Status of Forest Remnants in the Cordillera De La Costa and Adjacent

Rapid Assessment Program RAP

Working

Papers

Status of Forest Remnants in

the Cordillera de la Costa

and Adjacent Areas of

Southwestern Ecuador

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL

OCTOBER 1992 Conservation Priorities: The Role of RAP

Our planet faces many serious environmental problems, among them global climate change, pollution, soil erosion, and toxic waste disposal. At Conservation International (CI), we believe that there is one problem that surpasses all others in terms of importance because of its irreversibility, the extinction of biological diversity. Conservation efforts still receive only a tiny fraction of the resources, both human and financial, needed to get the job done. As a result of this, we must use available resources efficiently, applying them to those places with the highest concentrations of diversity which are at most immediate risk of disappearing. CI uses a strategic, hierarchical approach for setting conservation investment priorities. At a global level, we have targeted the “hotspots,” 15 tropical areas that hold a third or more of all terrestrial diversity and are at great risk. Our global priorities also focus on major tropical wilderness areas and the “megadiversity” country concept, which highlights the importance of the national entities that harbor high biodiversity. We are now undertaking a series of priority-setting exercises for other major categories of ecosystems, among them marine systems, deserts, and dry forests. The next level of priority setting is the bio-regional workshop, a process where experts assemble their combined knowledge of an area to map regional conservation priorities using CI’s geographic information system (CISIG). We have also taken a taxon-based approach, working with the Species Survival Commission of IUCN to produce action plans for key groups of organisms. These priority-setting exercises provide the scientific underpinning for urgent conservation decisions in hotspot regions. Although the hotspots we have identified occupy less than 3-4 percent of the land surface of the planet, they still cover several million square kilometers, only small areas of which have been properly inventoried. To fill the gaps in our regional knowledge, CI created the Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) in 1989. RAP assembles teams of world-renowned experts and host country scientists to generate first-cut assessments of the biological value of poorly known areas. An area’s importance can be characterized by its total biodiversity, its degree of endemism, the uniqueness of an ecosystem, and the degree of risk of extinction. As a conservation tool, RAP precedes long-term scientific inventory. When satellite images of an area targeted for a RAP assessment are available, the team consults them prior to a trip to determine the extent of forest cover and likely areas for exploration. Once in-country, the scientists make overflights in small planes or helicopters to identify forest types and points for field transects. Ground travel often requires a combination of vehicles, boats, pack animals, and foot travel to get the team to remote sites where few, if any, roads exist. Trips last from two to eight weeks. On each trip, in-country scientists form a central part of the team. Local experts are especially critical to understanding areas where little exploration has been undertaken. Subsequent research and protection of habitats following a RAP trip depends on the initiatives of local scientists and conservationists. The RAP concept was born during a field trip by Murray Gell-Mann of the MacArthur Foundation, Spencer Beebe, one of CI’s founders, and Ted Parker, current leader of the RAP team. RAP has been generously funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation’s World Resources and Environment Program, headed by Dan Martin. RAP reports are available to the host governments of the countries being surveyed and to all interested conservationists, scientists, institutions, and organizations. We hope that these reports will catalyze the effective conservation action on behalf of our planet’s biological diversity, the legacy of life that is so critical to us all.

Russell A. Mittermeier Adrian Forsyth President Director, Conservation Biology Heliconia latispatha in the Jauneche reserve, July 1991. Watercolor by Bonnie Mitsui. Rapid Assessment Program RAP

Working

Papers

Status of Forest Remnants

in the Cordillera de la Costa

and Adjacent Areas of

Southwestern Ecuador

Edited by

Theodore A. Parker, III and John L. Carr

The research presented in this report was conducted in collaboration with the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador.

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL

OCTOBER 1992 RAP Working Papers are occasional reports published three to five times a year. For subscription information write to:

Conservation International Publications 1015 18th Street, NW Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20036 U.S.A. Tel: 202/429-5660 Fax: 202/887-5188

Conservation International is a private, nonprofit organization exempt from federal income tax under

section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-73741

Suggested citation:

Parker, T.A., III, and J.L. Carr, eds. 1992. Status of forest

remnants in the Cordillera de la Costa and adjacent areas of southwestern Ecuador. Conservation International,

RAP Working Papers 2.

Printed on recycled paper in the United States of America

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Table of Contents

Participants 2 Appendices 66

Preface 3 1. Ecuador Trip Itineraries 67

Organizational Profiles 4 Codes for Avian Data 68

Acknowledgments 6 2. Preliminary List of the Birds of Cabeceras de Bilsa 69 Overview 8 3. Preliminary List of the Landbirds Introduction 8 of Parque Nacional Machalilla 76

Summary 10 4. Preliminary List of the Birds Conservation Opportunities 14 of Cerro Blanco 84

Technical Report 20 5. Preliminary List of the Birds of Jauneche 90 Introduction to the Sites 20 6. Preliminary List of the Birds Cerro Mutiles 20 of Manta Real 96

Cabeceras de Bilsa 24 7. Preliminary List of the Birds of the Reserva Militar de Arenillas 103 Cerro Pata de Pájaro 29 8. Birds of Six Forests in Tabuga-Río Cuaque 32 Western Ecuador 108 Parque Nacional Machalilla 34 9. Mammal List; January-February Trip 120 Cerro Blanco 42 10. Mammal List; July Trip 124 Jauneche 45 11. Amphibian and Reptile List; Manta Real 49 January-February Trip 128

Reserva Militar de Arenillas 54 12. Amphibian and Reptile List; July Trip 131 Biogeographic Overviews 56 13. Plant List: Cerro Mutiles 133 Phytogeography 56 14. Plant List: Cabeceras de Bilsa 138 Vegetation 58 15. Plant List: Cerro Pata de Pájaro 145 Bird Fauna 59 16. Plant List: Tabuga - Río Cuaque 149 Mammal Fauna 60 17. Plant List: Parque Nacional Herpetofauna 62 Machalilla 152

Literature Cited 63 18. Plant List: Cerro Blanco 162

19. Plant List: Manta Real 165

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 1 Participants

SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL Carmen Josse (Jan-Feb) Botanist Theodore A. Parker, III EcoCiencia Ornithologist Conservation International Patricio Yanez (July) Botanist Robin B. Foster Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Plant Ecologist Conservation International Alfredo Luna (July) Protected Area Specialist Louise H. Emmons (Jan-Feb) FEDIMA Mammalogist Conservation International FIELD ASSISTANCE

Alwyn H. Gentry (Jan-Feb) Botanist Ramiro Barriga Conservation International Escuela Politécnica Nacional

John L. Carr N. Lajones (Jan - Feb) Herpetologist Universidad Técnica “Luis Vargas Torres” Conservation International Esmeraldas

Luis Albuja V. Tomiche Quiñonez (Jan - Feb) Mammalogist Universidad Técnica “Luis Vargas Torres” Escuela Politécnica Nacional Esmeraldas

Ana Almendáriz Herpetologist Escuela Politécnica Nacional

2 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Preface

By the time this document is published, much of the forest that we saw during our travels through western Ecuador will have been destroyed. Indeed, the forests at Bilsa and near Pedernales were being felled faster than we could study them. It is our fervent hope that this report will serve to inform a wide audience concerning the grim conservation status of the varied forest types in this biologically priceless region. We further hope that the national and local governments, military authorities, private conservation organizations, and concerned citizens, will act quickly and decisively to preserve at least some of the forests described in this report. Failure to do so will result in the loss of countless species of plants and animals found nowhere else on earth. Once gone, the unique forests of the region will never be regrown. Tree plantations may one day at least partially meet the needs of the human population, but many valuable plant species adapted to the soils and climates of the region will have been lost forever. The extinction of such species— indeed of entire ecosystems—will severely limit the possibilities for long-term economic growth and prosperity in western Ecuador. We hope that this call for action will not go unheeded.

RAP Working Papers Two RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 3 Organizational Profiles

conservation activities and programs devel- CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL oped by governmental institutions and non- Conservation International (CI) is an inter- governmental organizations. national, nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., whose mission is to con- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas serve biological diversity and the ecological Escuela Politécnica Nacional processes that support life on earth. CI em- Calle Ladrón de Guevara s/n ploys a strategy of “ecosystem conservation” Casilla 17-01-2759 that seeks to integrate biological conserva- Quito - Ecuador tion with economic development for local 593-2-553-498, extension 207 populations. CI’s activities focus on develop- 593-2-567-848 (fax) ing scientific understanding, practicing ecosystem management, stimulating conservation-based development, and assisting with FUNDACIÓN ECUATORIANA DE policy design. INVESTIGACIÓN Y MANEJO AMBIENTAL

Conservation International The Fundación Ecuatoriana de Investigación 1015 18th St. NW, Suite 1000 y Manejo Ambiental (FEDIMA) is a non- Washington, DC 20036 USA profit, nongovernmental organization whose 202-429-5660 principal objectives are the conservation of 202-887-5188 (fax) representative areas of Ecuadorian ecosystems, scientific investigation, suitable management of natural resources, and environmental education. FEDIMA was established DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS in 1990 with official recognition by the BIOLÓGICAS government. ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

FEDIMA The Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas of Gaspar de Escalona 524 y Diguja the Escuela Politécnica Nacional is a center Quito - Ecuador for research in systematics, zoogeography and 593-2-441-495 ecology of the vertebrates of Ecuador. With over 50 years of research and publication in vertebrate zoology, the department houses the most important research collections of freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals in the country. The department’s research results serve as scientific support for

4 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Herbarium ECOCIENCIA Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador EcoCiencia is a private, nonprofit, scientific Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca organization dedicated to research, educa- Casilla 17-021184 tion, and communication for the conservation Quito - Ecuador of wildlife species and their habitats. The 593-2-529-250, 529-260 ext. 279 foundation was established in 1989 by a group 593-2-567-117 (fax) of professional biologists interested in planning, management, and execution of multi- disciplinary projects that permit rational and FUNDACIÓN NATURA—GUAYAQUIL sustained use of natural resources. CHAPTER

EcoCiencia The Guayaquil Chapter of Fundación Natura Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca is part of a private, nonprofit, national conser- Edificio Mariana de Jesús, Of. 701 vation organization, with its own Board of P.O. Box 257 (Suc. 12 de Octubre) Directors that deals with regional matters. Quito - Ecuador Although the Guayaquil Chapter participates 593-2-502-409 in several of the national programs of Fundación Natura, it also has programs and projects of its own, including environmental education campaigns, urban tree planting, and HERBARIUM the Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco Project, a PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA nature preserve with an environmental edu- DEL ECUADOR cation center 15 kilometers from the city of The Herbarium of the Pontificia Universidad Guayaquil. Católica del Ecuador is a private, state-supported scientific center that is part of the Fundación Natura – Guayaquil Chapter Biology Department of the University. It was Dolores Sucre 401 founded 22 years ago and now has a collection P.O. Box 11327 of 120,000 specimens, mainly of the flora of Guayaquil - Ecuador Ecuador. Taxonomic and ecological research 593-1-441-793, 341-500 is carried out by students and staff of the 593-1-444-909 (fax) herbarium.

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 5 Acknowledgments

Investigators from the Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN) were our national counterparts on both RAP trips to Ecuador. Their participation — and the use of Politécnica facilities and equipment — were made possible through an agreement between CI and EPN, and we extend our thanks to Ing. Alfonso Espinosa R., Rector of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, for his help in arranging this coopera- tive venture. The success of both trips was due in large measure to the expertise and experience of Luis Albuja and Ana Almendáriz, and to logistical support, information and encouragement provided by Alfredo Luna, Rosa Almendáriz and Ramiro Barriga. We also thank Sr. Danilo Silva of EcoCiencia for allowing Carmen Josse to participate on the first expedition, and Dr. Sergio Figueroa (of the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería) for arranging permits. Carmen Ulloa and Benjamin Ollgaard at the Herbarium of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador were also helpful in many ways. Many other people contributed in a wide variety of ways to the success of the two expeditions. We extend special thanks to Bonnie Mitsui for skillfully organizing and running the camp kitchen on the second trip; Power Foods of Berkeley, California, for their generous donation of Power Bars; the Universidad de Guayaquil for access to the Jauneche reserve. We thank Eduardo Aspiazu-Estrada (of Fundación Natura - Guayaquil Chapter) for logistical support and for arranging overflights of the Cordillera de la Costa west of Guayaquil; the latter flights were generously provided by the Empresa Cemento Nacional, S.A., which also facilitated our fieldwork at Cerro Blanco. We also acknowledge the enthusiastic support and help of the following people at Cerro Blanco: Jimmy Andrade, Clarice Strang, and Peace Corps volunteer Walter Herzog. Eduardo Aspiazu and Ralph Jones, U.S. Consul in Guayaquil, kindly gave us tours of Cerro Blanco, and provided useful information on the birds, mammals, and vegetation of the reserve.

6 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program At Parque Nacional Machalilla our field For assistance in the office, we would efforts were aided greatly by Lcdo. Carlos like to thank Ali Lankerani, Stephen Nash and Zambrano, Intendente of the park, and the Luci Betti for work on the illustrations, Lisa Merchan family (Nestor, Samuel, and Cecilio). Famolare for document processing, and com- Others who provided assistance of one kind or ments on the manuscript from Brent Bailey and another included Carmen and Angelita Robin Bell, and Carlos Reynel (Missouri Bo- Altapuya, Antonio, Manuel and Wilson García, tanical Garden). René, Fermín, Luis Zank, and Don Pedro at Bilsa; Lucas Goyes, Gustavo Holquin, and Pablo Loor at Jauneche; and Antonio, Manuel, and Peace Corps volunteer Karl Berg at Manta Real. We gratefully acknowledge information on prospective study sites provided by Nancy Hilgert (of the Corporación Ornitológica del Ecuador), Paul Greenfield (Quito), Fernando Ortiz Crespo (Quito), and Mark Robbins and Robert Ridgely (of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). We would like to thank Charles O. Handley, Jr. and Michael D. Carleton for check- ing the identifications of some bats and rodents, Linda Gordon for facilitating the mammal identifications (US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution), and Roy W. McDiarmid and Robert P. Reynolds for confer- ring on identifications and discussions of the Ecuadorian herpetofauna (US Fish and Wild- life Service). Tyana Wachter and Zenith Batista provided assistance at the Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago).

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 7 Overview

INTRODUCTION

The forests of western Ecuador are among the most severely threatened of the world’s ecosystems (Dodson and Gentry 1991, Gentry 1977, 1979, Myers 1988). Primarily as a result of an alarming explosion in the human population of the country between 1960 and 1980 (from 4 to 10.2 million), more than 90 percent of the Pacific lowland and foothill forest below 900 m has been converted to agriculture — especially plantations of bananas, oil palms, soybeans, and rice — in addition to the more traditional cacao and coffee (Dodson and Gentry 1991). Dodson and Gentry (1991) estimate that the aboriginal forests of western Ecuador once covered nearly 80,000 km2. Of the three major lowland forest types in this relatively small area, less than 6 percent remains: tropical wet forest (0.8 percent), tropical dry forest (1 percent), and tropical moist forest (4 percent). There is one large area of forest north of the Río Guayllabamba in Esmeraldas, Imbabura and Carchi provinces. Included in this area are two forest reserves totalling about 280,000 ha (Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas and Reserva Etnica y Forestal Awa). Otherwise, only scattered fragments of forest survive, most of which are less than 100 ha in size. Until the late 1970s, the largest wet and moist forest reserves south of Esmeraldas were the Río Palenque Science Center (100 ha) and the Jauneche reserve (138 ha). Larger areas of dry, moist, and wet forest are now protected by law in Parque Nacional Machalilla, Reserva Ecológica Manglares-Churute, Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco, and Bosque Protector Molleturo (but see below). Another important area of coastal dry forest lies within the Reserva Militar de Arenillas. The coastal and foothill forests of western Ecuador are of great biological importance due to the large numbers of species and high levels of endemism they support. Dodson and Gentry (1991) estimated that as many as 6,300 species of vascular plants occur in western Ecuador (only 16,000 species are known from all of North America). Of that total,

8 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program about 1,200 species (or 20 percent) may be gists and conservationists worldwide (Dodson Without a endemic, that is, they have geographic ranges and Gentry 1991, Gentry 1979, Myers 1988). smaller than 75,000 km2 (Gentry 1986b). In Attempts to identify and describe existing concerted fact, many of these endemic plants are known forests have been a high priority over the past only from one or a few small islands of suit- decade, but relatively few studies have been effort by the able habitat such as isolated ridgetops along published — two as yet unpublished surveys the base of the Andes, some of which are only compiled by EcoCiencia and Fundación national and a few square kilometers in size (Gentry 1986b). Natura will prove valuable when they are This extreme local endemism renders many finally released (García et al. 1989, Mejía et al. local of these species especially vulnerable to ex- 1990). Unfortunately, however, action to pro- tinction. tect surviving forests from total destruction governments, The vertebrates of western Ecuador are has been limited and largely ineffective. With- similarly diverse, and some groups (e.g., birds) out a concerted effort by the national and military show levels of endemism that approach those local governments, military authorities, con- of plants. More than 800 bird species are servation organizations, and concerned citi- authorities, known to occur in western Ecuador (Ortiz et zens, these biologically rich forests — as well al. 1990), including 40 species and 140 well- as the huge numbers of plant and animal conservation marked subspecies that are restricted to the species they support — will disappear from dry forests and scrub habitats of southwest the earth within 20 years. organizations, Ecuador and adjacent northwest Peru (Parker In keeping with the urgent need for et al., MS), and 30 species confined to the better scientific inventories of the region, the and concerned humid evergreen forests to the north — the Rapid Assessment Program team of Conser- Chocoan forest that extends from extreme vation International and biologists from the citizens, these eastern Panama south into Ecuador (Cracraft Escuela Politécnica Nacional (Quito) spent a 1985). Of approximately 142 lowland mam- total of six weeks (in January-February and biologically mal species known from western Ecuador, 54 July 1991) in the coastal hills and low moun- species (17 percent of the total Ecuadorian tains that parallel the Ecuadorian coast be- rich forests mammal fauna of 324 species) are not found tween Guayaquil and Esmeraldas, as well as elsewhere in Ecuador (Albuja 1991). Fifteen in adjacent areas of southwest Ecuador. Our …will disap- of these are endemic to coastal forests along objectives were: 1) to undertake a rapid bio- the Pacific coasts of Colombia, Ecuador, and logical evaluation of the deciduous and ever- pear from the northern Peru. Regional endemism is highest green forest types of the coastal region; 2) to among bats, with approximately 24 percent of inventory the flora and fauna of representa- earth within Ecuador’s total bat fauna of 125 species being tive examples of these forest types, with em- confined to the western lowlands (Albuja phasis on plants, birds, mammals, reptiles, 20 years. 1991). To date, 253 species of amphibians and and amphibians; 3) to determine the conser- reptiles have been recorded in western Ecua- vation status of various endemic species of dor below 2,000 m; about 60 percent of the vertebrates and plants thought to be threat- frogs are endemic (Almendáriz 1991). As in ened with extinction, with emphasis on large the case of plants, many of these vertebrates mammals, birds, and tree species of economic are globally threatened due to habitat de- importance; 4) to identify areas of forest that struction within their small geographic ranges. remain and to determine their relative bio- The dire plight of the forests (and their logical importance with respect to levels of flora and fauna) in western Ecuador has species diversity, species richness, endemism, aroused much concern on the part of biolo- and the presence of threatened forms; and 5)

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 9 The scientific to use the results of our studies to increase cal data available for plants and animals of awareness of the potential biological (and forests along the Pacific coast of Ecuador. results of our economic) losses that Ecuador will suffer if Most of the tree species at Bilsa apparently these biotic communities and their species are constitute new records for Esmeraldas Prov- studies reflect not protected. In the following report we ince and others (e.g., Schlegelia dressleri and a present the results of our fieldwork. Moutabea sp.) are new to Ecuador. Especially the paucity of intriguing is our discovery at Bilsa of a genus new to science (Exarata, Gentry 1992) that is SUMMARY distributional a large, locally common tree well known to During six weeks of fieldwork at nine locali- local people. Indeed, we even ate our meals and ecological ties along the Pacific coast of Ecuador from while sitting on sections of a trunk of this Esmeraldas to Arenillas (Fig. 1), the Rapid species. Several large tree species found at data available Assessment Program (RAP) team of Conser- Bilsa were previously known only from the vation International inventoried plants, birds, Río Palenque Science Center, including the for plants and mammals, amphibians and reptiles. The re- rare Caryodaphnopsis theobromifolia and sults of these surveys confirm that while the Daphnopsis occulta. animals of region’s plant and animal communities are Other sites also yielded exciting botani- not as species-rich as similar communities in cal finds. At least two tree genera found at forests along the the upper Amazon Basin, levels of endemism Cerro Mutiles, Ampelocera and Lecointea, in plants, birds, and frogs are unusually high. are new to Ecuador. The latter had never been Pacific coast of In contrast, most of the mammal fauna is recorded west of the Andes. One of the most widespread, but small numbers of endemic common trees at Cerro Mutiles is a subspecies Ecuador. species do occur in the region. As previously of Pseudolmedia rigida, an endemic with a reported by Dodson and Gentry (1991), we small geographic range. What may be the estimate that up to 20 percent of the plant largest surviving population in the coastal species at most sites visited are endemic to range of the valuable hardwood Carapa western Ecuador and small areas of adjacent guianensis was discovered on Cerro Pata de Colombia and Peru. Bird endemism ranged Pájaro near Pedernales; 95 percent of all from ca. 10 percent in the wet forest at Bilsa to canopy trees in the summit forest on this more than 40 percent in the dry forest and mountain were either Carapa or an Esch- scrub vegetation at Arenillas. This under- weilera sp. An unusual new species of Bauhinia scores the conservation importance of the was also found on the upper slopes of this severely threatened dry forests in this region. mountain. The discovery of endemic plant As with other organisms studied, bird species species previously known only from the Río richness declined dramatically from wet to Palenque Science Center (e.g., Erythrina meg- dry forests, with ca. 160 species at Bilsa and istophylla) in upper elevation forests on Cerro only 70 species at Arenillas. Achi and at Machalilla indicates that these Considering the accessibility of Pacific forests were once connected and that new forests in Ecuador — even those of the coastal populations of these species remain to be mountaintops — we were surprised by the found in unexplored parts of the coastal cor- large number of range extensions obtained dillera. A large tree (Phytolacca sp.) found in for all groups, and by the discovery of plant the Machalilla moist forest (and once near taxa new to science. Río Palenque) might represent an amazing The scientific results of our studies re- disjunction of the Argentinian P. doica, of flect the paucity of distributional and ecologi- which there is one old record of a native plant

10 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Figure 1. Map of western Ecuador showing the study sites, road network travelled, and provinces visited in the course of our travels. The numbered study sites correspond with: (1) Cerro Mutiles, (2) Cabeceras de Bilsa, (3) Cerro Pata de Pájaro, (4) Tabuga-Río Cuaque, (5) Parque Nacional Machalilla, (6) Cerro Blanco, (7) Juaneche, (8) Manta Real, and (9) Reserva Militar de Arenillas. This and subsequent figures (unless otherwise noted) are based on maps produced by the Instituto Geográfico Militar, Quito.

