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Flora De Galilea, Anexo B COMPOSICIÓN FLORISTICA, ESTRUCTURAL Y DIVERSIDAD DE LOS BOSQUES DE LA RESERVA FORESTAL GALILEA, TOLIMA (COLOMBIA) WILSON MARIO MALAGON R. Biólogo DIRECTOR HECTOR EDUARDO ESQUIVEL Lic. Biología M. Sc. LÍNEA DE INVESTIGACIÓN Cadenas Sostenibles Agroforestales Industriales. SUBLÍNEA Ecosistemas Forestales Naturales GRUPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Biodiversidad y Dinámica de Ecosistemas Tropicales UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS PROGRAMA DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS IBAGUÉ 2008 COMPOSICIÓN FLORISTICA, ESTRUCTURAL Y DIVERSIDAD DE LOS BOSQUES DE LA RESERVA FORESTAL GALILEA, TOLIMA (COLOMBIA) WILSON MARIO MALAGON RODRIGUEZ UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS IBAGUÉ 2008 COMPOSICIÓN FLORISTICA, ESTRUCTURAL Y DIVERSIDAD DE LOS BOSQUES DE LA RESERVA FORESTAL GALILEA, TOLIMA (COLOMBIA) WILSON MARIO MALAGÓN RODRÍGUEZ Trabajo de grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de MAGISTER EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Director: HECTOR EDUARDO ESQUIVEL M. Sc. En sistemática UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS IBAGUÉ 2008 3 ADVERTENCIA “La Facultad de Ciencias, El Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad del Tolima, el director del trabajo de grado, el jurado calificador, no son responsables de las ideas expuestas por el autor.” Art. 17de la Resolución No 015 de Dic. 18 de 1978 del Reglamento de Trabajos de Grado. 4 El autor WILSON MARIO MALAGÓN RODRÍGUEZ, autoriza a la Universidad del Tolima la reproducción total o parcial de este documento, con la debida cita de reconocimiento de la autoría y cede a la misma universidad de los derechos patrimoniales con fines de investigación, docencia e institucionales, consagrados en el articulo 72 de la Ley 23 de 1982 y las normas que lo constituyan o modifiquen. ACUERDO 0066 DE 2003 DEL CONSEJO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA Wilson Mario Malagón R. Autor 5 Nota de aceptación Presidente del jurado Jurado Jurado Ibagué, Agosto 11 de 2008 6 DEDICATORIA A Dios por cada día, por lo que me ha dado hasta hoy y lo que me dará... A mi Hermana, abuelos, familiares y grandes amigos que se fueron, Q.E.P.D., me iluminan desde la eternidad. A mis Padres Dámaso y Mirfac quienes me brindaron la maravillosa oportunidad de estudiar y me apoyaron en la culminación de esta etapa de mi formación intelectual y personal, finalmente por haber soportado y apoyado este noble ideal. Al amor de mi vida (Nora) quien me ha acompañado desde el comienzo de mi carrera; a ella, gracias por toda su amistad, por su apoyo y amor incondicional. Al mayor amor de mi vida: mis hijos Edward, Nithya y John por soportar las amarguras de la soledad y otros demonios de la vida; también por ser la inspiración y motivación para seguir adelante y cumplir con mis metas; a todos ellos gracias por formar parte de mi vida. A mi hermano por su cariño hacia los niños; mis cuñados y familiares por su apoyo moral. 