolutionary,” but in the 1990s critics proposed more gradualist interpretations. In this paper I argue that while 30 years of fieldwork and new analyses inevitably require us to modify the framework established by Snodgrass in the 1970s (a profound social and economic depression in the Aegean c. 1100-800 BC; major population growth in the 8th century; social and cultural transformations that established the parameters of classical society), it nevertheless remains the most convincing interpretation of the evidence, and that the idea of an 8th-century revolution remains useful © Ian Morris. [email protected] 1 THE EIGHTH-CENTURY REVOLUTION Ian Morris Introduction In the eighth century BC the communities of central Aegean Greece (see figure 1) and their colonies overseas laid the foundations of the economic, social, and cultural framework that constrained and enabled Greek achievements for the next five hundred years. Rapid population growth promoted warfare, trade, and political centralization all around the Mediterranean. In most regions, the outcome was a concentration of power in the hands of kings, but Aegean Greeks created a new form of identity, the equal male citizen, living freely within a small polis. This vision of the good society was intensely contested throughout the late eighth century, but by the end of the archaic period it had defeated all rival models in the central Aegean, and was spreading through other Greek communities.
  • The Deconstruction of Sunnite Theory of Caliphate Spreading the Rule of Law on the Earth

    The Deconstruction of Sunnite Theory of Caliphate Spreading the Rule of Law on the Earth

    JISMOR 6 Hassan Ko Nakata The deconstruction of Sunnite Theory of Caliphate Spreading the Rule of Law on the Earth Hassan Ko Nakata Abstract The concept of the Sunnicaliphate is self-defined as the notion that a caliph is selected by the people (ikhtiyār) and is based on the denial of the concept of the Shiite Imamate that an imam is appointed by God (naṣṣ). In today’s academic society in the field of Islamic politics, Sunni political scholars, by taking this notion of the caliphate as a starting point, attempt to position the caliphate system as a variant of the Western democracy that selects leaders through election. On the other hand, the Western scholars criticize the caliphate system as a form of dictatorship on several grounds, including the lifetime tenure of the caliph. This paper aims to deconstruct the concept of the Sunni caliphate in the context of globalism and to redefine it as “a mechanism to bring about the Rule of Law on Earth,” taking hints from the thought of Ibn Taymīyah (d.1328), who reconstructed the concept of Islamic - politics as “politics based on Sharī‘ah” by shifting the focus of the concept of Islamic politics from a caliphate to Sharī ah (≒Islamic law). If the caliphate system is to be understood as “a mechanism to bring about the Rule of Law on Earth,” we should be aware that the concepts (such as democracy and dictatorship) of modern Western political science originate in the Western tradition dating from the age of ancient Greece, which regards politics as a means to rule people by people.
  • Chapter 16: India and the Indian Ocean Basin During the Postclassical Period There Emerged in India No Long-Lasting Imperial

    Chapter 16: India and the Indian Ocean Basin During the Postclassical Period There Emerged in India No Long-Lasting Imperial

    Chapter 16: India and the Indian Ocean Basin During the postclassical period there emerged in India no long‐lasting imperial authority, as there were in China and the Islamic world. Regional kingdoms were the norm. Nevertheless, Indian society exerted a profound influence on the cultures of south and southeast Asia. Through the extensive trade networks of the Indian Ocean basin, Indian forms of political organization, religion, and economic practices spread throughout the region. Several developments in India during this era gradually spread throughout the larger culture zone. • Dramatic agricultural growth fueled population growth and urbanization. These phenomena, combined with specialized industrial production and trade, resulted in unprecedented economic growth for the region. • Indiaʹs central position in the Indian Ocean basin resulted in it becoming a major clearinghouse for products of the voluminous maritime trade network that encompassed east Africa, Arabia, Persia, southeast Asia, and Malaysia as well as the entire Indian subcontinent. • Islam originally appeared in India through a variety of conduits, and it eventually became the primary religion of one quarter of the population. From India, Islam, along with Hinduism and Buddhism, spread to southeast Asia and the nearby islands. THE CHAPTER IN PERSPECTIVE India, just as did Greece, Rome, Constantinople, and China, played an influential role in shaping neighboring societies, in this case south and Southeast Asia. The great difference between the situation in India and that of the other states was that no Indian state would develop to rival the political authority of the Tang or Roman states. Nevertheless, India’s distinctive political, cultural, and religious traditions continued to evolve and influence its neighbors.
  • Africans: the HISTORY of a CONTINENT, Second Edition