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 11 collected at an unknown locality in Peru. collected genus (and a species) unknown from Another interesting large tree found at western Ecuador. Below 400 m the forest is Machalilla is apparently a species of dominated by a large species of Browneopsis Simaroubaceae that is generically unknown (Leguminosae) with extraordinary hanging to us, but may represent the same genus re- inflorescences 2 m long, bearing very large, The most cently collected in the Cauca Valley of Co- pink and white flowers. lombia. Several other plant species collected The most interesting result of ornitho- interesting by us in moist forest at Machalilla may be new logical surveys was our discovery on the high- to science, including a pendant Heliconia with est ridges at Machalilla of a montane avifauna result of yellowish green, pubescent bracts, and sev- comprised of at least 17 species not previously eral of the more than one dozen Bromeliaceae known in Ecuador away from the Andes. ornithological found on Cerro San Sebastián. Many of these (e.g., Anabacerthia varie- Important botanical discoveries in the gaticeps, Grallaria guatimalensis, Mecocer- surveys was Machalilla dry forest include a Simira species culus calopterus, Catharus dryas, and (the third most common tree species in the Amaurospiza concolor) survive in very small our discovery Estero Perro Muerto transect) which is now numbers in the uppermost 100-200 m of hu- virtually extinct locally and perhaps generally mid forest along ridgetops that approach 800 on the highest in western Ecuador, and a small number of m in elevation. These populations have un- adults and scattered saplings of Myroxylon doubtedly been genetically isolated from ridges at balsamifera at Estero Manta Blanca may rep- Andean forms for an extremely long period of resent the only extant population of this tree time. Genetic and morphological studies are Machalilla of species in the country. Other Machalilla trees badly needed to determine the degree to which of interest include a striking Capparis found they have differentiated. a montane at Estero Manta Blanca; this 25 m tall indi- Also of zoogeographic interest was our vidual makes this species among the largest discovery of Hylocryptus erythrocephalus and avifauna known for the genus. This and another large- Grallaria watkinsi at Cerro San Sebastián. leaved Capparis with banana-sized, striped These species were previously known only comprised of fruits may be undescribed species. from a small area of semideciduous forest in The Cerro Blanco reserve was found to the Andes ca. 200 km to the southeast. Twelve at least 17 be particularly important because it is appar- additional dry and moist forest endemics were ently the only protected limestone flora in also found at Machalilla, most of which are species not western Ecuador and it supports a great diver- considered globally threatened (by the Inter- sity of plants whose populations can recover national Council for Bird Preservation) due previously with time. The Cerro Blanco flora also in- to massive deforestation within their small cludes a prospective new species of Salacia, geographic ranges in SW Ecuador and NW known in several other species only recently described Peru. from Ecuador, and a species of Rinorea (the Several moist forest species (e.g., Ecuador away only dry forest species in the genus) that was Brotogeris pyyrhopterus, Lathrotriccus previously known only from the type col- griseipectus, and Basileuterus fraseri) not pre- from the lected in 1844. viously known to occur regularly north of the Manta Real, the southernmost locality Río Chone were found as far north as the Río Andes. inventoried for plants, also produced some Cuaque near Pedernales, where some large surprising discoveries. In wet forest between patches of suitable habitat survive. Others, 400 and 500 m, the most abundant tree is including Ortalis erythroptera and Leucopter- Metteniusa nucifera (Icacinaceae), a rarely nis occidentalis, were observed even farther

12 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program north on Cerro Mutiles southeast of the city of very small numbers. For example, we found Esmeraldas. The highest reported densities small, vulnerable populations of two primate for the moist forest endemics Lathrotric- species (Alouatta palliata and Cebus albifrons) cus griseipectus and Onychorhynchus occi- in most of the forests studied; of these, the dentalis were noted in vine-rich forest at endemic C. albifrons aequatorialis appears to Jauneche. The latter species appears to be on be the most threatened due to its more re- the verge of extinction in most of its small stricted and isolated distribution. More field- range. The flycatcher Cnipodectes subbrun- work may reveal the presence of additional neus was also observed at Jauneche; there are new or poorly known mammal species re- only a few, widely scattered records of this stricted to the coastal forests, particularly species from west of the Andes over the past among bats and rodents. 100 years. Our sighting of a Spotted Rail Our collections of amphibians and rep- (Pardirallus maculatus) at Jauneche, appears tiles from the Cordillera de la Costa indicated to be only the second record for the country. the presence of a herpetofauna comparable to In dry forests at Cerro Blanco and in the that already known from lowland, western Reserva Militar de Arenillas more than 30 Ecuador. However, the presence of species in percent of all bird species recorded are en- the Cordillera de la Costa with Andean slope demic, including at least 12 species that are affinities and the prevalence of unidentifiable globally threatened. Wet forests at Bilsa and species (especially in the species-rich genus Manta Real were found to support more di- Eleutherodactylus) suggest the possibility of verse avifaunas (up to 160 spp.), but lower altitudinal zonation in the herpetofauna like levels of endemism. that on the western Andean slopes and a A potentially important wintering popu- herpetofaunal component restricted to the lation of Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax humid montane forest of the Cordillera. virescens) was discovered in moist forest at Among the significant records made Cerro Mutiles and smaller numbers were noted during our trips in western Ecuador were new as far south as Parque Nacional Machalilla. localities for poorly known species and rather Other Neotropical migrants found to be win- large range extensions. At Bilsa, we obtained tering in small numbers in coastal and adja- a specimen of the dendrobatid frog cent montane forests include Olive-sided Fly- Epipedobates erythromos, previously known catcher (Contopus borealis), Western Wood- only from the type locality, and a caecilian pewee (Contopus (sordidulus)), Swainson’s (Oscaecilia equatorialis) previously known Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Blackburnian only from the type, and both endemic to west- Warbler (Dendroica fusca), Bay-breasted ern Ecuador. Also at Bilsa, were two species Warbler (Dendroica castanea), Northern of the colubrid snake genus Tantilla, both of Waterthrush (Seiurus novebora- which were significant additions to the known censis), Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra) range in Ecuador (one was previously known and American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). only from the type locality at San Lorenzo). Although mammal diversity and ende- We also collected only the second reported mism are relatively low in the forests of west- specimen of the treefrog Phrynohyas venulosa ern Ecuador, 54 species, or 17 percent of the from western Ecuador (at Jauneche) and the mammalian fauna of Ecuador, are found in first specimen of the bufonid Atelopus balios the Pacific lowlands. We obtained evidence since the 1920s (at Manta Real). that most of the large mammal species known from the areas visited still survive, albeit in

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 13 Pedernales-El Carmen highway revealed only CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES scattered, small (<10 ha) forest patches south (T. PARKER) of the Esmeraldas/Manabí border. We learned The following forested areas were visited by during our stay at Bilsa that this forest is our group. They are among the few remaining rapidly being opened up from all sides. With- islands of forest left in western Ecuador below out immediate intervention from the govern- 900 m, and are critically important reservoirs ment or conservation organizations, this for- of biological diversity, especially the large est will deteriorate into numerous tiny frag- numbers of plant and animal species found ments, or be gone altogether within five years. nowhere else on earth. 3 Cerro Pata de Pájaro. This mountaintop, 1 Cerro Mutiles. The interesting tropical isolated wet forest of ca. 800 ha is said (by local moist forest on Cerro Mutiles, a ridge behind people) to be protected, but is obviously be- the Jardín Tropical of the Universidad Técnica ing cleared continuously around the entire Luis Vargas Torres (Esmeraldas), is an ex- lower periphery. The watershed importance ample of a once widespread forest type that is of this forest to surrounding communities, now confined to scattered, small fragments in especially to Pedernales, is obvious to us, but western Ecuador. Although this is said to be a apparently not well understood by local resi- protected area, we were dismayed to find that dents. Protecting the watershed would be a many of the tall trees in the oldest, most useful and manageable project for a conserva- diverse forest on the upper slopes of the ridge tion group. had recently been felled. Studies of the fauna were made difficult by the constant whine of 4 Río Cuaque drainage. The semideciduous chain saws being put to use in the forest, both and moist forests on low, coastal ridges south inside and around the reserve. We hope that of Pedernales could perhaps be included in a university officials will decide to place greater conservation plan for Cerro Pata de Pájaro. importance on the full protection of this re- Delimitation of the remaining forested area serve, and that they will continue to use it (and through overflights and terrestrial reconnais- the Jardín Tropical) as an educational center sance, as well as additional floral and faunal which is so desperately needed in this part of surveys, is urgently needed. the country. The addition to the reserve of surviving patches of forest farther along the 5 Parque Nacional Machalilla. This is the ridge — or those on adjacent ridges — would only national park in western Ecuador. The greatly increase the biological value of the flora and fauna of this biologically important reserve. reserve are at risk due to timber harvest, small-scale agriculture, livestock grazing, and 2 Cabeceras de Bilsa. This region, near the hunting by the human population living within headwaters of the Río Bilsa south of the city of and around its borders. Private land owner- Esmeraldas and east of Muisne, is near the ship within the park is a major problem. Ac- northwestern margin of what is apparently cording to one source up to 75 percent of the the last large (to ca. 20,000 ha) block of wet surface area of the park is in private hands forest remaining south of the Río Esmeraldas. (Arriaga 1987); this contradicts earlier re- We were not able to determine the southern ports that 80 percent of the park belonged to limit of continuous forest in this region, al- the state (IUCN, 1982). Clearly, the acquisi- though an overflight and fieldwork along the tion of private lands within the park is essen-

14 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program tial to the long-term protection and mainte- immediate steps are taken to preserve some of nance of this important area. the last remnants of original vegetation in the All of the deciduous and evergreen for- park before they are further damaged or to- ests of Parque Nacional Machalilla have been tally destroyed. altered to some degree, and much of the dam- Increased efforts should be made to age is severe. The few families living on or at promote awareness of park boundaries, both the base of Cerro San Sebastián continue to by the erection of signs at borders and by the clear small areas of forest for agriculture, and posting of signs warning against hunting and their cattle and goats graze and trample the lumbering. undergrowth throughout the entire area. We With regard to one potential source of Parque suggest that a core area, perhaps centered on income for the small communities that sur- Cerro San Sebastián (the most biologically round the park, we were surprised by the lack Nacional diverse section of the park) be fully protected of accommodations and restaurants in what from these activities. The local residents need would appear to be a mecca for tourists. The Machalilla is not be expelled, but rather employed as park scenic coastline and wide beaches, offshore guards or guides — or encouraged in non- islands including the Galapagos-like Isla de la of great destructive, sustainable practices such as the Plata, and hiking trails to verdant forests such harvest of tagua palm nuts, which are abun- as those on Cerro San Sebastián, would surely biological dant locally. We would hope that a protected attract large numbers of “ecotourists” if their core area would encompass as many habitats basic needs could be met. Employees in the value due to as possible, in particular, large tracts of the small but nice hotel in Machalilla acted as if globally important deciduous and we were the first tourists they had ever seen, the presence of semideciduous forests at middle elevations and even finding any kind of food in the town (300-600 m) in the mountains and the small was a challenge. There seems to be a tremen- extensive dry patches of fog forest remaining on the moun- dous untapped potential for tourism in the tain peaks. Protection of smaller examples of area. and moist other plant communities within the park is In summary, Parque Nacional Macha- also recommended, perhaps through the use lilla is of great biological value due to the forests with of fenced exclosures that would allow for the presence of extensive dry and moist forests regeneration of native vegetation presently with large numbers of endemic plants and large numbers being devoured and trampled by goats and animals. Whether and how the ecosystems of cattle. the park can be saved from further degrada- of endemic We also suggest that remnants of the fog tion or outright destruction is another matter. forest on low hills along the coast just south of In addition to convincing local people of the plants and the Río Ayampe should be immediately con- advantages of protecting watershed areas or sidered for inclusion in the park. source populations of valuable trees, a strong animals. We understand that conservation orga- case could be made for all-out promotion of nizations are attempting to educate the local the park as a showcase for environmental communities concerning the need for alterna- tourism. tive economic activities in this region, but wonder whether there will be much to con- 6 Cerro Blanco reserve. This recently estab- serve in the way of watersheds, economically lished reserve will hopefully become a model valuable trees, or, in a broader sense, biologi- for how to manage a protected area in a cal diversity, when these programs finally be- densely populated region fraught with social, gin to make an impact. We sincerely hope that economic, and political problems. The di-

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 15 verse dry to moist limestone forest flora, and ests would undoubtedly flourish and yield its highly endemic avifauna are well-protected economic benefits far into the future. Aban- in this 2,000 ha area. The newly constructed donment of these forests will surely lead to the environmental center at Quebrada Canoa, inexorable processes that have turned only a few kilometers west of Guayaquil, will the Portoviejo region, for example, into a serve to educate the public concerning the Sahel-like desert. local and global importance of forests such as those of Cerro Blanco and areas farther west 7 Jauneche. The history and conservation and north in the coastal cordillera. status of this reserve were discussed in detail We hope that Fundación Natura and by Dodson et al. (1985); a management plan the Empresa Cemento Nacional will be able has also been prepared (Valverde et al. 1990). to acquire or manage existing forests that lie Whereas the University of Guayaquil is to be adjacent to the present reserve boundaries, commended for its protection and mainte- for every hectare of original forest vegetation nance of the biological station and reserve, it is biologically priceless, and the addition of is difficult to understand why such a small any large pieces of forested land to the north forest (138 ha) — and one of the only surviv- or south of the reserve would increase the ing examples of moist forest in lowland south- survival prospects of larger vertebrates such west Ecuador — needs to be “managed” at all. as primates or parrots. Identification and ac- Total protection of the flora and fauna should quisition of such areas should be given high be given very high priority. Such a small island priority by conservation organizations in in a densely settled sea of agricultural land Guayaquil. During an overflight of the Cor- cannot possibly serve as a viable source of dillera de Chongón-Colonche about 75-95 km plant or animal products for very long. The west of Guayaquil, we located a large, rectan- importance of Jauneche lies in its function as gular area of what appears to be moist forest a reservoir of economically valuable trees, a at low elevations along the northeast side of few of which are known from nowhere else in the Colonche. This forest is probably similar the world. We heard from local people that to that of Jauneche, but is potentially much trees are still being cut from time to time, and more valuable because of its larger size and we encountered men with guns well inside the proximity to extensive (though degraded) drier reserve. This is analogous to the situation forests of the Cordillera de Colonche. Rapid we encountered at Cerro Mutiles near biological inventory and immediate conser- Esmeraldas; both reserves are managed by vation action in this area are urgently needed. university personnel who are surely aware of On a positive note, our overflights of the massive loss of biological resources in the Cordillera de la Costa between Guayaquil western Ecuador. We hope that both areas and Machalilla revealed the presence of ex- will be viewed primarily as educational cen- tensive, albeit heavily impacted tracts of dry ters rather than as a source of forest products. forest dominated by large trees of little eco- The local school at Jauneche is strategically nomic value such as Cavanillesia platanifolia situated at the entrance to the reserve, a per- and Ceiba trichistandra, interspersed among fect place for environmental education. lesser numbers of small individuals of valu- The biological station could also be pro- able species such as Tabebuia chrysantha that moted as a research site for scientists from have not yet been cut out. With some degree other national and international institutions of protection, as well as reforestation of native in addition to the University of Guayaquil; species that were once numerous, these for- this would create a greater constituency for

16 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program the facility and would increase the likelihood (Ridgely and Robbins 1988), and numerous that it will be maintained. Collaboration with other poorly known taxa of plants and small the University of Guayaquil faculty and short- vertebrates may share this distribution. term courses by visiting scientists would greatly Apart from their biological value, we benefit the mission of the station and the have seldom seen forested watersheds that university. This sort of activity should be sup- are so clearly crucial to the economy of a ported by visitors’ fees for researchers in resi- region or a nation. The banana and cacao dence as is the practice at present. industries generate a large percentage of the The reserve is an ideal natural labora- GNP of the country, and adequate supplies of tory where extinction phenomena could be water are crucial to their continued productiv- studied. A comprehensive survey of the natu- ity. The fog forests on the lower slopes of the ral vegetation and fauna in surrounding areas Andes adjacent to the densely cultivated should be undertaken so that a variety of coastal lands trap and recycle huge quantities natural processes could be studied over time of moisture from clouds that roll in off the …we have (i.e., gene flow to and from areas with modi- ocean, even during the driest times of year. fied vegetation, forest succession, use of sur- The destruction of the remaining forests in seldom seen rounding areas by forest-dwelling vertebrates southwest Ecuador will — without any doubt such as rodents, primates, and birds). The — have a strongly adverse effect on the re- forested reserve offers the great advantage of having a gional economy. This potentially huge prob- well-known flora (Dodson et al. 1985), it is lem should be viewed as a threat to the na- watersheds relatively small, and it has comfortable ac- tional security of the country. Regional cli- commodations. matic changes (e.g., the trend toward frequent that are so and prolonged droughts) are almost certainly 8 Manta Real. This magnificent and biologi- caused in large part by widespread deforesta- clearly crucial cally rich forest apparently lies within or just tion. Lesser but still significant problems such north of the much larger (28,000 ha) Bosque as the destruction of highway bridges all along to the Protector Cordillera de Molleturo, which ex- the Pacific coast are a consequence of in- tends from the Río Chacayacu south to the creased runoff due to the removal of forest economy of Río Jagua, and encompasses an elevational cover. range of 200 to 2,000 m (García et al. 1989). Urgent and radical new measures are a region or Despite rapid encroachment from above and desperately needed if any of the Bosque Pro- below, large areas of tall forest remain on tector de Molleturo is to survive beyond the a nation. steep slopes from the base of the mountains year 2000. Much of the forest above Manta (ca. 300 m) up to about 1,500 m. In addition to Real and in the forested drainage of the upper having an almost intact and diverse flora, the Río Balao has been invaded by cooperatives forest at Manta Real still supports popula- that have already marked off large sections on tions of the largest mammals, including jaguar even the steepest slopes to be cleared in the (Panthera onca), puma (Felis concolor), white- near future. Members of long-established co- lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), and mantled operatives along the base of these mountains howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), and birds say that they are powerless to stop this intru- (Tinamus major, Penelope spp.). About 10 sion, and most are fearful of the impact such percent of the avifauna is endemic to western activities will have on the lands below. Almost Ecuador/NW Peru. The parakeet Pyrrhura everyone we spoke with pointed out that gov- orcesi is restricted to a small area of lower ernment agencies such as IERAC still actively montane forest between Manta Real and Piñas promote deforestation through land-tenure