7 AGRADECIMIENTOS El autor expresa sus agradecimientos: A mis padres Dámaso Malagón y Mirfac Rodríguez, quienes con comprensión me asistieron con todo lo que estuvo a su alcance. A Héctor Eduardo Esquivel, mi Director de Trabajo de Grado, por el apoyo, los conocimientos compartidos, la paciencia y la dedicación aportada. A Los señores Roberto Wolf y Ebristelio Godoy, por permitirme conocer la zona de Galilea, los servicios, hospitalidad y acompañamiento. A la Familia Sosa-Pineda, por su apoyo en la logística del trabajo de campo y hospitalidad. A los señores Saúl y Ebristelio por su colaboración en los montajes y captura de datos de la flora de aserrío. A Fernando Fernández I.F; Demetrio Rodríguez, Ibargüen Trujillo y Ebristelio Godoy por su colaboración en el trabajo de campo. A Edwin Trujillo T., Ing. Agroecólogo, curador Herbario de la Universidad de la Amazonia “HUAZ”; Prof. Tirso Medina del Tolima, Herbario TOLI; Profesores del Instituto de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional-Bogotá y Herbario Nacional ¨COL¨ en la determinación de especies registradas en este estudio: Luis Carlos Jiménez Curador General, José Luis Fernández (varias), Marisol Amaya (Gesneriaceas). A los docentes de la Universidad del Tolima y especialmente a los que conforman el Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Dinámica de Ecosistemas Tropicales. A la Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones y al Laboratorio de suelos de la Universidad del Tolima. A mis amigos Enrique Olaya, Milena, la Señora Ángela por la acogida en sus hogares en las etapas finales. A Nilson Malagón, Myriam Palacios e hijos por su apoyo y estadía en Bogotá. A todas aquellas personas que de una u otra forma colaboraron en la realización de este trabajo. A todos ellos gracias! 8 CONTENIDO Pág. RESUMEN 16 ABSTRACT 17 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 18 2. ANTECEDENTES 24 2.1 HIPÓTESIS 31 3. MARCO DE REFERENCIA 32 3.1 BOSQUES TROPICALES MONTANOS NUBLADOS (NUBOSOS) 37 3.1.1 El Bosque Húmedo Premontano 39 3.1.2 El Bosque Húmedo Montano Bajo 39 3.1.3 Condiciones biofísicas 39 3.2 DEFINICIONES DE BIODIVERSIDAD 40 3.2.1 Importancia de la biodiversidad 41 3.2.2 Medidas de diversidad 42 3.2.2.1 Alfa-Diversidad 43 3.2.2.2 Beta-diversidad 45 3.2.2.3 Estimadores de especies compartidas basado en cobertura (V). 45 3.2.3 Rareza de especies 47 3.3 MODELOS DE DIVERSIDAD VEGETAL 48 3.4 ESTUDIOS FORMALES DE LA VEGETACIÓN 49 3.4.1 Características de los bosques 52 3.4.2 Estructura de la vegetación y crecimiento 52 3.4.3 Estructura Vertical 53 3.4.4 Estructura horizontal 53 3.5 AREA DEL ESTUDIO 54 3.5.1 Descripción de la Reserva Natural Galilea 54 3.5.2 Ubicación geográfica de la Reserva Natural Galilea 55 3.5.2.1 Cuenca del río Prado 55 4. METODOLOGÍA 57 4.1. GENERAL 57 4.2. TRABAJO DE CAMPO 58 4.2.1 Muestreo 58 4.2.2 Selección de áreas y montaje de las parcelas permanentes de 62 monitoreo 4.2.3 Colecta, descripción y registro fotográfico de especimenes 62 4.3. TRABAJO DE LABORATORIO 62 9 Pág. 4.4. TRATAMIENTO DE DATOS 63 5. RESULTADOS 66 5.1. SITIOS DE ESTUDIO 67 5.2 VARIABLES AMBIENTALES 66 5.3 ANÁLISIS QUÍMICO DE SUELOS 68 5.4 DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL DE LA VEGETACIÓN 73 5.5 COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA 75 5.6 DIVERSIDAD Y RIQUEZA DE ESPECIES 100 5.7 DENSIDAD Y COBERTURA 104 5.8 ESTRUCTURA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE FORMAS DE CRECIMIENTO 105 5.9 DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL DE LAS ESPECIES 110 5.10 