    Africans: the HISTORY of a CONTINENT, Second Edition

    P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 africans, second edition Inavast and all-embracing study of Africa, from the origins of mankind to the AIDS epidemic, John Iliffe refocuses its history on the peopling of an environmentally hostilecontinent.Africanshavebeenpioneersstrugglingagainstdiseaseandnature, and their social, economic, and political institutions have been designed to ensure their survival. In the context of medical progress and other twentieth-century innovations, however, the same institutions have bred the most rapid population growth the world has ever seen. The history of the continent is thus a single story binding living Africans to their earliest human ancestors. John Iliffe was Professor of African History at the University of Cambridge and is a Fellow of St. John’s College. He is the author of several books on Africa, including Amodern history of Tanganyika and The African poor: A history,which was awarded the Herskovits Prize of the African Studies Association of the United States. Both books were published by Cambridge University Press. i P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 african studies The African Studies Series,founded in 1968 in collaboration with the African Studies Centre of the University of Cambridge, is a prestigious series of monographs and general studies on Africa covering history, anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science.
  • 2 the Assyrian Empire, the Conquest of Israel, and the Colonization of Judah 37 I

    2 the Assyrian Empire, the Conquest of Israel, and the Colonization of Judah 37 I

    ISRAEL AND EMPIRE ii ISRAEL AND EMPIRE A Postcolonial History of Israel and Early Judaism Leo G. Perdue and Warren Carter Edited by Coleman A. Baker LONDON • NEW DELHI • NEW YORK • SYDNEY 1 Bloomsbury T&T Clark An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Imprint previously known as T&T Clark 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury, T&T Clark and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2015 © Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the authors. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978-0-56705-409-8 PB: 978-0-56724-328-7 ePDF: 978-0-56728-051-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset by Forthcoming Publications (www.forthpub.com) 1 Contents Abbreviations vii Preface ix Introduction: Empires, Colonies, and Postcolonial Interpretation 1 I.
  • Introduction Roger D

    Introduction Roger D

    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56256-0 — The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages Edited by Roger D. Woodard Excerpt More Information chapter 1 Introduction roger d. woodard 1.1 Preliminary remarks What makes a language ancient? The term conjures up images, often romantic, of archeol- ogists feverishly copying hieroglyphs by torchlight in a freshly discovered burial chamber; of philologists dangling over a precipice in some remote corner of the earth, taking impres- sions of an inscription carved in a cliff-face; of a solitary scholar working far into the night, puzzling out some ancient secret, long forgotten by humankind, from a brittle-leafed manuscript or patina-encrusted tablet. The allure is undeniable, and the literary and film worlds have made full use of it. An ancient language is indeed a thing of wonder – but so is every other language, all remarkable systems of conveying thoughts and ideas across time and space. And ancient languages, as far back as the very earliest attested, operate just like those to which the linguist has more immediate access, all with the same familiar elements – phonological, morphological, syntactic – and no perceptible vestiges of Neanderthal oddities. If there was a time when human language was characterized by features and strategies fundamentally unlike those we presently know, it was a time prior to the development of any attested or reconstructed language of antiquity. Perhaps, then, what makes an ancient language different is our awareness that it has outlived those for whom it was an intimate element of the psyche, not so unlike those rays of light now reaching our eyes that were emitted by their long-extinguished source when dinosaurs still roamed across the earth (or earlier) – both phantasms of energy flying to our senses from distant sources, long gone out.
  • First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations)

    First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations)

    First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations) Armen Petrosyan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan The foundation legends of the first capitals of Armenia and Georgia – Armawir and Armazi – have several common features. A specific cult of the moon god is attested in both cities in the triadic temples along with the supreme thunder god and the sun god. The names of Armawir and Armazi may be associated with the Anatolian Arma- ‘moon (god).’ The Armenian ethnonym (exonym) Armen may also be derived from the same stem. The sacred character of cultic localities is extremely enduring. The cults were changed, but the localities kept their sacred character for millennia. At the transition to a new religious system the new cults were often simply imposed on the old ones (e.g., the old temple was renamed after a new deity, or the new temple was built on the site or near the ruins of the old one). The new deities inherited the characteristics of the old ones, or, one may say, the old cults were simply renamed, which could have been accompanied by some changes of the cult practices. Evidently, in the new system more or less comparable images were chosen to replace the old ones: similarity of functions, rituals, names, concurrence of days of cult, etc (Petrosyan 2006: 4 f.; Petrosyan 2007a: 175).1 On the other hand, in the course of religious changes, old gods often descend to the lower level of epic heroes. Thus, the heroes of the Armenian ethnogonic legends and the epic “Daredevils of Sasun” are derived from ancient local gods: e.g., Sanasar, who obtains the 1For numerous examples of preservation of pre-Urartian and Urartian holy places in medieval Armenia, see, e.g., Hmayakyan and Sanamyan 2001).
  • Ancient Fennoscandian Genomes Reveal Origin and Spread of Siberian Ancestry in Europe