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 17 policies that require owners to clear forest 9 Reserva Militar de Arenillas. Included in from a large portion of any property in order this military reserve of ca. 20,000 ha is the to maintain rights to it. largest area of intact dry forest and thornscrub The destruction of the Bosque Protec- in southwest Ecuador. Although nearly all of tor de Molleturo is further hastened by the the tall dry forest has been selectively logged, new road being constructed between Naranjal the reserve remains an important reservoir and Cuenca (“the Molleturo road”), which (seed bank) for a variety of economically We suggest that bisects the reserve. In addition to the environ- valuable tree species, especially ébano mental damage caused by the construction (Zizyphus thyrsiflora), guayacán (Tabebuia conservation activity (e.g., unusually massive landslides and chrysantha), and charan blanco (Pithecel- the destruction of hundreds of hectares of lobium sp.). The extensive mangrove forest organizations adjacent forest), this is an important new av- that lies along the coast between Arenillas enue for colonists who have already cleared and Huaquillas represents one of the largest seek to forge all land within sight of the road surface above surviving examples of this important ecosys- ca. 1,500 m. It is difficult to understand why tem within the country. Much of this habitat new alliances the development agency(s) that funded this to the north and south has been destroyed for project did not take into consideration the the aquaculture of shrimp. Ironically, the wide- with the effects that such a road would have on the spread degradation and outright destruction Bosque Protector. Lateral colonization away of the coastal estuarine habitats threaten the military, from the roadway will ultimately lead to the long-term survival of this important economic destruction of a large percentage of the re- resource. We were relieved to see that the government serve. At the very least, steps could have been military is protecting the natural spawning taken to control this colonization, such as the grounds of shrimp in this area. agencies,…local placement of guardposts at the base of the Military authorities in Machala and at mountain and up around 1,500 m. The costs of base headquarters in the reserve expressed cooperatives, maintaining a highway in such steep, erosion- great interest in finding ways to protect the prone terrain will probably be astronomical. integrity of the Arenillas dry forests. They and large We suggest that conservation organiza- have already begun a reforestation project in tions seek to forge new alliances with the collaboration with the Ministry of Agricul- agribusinesses. military, government agencies (such as the ture. Thousands of seedlings of three native Ministry of Agriculture and IERAC), local tree species — ébano (Zizyphus thyrsiflora), cooperatives, and large agribusinesses (espe- guachapelí (Albizia guachapele), and cially the banana-growers), in order to avert algarrobo (Prosopis sp.) — are being raised at the total destruction of the Bosque Protector a tree nursery in Arenillas and replanted along de Molleturo. The support of the military in forest edges in the interior of the military this process is essential to its success, for there reserve. Initial results are discouraging, due in is little time to implement strategies (environ- large part to a prolonged drought. We hope mental education, support for fundamental that the project will not be abandoned, but changes in local economic activities) that rather that military and ministry officials will might work well in sparsely settled areas east seek outside technical and financial assistance of the Andes. The forests of western Ecuador that would result in success, and ultimately, are gravely threatened. more widespread acceptance and use of such projects.

18 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program 10 Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas hope that all of the attention focussed on and Reserva Etnica y Forestal Awa. Although Amazonia does not distract national and in- we did not visit these reserves, primarily be- ternational conservation organizations from cause the region has been the focus of numer- the more immediate need to implement forest ous biological inventories in recent years conservation strategies in the Pacific lowlands (Albuja, pers. comm.), we feel that we should and on the lower slopes of the Andes in west- comment on the growing threats to the forests ern Ecuador and Colombia. lying along the reserve boundaries (e.g., those just north of the Río Guayllabamba). As the largest block (at ca. 280,000 ha) of tropical forest left in western Ecuador, these two reserves harbor the largest Ecuadorian populations of many plant and animal species restricted to the Chocó region of endemism. It is sad to see the lines of logging trucks (all stacked with massive tree trunks) laboring up the mountain roads from Esmeraldas province into the highlands — and to know that in the very near future most of the economically valuable hardwoods will have been cut out — leaving ragged forests comprised of numerous “useless” species that will also be felled to make way for more viable (but often short- term) economic activities. As in the Bosque Protector de Molleturo, the watershed importance of rain-drenched forests in the lowlands and foothills of the extreme northwest has apparently not been taken into account by government planners, to say little of the lack of value placed on preserving populations of economically valuable species, including even those that generate local income (e.g., Phytelephas aequatorialis, “tagua” palm nuts). Now that national governments worldwide are beginning to address the biodiversity is- sue, and to seek ways to protect their threatened ecosystems and to use their natural resources on a sustainable basis, it is hoped that the Ecuadorian government will realize the national and global importance of its Pacific forests, take steps in the immediate future to secure the boundaries of existing reserves, and protect — in some way — whatever else remains of this biologically rich region. We

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 19 Technical Report

INTRODUCTION TO THE SITES

The technical portion of this report consists of a series of accounts organized by site. Each account follows the same general format with the information organized into sections; the section topics fall in the order: site description and vegetation, birds, mammals, herpetofauna. All sites do not have an account containing all sections, and some accounts cover additional topics. The sites are organized geographically from north to south for the six sites within the Cordillera de la Costa, followed by the three other sites in order from north to south. Maps of the entire region and individual sites appear in Figs. 1-10. An itinerary for the trips appears in Appendix 1, followed by 18 other appendices detailing preliminary inventories of the flora and fauna of the sites.

CERRO MUTILES (MOIST FOREST)

Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster)

Cerro Mutiles is a high hill (between 200 – 300 m) in back of the Jardín Tropical of the Universidad Técnica “Luis Vargas Torres” of Esmeraldas, a few kilometers southeast of the city of Esmeraldas (Fig. 2). The forest covering part of its southern slope is maintained by the Jardín and is contiguous with it. Located at 0° 54' N, 79° 37' W, it is part of a range of low ridges parallel to the coast that is bisected by the Río Esmeraldas. This is the northern extension of the Cordillera de la Costa, which becomes considerably reduced north of the Río Esmeraldas until it is represented by only a few low hills in the basin of the Río Santiago- Cayapas. As with many other ridges near the coast, the forest appears to be a fog forest at the top (but a relatively dry one) and a dry forest at the bottom, but the differences are not extreme. Although it probably is drier at the base, the dry deciduous appearance is largely due to tree cutting that has left a high proportion of deciduous second-growth species. Most of the slope appears to be covered with a fairly typical semideciduous moist forest. The soil appears to be fairly rich and non- acidic, with 960 ppm K, 15.8 ppm P and 6770 ppm N, and a pH of 7.1-7.2 (data from Gentry).

20 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program The most common canopy trees are increasing altitude. The upper third appears Pseudolmedia rigida, Brosimum alicastrum to be nearly intact very old forest (200 + (Moraceae); Pouteria reticulata (Sapotaceae); years). We were dismayed to see that within Trichilia cf. pleeana (Meliaceae); and Virola the last two years there has been a renewal of riedii (Myristicaceae). On the lower slope, tree-cutting within the reserve. Chain saws fast-growing trees such as Triplaris cumingiana were active while we were there, and there (Polygonaceae), Erythrina poeppigii (Legum- were freshly cut logs of several large old inosae), Castilla elastica (Moraceae), Cupania Pouteria reticulata trees (among other spe- cf. latifolia (Sapindaceae), and Spondias mom- cies) right along the main trail to the top. bin (Anacardiaceae) are all common. There Apparently, this logging is occurring with the are several species each of Ficus (Moraceae) approval and even at the behest of the univer- and Inga (Leguminosae). sity administration. Common smaller trees are Swartzia haughtii (Leguminosae), Sorocea sarcocarpa Results of Plant Transect and General (Moraceae), and Trichilia pallida (Meliaceae). Observations (A. Gentry) The most common shrubs include Psychotria horizontalis (Rubiaceae); Annona sp. (An- The Cerro Mutiles forest, which unfortunately nonaceae); Acalypha sp., Cleidion sp. (Eu- appears to have been much modified by for- phorbiaceae); Piper laevigatum (Piperaceae); esters who have cleared the understory in Picramnia latifolia (Simaroubaceae); Eugenia many areas, has few hemiepiphytes and an galalonensis (Myrtaceae); and a stout Dief- unusual prevalence of lianas, especially fenbachia (Araceae). Lianas are frequent, in- Bignoniaceae. In parts it is similar to Jauneche, cluding many Bignoniaceae. one of the most liana-dense forests known in Despite the small size of the protected the world (Dodson et al. 1985, Gentry 1988). area we were able to visit, this was by far the The Cerro Mutiles forest is typical of most species-rich moist forest we saw in west- western Ecuador moist forest in its relatively ern Ecuador (Appendix 13). It included many low diversity and the relative dominance of more species in common with Central Ameri- Moraceae. Coastal Ecuador is one of the few can and Amazonian moist forests than any of areas of lowland Latin America where the similar forests to the south. This may be Leguminosae is not the most diverse family. because it is less isolated from the Andes than Not only was Moraceae the second most the strip of moist forest along the coastal side speciose family in the transect at Cerro of the Cordillera de la Costa that is south of Mutiles (after the dominant liana family Esmeraldas. Also, it is quite likely that a much Bignoniaceae), with nine sampled species, larger area of moist forest previously existed but it included 54 sampled individuals as in the hills and ridges south of Portoviejo — if compared to 17 individuals of Leguminosae, I am interpreting the remnant scrub vegeta- which was the third most species-rich family. tion correctly. Finally, the terrain at Cerro Four of the six most common trees >10 cm Mutiles with its ridges and ravines is much dbh are Moraceae, including the most com- more heterogeneous than that of the flat basin mon, Pseudolmedia rigida, with eight indi- north of Guayaquil. viduals >10 cm diameter. Similarly, three of The lower half or two thirds of the slope the seven most common large tree (>20 cm appears to have been subject to much selec- dbh) species are Moraceae, including the most tive tree-cutting over the last 50 years, but prevalent large tree, Brosimum guianense. there is progressively less disturbance with The most abundant understory species are

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 21 Figure 2. Map of the northern portion of the Pacific coastal region of western Ecuador showing towns, cities, and geographic features. Note that various portions of the Cordillera de la Costa are known by regional names.

22 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Figure 3. Map of the southern portion of the Pacific coastal region of western Ecuador.

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 23 Faramea occidentalis and Trichilia pallida, Tinamus major) cannot possibly survive in with 35 and 25 individuals respectively >2.5 this area if illegal hunting and tree-cutting are cm dbh. These two species, along with not curtailed in the near future. Pseudolmedia rigida, constitute fully one quar- A potentially important wintering popu- ter of all the sampled individuals in the transect. lation of Acadian Flycatchers (Empidonax Our discovery of a large Ampelocera (a virescens) was studied at this site. At least six genus new to western Ecuador) and Lecointea territorial individuals were located within ca. (a genus new to Ecuador and to the entire 10 ha of disturbed forest with an abundance of trans-Andean region of South America) in vines at mid-height, and others were noted ca. this forest illustrate how little we know of 2 km away in similar habitat. The vine-rich western Ecuadorian forests. forests of western Ecuador may be (or may have been) an important non-breeding habitat for this species. Summer Tanagers (Piranga Birds of Cerro Mutiles (T. Parker) rubra) were also common at Cerro Mutiles. This small reserve harbors an interesting moist forest avifauna more similar to those of Mammals of Cerro Mutiles (L. Emmons Machalilla and Jauneche than to that of the and L. Albuja) closer wet forest at Bilsa. Among the ca. 140 forest species identified (see Appendix 8) During part of a day walking along trails, we were numerous taxa not found or rare at Bilsa saw few signs of mammals (Appendix 9). Large (e.g., Campylorhamphus trochilirostris, species such as monkeys and deer appear to Sittasomus griseicapillus, Dysithamnus have been exterminated. Both the remaining mentalis, and Tolmomyias sulphurescens) that large mammals and many of the plants seem were common in this drier forest north of the to be under intense exploitation. Because of Río Esmeraldas. This forest type may have the small size of the forest and apparent state once covered the now denuded slopes be- of its fauna, we think it unlikely that the tween Bilsa and the coast, but only scattered, majority of mammal species would recover small patches now remain in the region. There even if protected. Nevertheless, immediate was also a distinct (though small) wet forest conservation action could prevent total ex- element in the avifauna at this site, including tinction of the remaining species. one species, the Blue Cotinga (Cotinga nattererii), not found at any locality to the CABECERAS DE BILSA (WET FOREST) south. Among other interesting discoveries made at Cerro Mutiles was a surprisingly Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) large population of Rufous-headed Chacha- laca (Ortalis erythroptera), up to eight pairs or The Montañas de Muisne is a complex system families of which were heard counter-calling of ridges south of the city of Esmeraldas and within a small area of ca. 2 km2. Gray-backed primarily east of Muisne (Fig. 2). This ridge Hawks (Leucopternis occidentalis) were also system gradually increases in altitude and observed in the taller ridgetop forest. We steepness farther from the coast. The were surprised to find both of these threat- Cabeceras de Bilsa forest site is on a ridge in ened species so far north and so close to the the middle and upper end of this gradient east city of Esmeraldas. These and other large of the small community of San José de Bilsa, birds (such as the extant Great Tinamou, near the headwaters of the Río Bilsa (0° 37'N,

24 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program 79° 51'W)(Fig. 4). Perhaps because the exten- colonization and logging. The presence of sion of low mountains out into the ocean to large trees of Caryodaphnopsis theobromifolia the northwest serves to funnel the clouds into (Lauraceae), an endemic species virtually ex- the southeast, and because the highest parts of terminated throughout the rest of western these ridges form a barrier 600 to 800 m high, Ecuador, is an indication of the “pristine” this forest appears to be extremely wet, equal character of the forest. The forested area if not surpassing the wetness of forest on the around Bilsa is now dotted with widely sepa- lower Andean slopes. This was especially sur- rated “claim stake” clearings of a few hectares prising because vegetation maps of Ecuador each and a network of trails connecting them. had never indicated that such a habitat (and Frequently, establishing these clearings in- such an extensive one) even existed in the volves cutting all the trees except the ones that Cordillera de la Costa, and conservation are most valuable, such as the Carapa groups had failed to take note of it. As in the guianensis. Thus one encounters with sur- Andes, the precipitation is apparently in the prise the exact reverse of normal selective form of much heavy rainfall as well as cloud removal of trees. However, with the advance condensation on the trees. The soil is an ex- of the logging roads, all the remaining large tremely sticky red to yellow clay with obvi- trees are taken out, though occasionally juve- ously great water retention capability. It is niles of valuable species are left behind in a acidic (pH 4.9-5.3) and especially low in po- welcome if half-hearted gesture at sustain- tassium (>1-177 ppm) and phosphorous (1.1/ able-yield forestry. 3.1 ppm) (data from Gentry). The high moisture environment is re- There is no evidence of human distur- flected in the heavy load of trunk climbers and bance to this area prior to the very recent stem epiphytes on all the trees, something

Figure 4. Map of the Cabeceras de Bilsa area.

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 25 usually not seen at this altitude. The forest separation that is pronounced in moist and canopy is mostly 30-40 m tall with a distinctive dry forest. Most species can be found from top physiognomy caused by large numbers of trees to bottom of this gradient and in similar abun- with small monopodial crowns (i.e., like a dance whether they are terrestrial gesneriads, Christmas tree; e.g., Virola, Quararibea, and ferns, or canopy trees. One exception to this Symphonia) in contrast to the large, branched, rule is a species of Aspidosperma tree which spreading crowns common in the canopy seemed to occur only along steep ridgetops. of other mature, lowland wet and moist Also, landslides are mostly associated with forests. Even the few Ceiba pentandra the lower slopes of these valleys and the suc- (Bombacaceae) trees growing here had tight, cessional species that grow up on such areas constricted crowns rather than their normal, are restricted as a consequence and rarely The diversity massive, spreading, umbrella shape. There encountered on the ridges. are few very big trees and these are mostly The diversity of freestanding woody of freestanding Coussapoa eggersii (villosa) (Moraceae), the plants here seems to be equal to or greater common strangler tree of western Ecuador. than on the wet slopes of the Andes east of woody plants To explain this vegetation structure re- Guayaquil, though perhaps not quite as great quires some speculation. In temperate reas on the Andean slopes east of Esmeraldas here seems to gions, monopodial trees are much more vul- (Appendix 14). The trunk climbers and other nerable to death or damage by lightning strikes, hemiepiphytic or epiphytic species are cer- be equal to or and the same may be true in the tropics. While tainly very diverse and probably the equal of one could suppose that an absence of light- any forest on the western slopes of the Andes. greater than ning in this area (for whatever reason) allows The most common canopy trees in the the monopodial trees to outcompete their area are Virola dixonii, Otoba sp. (Myris- on the wet sympodial neighbors, it is more likely to have ticaceae); Quararibea soegenii, Quararibea sp. something to do with the clay soil and the (Bombacaceae); Eschweilera sp. (Lecyth- slopes of the conducting system of the trees. idaceae); Cecropia sp., Coussapoa eggersii/ Other unusual aspects of this forest are villosa, Pourouma bicolor (Moraceae); As- Andes east of the extreme paucity of plants with wind-dis- tronium sp. (Anacardiaceae); Ocotea cf. whitei persed seeds, the low numbers of (Lauraceae); Protium sp. (Burseraceae); Sapi- Guayaquil… Leguminosae, Bignoniaceae (except the um sp. (Euphorbiaceae); Sloanea sp. (Eleo- hemiepiphytic, bird-dispersed Schlegelia), carpaceae); and Symphonia globulifera Violaceae, and Ficus. These missing groups (Guttiferae). are most commonly associated with soils rela- The common understory trees and tively rich in nutrients or cation-exchange- shrubs are Catoblastus sp. (Palmae); capacity, and some groups usually associated Calyptranthes sp. (Myrtaceae); Cephaelis sp., with poor soils, such as Eschweilera and Coussarea sp., Pentagonia cf. macrophylla, Pourouma, are abundant here. The conclu- Psychotria sp. 2 (Rubiaceae); Miconia sp. sion that these soils are very poor or acidic is (Melastomataceae); Perebea cf. angustifolia not supported by the rest of the flora with its (humilis) (Moraceae); Piper augustum, Piper abundance of Heliconia, Calathea, Piper, sp. 2 (Piperaceae); and Tovomita sp. Poulsenia, Sloanea, Quararibea, etc. In other (Guttiferae). words, it is an odd mix of taxonomic groups. Terrestrial herbs and subshrubs that are The year-round moisture tends to elimi- frequent include Calathea sp. (Marantaceae), nate the formation of separate communities Costus sp. (Zingiberaceae), Cyclanthus on ridgetops, slopes, and ravine bottoms, a bipartitus (Cyclanthaceae), Danaea cf.