BETA DIVERSIDAD: Similaridad entre los bosques 111 5.11 DOMINANCIA 112 5.12 ÍNDICE DE VALOR E IMPORTANCIA PARA LAS ESPECIES (IVI) 113 5.13 ÍNDICE DE VALOR E IMPORTANCIA PARA LAS FAMILIAS (IFI) 126 5.14 ESTRUCTURA DE LA VEGETACIÓN 127 5.15 ASPECTOS FITOGEOGRÁFICOS 127 6. DISCUSIÓN 129 6.1. LA FISIOGRAFÍA 129 6.2. DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LAS PLANTAS Y SU RELACIÓN CON LOS FACTORES EDÁFICOS Y AMBIENTALES 130 6.3. RIQUEZA Y DIVERSDAD DE ESPECIES 133 6.4. ESTRUCTURA 136 6.5. SIMILITUD FLORÍSTICA 138 6.6. GRUPOS TAXONÓMICOS 140 7. CONCLUSIONES 142 8. RECOMENDACIONES 143 9. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 144 ANEXOS 163 10 LISTA DE CUADROS Pág. Cuadro 1. Ubicación geográfica, toponimia, los promedios de altura y 66 humedad relativa, el acimut y la pendiente en seis sitios de muestreo para el análisis de la vegetación primaria en los bosques de la Reserva Galilea, municipio de Villarrica- Tolima. Cuadro 2. Datos microclimáticos promedio tomados en los seis sitios 67 de muestreo en la Reserva Forestal Galilea. Cuadro 3. Características de los suelos de las cuatro parcelas 69 permanentes para estudiar la diversidad de Magnoliophytos en Galilea, Villarrica, Tolima. Cuadro 4. Resumen del DCA para la matríz con los datos de 73 abundancia de plantas de la flora de Magnoliophytos de la Reserva Galilea evaluados en las 60 subparcelas. Cuadro 5. Composición de la flora de Magnoliofitas registrada en seis 78 parcelas RAP de 0,1 ha en los bosques climáxicos de la Reserva Forestal Galilea, Villarrica-Tolima. Cuadro 6. Riqueza florística de seis bosques primarios estudiados 100 ubicados en la Reserva forestal Galilea. Cuadro 7. Valores del Indice de Margalef, para las seis parcelas 101 evaluadas en la Reserva forestal de Galilea, Villarrica- Tolima. Cuadro 8. Valores del Índice de Simpson, para las seis parcelas 102 evaluadas en la Reserva forestal de Galilea, Villarrica- Tolima. Cuadro 9. Valores de Diversidad según el índice de Shanon-Weiner, 103 para las seis parcelas evaluadas en la Reserva forestal de Galilea, Villarrica-Tolima. 11 Pág. Cuadro 10. Valores acumulados de área basal en los seis bosques 105 evaluados en Galilea (0.1 ha). Cuadro 11. Distribución de los promedios, según las formas de 106 crecimiento, de los individuos, el área basal y el número de especies ≥ 1.0 cm DAP por 0.1 ha de seis parcelas de los bosques de la Reserva Galilea, Villarrica-Tolima, Colombia. Cuadro 12. Índice de similitud de Jaccard. 112 Cuadro 13. Índice de valor e Importancia parcela La Colonia. 114 Cuadro 14. Índice de valor e Importancia evaluado en la parcela El 115 Edén Cuadro 15. Índice de valor e Importancia parcela La Locación. 117 Cuadro 16. Índice de valor e Importancia parcela El Berlín. 119 Cuadro 17. Índice de valor e Importancia parcela El Piñal. 122 Cuadro 18. Índice de valor e Importancia parcela El Plan Galilea. 124 Cuadro 19. Índice de Valor e Importancia para las familias (IFI). 126 12 LISTA DE FIGURAS Pág. Figura 1. Localización de la Reserva Natural Galilea, municipio de 59 Villarrica, Tolima-Colombia. Tomado de Encarta 2007. Figura 2. Localización de la Reserva Natural Galilea en la Cuenca 60 Mayor del Río Prado, Municipio de Villarrica, Tolima, Colombia. Adaptado de CORTOLIMA. Figura 3.
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