    Ancient Fennoscandian Genomes Reveal Origin and Spread of Siberian Ancestry in Europe

    ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 OPEN Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe Thiseas C. Lamnidis1, Kerttu Majander1,2,3, Choongwon Jeong1,4, Elina Salmela 1,3, Anna Wessman5, Vyacheslav Moiseyev6, Valery Khartanovich6, Oleg Balanovsky7,8,9, Matthias Ongyerth10, Antje Weihmann10, Antti Sajantila11, Janet Kelso 10, Svante Pääbo10, Päivi Onkamo3,12, Wolfgang Haak1, Johannes Krause 1 & Stephan Schiffels 1 1234567890():,; European population history has been shaped by migrations of people, and their subsequent admixture. Recently, ancient DNA has brought new insights into European migration events linked to the advent of agriculture, and possibly to the spread of Indo-European languages. However, little is known about the ancient population history of north-eastern Europe, in particular about populations speaking Uralic languages, such as Finns and Saami. Here we analyse ancient genomic data from 11 individuals from Finland and north-western Russia. We show that the genetic makeup of northern Europe was shaped by migrations from Siberia that began at least 3500 years ago. This Siberian ancestry was subsequently admixed into many modern populations in the region, particularly into populations speaking Uralic languages today. Additionally, we show that ancestors of modern Saami inhabited a larger territory during the Iron Age, which adds to the historical and linguistic information about the population history of Finland. 1 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany. 2 Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany. 3 Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PL 56 (Viikinkaari 9), 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
  • Sicani Cave Drawings

    Sicani Cave Drawings

    Sicani cave drawings Continue October 6, 2014 Patrice Hall Leave a comment written: Patrice Hall magazine IndexBest Sicily Arts and Culture Fashion Food - Wine Story - Society of Us Travel Faqs Contact Map of Sicily Some terms BC - Before the traditional birth of Jesus Christ. Also, B.C., until the general era. The Bronze Age - The Era of the first instruments and weapons of copper and bronze, in Greece, dating from about 3000 BC to the Iron Age. chalcedony - Mineral quartz formations and similar substances previously used for use by primitive tools. Copper Age - Earliest period of the Bronze Age, depending on the region, before copper was fused with tin to form bronze for tools and weapons. Early Minoan - Minoan (Cretan) civilization from 4000 BC to 2100 BC Indo-European - Many societies in Europe, South Asia and southwest Asia, identified by 1000 BC on the basis of linguistic similarities. Iron Age - The Era of iron instruments, dating back to about 1200 BC, in Greece around 1100 BC, in Sicily, probably with the Greeks around 700 BC. Late Bronze Age - In Sicily, the epoch dates from about 1270 BC to around 650 BC, just before the Iron Age imposed by the Greeks. Late Minoan - Minoan (Cretan) civilization from 1550 BC to 1100 BC The Middle Minoan - Minoan (Cretan) civilization from 2100 BC to 1550 BC Minoan - Aegean civilization of ancient Crete, from 4000 BC to 1100 BC Mycenaean - a civilization of the late bronze age of ancient Peloponnese modern to mine late (Critical) development. Attitude to ancient mycenae. Neolithic is literally the New Stone Age, which immediately preceded the Bronze Age.
  • ¬Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires of the Near East