26 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program moritziana (Marattiaceae), Dieffenbachia sp. most common species, the same Catoblastus (Araceae), Episcia sp. (Gesneriaceae), as at Río Palenque Science Center and a Geonoma sp. (Palmae), Heliconia cf. longa Prestoea. Indeed, this forest very nearly re- (Musaceae), Triolena barbeyana (Melastom- produces the otherwise highly distinctive Río ataceae), and Selaginella sp. (Selaginellaceae). Palenque forest (two thirds of the species in The fern Neurolena lobata is a common, tall my sample are also at Río Palenque), a quite weed along the logging roads. unexpected result. Trunk climbers and epiphytes that are Most of the species at Bilsa apparently frequent include Rhodospatha (2 spp.), An- constitute new records for Esmeraldas Prov- thurium dolichostachyum, numerous addi- ince and a number of others, such as Schlegelia tional species of Anthurium and Philoden- dressleri and a Moutabea sp., are taxa new to dron (Araceae), Coussapoa sp. (Moraceae), Ecuador. Especially intriguing is a genus new Columnea sp. and numerous other Gesner- to science (described as Exarata; Gentry 1992) iaceae, a climbing Piper sp. (Piperaceae), and that is a large, locally common tree well known two Schlegelia spp. (Bignoniaceae). Normal to the local people (indeed we even ate our lianas are rare. meals while sitting on sections of its trunk). A Rauvolfia tentatively identified as a species known only from the Panamanian type and Results of Plant Transects and General several species previously known only from Observations (A. Gentry) the Río Palenque Science Center (e.g., At Bilsa, several unusual features of the veg- Caryodaphnopsis theobromifolia and Daph- etation, such as lack of wind-dispersed species nopsis occulta) are also indicative of how little and prevalence of hemiepiphytic climbers we know of this flora. Especially rather than free-climbing lianas, are shared with the Chocó flora (see Gentry 1986b), even intriguing is Birds of the Bilsa Area (T. Parker) though floristically the area seems distinctive at the species level. One unusual floristic fea- This fairly pristine wet forest had the richest a genus new ture at Bilsa is the sparse representation of bird community of the eight sites surveyed Leguminosae (in transects), which are re- (Appendix 2). Most of the 158 species found to science that placed by Rubiaceae (11-12 spp.) and at Bilsa (along a ca. 2 km by 100 m transect Moraceae (8 spp.) as the most speciose fami- through mature forest) occur widely in low- is a large, lies in the 0.1 ha sample. Similarly, hemi- land forests of the Neotropics, but 16 (10 epiphytic climbers in the families Araceae, percent) are Chocó endemics, and a smaller locally Guttiferae, and Piperaceae largely replace component (e.g., Leucopternis occidentalis, the standard bignon and legume lianas. Even Ortalis erythroptera, and Attila torridus) is common tree the few bignons that are present mostly be- confined primarily to moist forests farther long to the hemiepiphytic genus Schlegelia. south. The Bilsa avifauna is very like that of well known The most common species in the the best-known Ecuadorian wet forest site at transects is an Otoba (Myristicaceae) and the the Río Palenque Science Center, ca. 150 km to local second most numerous is Perebea cf. to the southeast. As in most other Neotropical angustifolia (humilis)(Moraceae). The preva- evergreen forests, the most speciose families people. lence of Otoba (17 trees or treelets in 0.1 ha) at Bilsa were Formicariidae (16 species), and numerous Moraceae is usually an indica- Tyrannidae (27 species), and Thraupinae (22 tion of rich soils. species). Other typical features include the At Bilsa, two palms tie as the eighth presence of numerous understory mixed-spe-

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 27 cies flocks (with Dysithamnus puncticeps, three is needed, but we can make preliminary com- Myrmotherula spp., Microrhopias quixensis, ments (Appendix 9). Mantled howler mon- Xenops minutus, Thryothorus thoracicus and keys (Alouatta palliata), listed as endangered many others), and large canopy flocks domi- on CITES Appendix 1, had a dense and healthy nated by tanagers, especially Tangara (5 spp.) population at Bilsa, as shown by the many and two species of Tachyphonus. Large groups seen and heard calling. The monkeys frugivores, including pigeons (5 spp.), parrots were completely tame, evidence that they are (5 spp.), trogons (5 spp.), and toucans (3 spp.), not hunted locally for meat. Although few seemed to be unusually abundant. were caught, bats included some species typi- Of conservation importance were large cal only of undisturbed forest (Rhinophylla populations of several Chocó endemics, in- alethina, Mimon crenulatum). Small mammal cluding Rose-faced Parrot (Pionopsitta trapping was unsuccessful, and we saw few pulchra), Dusky Pigeon (Columba goodsoni), signs of terrestrial mammals, but we cannot and Chocó Toucan (Ramphastos brevis). yet say whether this is a temporary or perma- Black-tipped Cotinga (Carpodectes hopkei) nent condition of this forest. People frequently was noted in small numbers, and Long-wattled travelled through the area while we were there Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus penduliger) was and hunting pressure may have reduced some seen twice. The latter species was unexpected populations of large mammals. The local mam- so far west of the Andean foothills and lower mals listed by informants included species montane forest. Other Chocó endemics ob- said to be absent at Machalilla, such as served at Bilsa include Trogon comptus, Sipia Bradypus variegatus, Cabassous cen- nigricauda, Tangara palmeri, and Hetero- tralis, and Marmosa spp. (see Appendix 9). spingus xanthopygius. We expect that the mammal fauna at Bilsa will As expected, wintering passerines from include more species than forests farther south, North America were more numerous here such as Machalilla. than at southerly sites. There was a small population of territorial Acadian Flycatchers Herpetofauna of the Bilsa Area (Empidonax virescens) in the viny middlestory (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) of the Bilsa forest. Unexpected was an Olive- sided Flycatcher (Contopus borealis) and a At this site in the Muisne mountains, male Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca) herpetofaunal sampling was successful due — both rare away from the Andes — and at largely to a week of heavy rainfall that began least two singing Bay-breasted Warblers the day we arrived. The conditions were par- (Dendroica castanea); the latter species was ticularly favorable for anurans, of which 17 known in Ecuador from fewer than five records species were found. (P. Greenfield, pers. comm.). The specimens obtained indicate that the herpetofauna of the site is typical of the Chocó lowlands of northwestern South Mammals of the Bilsa Area America (Appendix 11). The environmental (L. Emmons and L. Albuja) conditions permitted us to obtain various spe- Bad weather and moonlight prevented us from cies of hylids (e.g., Smilisca phaeota), adequately sampling this site and further work leptodactylids (Eleutherodactylus spp.), and

28 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program dendrobatids (Colostethus spp.) that were ini- calities known in lower Central America. tiating their reproductive cycle. Most anuran With so many interesting finds in such a specimens were taken during nocturnal ex- short period, we feel that additional collec- cursions. tions are needed from this region, including at Among the interesting finds at this site higher altitudes in the same area. was the collection of a specimen of Epipedobates erythromos, apparently the first CERRO PATA DE PÁJARO (FOG/CLOUD since its description (Vigle and Miyata 1980), FOREST, WET FOREST) and only the second known locality for the species. We also obtained a caecilian, Oscaecilia equatorialis, which was previously Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) known only from the type locality east of Santo Domingo de los Colorados (Frost 1985). The small (nearly 800 m) but conspicuous Two species of Tantilla were collected, mountain of Cerro Pata de Pájaro stands by both represented by a single specimen. Tantilla itself not far from the coast near the equator equatoriana was previously known only from between Bahía de Caráquez and Muisne, just the type specimens collected near San Lorenzo east of Pedernales (00°02' N, 79°58' W)(Fig. in extreme northwestern Ecuador (Wilson 5). It is apparently the highest mountain of the 1987), and T. supracincta was previously northern coastal range between Portoviejo known from only two other west Ecuadorian and Esmeraldas. Most of the other ridgetops localities (Wilson et al. 1977; Wilson 1987), in this range do not top 400-500 m, and rarely although there are many other collection lo- pass 600 m.

Figure 5. Map of the area around Cerro Pata de Pájaro, including the Tabuga-Río Cuaque study site.

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 29 The new road from Pedernales to El have been removed by axe or chain saw — Carmen passes over the north shoulder of this though juveniles have sensibly been left stand- mountain, and the small village of Mariano on ing. The same is true on the wet western slopes the northeastern flank is a convenient base of of the Andes from Pichincha to Azuay and in operations for obtaining guides and hiking the hills of the Río Santiago-Cayapas area of up. The last third of the climb from 550 m to Esmeraldas. Possibly the only other area in 750 m is very steep and slippery, prohibitive to western Ecuador where large stands of adults mules and requiring the use of all four human of Carapa still exist is in the Reserva Ecológica limbs. The trail all along the crest of the semi- Cotacachi-Cayapas in Esmeraldas (L. Albuja, circular mountain is better defined, and ranges pers. comm.). from the eastern peak at 730 m down to a The dominance by these two species saddle at 650 m and up to the western peak at does not mean that many other canopy tree 800 m. There are several other access trails species do not occur here, only that others are leading up from other sides of the mountain. all locally rare. For whatever reason, the Cerro Pato de Pájaro is enveloped in westernmost peak and ridge of the mountain clouds most of the year, even through the dry had more diversity and abundance of other season. The cloud layer usually hits the moun- canopy species than the eastern ridge. The tain at between 650 and 700 m and above. largest tree seen was a Sloanea (Elaeocar- Precipitation is probably from fog condensa- paceae) with a trunk diameter of about 1 m. tion in the dry season and mixed with rainfall The understory trees and tall shrubs are in the wet season. This results in a “cloud more diverse than those of the canopy, but forest” 20-30 m tall at higher elevations, heav- with the possible exception of melastomes (2 ily laden with moss, epiphytes, and hemi- species) and treeferns (probably all one spe- epiphytes. Below the cloud layer the 30 m tall cies), most of these species had relatively forest has fewer epiphytes and less moss, but small populations. Among the low shrubs and nonetheless appears very wet, whether from terrestrial herbs the most common are species rainfall, or the year-round combination of of Peperomia (Piperaceae), Pseuderanth- rainfall and high soil water-content draining emum (Acanthaceae), Psychotria (Rubia- from above as a result of the frequent low ceae), Tournefortia (Boraginaceae), Spigelia cloud cover. (Loganiaceae), Triolena (Melastomataceae), Adiantum and Selaginella (Pteridophyta), and Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae). Cloud Forest Trunk climbers and trunk epiphytes An estimated 95 percent of the canopy trees occur in profusion. Among the most common in the cloud forest are of two species: Carapa are Polybotrya cf. and Elaphoglossum sp. guianensis (Meliaceae, “tangar” or “figueroa”) (Pteridophyta); Columnea (3 spp., Gesner- and an Eschweilera sp. (Lecythidaceae). iaceae); Asplundia cf. (Cyclanthaceae); Mac- Carapa is the larger tree and makes up most of leania sp. (Ericaceae); Anthurium (8 spp.), the basal area and biomass. It is extraordinary Philodendron (5 spp.), and Stenospermation to see such a large population of large trees of sp. (Araceae); Guzmania spp. (Bromeliaceae); this valuable species, probably the largest — if and Schefflera (2 spp., Araliaceae). not the only — stand remaining in the Cordil- Palms are an occasional but not particu- lera de la Costa. At each site we visited in this larly conspicuous part of the vegetation. All of mountain range, even if the rest of the forest the species in the cloud forest appear to be remained intact, the mature trees of Carapa more abundant in the wet forest farther down.

30 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Most abundant are an Aiphanes sp., Geonoma teristics are known only from Africa (R. interrupta, and Catoblastus cf. velutinus. Oc- Fortunato, pers. comm.). A one hectare clear- casional are Chamaedorea cf. polyclada, Geo- ing made within the next few years would noma cuneata, Bactris sp. 1 (tall but thin, wipe out the known population. Further in- clumped species common throughout west- vestigation of the flora on these slopes is ern Ecuador), Bactris sp. 2 (small), and Jessenia urgently needed. bataua. At the top of the eastern ridge, a small Disturbance clearing (ca. 20 by 10 m) was made some years ago, presumably for surveying purposes, and Except for the tiny clearing on the eastern contains cement markers dated 1963 and 1982. peak and an old boundary line cut on the Around this clearing are “gap” species rarely western ridge, there is no indication of any found in other parts of the forest such as a tree-cutting in the cloud forest that covers the Bocconia sp. (Papaveraceae, disjunct from top of the mountain. We were informed that it the west-Andean cloud forests); Inga (2 spp., is illegal to cut this forest, by order of the Leguminosae); Ladenbergia pavonii, Ron- “ministry,” but further details were not avail- deletia sp. and Posoqueria sp. (Rubiaceae). able. However, it is not clear that the law An unusual The cloud forest flora does not show would be enforced or respected, and it may be any particular affinities to one region. Rather, just a matter of time before the colonists on new species of it has a mixture of species known from the fog the lower slopes work their way up. On the forests of the Chongón-Colonche mountains side of Atahualpa, the clearings already ex- Bauhinia with to the south, the wet forests of the Muisne tend up to 600-650 m along the trail, only a few mountains farther north, the low cloud forests hundred meters distance from the ridge crest large, bright of the western Andes, and a number of species at that point. We saw no evidence of logging we have not yet noted anywhere else (Appen- activity, just clearings for bananas, coffee, red flowers dix 15). cacao, and cattle. We did see or pass through several large coming out of patches of forest on the upper mountain flanks. Wet Forest Though interrupted by a few clearings, they the trunk, Between 550 and 650 m on the side slopes and represent a sizeable area of wet forest around ridges of the mountain, the forest is consider- the mountain top. By combining these wet was found… ably more diverse in all but its epiphytes. forests with the approximately 2 km2 of cloud Although this forest was very little explored forest, the total area for a reserve of intact on the ridge on this trip, it appeared to have a flora with forest could be as much as 8 km2. considerable affinity to that of the lower west- Disturbance in the forest other than here… ern slopes of the Andes including the Río tree-cutting was also in evidence. As the guides Palenque Science Center (Appendix 15). It insisted on carrying guns, it is likely that they contained such species as Calatola have already shot out most of the larger game costaricensis, Brownea disepala, Heliconia animals and are reduced to picking off squir- curtispatha, Socratea excorrhiza, and a Syagrus rels. Apparently, colonists on the south side sp. An unusual new species of Bauhinia with of the mountain have recently taken to driv- large, bright red flowers coming out of the ing their domestic pigs up into the forest at trunk, was found in a small, monospecific some times of year, probably to feed on all the grove on the ridge here, and nowhere else. large Carapa and Eschweilera nuts. This is Other species of Bauhinia with these charac- causing damage to the ground vegetation and

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 31 increased erosion in these areas. Before hunt- to a lack or scarcity of important food plants, ing, this mountain would probably have been such as Ficus spp. home to many wild mammals that feed on Thirteen species of bats were found at large nuts due to the dominance of these two this site (65 percent of the total list), which is tree species. A dog seen by itself on the ridgetop a large number for only one night of mist- trail is an additional indication of domesti- netting. The species are typical of humid tropi- cated animals in this forest. cal forest; most are frugivores of the family Phyllostomidae (Artibeus jamaicencis, Vam- pyrops cf. infuscatus, Rhinophylla alethina, Birds of Cerro Pata de Pájaro (T. Parker) and Carollia perspicillata). Along the trails at Although we did not survey birds at this site, the top of the mountain, we noted numerous this potentially interesting forest may well tracks of peccaries, deer, agoutis, and arma- support some of the montane species found dillos. Only one species of squirrel (Sciurus on the Cerros de Colonche to the south (see granatensis) was found in the area. Appendix 8), as well as wet forest species at the southern limit of their ranges. Chapman Herpetofauna of Cerro Pata de Pájaro (1926) reported southerly records of the (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) antbirds Myrmeciza berlepschi and Dysith- amnus puncticeps from this mountain, which Although we did not get to visit this site, three suggests that a very unusual mixture of Chocó other party members obtained a few speci- and Tumbesan endemics occurs together here. mens (Appendix 12). The most interesting of A bird survey is urgently needed, especially as these was a toad, Bufo caeruleostictus, that is it would eventually prove to be of great value considered restricted in distribution to the as a test of species loss in a small forest island. western Andean slopes (Hoogmoed, 1989). This is but one indication of a relationship between the herpetofauna of the coastal cor- Mammals of Cerro Pata de Pájaro dillera and the Andean slopes. The other (L. Albuja) species from this site are more widespread in The mammal fauna of the upper elevations of western Ecuador and occur in a fairly wide this mountain is typical of wet forests of the altitudinal range. tropical zone in northwestern Ecuador, while the fauna at the base of the mountain has dry TABUGA - RÍO CUAQUE (MOIST FOREST) forest affinities. Our brief visit to the mountain did not allow for a mammal survey in the lower elevation forest. Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) Twenty species of mammals were recorded in this area; of these, seven (35 per- Just south of Pedernales on the coast, the Río cent) were non-flying species (Appendix 10). Cuaque and its tributary the Río San José Two species of primates (Alouatta palliata form the north and eastern boundary of a and Cebus albifrons) were found on the for- series of ridges 200 to 600 m in altitude and ested lower slopes of the mountain at 550 - 650 covered with moist semideciduous forest. m, none in the cloud forest. The howler mon- From the western boundary of this area — the keys were regularly heard from the main road up the coast between Tabuga and mountaintop. The absence of both monkey Cinco de Agosto on the Río Cuaque (Fig. 5) species in the ridgetop forest is probably due — one can see that much of this forest, on the

32 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program ridgetops at least, is still mostly intact but small trees on the slopes. The common ones going fast. are Morisonia sp. (Capparidaceae); Adelia South of the crossing of the Río Cuaque, triloba (Euphorbiaceae); Aiphanes sp., Clavija the road angles toward the coast and crosses a eggersii (Theophrastaceae); Faramea small saddle shown on maps as Palmarcito. To occidentalis, Guettarda sp., Randia sp., Rudgea the east of Palmarcito (00o 01' S, 80o 05' W) lies sp. (Rubiaceae); Gustavia pubescens (Le- a ravine and 320 m ridge covered with good- cythidaceae); Eugenia galalonensis, Eugenia looking 20-30 m moist forest (Fig. 5). The sp. (Myrtaceae); Erythroxylum patens (Er- ridgetop can be reached by a gradual trail ythroxylaceae); Trichilia elegans (Meliaceae); from the Hacienda Cuaque at the north end Rhipidocladum sp. (Gramineae); and Zamia near the river, or by bushwhacking straight up lindenii (Zamiaceae). The apparent absence from the seasonally dry stream in the ravine of Capparis ecuadorica is surprising. below Palmarcito. Common terrestrial herbs include a va- The stream edge is characterized by the riety of ferns (Cyclopeltis semicordata, Tectaria tree Brownea angustiflora (Leguminosae) with incisa, Adiantum sp.) and the grass Strep- its small bunches of slim red flowers, but the tochaeta sp. Common vines and lianas are remainder of the flora mixed with it appears Lycoseris trinervis (Compositae), Malvaviscus to be a random assemblage of “weedy” trees sp. (Malvaceae), Acacia cf. polystachya (Le- and shrubs. The habitat seems highly unstable guminosae), and Pisonia aculeata (Nycta- with frequent bank slides. Common colonists ginaceae). Trunk epiphytes are rare but a are Muntingia calabura (Elaeocarpaceae); giant ‘bird-nest’ Anthurium is conspicuous. Ochroma pyramidale (Bombacaceae); The top of the ridge seemed to be a Guazuma pubescens (Sterculiaceae); slightly moister habitat. Numerous species Cochlospermum vitifolium (Bixaceae); not seen on the slopes are encountered here, Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae); Inga spp., but only a few of these are really abundant — Centrolobium ochroxylum (Leguminosae); for example, a Rinorea sp. (Violaceae) and Malvaviscus sp. (Malvaceae); and Ruellia aff. Psychotria horizontalis (Rubiaceae). graecizans (Acanthaceae). The flora as a whole is roughly interme- The slopes are dominated by large trees diate between those of the moist forests at of Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae), Alseis Cerro Mutiles and Jauneche, which is appro- eggersii (Rubiaceae), Attalea colenda (Pal- priate given the geographic position of this mae), Pouteria sp. (Sapotaceae), Loncho- site, but the flora of course has its own pecu- carpus sp. (Leguminosae), and occasional large liarities (Appendix 16). individuals of Ficus trigonata and two other figs (Moraceae). Infrequent are Ampelocera Fauna (R. Foster) sp., Celtis schippii (Ulmaceae); Clarisia racemosa, Coussapoa eggersii (Moraceae); Howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) can fre- Genipa americana (Rubiaceae); Pochota quently be heard from the road. In addition to trinitensis, Pseudobombax millei, Quararibea the three troops of Alouatta encountered in asterolepis (Bombacaceae); and a couple of fruiting Ficus and Brosimum, there were abun- other unidentified trees. We did not see any dant feces and trails of small deer. Virola reidii (Myristicaceae), perhaps because During an earlier, brief stop along the this site is too dry for them or because they highway in semideciduous forest just south of have already been cut out. the Río Cuaque crossing, Parker saw or heard There is a great diversity of shrubs and Brotogeris pyrrhopterus, Lathrotriccus gri-

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 33 seipectus, and Basileuterus fraseri, three dry PARQUE NACIONAL MACHALILLA forest endemic bird species not previously (FOG FOREST, DRY FOREST, COASTAL known north of the Río Chone. The forests of SCRUB) the Río Cuaque drainage may well be the northern limit for these and other endemics of this forest type. Farther south towards Bahía Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) de Caráquez there were only a few small Parque Nacional Machalilla is about 55,000 patches of good dry forest within sight of the road. ha in size. It includes three separate parcels,

Figure 6. Map of coastal Ecuador showing the three units of Parque Nacional Machalilla. The area of the rectangle is enlarged in Figure 7.