    ¬Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires of the Near East

    Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires of the Near East: Chapter 2 I. Decline of Great Kingdom’s: Hittite’s and Egyptian’s. A. Migrations occurred throughout region, a natural phenomenon, with reasons ranging from: i. Poverty: ii. New Land: Hyskos iii. Random raids: Sea Peoples iv. Harsh political rule: Hebrews B. Migration produced different results: i. Assimilation: ii. Destruction of civilizations: Egypt II. Egypt: a Shattered Kingdom. A. Sea Peoples damaged Egypt in 13th century, didn’t destroy empire but brought its golden age to an end. Results: i. Political fragmentation ii. Dark age: Third Intermediate or Final Decline iii. Foreign affair decline: Egyptian loss of power B. Rash of new kingdoms in region had little or no regard for the legacy that was Egypt at that time. C. Invasion by neighbors: Libyans ruled independent dynasties in the delta of Egypt from 950‐730 BCE. Ruled by Libyan pharaohs! Built cities and created an urban culture that Egypt was not familiar with. Adopted many Egyptian traits. D. Nubian expansion occurred in South. Not a destructive influence. Nubians very similar to Egyptians as they had admired and adopted Egyptian culture. E. Kush: a kingdom of Ancient Africa that arose in the Sudan with a capital at Nepata. The Kushites like the Libyans and Nubians worshipped and behaved much like Egyptians. The cultures were highly comparable. i. In the 8th century BCE Kushian king Pianky swept through the entire Nile valley and united Egypt. This unification did not restore the luster of the old empirical ways however. Egypt returned to a certain level of strength but was no longer the big kid on the block as their civilization had to compete with the Greeks (Minoans/Myceneans), and the other Near East kingdoms.
  • Year 7 Issue 7 October 2016 a Monthly National

    Year 7 Issue 7 October 2016 a Monthly National

    A Monthly National Review October 2016 “Let us all work for the Greatness of India.” – The Mother Year 7 Issue 7 The Resurgent India 1 October 2016 The Resurgent India English monthly published and printed by Smt. Suman Sharma on behalf of The Resurgent India Trust Published at C/o J.N. Socketed Cement Pipes Pvt. Ltd., Village Bhamraula Post Bagwara, Kichha Road, Rudrapur (U.S Nagar) email: [email protected], [email protected], URL : www.resurgentindia.org Printed at : Priyanka Printing Press, Hotel Krish Building, Janta Inter College Road, Udham Nagar, Rudrapur, Uttarakhand Editor : Ms. Garima Sharma, B-45, Batra Colony, Village Bharatpur, P.O. Kaushal Ganj, Bilaspur Distt. Rampur (U.P) The Resurgent India 2 October 2016 THE RESURGENT INDIA A Monthly National Review October 2016 SUCCESSFUL FUTURE (Full of Promise and Joyful Surprises) Botanical name: Gaillardia Pulchella Common name: Indian blanket, Blanket flower, Fire-wheels Year 7 Issue 7 The Resurgent India 3 October 2016 CONTENTS Surgical Strikes Reveal the Reality of Our Politicians ...................................................... 6 Straight from the Horse’s Mouth ...........................................7 An End to Politics ................................................................... 8 The Overwhelming Evidence in Favour of the Traditional Indian Date for the Beginning of the Kaliyuga and the Mahabharata War .........10 1. The Aihole Inscription of King Pulakesin II and Its Implications for the Modern Historical Dating of the Mahabharata War ........ 10 2. The Superfluity of the Arguments Against the Historicity of the Kaliyuga Era and Their Repudiation ..................... 13 3. The Brihatsamhita of Varahamihira .................................. 18 4. Alberuni’s Indica and the Rajatarangini of Kalhana .......... 23 5. The Records in the Annual Indian Calendars – The Panchangas ....
  • Quantitative Dynamics of Human Empires

    Quantitative Dynamics of Human Empires

    Quantitative Dynamics of Human Empires Cesare Marchetti and Jesse H. Ausubel FOREWORD Humans are territorial animals, and most wars are squabbles over territory. become global. And, incidentally, once a month they have their top managers A basic territorial instinct is imprinted in the limbic brain—or our “snake meet somewhere to refresh the hierarchy, although the formal motives are brain” as it is sometimes dubbed. This basic instinct is central to our daily life. to coordinate business and exchange experiences. The political machinery is Only external constraints can limit the greedy desire to bring more territory more viscous, and we may have to wait a couple more generations to see a under control. With the encouragement of Andrew Marshall, we thought it global empire. might be instructive to dig into the mechanisms of territoriality and their role The fact that the growth of an empire follows a single logistic equation in human history and the future. for hundreds of years suggests that the whole process is under the control In this report, we analyze twenty extreme examples of territoriality, of automatic mechanisms, much more than the whims of Genghis Khan namely empires. The empires grow logistically with time constants of tens to or Napoleon. The intuitions of Menenius Agrippa in ancient Rome and of hundreds of years, following a single equation. We discovered that the size of Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan may, after all, be scientifically true. empires corresponds to a couple of weeks of travel from the capital to the rim We are grateful to Prof. Brunetto Chiarelli for encouraging publication using the fastest transportation system available.