34 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program two on the mainland and the offshore island of the ocean. This type of fog forest is found just Isla de la Plata (Fig. 6). The mainland portions south of the park below the Río Ayampe in an of the park extend from the coast into the area that should be immediately considered highest ridges of the Cordillera de la Costa for inclusion in the park. In Machalilla, how- near the middle of the range between ever, the more typical pattern of dry condi- Guayaquil and Bahía de Caráquez. The larger tions on the hills near the coast exists, and fog towns (i.e., Puerto López, Machalilla) are forest is only found on the highest hills several excluded from the park boundaries, but kilometers inland. These different distribu- smaller settlements are included. tions probably reflect the patterns of airflow Along parts of this coast, fog forest (or from the ocean onto land in response to differ- remnants of it) occurs on the hills right near ent configurations of ridges, coastline, and

Figure 7. Enlargement of a central portion of Parque Nacional Machalilla showing our campsite on Cerro San Sebastián and two dry forest transect sites.

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 35 offshore islands. The cloud layer may be Myrsinaceae); Bauhinia sp. (Leguminosae); trapped low on the coast at times, but in most Clavija sp. (Theophrastaceae), Chamaedorea of the coastal area it gradually rises to where sp., Geonoma sp. (Palmae); Cornutia sp. it skims only the tops of the high ridges. (Verbenaceae); Palicourea sp., Pentagonia sp. There are abrupt changes between dif- (Rubiaceae); Petiveria alliacea (Phytolac- ferent plant communities at Machalilla more caceae); Rauvolfia sp. (Apocynaceae); Sipa- than at any other sites we visited (Appendix runa sp. (Monimiaceae); Talisia sp. (Sapin- 17). Here the fog forest of the ridgetops rap- daceae); Trichilia pallida (Meliaceae); and With- idly turns into dry forest on the middle and eringia sp. (Solanaceae). lower slopes, separated by only a very narrow Common herbs include Calathea band of transitional moist forest. Gentry’s insignis, Maranta gibba (Marantaceae); San Sebastián transect was made where the Heliconia latispatha, Heliconia sp. (Musaceae); fog forest grades into the moist forest. Dieffenbachia sp., Xanthosoma sp. (Araceae); Ossaea sp. (Melastomataceae); Begonia glabra, Begonia sp. (Begoniaceae); Burmeistra Fog Forest sp. (Campanulaceae); Asplundia sp. (Cyclan- With every passing cloud that comes up against thaceae); Hoffmannia sp. (Rubiaceae); and the ridge, this forest starts dripping heavily, Selaginella sp. (Selaginellaceae). very much as if it were raining. Stepping out Common epiphytes are Oncidium cf. There are into a clearing, however, one immediately obryzatum, Pleurothallis sp., Sobralia sp., Stelis finds that there is no rain at all. The tree stems sp. (Orchidaceae); Anthurium sp., Philoden- abrupt changes are loaded with trunk climbers, vascular epi- dron sp. (Araceae); Sphearospermum sp. phytes, and bryophytes. (Ericaceae); Blakea sp. (Melastomataceae); between The most common trees of the fog for- Columnea spp. (Gesneriaceae); Nephrolepis est on Cerro San Sebastián (Fig. 7) and adja- sp. (Davalliaceae); Microgramma sp., Poly- different plant cent ridges varied considerably according to podium sp. (Polypodiaceae); Tillandsia usne- the extent of disturbance. The following spe- oides, T. narthecoides, and Tillandsia (3 spp., communities cies stand out, even if they are not abundant in Bromeliaceae). all places: Grias peruviana (Lecythidaceae); at Machalilla Poulsenia armata, Ficus maxima, Ficus tri- Additional Botanical Observations and gonata (Moraceae); Quararibea grandiflora Transect Data (A. Gentry) more than at (Bombacaceae); Sapium sp. (Euphorbiaceae); Tapirira sp. (Anacardiaceae); Triplaris cum- To our knowledge, the flora of the moist (i.e., any other sites iingiana (Polygonaceae); Cordia sp. (Borag- fog) forest patches above 550 m in Parque inaceae); Turpinia occidentalis (Staphyl- Nacional Machalilla has not previously been we visited… eaceae); Matayba sp. (Sapindaceae); Aspido- studied (Appendix 17). This flora, now iso- sperma sp. (Apocynaceae); Borojoa sp. lated, is so remarkably similar to that of Río (Rubiaceae); Cecropia sp. (Cecropiaceae); Palenque Science Center (with two thirds of Chrysophyllum sp. (Sapotaceae); Heliocarpus the species in my sample in common) as to americana (Tiliaceae); Ocotea sp. (Lauraceae); indicate a former direct connection. A good Tabebuia chrysantha (Bignoniaceae); Vitex example of a shared species with an otherwise gigantea (Verbenaceae); Dussia sp. and sev- very restricted distribution is Erythrina eral species of Inga (Leguminoseae). megistophylla, which is common at both lo- Important shrubs are Acalypha calities. It is especially noteworthy that the diversifolia (Euphorbiaceae); Ardisia (2 spp., flora is closer to that of Río Palenque than to

36 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program that of geographically closer Jauneche, which guminosae as the most speciose family in our probably has a more similar rainfall regime as sample (six spp. each) and included three of well. Apparently, cloud-cover effects (shared the most common large tree (>20 cm dbh) by Cerro San Sebastián and Río Palenque) species. Prevalence of Lauraceae is a common take precedence over absolute precipitation cloud forest phenomenon and may reflect the as a determinant of the vegetation. Physio- site’s cloud forest nature. As usual in lowland gnomically, this is reflected in the prevalence western Ecuador, Moraceae is also well rep- of hemiepiphytic climbers, which constitute a resented, with Poulsenia armata the most com- third of the scandent species in the sample. mon species and the third most common spe- A few noteworthy species from the cies >10 cm dbh. The second most common Machalilla moist forest that are not at Río understory species (after Chamae- Palenque include a large tree (Phytolacca sp.) dorea polyclada) is a Palicourea. Also note- not previously reported from western Ecua- worthy in the sampled plot were Quararibaea dor (but which I collected once before in the grandifolia, the third most common species vicinity of Río Palenque); this might be an (and second most common (8 individuals) amazing disjunction of the Argentinian P. species >10 cm dbh), Aegiphila alba the fourth dioica (of which there is one old record as a most common species, and the hemiepiphytic native plant from Peru — without locality). Philodendron purpureoviride, the most com- Another unusually interesting large tree is mon climber (16 individuals). apparently a species of Simaroubaceae (because of its pinnately compound leaves and Habitat Disturbance on Cerro San Sebastián apocarpous indehiscent fruits) that is generi- (R. Foster) cally quite unknown to me. Especially intriguing is the fact that there is another recent All of the fog (= moist) forest we visited had collection of this same genus (whatever it may been disturbed to some degree. In the best be) from the Cauca Valley of Colombia. Nor cases, this habitat has only suffered removal are these two collections conspecific. Several of one or a few valuable tree species such as other species at San Sebastián that I had never Carapa guianensis. At worst, it has been com- seen before might be new, including a pen- pletely cleared to form pastures or to cultivate dant Heliconia with yellowish-green, pubes- platanos. On average the forest has either cent bracts, and several of the more than a suffered from severe cattle-grazing activity in dozen species of Bromeliaceae that we col- the understory or has had most of the trees of lected. The common Dieffenbachia is any large size cut out for common use. undescribed, as is at least one Anthurium Where the cutting has been most in- (G72592). tense, there are usually dense stands of bam- In the plant transects in mature forest at boo or large populations of young ivory nut San Sebastián, palms were especially domi- palms, Phytelephas aequatorialis. These spe- nant, with Chamaedorea polyclada being the cies rapidly take advantage of the high-light most common woody species (31 trees/0.1 environment created by the tree-cutting. Nor- ha). The endemic species Phytelephas aequa- mally these species would only be colonizing torialis was the most common tree (10 trees fresh landslides — not a frequent occurrence >10 cm dbh in 0.1 ha). here. The palm regeneration is perhaps also Floristically, the sampled forest is un- encouraged for its useful leaves and fruits. usual for lowland western Ecuador in the There is a conservation advantage here prevalence of Lauraceae, which tie with Le- to the colonization by bamboo: The thorny

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 37 and dense stems keep cattle out of the under- now may be locally extinct or nearly so. story (though probably not goats). To the It is noteworthy that the species com- extent that juvenile plants have survived after position of the dry forest apparently varies harvesting of adult trees, they remain pro- greatly from place to place within Parque tected until the bamboo finally flowers and Nacional Machalilla. For example, 59 percent dies, at which point the other plants are hope- of the species in my (incomplete) Estero Manta fully large enough to avoid herbivory and Blanca sample were not represented in the Clearing of trampling by the cattle. For herb species this equivalent sample from Estero Perro Muerto. may be only a very short-term protection. In contrast, 75 percent of the species in my fog forest Many of the plant species we found in the fog Cerro Amotape transect from northwestern forest were only found under these bamboo Peru were observed at Machalilla, and 50 …has far- thickets. How well these thickets trap cloud percent of them occurred in the Machalilla moisture compared to the normal forest is not dry forest transects. One extremely interest- reaching clear. ing disjunct from the Amotape area of Peru Clearing of fog forest, in addition to that occurred in the Manta Blanca sample is consequences eliminating species populations outright, im- Delostoma gracile, previously known only mediately dries out the ground except for from the type from 900 m elevation in Tumbes. …in greatly what little superficial moisture is trapped by Not only is this the second collection ever of the low herbs. This has far-reaching conse- this rare species, but also by far the lowest reducing the quences, not only in altering the soil structure altitude record for the entire genus, which in a way that makes recolonization or refores- otherwise occurs only in Andean forests. ground water tation difficult, but also in greatly reducing the Although there are some local pecu- ground water available to all the forests on the liarities, the dominant families in our dry for- available to slopes and along the increasingly dry streams est sample from Estero Perro Muerto are in the valley below. Leguminosae and Bignoniaceae (7 spp. each), all the forests just as they are in essentially all Neotropical dry forests. A noteworthy family in this region Dry Forest (A. Gentry) on the slopes is Capparidaceae, which mostly occurs in the The Machalilla dry forest hardly exists as very driest forests and may be more dominant and…in the “forest” anymore. Worse, many important here than anywhere else in the Neotropics. plant species are virtually extinct locally and One striking Capparis (of which we found valley below. perhaps generally in western Ecuador. Ex- only a single tree) at Estero Manta Blanca is a amples include a Simira sp., perhaps now large tree ca. 25 m tall, among the largest for occurring on only one hill near Estero Perro this genus. Another interesting Capparis dis- Muerto (where it was the third most common covery is that the sometimes confused C. species in our transect). Similarly, the few heterophylla and C. ecuadorica show strong large individuals and scattered saplings of ecological differentiation in areas where they My-are sympatric. I have not previously seen the roxylon balsamifera at Estero Manta Blanca large-leaved Capparis with edible banana- may represent the only extant population in sized, striped fruits that we found at Machalilla the country. We saw no trees of Cedrela, an and it may be an undescribed species. important timber tree and the dominant spe- An endemic plant genus of the western cies in the less-disturbed but otherwise equiva- Ecuadorian dry forests, Macranthisiphon (Big- lent dry forest near Tumbes, Peru, and sus- noniaceae), is the most common species along pect that it once occurred at Machalilla but disturbed parts of the trail to Estero Manta

38 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Blanca in Machalilla National Park. A distinc- mountains such as Cerro San Sebastián. Many tive distributional pattern for plants (and to a of the most numerous species in these forests lesser extent for birds), is the disjunct occur- (e.g., Sittasomus griseicapillus, Lathrotriccus rence of dry forest taxa in dry areas of western griseipectus, Thryothorus paucimaculatus, and Ecuador/northwest Peru and across the Andes Basileuterus fraseri) are characteristic of moist in Bolivia; a plant example is Cydista decora. forests farther south, but others occur mainly in wetter areas to the north. Deciduous (= dry) forests, where 64 resident species were Coastal Scrub (R. Foster) found, occur from the lowlands up to ca. 500 The predominant vegetation along the coast m. A few species, such as Grallaria watkinsi, is a thorny scrub forest or shrubland. How- were found only in a narrow transitional zone ever, there are obvious radical differences (at 500-600 m) between almost leafless de- from place to place in the appearance and ciduous forest and more humid evergreen composition of this scrub. Some areas are forest, but extensive logging and trampling of dominated by columnar cacti, others by the undergrowth by cattle have severely al- Jacquinia shrubs and small trees. Capparis tered this type of forest. trees and shrubs are especially prominent. In the uppermost evergreen (= fog) for- From archeological excavations, we est at 600-800 m on Cerro San Sebastián, we know that the coastal area of the park has a were surprised to discover 17 montane bird long history of human occupation. It is very species not previously known in Ecuador away likely that prior to human occupation, some from the Andes, including seemingly small, kind of “normal” much taller dry forest cov- vulnerable populations of Anabacerthia varie- ered the region. It is not clear now if the gaticeps, Grallaria guatimalensis, Mecocer- striking differences in plant communities in culus calopterus, Troglodytes solstitialis, Cath- this coastal zone reflect differences in human arus dryas, and Amaurospiza concolor. We land use — such as the differences now seen estimate that there are fewer than 500 indi- where goats are kept in or out — or differ- viduals of most of these species in the park, ences in the underlying rock that assume a and continued slash-and-burn agriculture and greater importance to the plants once the trampling of the undergrowth by cattle clearly buffering effects of a soil layer has been threaten their long-term survival. Individuals stripped away by erosion and overgrazing. of the Mountain Wren (Troglodytes solstitialis) Gentry suggests that small, but critical differ- appeared to be unusually gray and may repre- ences in rainfall between different sites may sent an undescribed subspecies endemic to be responsible for these plant community dif- the coastal mountains. The degree to which all ferences. montane species of the coastal cordillera have differentiated from Andean populations should be investigated. Birds of Machalilla (T. Parker) Also of zoogeographic interest was our Our six days of fieldwork in the park revealed discovery of Hylocryptus erythrocephalus and the presence of 214 species of landbirds, 37 (17 Grallaria watkinsi on Cerro San Sebastián; percent) of which are endemic to western these species were previously known only Ecuador and adjacent northwest Peru (Ap- from a small area of semideciduous forest in pendix 3). The richest bird community in the the Andes ca. 200 km to the southeast. Other park (with ca. 140 spp.) is that of evergreen potentially threatened dry and moist forest forests on the upper slopes and ridgecrests of endemics found on Cerro San Sebastián in-

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 39 clude Crypturellus transfasciatus, Leucopternis Small numbers of the following Nearctic occidentalis, Ortalis erythroptera, Leptotila migrants were apparently “wintering” in the ochraceiventris, Aratinga erythrogenys, Aces- evergreen forests above 500 m: Contopus trura bombus, Campephilus gayaquilensis, (sordidulus), Empidonax virescens, Catharus Pyriglena pacifica, Lathrotriccus griseipectus, ustulatus, Seiurus noveboracensis (along Attila torridus, Onychorhynchus occidentalis, streams), Setophaga ruticilla, and Piranga and Carduelis siemiradzkii. Another (but rubra. All of these were near the southern smaller) component of the moist forest avi- limits of their non-breeding ranges west of the fauna in the park consists of wet forest species Andes. at or near the southern limits of their distribu- The lowland and foothill scrub avifauna tion; these include Lurocalis semitorquatus, of Machalilla is diverse (Appendix 3) and ap- Malacoptila panamensis, Dendrocincla parently resilient in the face of constant, severe fuliginosa, Formicarius nigricapillus, overgrazing by goats and cattle. Populations of Microcerculus marginatus, and Dacnis lineata. some bird (and mammal) species would no Of ecological interest was the apparent doubt increase dramatically if the impact of importance to nectarivorous birds of numer- domestic livestock was lessened. ous flowering individuals of the small en- During a short visit to the stunted ever- demic tree Erythrina megistophylla. These green forest on Cerro Achi (600 m), a ridge trees were visited constantly by large numbers crossed by the Puerto Cayo-Jipijapa highway, of hummingbirds, especially Thalurania we found a number of the montane bird spe- colombica, Amazilia tzacatl, and Adelomyia cies observed on the higher ridges in Parque melanogenys. These species (and Phaethornis Nacional Machalilla, including Adelomyia superciliosus) were also frequently seen at melanogenys, Cranioleuca erythrops, and Hen- flowers of Heliconia latispatha. Few other icorhina leucophrys (see Appendix 8). Al- hummingbird flowers were conspicuous, ex- though this isolated patch of forest was small cept for those of several unidentified canopy (<100 ha), it also supported at least one pair of vines. Gray-backed Hawks (Leucopternis occi- Despite continued hunting pressure and dentalis) and at least two groups of Rufous- deforestation within the national park, a large headed Chachalacas (Ortalis erythroptera). population of Rufous-headed Chachalacas Watkins’ Antpitta was found at this site in (Ortalis erythroptera) survives in the ever- March 1991 (P. Koopmans, pers. comm.). How green forests of Machalilla above 500 m. Based long these species will persist in such (small) on counts of counter-calling pairs/families, we forest islands is unknown. estimate the Cerro San Sebastián population to be ca. 25 individuals/km2. In contrast, the Mammals of Machalilla Machalilla population of Crested Guans (L. Emmons and L. Albuja) (Penelope purpurascens) is very small — probably less than 200 individuals — and may be Thirty-three species of mammals were identi- extirpated within a few years if steps are not fied in the park. Our own data were supple- taken to protect them. Perhaps also needing mented by skins and skeletal remains found in protection are several species of large raptors, the museum at Salango, the Centro de such as Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus or- Interpretación Ambiental and Oficina del natus) and Black Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ty- Parque, and in a house of residents in the park. rannus), that also occur in the more densely The list is incomplete and more species of forested parts of the park. small mammals can be expected to occur here.

40 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Densities of native mammals were very sion of a local hunter. A skin and a skull of an low. Among larger species, only kinkajous encerrado are in the collections of the Escuela (Potos flavus) and agoutis (Dasyprocta Politécnica Nacional. The blackish form may punctata) seemed to have good populations in correspond to Mazama fuscata Allen 1915, the better forest fragments above 600 m on and the smaller to Mazama americana. In Cerro San Sebastián. The two monkey species recent years mammalogists have considered (Alouatta palliata, Cebus albifrons) in the park these forms to be conspecific and have recog- are tame and apparently are not hunted for nized but one species of brocket deer in low- meat by park residents. Nonetheless, only a land Ecuador and Colombia. This question few groups of howler monkeys (ca. 3-4 of merits immediate attention to establish Alouatta palliata on Cerro San Sebastián and whether there are two species, what they are, adjacent ridges) and Cebus seem to survive — and what their distributions are. There may be Hunting and all in the better fragments of higher elevation a species of deer endemic to western Ecuador forest. Forest destruction is probably the di- that has recently been overlooked by science. severe forest rect cause of low primate numbers. Rodent It is likely to be highly endangered or threat- and marsupial numbers were so low as to be ened. degradation virtually nonexistent at the time of our visit. Hunting and severe forest degradation This may have been a temporary situation have reduced the native mammals of have reduced caused by regional drought, and requires fur- Machalilla to small and fragmentary popula- ther study. tions, but because many species still persist, the native The severe degradation of the forest the fauna would recover if forest vegetation understory by cattle is also likely to have was totally protected and allowed to regener- mammals of negative effects on small mammal diversity. ate. Bat populations were good on the higher, Machalilla to wetter ridges above 700 m, but the species Herpetofauna of Machalilla were largely typical of disturbed forest (e.g., small and (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) Artibeus spp. and Carollia spp.). At the foot of the mountain by the Río El Plátano, only Following a brief visit along the Río Ayampe fragmentary a single vampire bat was caught, and there (at 70 m), we conducted more extensive field- was a striking absence of bats seen flying work in the San Sebastián sector, near the populations… about. Thirteen years ago, when the forest highest and wettest part of the park. The was in better condition, Albuja made a brief primary study area was on Cerro San trip to Río Blanco and collected six species of Sebastián, ca. 8.5 km southeast of Agua Blanca, bats near Río El Plátano. Habitat alteration and trips were made to the surrounding area, since that time may have restricted the mam- including the sites called La Pacharaca and mal fauna to the more humid mountaintops. Bola de Oro. Some material from lower eleva- Park rangers and residents of Machalilla tion dry forest was obtained by Al Gentry and state categorically that there are three species Carmen Josse in the course of their botanical of deer in the park, White-tailed Deer collecting. Additional information was taken (Odocoileus virginianus, cola blanca) in the from the material located in the Interpretive drier lowlands, and two sympatric brocket Center of the park headquarters and in the deer in the wetter highlands, a large blackish Museo de Salango (Appendix 11). form (encerrado) and a smaller pale brown The very dry conditions at the sites form (colorado). In 1987, Albuja observed sampled within the park were not favorable skins and skulls of both forms in the posses- for collecting amphibians. We found anurans

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 41 primarily near small springs and pools in a ridge system with a great exposure of white streambed and in the highest, wettest part of limestone rock. This limestone is used to pro- the forest (around 750 m). Only anurans of duce the cement with which most of Guayaquil the genera Colostethus and Eleutherodactylus is now being built, hence there is a large were collected. It is worth noting that in the mining industry operating along the front wall microhabitats where it was possible to find of this ridge system. In recent years, the secu- anurans, they were relatively abundant. Snakes rity needed to protect the mine has helped and lizards were scarce; the two species of preserve the forest nearby, mainly on the snakes caught were very near two pools where ridges and small valleys directly in back of the anurans were common. One of them, mining operation. Leptodeira septentrionalis, feeds primarily on This forest, in spite of its current protec- frogs. Lizards of the genera Ameiva and Oph- tion, is not particularly old and much of it is ryoessoides were found primarily near dis- very scrubby and not more than 5-10 m high. turbed sites, such as pastures and cultivated There are some fairly large patches of forest as fields. much as 100 years old on sheltered slopes. The The Colostethus within the park pro- most common large tree in these patches is vide an indication of altitudinal variation in Brosimum alicastrum. The streambeds in the the herpetofauna coincident with the marked shallow ravines maintain pools of water vegetation and precipitation gradients. One throughout the dry season. The vegetation of species was collected on a muddy, drying back- this area reflects a moist forest climate over a water pool of the Río Ayampe at about 70-80 porous limestone rock. As in other limestone m altitude, and the other was collected near areas, the lack of a high water table creates the campsite along permanent pools at 550 m. severe water-stress problems for plants in the The lowland species was later collected in July dry season. This selects for deciduous plants at Jauneche (see Appendix 12), another low- with a very high tolerance for stress, or plants land site (50-70 m). with roots capable of penetrating far enough One of the unidentified Eleutherodac- down through the rock to reach water through- tylus species from Cerro San Sebastián is ten- out the year. tatively allied with E. phoxocephalus, a spe- Before human disturbance eroded the cies known only from the western slopes of soil and accentuated the extremes of drought, the Andes above 2,000 m (Frost, 1985). This is there was probably considerably less decidu- another indication of a relationship between ousness than now. Nevertheless, large con- the Cordillera de la Costa herpetofauna and spicuous deciduous trees such as Cavanillesia that of the western Andean slopes. platanifolia were probably as abundant then as now on the ridges. The front slope of the ridge where the mining for cement is under- CERRO BLANCO (MOIST LIMESTONE way seems to be much drier than the top and FOREST) back ridges and slopes. The front slope is dominated (visually) by Ceiba trichistandra and the back ridges by Cavanillesia platan- Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) ifolia. From an overflight it is apparent that On the outskirts of Guayaquil, Cerro Blanco Cavanillesia dominates the entire eastern side (2° 10' S, 80° 02' W) is near the southeastern of the Cerro Azul ridges for many kilometers end of the Cordillera de la Costa (Figs. 3,8). to the northwest, and almost never overlaps Cerro Blanco is the part of this narrowing with Ceiba trichistandra, which intermittently

42 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program dominates many other dry habitats all the way restricted to this substrate will probably dis- north to near Pedernales. It is not clear whether appear. this is strictly the result of a difference in soils According to Gentry, the flora includes and their water-holding capacity, their chem- a prospective new species of Salacia, several istry, or some very specific local climatic dif- other species he has only recently described ference. from Ecuador, and a species of Rinorea (the A nearly evergreen forest is maintained only one from dry forest in the world) that was along the streambeds, but in the one ravine previously known only from the type col- studied in detail, Quebrada Canoa, the domi- lected in 1844. nant species were large figs (mostly stran- [Note: there is a recent overview of the glers) and other fast-growing species of no phytosociology and plant resources of the current commercial value. It appears that all Cordillera de Chongón-Colonche (Valverde trees of even modest value had already been 1991).] cut out and it was virtually impossible to reconstruct the composition of the original Birds of Cerro Blanco (T. Parker) forest. Most likely it was a more typical moist forest community such as found at Jauneche. During two brief visits to this recently estab- This does not mean that the forest is of lished dry forest reserve of 2,000 ha, we found no botanical interest; it is apparently the only 143 bird species in tall, semideciduous forest protected limestone flora in western Ecuador in Quebrada Canoa and on adjacent ridges and has a great diversity of species still present (Appendix 4). Thirty-seven (28 percent) of whose populations can recover with time (Ap- these species are endemic to southwest Ecua- pendix 18). Elsewhere, because limestone soils dor and adjacent northwest Peru. The Cerro are productive for seasonal crops, the species Blanco avifauna is very similar to that of a

Figure 8. Map of the Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco (map based on original from Fundación Natura).

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 43 more pristine dry forest in the Bosque Nacional Our guide also informed us that he con- de Tumbes in northwest Peru, where ca. 90 tinues to observe a small group of Great Green resident species were found by Wiedenfeld et Macaws (Ara ambigua), a remnant popula- al. (1985; pers. obs.). tion that barely survives here and in the Cor- Among the Cerro Blanco dry forest dillera de Colonche to the northwest (R. Jones, endemics were three poorly known species R. Ridgely, pers. comms.). The guide also not previously reported from the area: Ochre- mentioned that Crested Guans (Penelope bellied Dove (Leptotila ochraceiventris), purpurascens) have been locally extinct for Blackish-headed Spinetail (Synallaxis tithys), more than 20 years (although E. Aspiazu and Gray-breasted Flycatcher (Lathrotriccus reports having seen a pair within the past griseipectus). At least three male Leptotila year). ochraceiventris called persistently from viny The presence of a diverse dry forest bird thickets in the undergrowth of Quebrada community so close to the city of Guayaquil is …fieldwork Canoa during our January visit, and a male quite surprising. The Cerro Blanco reserve is was seen displaying before a female. Our local one of only a few large tracts of dry forest left confirmed our guide said that this rare dove occurs here only in western Ecuador, others lying within or during the wet season (December-April), but near Parque Nacional Machalilla, the Reserva initial im- the nondescript flycatcher may have been Militar de Arenillas, and the hills around and previously overlooked. Other species of in- north of Bahía de Caráquez. pression that terest due to their restricted distributions in- [Note: a preliminary bird list for the clude Pale-browed Tinamou (Crypturellus reserve has also been prepared by Ralph Jones mammal transfasciatus), several of which were heard in (MS), who accompanied Parker on his second January, a pair of Gray-backed Hawks (Leu- visit to the area.] populations in copternis occidentalis) which were probably nesting in tall trees in Quebrada Canoa (in Mammals of Cerro Blanco (L. Albuja) the reserve January), and large numbers of the potentially threatened Gray-cheeked Parakeet (Bro- Following a very brief visit to this reserve in remain in togeris pyrrhopterus) were observed in the January 1991 (Appendix 9), the RAP team tops of tall Ficus trees in the quebrada (ra- returned in July and spent more than 30 hours relatively good vine) bottom. Several groups of Saffron Siskins over a period of four days obtaining addi- (Carduelis siemiradzkii), known from only a tional information on mammals through di- condition. few localities in an area of ca. 10,000 km2 in rect observation, the trapping of smaller spe- southwest Ecuador and adjacent Tumbes, cies such as rodents and bats, and examina- Peru, were also found in Quebrada Canoa. tion of tracks and droppings of larger species Interesting features of the reserve in- (Appendix 10). This fieldwork confirmed our clude the presence of an unusual diversity of initial impression that mammal populations raptors, including 15 species of hawks and in the reserve remain in relatively good condi- kites, and 6 species of Falconidae. As in other tion. Neotropical forests, the most speciose family The mammal fauna of the area is typical is Tyrannidae with 23 species. Very southerly of dry tropical forest. Representative species records of three Nearctic migrants were ob- include the Mantled Howler Monkey tained in January: Northern Waterthrush (Alouatta palliata) and White-fronted Capu- (Seiurus noveboracensis), American Redstart chin (Cebus albifrons), both of which prefer (Setophaga ruticilla), and Summer Tanager denser forest adjacent to the humid quebradas, (Piranga rubra). two species of deer (Mazama americana and

44 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Odocoileus virginianus), peccaries (Tayassu serve in January, most of our field effort in pecari and T. tajacu), small cats (Felis pardalis, July was concentrated in the upper part of F. yagouaroundi), kinkajous (Potos flavus), Quebrada Canoa and near the trails at the coatimundis (Nasua narica), and crab-eating lower end of the quebrada. As a result of dry racoons (Procyon cancrivorus). conditions during both visits, the few anurans Two species of squirrels were recorded found were encountered near pools of water in the reserve, Sciurus granatensis and S. in the quebrada or on adjacent vegetation in stramineus; other common rodents include areas where the forest canopy closed over the spiny rats (Proechimys decumanus) and por- streambed. cupines (Coendu rothschildi). This suggests Colostethus infraguttatus was abundant the presence of a rich rodent fauna in the near the pools in the streambed, and tadpoles reserve. Data obtained during visits in Janu- near transformation were found in July. This ary and July indicate that pools of water that species has been considered to have a Pacific form during the dry season (August-Novem- Andean slope distribution between 500-1000 ber) in the middle and lower parts of quebradas m (Frost, 1985). The Cerro Blanco record is are important to many species of mammals the first from the Cordillera de la Costa, and and other animals, especially those that fre- at an elevation of only 100-200 m, although quent the quebradas in search of water and the species has previously been reported from food; bats are particularly common in these Río Palenque Science Center at a similar alti- areas. tude (Vigle and Miyata, 1980). A great quantity of large mammal bones Lizards of the genus Ameiva were very was found in the quebradas, including those common on the forest floor in January but of deer and peccaries; this indicates that jag- were much less obvious in July, although sev- uars (Panthera onca) still inhabit the area. eral blue-tailed juveniles were seen. The Along the Ecuadorian coast this rare species iguanid Ophryoessoides iridescens was also occurs primarily in the southwest. common on the forest floor and near clearings During all walks in the forest made by in both months, although in July most speci- the author and other members of the RAP mens seen were small juveniles. team, a variety of mammal species was easily recorded. This shows that the area is a refuge JAUNECHE (MOIST FOREST) for large numbers of mammals and that their protection is effective. Considering the conservation status of Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) dry tropical forest remnants in western Ecua- dor, and taking into account the relatively The Jauneche forest — a biological station large size of the Bosque Protector Cerro and forest reserve of the Universidad de Blanco, we feel strongly that it is necessary to Guayaquil known formally as the Estación support all efforts by the Empresa Cemento Científica Pedro Franco Dávila — is the sub- Nacional and Fundación Natura to maintain ject of a book on its flora (Dodson et al. 1985), or improve the condition of this forest. and a management plan that includes much of what is known of its biology (Valverde et al. 1991)(Fig. 9). There is little point in repeating Herpetofauna of Cerro Blanco all of the botanical and ecological description (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) here, except to summarize and add any differ- Following a brief reconnaissance of the re- ent points of view and new observations.

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 45 Jauneche (1° 20' S, 79° 35' W) is part of a flat but dissected plain north of Guayaquil in the center of the great, flat valley between the Cordillera de la Costa and the western slopes of the Andes. Most of the terrain is only slightly undulating but there are significant erosion slopes near the main drainage channels. The rainfall of 1,855 mm per year is strongly seasonal, but the tree canopy is largely evergreen except for many “successional” species. Gentry considers the mature forest to be much more deciduous. It is difficult to interpret the highly disturbed forest near the station and margins of the plot, which makes up perhaps half of the area. It is a jumble of vine tangles, second- growth trees, occasional relict old-forest trees, palms, and patches of old-forest understory. The terrain breaks up into a series of ridges and ravines closer to the Estero Peñafiel, which is the main drainage channel. The ridges and slopes differ somewhat in their floral composition — mostly a matter of relative abundance of species rather than really different communities — the ridges probably having more of the drought-tolerant species. The most abundant understory woody plants appear to be Duguetia peruviana (Annonaceae), Capparis ecuadorica (Capparidaceae), Far- amea occidentalis (Rubiaceae), and Eryth- roxylum patens (Erythroxylaceae). The un- branched stems and tight whorls of large leaves of Talisia setigera (Sapindaceae) and Gustavia angustifolia (Lecythidaceae) are conspicuous in the understory, and there are several species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae). It is not clear that any of the forest is in a “virgin” state. Most of the forest that has not been subject to recent intensive cutting is nevertheless dominated by large Coussapoa eggersii (villosa) (Moraceae), large strangler Figure 9. Map of Juaneche reserve, formally figs (Ficus), and other large species that are know as the Estación Científica y Reserva usually left behind and thrive when the more “Pedro Franco Dávila,” with an emphasis on useful species are selectively cut. A large, the location of primate groups within the re- valuable tree of the region, Anacardium serve (map based on original from Valverde et al. 1991).

46 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program excelsum (Anacardiaceae), has not been found esting reserve allows us a glimpse of what in this piece of forest and was very likely cut once occurred in the formerly extensive moist out. Slopes of the deepest ravines have several forests of southwestern Ecuador. Of 118 for- fairly large Virola reidii (Myristicaceae) that est species found during our visit, 27 are en- may represent an older intact forest, but one demic to the “Tumbesan” center of endemism that is subject to natural disturbance from (Appendix 5). Seventy-three species were re- landslides. However, the forest does not ap- ported from the reserve by Valverde et. al pear to have been cleared for agriculture for a (1991); this total included six species not found very long time. This is important in terms of by us. maintaining diversity because many plant As pointed out by Dodson et al. (1985) species can hang on as juveniles for a long for plants, the forest bird community is quite timein spite of tree-cutting, whereas clearing different from that of the wet forest at the Río for agriculture is much more likely to elimi- Palenque Science Center, only 70 km to the nate them locally. Many of the “old forest” north. Many of the most common species at …the forest tree species in this forest seem to be repre- Jauneche are either rare or absent at Río sented only by juveniles, or by juveniles and a Palenque, including such endemics as bird com- very few misshapen adults. Lathrotriccus griseipectus, Thryothorus The ravine bottoms are mostly open paucimaculatus, and Basileuterus fraseri. Dif- munity is quite areas covered with large herbs and shrubs ferences in forest structure or floristics no tolerant of poor drainage. It is not immedi- doubt account for most of the lack of bird different from ately obvious why there are not more trees similarity between the two sites. The Jauneche growing in these strips along the minor drain- forest, for example, is characterized by an that of the wet age channels. abundance of large, woody vines which are The flooded forest, subject to long peri- scarce at Río Palenque (Dodson et al. 1985); a forest at the ods of complete inundation by the slow-mov- number of moist forest species, such as ing estero, has a very limited but distinct flora Cercomacra nigricans and Thryothorus pauci- Río Palenque and may indeed be the most threatened com- maculatus, are confined to vine tangles. In munity of plants as Dodson et al. (1985) have terms of community composition, the Jau- Science suggested. The most common tree is a Pouteria neche avifauna is more like that of Cerro San sp. (Sapotaceae); the most common shrub is Sebastián in Parque Nacional Machalilla, or Center, only Turnera hindsiana (Turneraceae). even of Cerro Mutiles far to the north. The collections of Yanez and Foster on Although the Jauneche reserve supports 70 km to this two-day visit turned up several species the most intact moist forest avifauna surviving not listed in the published flora of this forest in southwest Ecuador, at least four species the north. (Dodson et al. 1985). This is not at all surpris- (Tinamus major, Penelope purpurascens, ing. Virtually all tropical floras are incom- Odontophorus erythrops, and Ara ambigua) plete. Until every growing stem in a forest is disappeared prior to 1970 (fide local resi- checked, there will never be a complete flora. dents), presumably as a result of over-hunt- Most of the species in a forest are rare or ing. Additional species, especially some of the uncommon and new species will continue to larger raptors, may soon follow. Even the turn up as long as people keep looking. most numerous species in the reserve (e.g., Manacus manacus, Basileuterus fraseri) are probably represented by fewer than 500 indi- Birds of Jauneche (T. Parker) viduals, and as many as 20 species (24 percent The avifauna of this small (138 ha) but inter- of the avifauna) are barely surviving — i.e.,

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 47 there are fewer than 20 individuals — exam- The most characteristic mammals of the ples include Leucopternis occidentalis and L. area are two primates, Alouatta palliata and plumbea, Spizaetus tyrannus, Ortalis ery- Cebus albifrons, known by the common names throptera, Amazona autumnalis, Amazona “aullador” and “mico,” respectively. Obser- farinosa, Ciccaba virgata, Campephilus vations by the author and other RAP mem- gayaquilensis, Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus, bers indicate that the area is inhabited by five and Cnipodectes subbrunneus. Due to the or six groups of Alouatta, with a total popula- small size and isolation of the reserve, many of tion of 28-30 individuals (Fig. 9). these species will ultimately disappear regard- Four groups of Cebus albifrons com- less of steps taken to protect them. The prising a total of 37 individuals were found in Jauneche reserve is a natural laboratory where the reserve; group size ranged from 5-18 indi- the extinction process can be well documented. viduals. The estimated density is 0.27 indi- It will be instructive to determine how long viduals/ha for this species, and 0.21 ind/ha for The Jauneche the small but important populations of glo- Alouatta palliata. Populations of these pri- bally threatened taxa such as Ortalis mates are apparently high, especially consid- reserve is a erythroptera, Onychorhynchus occidentalis, ering the small size of the reserve (138 ha). A and Lathrotriccus griseipectus can persist here. comparison of population data obtained at natural At Jauneche we found the highest den- the reserve in 1986 with those of the present sities yet reported for two endemic bird spe- study reveals that the population of primates laboratory cies, the vine-dwelling flycatcher Lathrotriccus has remained stable over the past five years. griseipectus (up to 3 pairs/ha) and Onycho- This is because these animals have not been where the rhynchus occidentalis (up to 5 individuals persecuted by hunters in the area. noted/day). These are probably the best indi- The mammal fauna of Jauneche is typi- extinction cator species of “good” moist forest in SW cal of seasonal tropical forest. Like the two Ecuador/NW Peru. species of primates, also common are two process Among our other noteworthy bird ob- species of squirrels (Sciurus granatensis and S. servations at Jauneche was a sighting — by stramineus), kinkajous (Potos flavus), taman- can be well Parker at Estero Peñafiel — of a Spotted Rail duas (Tamandua mexicana), pacas (Agouti (Pardirallus maculatus), apparently the sec- paca), and agoutis (Dasyprocta punctata). Pec- documented. ond record of this species for Ecuador. Also of caries (Tayassu spp.) are apparently rare. Small interest was our discovery of a small popula- cats (Felis pardalis, F. wiedii) still survive, tion of Brownish Flycatcher (Cnipodectes although populations are reduced. The larger subbrunneus) in the understory of tall forest cats (Felis concolor and Panthera onca) have in the reserve. Although widespread east of been extirpated. the Andes, this species is known from only a The reserve is inhabited by two species few widely scattered localities in western Ec- of deer, the “encerrado” (Mazama americana) uador, and there are few records during the and the “colorado” (Odocoileus virginianus). past 100 years (R. Ridgely, pers. comm.). Along Estero Peñafiel, in the lowest and east- ernmost area of the reserve, and in the sector Bajo del Mate, there were abundant tracks of Mammals of Jauneche (L. Albuja) large mammals. In four days of fieldwork at Jauneche we The area is an island of forest that serves recorded 21 species of mammals. Of these, 67 as a refuge to a variety of mammals and other percent were non-flying species and 33 per- groups of vertebrates. We do not have infor- cent were bats (Appendix 10). mation on the prior conservation status of

48 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program other mammal groups that would allow for MANTA REAL (CLOUD FOREST AND WET comparisons with our own data. Neverthe- FOREST) less, many animal species — particularly those that are not preferred by hunters — are still in Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) good condition, although some residents of Jauneche and nearby areas still enter the re- At the base of the Andes southeast of serve to hunt pacas, agoutis, deer, and peccar- Guayaquil, Manta Real (2° 34' S, 79° 21' W) is ies, as noted during our survey of the area. a small village in the province of Cañar (Fig. 10) whose name refers to the great abundance of small bloodsucking flies. At 250 m, it is just Herpetofauna of Jauneche above the zone of extensive banana planta- (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) tions. The mountains rise steeply behind the Collections were made along established trails town up into a nearly perpetual cloud bank at within the forest and along the esteros Boyal 600 m. We spent several days camped on the and Peñafiel. During our stay conditions were steep slopes at 650 m, and also worked out of very dry and unfavorable for collecting; fur- the village on the lower slopes. thermore, the forest is greatly disturbed and The forest is far from pristine and most some areas are in the process of regeneration. disturbed at the base. Horse trails lead up to We also noted species for which records ex- isolated clearings at the higher elevations. isted in the station office and examined a These openings are created mainly to stake small collection of preserved snakes there as claim to the land under the current property well (see Appendix 12). laws, rather than to seriously engage in agri- Two species of Colostethus were col- culture. Nevertheless, there is considerable lected along the esteros, one the aforemen- forest remaining here and along the slopes to tioned C. infraguttatus found at Cerro Blanco, the north and south, and in spite of the log- the other an undescribed species also found at ging, most of the plant diversity still remains Machalilla (Appendix 11, sp. 1). Four hylids even if the dynamics of the forest has been were collected from vegetation at night, pri- altered. marily in the vicinity of Estero El Boyal in areas with standing water or a moist stream- Cloud Forest bed. Of particular interest was the capture of a specimen of Phrynohyas venulosa, a species The average lower limit of clouds we ob- for which there is only one published record served on the slopes is approximately 550- from trans-Andean forests in South America 600 m. Between this level and the peak (Cerro (in El Oro Province; Duellman 1971). San José Chico) at 1,240 m, the forest is obvi- A species of Ameiva was common in ously extremely wet year-round, apparently open areas and near clearings in the forest, combining fog and fog drip with considerable but we do not believe it is Ameiva ameiva as rain. The trees are covered with moss and reported by Valverde et al. (1991:104). Two trunk epiphytes. other lizard species that we recorded, Ophry- The most common canopy trees are an oessoides iridescens and Iguana iguana, were as yet unidentified Euphorbiaceae; Huertea also noted by Valverde et al. (1991). glandulosa (Staphyleaceae); Landenbergia pavonii (Rubiaceae);Otoba cf. gordoniaefolia (Myristicaceae); Sapium sp. (Euphorbiaceae); Tetragastris panamensis (Burseraceae); two

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 49 Figure 10. Map of the Manta Real area.

50 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Lauraceae; one Melastomataceae; Cecropia Large woody epiphytes noted are a few sp. and Ficus sp. (Moraceae). The area has Clusia including the atypical Clusia venusta been selectively cut and most of the large (Guttiferae), Schefflera spp. (Araliaceae), and Carapa guianensis trees (Meliaceae) have large-leaved Blakea (Melastomataceae). Or- apparently been removed, although the occa- chids and ferns were diverse on the upper sional juvenile was noted. branches of the few fallen trees. Trunk climb- The most abundant smaller trees are ers and trunk epiphytes are very dense and Turpinia occidentalis (Staphyleaceae), diverse. The most important appear to be Erythrina cf. smithii (Leguminosae), Ficus Pitcairnea (two spp.) and Guzmania of the Bro- tonduzii (Moraceae), Piper imperiale meliaceae; Asplundia and other Cyclan- (Piperaceae), and species of Allophylus thaceae; anthuriums, philodendrons, and (Sapindaceae), Conostegia (Melastoma- Stenospermation of the Araceae; Peperomias taceae), Faramea (Rubiaceae), and Hedyos- and a large Piper of the Piperaceae; Macleania mum (Chloranthaceae), treeferns, and a cf. (Ericaceae); Columnea (Gesneriaceae); couple of unknowns. Clusia descussata (Guttiferae) and numerous The only palm that ranks as a canopy ferns. Many of these species are quite flexible tree is the frequent Catoblastus cf. velutinus. in their growth habit and also can be found as In the understory, Pholidostachys dactyloides herbs on the ground, presumably either get- and the tall, clumped Bactris (found in all ting their start from fallen logs and branches, western Ecuador forests we visited) are com- or by germinating on the ground and making mon, but smaller palms are virtually missing. their way up trees if opportunity permits. In The shrubs in this forest are striking in most instances, species could be found in fert- their fragility. With the exception of the ile condition in either micro-habitat. chusquioid slender bamboo which occurs in Lianas are not common; the most fre- occasional thick, arching clumps, they all seem quently encountered are the climbing fern to be semisucculents with very juicy stems. Salpichlaena volubilis and a species of Mikania This includes the most common small tree, a (Compositae). species of Hedyosmum. The weakest swing of In spite of this being “cloud forest,” the a machete clears a broad swath in the under- only truly montane Andean genera noted story. The most important species were mem- were Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae), Mac- bers of the Rubiaceae (Psychotria, Hoff- leania cf. (Ericaceae), Monnina (Polyga- mannia); Melastomataceae (Leandra, laceae), and Castilleja (Scrophulariaceae). The Miconia, Ossaea); Gesneriaceae (Besleria); latter two were found only on human clear- Piperaceae (Piper); one pachycaul Myrsin- ings, but might occur naturally on landslides aceae; and the large herb Heliconia curtispatha. in the area. Perhaps the relatively warm tem- The distinction between shrubs and herbs is peratures at this low elevation create a soil almost meaningless unless it is by size alone. environment that only lowland genera are Common plants under 1 m tall are Alloplectus likely to tolerate. An alternative explanation dodsonii, Monopyle cf. sodirona (Gesner- is that there is little seed source for mid-to- iaceae), Selaginella sp. (Selaginellaceae), upper montane genera in this area because Peperomia (several spp., Piperaceae), Pilea clouds (at least in the dry season) and forest (three spp, Urticaceae), Tectaria nicotianifolia vegetation at the higher elevations are virtu- (Aspleniaceae), and Triolena pustulata (Mela- ally missing on the southwestern slopes of the stomataceae). Many trunk climbers are also Andes in Ecuador. This is not true of the found as herbs (see below). northwestern slopes.

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 51 Wet Forest Jessenia bataua. Common understory trees are From 550 m (that is, below the clouds) down Gloeospermum falcatum (Violaceae); Mac- to the bottom of the slopes at 300 m, the forest quira sp., Coussapoa cf. herthae (Moraceae); still appears wet, but not heavily laden with Coussarea sp., Guettarda sp. (Rubiaceae); Gua- epiphytes, and it has more lianas. The forest rea pterorhachis (Meliaceae); Hirtella cf. on these lower slopes is more cut up and triandra (Chrysobalanaceae); and Pleuranth- interrupted with cacao, coffee, and small pas- odendron lindenii (Flacourtiaceae). The com- tures, but the remnants give a fair idea of its mon shrubs are Cyphomandra sp. (Solan- original composition. aceae); Faramaea sp., Psychotria marginata There is a remarkable difference in the (Rubiaceae); Podandrogyne sp. (Cappar- flora and community composition (see Ap- idaceae); Urera baccifera (Urticaceae); Bactris pendix 19). Several species occur commonly sp. (Palmae); and treeferns. The forested in both habitats, but most species are either The most common herbs are Selaginella not shared, or if common in one habitat, are cf. haematodes (Selaginellaceae), Triolena bar- slopes above very rare in the other. The great exception to beyana (Melastomataceae), Calathea inoceph- this pattern is the cloud forest flora that fol- ala, Pleiostachya morlei (Marantaceae), [Manta Real] lows the small streams down the deeper damp Gasteranthus onconogastrus (Gesneriaceae), ravines to the base of the mountains. Didymochlaena truncatula (Aspleniaceae), support an Remarkably, the two most common and Cyclanthus bipartitus (Cyclanthaceae). trees observed in this elevational range did Common epiphytes and trunk climbers unusually rich not seem to overlap. Between 400 and 500 m, are Tillandsia anceps, Guzmania melinonis the most abundant tree, though not a large (Bromeliaceae); Heteropsis sp. (Araceae); and avifauna of one, is Metteniusa nucifera (Icacinaceae), a Asplundia sp. (Cyclanthaceae). Lianas are rarely collected genus and a species appar- diverse, but two common species were Pisonia more than ently unknown from western Ecuador. Below sp. (Nyctaginaceae) and Schlegelia sp. 400 m, the forest is dominated by a large (Bignoniaceae). 200 species. (possibly new) species of Browneopsis Species that are shared by the cloud (Leguminosae-Caesalp.) with extraordinary, forest and the wet forest — and frequent in hanging inflorescences 2 m long bearing very both — are Coussapoa herthae, a Guarea sp. large pink and white flowers (bat-pollination (with huge leaves), a Bactris sp. (occurs in probable). Neither of these species was seen large clumps), Psychotria sp. (with giant in the cloud forest. However, all other species leaves), Palicourea sp. (with large leaves), seemed to be evenly mixed throughout, and it most aroids, Solanum sp. (spiny liana), could be that these two represent isolated Pholidostachys dactyloides, Cecropia sp. dense patches of species which are not usually (many deep lobes not hairy), Sapium sp. (large so abundant. tree), many Piper spp., many Psychotria spp., Other common and characteristic large Tectaria nicotianifolia, Turpinia occidentalis, trees of this zone are an Endlicheria with huge Grias peruviana, and Ficus tonduzii. leaves (Lauraceae); Quararibea coloradorum (Bombacaceae); Otoba cf. noovogranatensis, Birds of Manta Real (T. Parker) Virola dixonii (Myristicaceae); Calophyllum brasiliense (Guttiferae); Cecropia insignis, The forested slopes above this village support Ficus sp., Poulsenia armata, Pourouma an unusually rich avifauna of more than 200 bicolor (Moraceae); and the large palm species (Appendix 6). This diversity reflects

52 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program the mixing of three distinct avifaunas, those of nored. For this reason, among others, the moist, wet, and lower montane (pluvial?) for- RAP team undertook a preliminary study of ests along an elevational transect of only 600 this site. During the four days spent on the m (from ca. 350-950 m). Moist forest bird slopes above Manta Real in the sectors of species (Lathrotriccus griseipectus, Onycho- Manglar and Tres Marías (600 - 850 m), 27 rhynchus occidentalis, and Basileuterus fraseri) species of mammals were recorded, of which are now confined to the degraded lower 100 14 or 52 percent were non-flying species, and meters of this forest — just above the cacao 13 or 48 percent were bats (Appendix 10). The plantations and village. A rather rich, wet brevity of the study impeded the compilation forest avifauna (ca. 130 spp.), quite like that of of a larger species list; however, results sug- Río Palenque Science Center (Appendix 8), gest that a great diversity of species occurs in occurs in tall forest up to ca. 600 m, above the area — diversity comparable to that of the which numerous montane species begin to northwestern portion of the country (Appen- appear (Appendix 6). The montane forest dix 10, list B). The species of terrestrial mam- avifauna above 600 m is comprised of more mals, as well as the bats recorded at Manta than 110 species. At least (170) forest-dwell- Real, indicate that the fauna of this area is …the lower ing species occur within a rectangular area of related to that of northwest Ecuador, and ca. 200 ha bordering the main trail above the pertains to the “Chocó Association.” slopes of the village from 350-900 m. This single site rich- Our fieldwork revealed the presence of ness is unexpected at such a southerly latitude large numbers of brocket deer (Mazama Cordillera west of the Andes, especially considering the americana), peccaries (Tayassu pecari), pacas fact that (35%) of this avifauna is not known (Agouti paca), agoutis (Dasyprocta punctata), Occidental of from northwest Peru only 150 km to the south. and armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). Most of the local endemics (15+ spp. Tracks of small cats were noted, as were tracks the Andes are and numerous ssp.) are moist forest species of jaguar (Panthera onca), which confirms our that occur in small numbers along the lower observation that other large mammals — i.e., among the edge of the forest. The endemic parrot prey of the latter — were numerous. Only one Pyrrhura orcesi was noted once in montane species of primate is common in the area, least known forest at 650 m. The relatively pristine condi- Alouatta palliata; settlers who know the area tion of the Manta Real forest is reflected by well affirm that Cebus albifrons does not oc- regions from the presence of numerous large species long cur here. Among the flying mammals are the gone from smaller forest remnants in western common frugivorous bats Artibeus jamaicencis a biological Ecuador (e.g., Tinamus major, Penelope spp., and Vampyrops aff. infuscus, and the nectar- Odontophorus erythrops, Ara severa). ivores Glossophaga soricina and Lonchophylla viewpoint… [Note: Appendix 6 is offered to comple- robusta. ment the unpublished bird lists for the area In remote areas — as at higher eleva- compiled by Juan Carlos Matheus and by R. tions — the influence of man is reduced and S. Ridgely et al.] mammal populations are in better condition. But the pressure from residents of the nearby communities is rapidly causing changes in the Mammals of Manta Real (L. Albuja) vegetation, as well as declines of numerous In Ecuador, the lower slopes of the Cordillera mammal species. Occidental of the Andes are among the least known regions from a biological viewpoint and the mammal fauna has been largely ig-

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 53 valuable species remain, and most of the many Herpetofauna of Manta Real endemic plant and animal species of the re- (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) gion undoubtedly survive here as well. We made numerous excursions into the forest The extensive forest on level land near above and below the base camp at 650 m, and the coast, and especially along both sides of we explored several hundred meters of the the Panamerican Highway between Arenillas streambed and surrounding vegetation along and Huaquillas, is dominated visually by tall the quebrada below the campsite. The tem- Ceiba trichistandra. The higher hills in the perature was cool, with an abundance of fog western part of the reserve are covered with during our stay in the forest above Manta impressive stands of Cavanillesia platanifolia Real. We also spent shorter periods exploring and smaller numbers of other large trees such the shoreline of the Río Patul where it breaks as a Ficus sp. The branches of many of the out of the mountainside and into the flats, and biggest trees in this zone are covered with farther upstream along a trail in the canyon on Tillandsia epiphytes. The rest of this forest — the north side of the river. Our records of the especially near sea-level — is comprised of herpetofauna are listed in Appendix 12. smaller trees including numerous Cochlo- We were able to collect nine species of spermum vitifolium, an Erythrina sp., and anurans, including five species of species of Capparis, Acacia, Caesalpinia, Geof- Eleutherodactylus, two species of which were froea, Guazuma, Jacquinia, Loxopterygium, fairly common on the forest floor. Only a Morisonia and Zizyphus. Conspicuous shrubs single hylid species was recorded, Gastrotheca included Cordia lutea, Carica parviflora, and cornuta, a substantial extension of its known Ipomoea carnea. Numerous small individuals range to the south of other known Ecuadori- of the valuable guayacán (Tabebuia chry- an localities in Pichincha Province (Duellman santha) were noted, especially in slightly hilly 1983). One other anuran of interest that was terrain a few kilometers east of the main collected in the forest in the canyon of the Río highway. The vegetation becomes progres- Patul was a specimen of Atelopus balios. This sively shorter closer to the coast, and there are species was described based on museum ma- large areas of thornscrub 2-3 m tall bordering terial collected along the Río Pescado in the mangroves. The extensive mangrove habi- Guayas Province in the 1920s (Peters 1973). tat along the coast is relatively inaccessible, We have not found any published records of and was visited only briefly by us. the species since its description. An intensive botanical inventory of this biologically important reserve is urgently needed.

RESERVA MILITAR DE ARENILLAS (DRY FOREST) Fauna of the Reserva Militar de Arenillas (T. Parker and A. Luna)

During our two-day visit to the area we re- Vegetation (T. Parker and A. Luna) corded 123 bird species (Appendix 7). Of Included in this military reserve of 20,000 ha is these, 32 (45 percent) are endemic to the dry the largest area of intact dry forest and forest and thornscrub of SW Ecuador/NW thornscrub in southwest Ecuador. Although Peru. Included in this total are six species nearly all of this forest has been selectively considered to be globally at risk or endan- logged, many young trees of even the most gered by the I.C.B.P.: Crypturellus trans-

54 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program fasciatus, Ortalis erythroptera, Aratinga erythrogenys, Brotogeris pyrrhopterus, Synallaxis tithys, and Grallaria watkinsi. The mangroves support large populations of wading birds, including nine species of herons and the White Ibis (Eudocimus albus). Smaller numbers of American Wood Stork (Mycteria americana) and Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) also occur here, as do at least five mangrove habitat specialists: Buteogallus subtilis, Rallus longirostris, Aramides axillaris, Quiscalus mexicanus, and Dendroica aestiva erithacorides. Several species of large mammals are common in the reserve according to soldiers who showed us around the area. White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are said to be especially common, as are foxes (Duscicyon sechurae), anteaters (Tamandua mexicana), and squirrels (Sciurus stramineus). Other large species reported from the area include armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), jaguaroundi (Felis yagouaroundi), crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), and tayra (Eira barbara). A survey of the smaller mammal species in the reserve, such as bats and rodents, is badly needed.

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 55 Biogeographic Overviews

PHYTOGEOGRAPHY (A. GENTRY)

Coastal Ecuador is of conservation significance for its high plant endemism. Twenty percent of the plant species in wet forest at the Río Palenque Science Center are endemic to western Ecuador, and 26 percent are known only from western Ecuador and adjacent southwestern Colombia. The coastal moist forest has less endemism; for example, 15 percent of the Jauneche flora is known only from western Ecuador (some of these range into extreme northwest Peru), but this value is still high when compared with the floras of other areas (e.g., 12 percent of the Barro Colorado Island flora is endemic to Panama). For lowland western Ecuador (below 900 m) as a whole, we have estimated that there are 6,300 species of vascular plants, of which 1,200 (20 percent) may be endemic (Dodson and Gentry 1991). What has not been appreciated previously is that the unusually high endemism of western Ecuadorian moist and wet forests is associated with relatively species-poor forests. Four sampled coastal lowland wet forests average only 125 species (plants >2.5 cm in 0.1 ha), and three sampled moist forests average only 96 species, as compared to the Neotropical moist/wet forest average of 152 species in equivalent samples of lowland forest elsewhere in the Neotropics (Gentry 1986a, 1988). The local speciation (and resultant endemism) that characterizes the flora of western Ecuador is probably facilitated by the relatively less diverse and thus ecologically “unsaturated” local forests; the low diversity values may have positive conservation significance, providing a situation favorable to local speciation akin to that of islands. The Ecuadorian dry forest, like all dry forests, is less diverse in species than are wetter forests. However, contrary to the situation in wet and moist forests, the Ecuadorian dry forest has normal species richness (60 and 52 species >2.5 cm dbh in 0.1 ha at Capeira and Estero Perro Muerto (= Machalilla dry forest), respectively, as compared to the Neotropical average of 60 species). Despite the relatively low species diversity in dry forest, the coastal dry forest of Ecuador is phytogeographically exceptionally interesting in its high endemism: 20 percent of the Capeira species are endemic to western Ecuador and adjacent northwest Peru. This is especially noteworthy in view of the typically low endemism and widespread distribution that characterize most other dry forest areas. Despite the tremendous local variation in species composition

56 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program from place to place within a given dry forest floor herbs, many of which I cannot identify area (e.g., within Machalilla), as a region, the without herbarium comparison), the pattern dry forest that once stretched from Esmeraldas that results is a new and interesting one that to south of Tumbes in Peru may have been a focuses on western Ecuador (i.e., south of the single remarkably homogeneous floristic unit. town of Esmeraldas) as a unique and distinc- In summary, the Ecuadorian dry forest, though tive floristic region for wet and moist forest as surprisingly poorly known (see below), would well as for dry forest vegetation, rather than as seem to qualify as one of the most interesting the tail-end of the Chocó flora as I had previ- and floristically distinctive dry forests in the ously interpreted it (e.g., Gentry 1982, 1986b). world. Because of the inter-site variability in The similarities between the coastal and species composition, this forest type cannot Andean foothill wet forest floras are so great be effectively conserved in a single small patch as to suggest that they must have constituted like that of Capeira; however, because the originally part of the same uninterrupted block overall flora seems widespread throughout of forest. Similarly, a close relationship of the …our the zone, a single large park (such as surviving moist forest near Esmeraldas north Machalilla, if it were better protected) could of the Río Esmeraldas with that of Jauneche is discovery that effectively preserve most of its species. indicated (75 percent of the species in my The tendency among botanists has been transect are shared with Jauneche vs. only 41 there is still to write off western Ecuador (except dry for- percent with the geographically closer, but est) as already destroyed except for a few wet forest, Río Palenque). Curiously, the spe- a large patch minuscule reserves like Río Palenque and cies diversity of the 0.1 ha sample at Esmeraldas Jauneche (Dodson and Gentry 1978, Dodson is also exactly the same as at Jauneche (96 of wet forest et al. 1985). According to the estimates of species at each!). The close similarity suggests Dodson and Gentry (1991), ca. 1 percent of continuity of the former coastal moist forest, near Bilsa the dry forest, <4 percent of the moist forest, which perhaps crossed the formerly east-west and 0.8 percent of the wet forest (but 25 continuous wet forest from north to south via is of great percent of the pluvial forest) below 900 m was patches in drier sites through the Quinindé- left as of 1988. Thus our discovery that there is Esmeraldas region. Why the Chocó flora that conservation still a large patch of wet forest near Bilsa is of reaches northern Esmeraldas does not extend great conservation significance, as well as be- farther south is an unsolved (and previously significance… ing phytogeographically important. Indeed, unraised) question. this forest very nearly reproduces the other- From a conservation perspective, we wise highly distinctive Río Palenque Science have been granted a short reprieve: Equiva- Center flora (2/3 of the species in my sample lents of the destroyed moist and wet forests of are also at Río Palenque), a quite unexpected west-central Ecuador still exist in the coastal result. Moreover, a different subset of the Río area where significant blocks might be saved, Palenque species occurs in the moist forest but only in the next couple of years judging patches above 550 m elevation in Parque from current rates of deforestation. This for- Nacional Machalilla (also 2/3 of the species in est is characterized by low species diversity of my sample shared with Río Palenque as con- trees (but high diversity of epiphytes), high trasted to only 40 percent shared with Jauneche endemism, a predominance of hemiepiphytic and 1/4 shared with Bilsa). While these areas climbers (also typical of the Chocó), unusually seem to have little or no local endemism of low levels of such characteristic taxa as their own (although any endemism would be Bignoniaceae and Leguminosae, and high lev- most likely manifested in epiphytes and forest els of Araceae, Piperaceae (the 5-6 species

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 57 included in the Bilsa sample is a world record salient determinants of vegetation distribu- for my transects), Moraceae, and Cucurb- tion: clouds and geological substrate. For nei- itaceae (also a world record). For the uniquely ther of these do we have the information endemic (and still poorly known) dry forest, needed to make a perfectly clear picture of conservation efforts may already be too late. why and where different plant communities The data on the structure and floristic are found, either now, or before the devasta- composition of the area are instructive. Even tion left by recent clearing. But, from our though specific identifications in the species- quick survey, several patterns are apparent, rich genera that are the most likely to include which if pursued further will be useful for new species must await the arrival of 800 conservation planning. documentary collections in St. Louis, some preliminary generalizations are safe. For ex- Clouds ample, the forests of western Ecuador have been suggested to be unusually rich in Northwestern Ecuador has two layers of Bombacaceae (Gentry 1986b), with Cavan- clouds, southwestern Ecuador has one. I have illesia, two Ceiba species, Eriotheca, Pochota not read of this crude generalization any- (Bombacopsis), and Pseudobombax all preva- where, but it is derived from empirical obser- lent in the dry forest, and Quararibea espe- vation from plane flights (between Quito and cially frequent in wetter forests. While we the coast, and other coastal flights between encountered all these taxa, they seem some- Panama and Bolivia) in different seasons, and what less important ecologically than in most from observation of the clouds and vegetation of the sites previously studied. Another char- on the mountains. The source of this pattern acteristic of the western Ecuadorian wet for- is presumably the changes in regional air flow ests is the prevalence of palms, a standard with respect to the ocean currents off the coast feature of trans-Andean forests. near the equator. It is an overly simple model Based on data from Jauneche and the and changes with seasons and local topogra- Río Palenque Science Center, Moraceae are phy. It explains why from the Quito-Santo especially important ecologically in western Domingo road down the Andes and north Ecuador (Gentry 1986b), being the second- into Colombia there is dense cloud forest in most speciose family in the samples at both the vicinity of 3,000 m, and another area in Cerro San Sebastián and Cerro Mutiles, as between is “wet” mountain forest down to the well as at Bilsa. Because the presence of vicinity of 1,000 m where cloud forest-like Moraceae is usually an indicator of rich soils, conditions again prevail, albeit with different it may be that the soils at Bilsa, as at Río species. To the south, the upper layer of cloud Palenque and perhaps in much of western forest disappears such that transects from Ecuador, are relatively fertile ones, unlike Cuenca to the coast have cloud forest only those in much of the heavily leached high- from 600 to 1,500 m. rainfall Chocó. Only now can this possibility To the north, moisture on the ground is even be considered, since nothing was previ- derived from both cloud layers as either rain- ously known of this type of vegetation on fall from the upper layer, or condensation these soils. from where either layer of clouds directly hits vegetation. The south derives its moisture from vegetation contact with the lower cloud VEGETATION (R. FOSTER) layer or occasional straying south of the upper In western Ecuador, there appear to be two cloud layer, such as with the southern oscilla-

58 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program tion of the warm Pacific countercurrent. Per- eral effects of limestone in producing drought- haps there is sometimes enough “pressure” in susceptible soils and a distinct vegetation simi- the lower cloud layer when it hits the Andes to lar in many ways to typical dry forest and with cause significant rainfall throughout the south- many unusual plants as well. Two distinctive ern region. The point here is that the sources trees in the Bombacaceae — Ceiba trichi- of moisture in the southern region are tenu- standra and Cavanillesia platanifolia — seem ous, and year-round moisture is available only to separate two different kinds of alkaline in extremely limited areas. This explains the soils. This separation is obvious not only at much greater contrasts in vegetation over short Cerro Blanco but also in the dry forest of the distances in the south and the more uniform Reserva Militar de Arenillas to the southeast, appearing vegetation in the north except right and much of the Cordillera de Chongón- along the coast. The effects would be more Colonche further northwest. This deserves extreme if it was not for the ameliorating much further study to map the distribution of effect of the low cloud layer keeping the tem- these conspicuous trees, determine the other A conservation perature down and humidity up for most of flora and fauna associated with them, and the year. their relationship to the soils or underlying program to We visited only three fog forests on the rock. mountain tops of the coastal range (Machalilla, In the wet forests, there is an easily protect the Cerro Achi, Cerro Pata de Pájaro), but there visible difference within the mountains from is an archipelago of these, many still mostly Portoviejo to Esmeraldas between ridges cov- remaining fog intact, though disappearing fast. We have seen ered with large Iriartea deltoidea palms and that each has a unique plant composition. others completely without, such as the Bilsa forests is Each represents an opportunity to save a area. The underlying cause is presumably the portion of the plant species in danger of ex- soil, but once again a survey is needed to urgently needed tinction, even if they are each insufficient to compare these areas and determine if more protect the larger animal species. Plants are than just this large palm is involved. for both usually long-lived and the species often can A more extensive survey of western survive hundreds or even thousands of years Ecuador than our quick visits will probably plant species even if their dispersal agents or pollinators reveal other significant differences in commu- finally disappear. nities of plants associated with substrate. Rec- conservation A conservation program to protect the ognition of such differences is important for remaining fog forests is urgently needed for conservation efforts to insure that whole and protection both plant species conservation and protec- groups of species do not disappear from Ecua- tion of water supplies for the communities dor or the world because we are limited to of water below. Similarly, the low fog forests and wet overly simplistic categories such as dry forest, forests on the southern slopes of the Andes in moist forest, and wet forest. supplies for the western Ecuador are much more vulnerable than the slopes to the north and are in desper- communities BIRD FAUNA (T. PARKER) ate need of conservation attention especially for their plants and the water they provide to Lowland western Ecuador encompasses two below. the crops in the valleys below. important areas of bird endemism recognized by Chapman (1926). The “Arid Equatorial Fauna” of deciduous forest and desert scrub Substrate habitats that extend from Manabí, Ecuador, In the Cerro Blanco reserve we see the gen- south to coastal Cajamarca, Peru, and the

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 59 …the proximity “Colombian Pacific Fauna” of humid ever- western Ecuador (Robbins and Ridgely 1990), green forests that once formed an unbroken northwest Peru (Wiedenfeld et al. 1985, Parker of several expanse from eastern Darién, Panama, south et al., MS), and eastern Panama (Robbins et along the Pacific coast of Colombia to Los al. 1985). distinct forest Ríos, Ecuador. More than 40 species and 140 Comparison of locality lists obtained in well-marked subspecies of birds are restricted this study reveals several interesting patterns. types and to the dry forests and scrub habitats of SW The most diverse bird communities in low- Ecuador and NW Peru (Cracraft 1985, Parker land western Ecuador occur in wet forests elevational et al., MS), and at least 30 species (and far such as those at Bilsa, where ca. 160 resident more subspecies) are confined to the humid species were found in an area of less than 500 zones, in coastal and foothill (“Chocó“) forests of Pa- ha. The moist forest sites at Cerro Mutiles (ca. cific Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. 100 ha) and Jauneche (138 ha) support 140 addition to The majority of these endemic bird taxa are and 118 species, respectively. In dry forests at now threatened by massive deforestation, and Cerro Blanco (100 ha surveyed) and in the moderate to presumably by genetic problems associated Reserva Militar de Arenillas (ca. 200 ha) we with small, isolated populations. Fifteen bird found 86 and 70 resident species. Although high levels of species that occur primarily in western Ecua- bird species richness declines from north to dor are considered to be threatened with ex- south (reflecting the dramatic decline in rain- endemism at tinction by the International Council for Bird fall from ca. 3,000 to 500 mm per year), en- Preservation (Collar and Andrew 1988). demism increases dramatically. Nearly 40 per- the species Considering the relative accessibility of cent of the dry forest and thornscrub species coastal forests in Ecuador, surprisingly few in the Reserva Militar de Arenillas are re- level, combine intensive ornithological surveys have been stricted to those habitats in SW Ecuador/ NW undertaken to date. Chapman (1926) reported Peru. In contrast, only 10 percent of the avi- to make on small bird collections obtained in the Pa- fauna in the wet forest at Bilsa is endemic (to cific lowlands and coastal mountains prior to W Colombia/ NW Ecuador), the majority western 1925, and recent efforts by Ecuadorian and occurring north into Middle America and east North American ornithologists working for of the Andes in Amazonia. As previously Ecuador a the Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadel- mentioned with respect to plants, the richest phia) and the Western Foundation of Verte- bird communities in western Ecuador are very important brate Zoology (Los Angeles) have clarified depauperate in comparison with those of up- the status and distribution of numerous poorly per Amazonian sites — which typically have region in terms known species. Despite a recent increase in 190-230 spp. (Haffer and Parker, in press). ornithological fieldwork, only the small (100 Nevertheless, the proximity of several distinct of bird ha) wet forest at the Río Palenque Science forest types and elevational zones, in addition Center has been studied in detail (P. to moderate to high levels of endemism at the conservation. Greenfield, unpubl. list). species level, combine to make western Ecua- With this in mind, we surveyed birds at dor a very important region in terms of bird eight localities in the coastal hills, low moun- conservation. tains, and lowlands between Esmeraldas and Arenillas, near the Peruvian border (Appen- MAMMAL FAUNA dices 2-8). Although our efforts in each area (L. EMMONS AND L. ALBUJA) varied from a few hours to six days, our results are similar to those obtained during more The mammal fauna of lowland western Ecua- intensive surveys of similar forest types in dor is typical of that of the rain forest region

60 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program from Veracruz, Mexico, to northwestern Peru, malogists have considered this form to be and is distinct from that of the Amazon Basin. conspecific with the smaller Mazama Although a few species are characteristic of americana and have recognized but one spe- dry forest, savanna, or grassland habitats (e.g., cies of brocket deer in the Pacific lowlands of Sciurus stramineus, Sigmodon hispidus, Ecuador and Colombia. Thus, there may be a Odocoileus virginianus), there is no signifi- species of deer endemic to western Ecuador cant mammal fauna restricted to these habitat that has recently been overlooked by science. types. Drier habitats support species with If so, it is likely to be highly endangered due to broad habitat tolerance from rain forest to habitat destruction and over-hunting. savanna. In contrast to birds and plants, there- In the region around Quevedo, includ- fore, the dry forests of western Ecuador do ing parts of Los Ríos, Guayas and Pichincha, not have a large fauna distinct from that of its and perhaps to southeastern Manabí (includ- wet forests. ing the Jauneche reserve in Los Ríos), there Of the 324 mammal species known were formerly three sympatric species of from all of Ecuador, 54, or 17 percent, are monkeys, including howlers (Alouatta found only in the western lowlands. Fifteen of palliata), spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps, these are endemic to the Pacific coasts of now extinct there?) and white-fronted capu- Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. Re- chins (Cebus albifrons), locally called mono gional endemism is highest among bats, with lanudo – that according to Hershkovitz (1949) approximately 24 percent of Ecuador’s total is an isolated subspecies (C. albifrons bat fauna of 125 species found only in the aequatorialis). Albuja previously saw it at western lowlands. Because the forests of Jauneche and Gentry at Río Palenque Sci- Mesoamerica and coastal South America are ence Center, where it is now extinct. Although smaller in extent and much more severely we obtained additional records of this form at reduced by deforestation than those of Jauneche, Machalilla, Cerro Blanco, and Cerro Amazonia, a much larger percentage of the Pata de Pájaro, this subspecies is obviously western Ecuador mammal fauna is officially severely threatened. listed as globally endangered or threatened These previously known but unresolved than that of Amazonian Ecuador. problems of mammalogy in western Ecuador Knowledge of the mammal fauna of illustrate both the lack of knowledge and western Ecuador is still largely incomplete, urgent need for further work. We feel that and many regions have never been explored immediate attention should be given to clari- or inventoried. The discovery by Albuja of fying the identity of both of these large mam- four new species of bats in the northwest mals (i.e., Mazama fuscata and Cebus albifrons between 1984 and 1988 shows how poorly aequatorialis), lest possible endemics become explored the region has been in the past. An extinct without recognition. example of our lack of knowledge is that there In conclusion, the mammal fauna of the is evidence of the existence of two large mam- lowland forests of western Ecuador includes mals in the region that are currently unrecog- many species found nowhere else in Ecuador. nized by science. Park rangers and residents Most of these are restricted to forested habi- of Parque Nacional Machalilla believe that tats. The future of this fauna thus depends on there are two sympatric brocket deer in the the preservation of intact forests. Only a few wetter highlands of the park. They describe a patches of mature forest remain outside of the large, dark form that may pertain to Mazama Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas and fuscata Allen 1915. In recent years, mam- most of these have undergone degradation.

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 61 However, despite hunting pressure, large especially species of the family Centrolenidae, mammals still persist in most of the remnant and genera such as Eleutherodactylus forests we visited. There is still time for effec- (Leptodactylidae) and Colostethus (Dendro- tive conservation of most of the mammal batidae). The percentage of endemism is much fauna of western Ecuador. A number of mam- less for lizards and snakes. There are no en- …despite mal species of the region (e.g., Amorphochilus demic species of turtles or crocodilians. schnablii, Artibeus fraterculus, Sciurus Existing information on the herpet- hunting stramineus, Cebus albifrons) do not occur as ofauna of the Cordillera de la Costa of Ecua- far north as Cotacachi-Cayapas. Their con- dor was relatively poor, and thus our field pressure, large servation will depend on preservation of sev- collections were of value in increasing knowl- eral forests of different vegetation types, such edge of the species composition of the fauna mammals still as dry forest, south of the Río Esmeraldas. and its distribution. After reviewing the available comparative material and literature, it persist in most was still not possible to identify some frog HERPETOFAUNA (A. ALMENDÁRIZ species of the genera Eleutherodactylus and AND J. CARR) of the remnant Colostethus, and some lizards of the genus The majority of the herpetofauna of the west- Anolis. Some of these species are currently in forests we ern lowlands of Ecuador, and that which oc- the process of being described by other work- cupies the trans-Andean forests, is the south- ers, based on previously known material from visited. There erly extension of the fauna characteristic of other locations. The remaining identifications the humid forests of the Colombian Chocó. will take additional analysis and it is probable is still time for On the other hand, the herpetofauna of the that some of the specimens represent Chocó is strongly related to that of the Carib- undescribed species. effective bean lowlands of Central America (Lynch Our collection of the herpetofauna of 1979). Albuja et al. (1980) referred to this the Cordillera de la Costa and adjacent areas conservation zoogeographic area as the Tropical North- reflects the zoogeographic affinities of the western Region. These authors further recog- west Ecuadorian herpetofauna in general, in- of most of the nized a Tropical Southwestern Region, which cluding three principal components to the encompasses the drier forests and desert scrub herpetofauna: mammal vegetation of the southwestern lowlands. The 1. Fifty percent of the species identified herpetofauna of this region has widespread are part of the tropical wet forest fauna of the fauna of species from the Central American - Chocoan Chocoan region, and approximately 60 per- region, and a component endemic to the dry cent of this fauna is widely distributed north western forests of SW Ecuador and adjacent NW into Central America (including those wide- Peru. spread in the entire Neotropical Realm); Ecuador. In the tropical and subtropical zones of 2. Forty-two percent of the species are western Ecuador (up to 2000 m), 253 species endemic to western Ecuador (including the of amphibians and reptiles have been re- unidentified species as endemics). This per- corded (Almendáriz, 1991). Amphibians, in- centage includes species that inhabit dry, moist cluding frogs, salamanders, and caecilians, and wet tropical forests; account for 49 percent of the total, lizards and 3. Eight percent of the species are en- amphisbaenians 19 percent, snakes 28 per- demic to western Ecuador and the adjacent cent, and turtles and crocodilians only 3 per- area of northwestern Peru. Principally, they cent. Approximately 60 percent of the species are species associated with drier habitats. of frogs are endemic to western Ecuador,

62 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Literature Cited

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Gentry, A.H. 1986b. Species richness and Jones, R. MS. Birds of the Chongon Hills. floristic composition of Chocó region Mimeographed list. plant communities. Caldasia 15:71-91. Lynch, J.D. 1979. The amphibians of the lowland Gentry, A.H. 1988. Patterns of plant community tropical forests. Pp. 189-215. In: The South diversity on geographical and environmen- American Herpetofauna: Its Origin, Evolu- tal gradients. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. tion, and Dispersal, W.E. Duellman, ed. 75:1-52. Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas, Monog. No. 7. Gentry, A.H. 1992. Exarata (Bignoniaceae), a new genus from the Chocó region of Ec- Mejía, L., J. Acosta, and P. de la Torre. 1990. uador and Colombia. Syst. Bot. 17:503- Proyecto Bosques Occidentales. 507. Determinación de áreas de bosques remanentes en la Región Occidental Greenfield, P. MS. The birds of the Río Ecuatoriana. Quito: Fundación Natura. Palenque Science Center reserve. Mimeo- graphed report. Myers, N. 1988. Threatened biotas: hot-spots in tropical forests. The Environmentalist Haffer, J. and T.A. Parker, III. In press. 8:187-208. Biogeographical aspects of the Amazonian bird fauna. In: Proceedings of the Biologi- Ortiz Crespo, F., P.J. Greenfield, and J.C. cal Priorities in Amazonia Workshop Matheus. 1990. Aves del Ecuador. Quito: (January 1990). Manaus, Brazil. Feprotur, 144 pp.

Hershkovitz, P. 1949. Mammals of northern Parker, T.A., III, T.S. Schulenberg, W. Wust, and Colombia, preliminary report No. 4: Mon- M. Kessler. MS. Distribution, taxonomy keys (Primates), with taxonomic revisions and conservation of the endemic avifauna of northwest Peru.

64 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Peters, J.A. 1973. The frog genus Atelopus in ous forest in extreme northwestern Peru. Ecuador (Anura: Bufonidae). Smithso- Pp. 305-315. In: Neotropical Ornithology, nian Contrib. Zool. No. 145: 49 pp. P.A. Buckley et al., eds. Ornithological Monographs No. 36. Ridgely, R.S. and M.B. Robbins. 1988. Pyrrhura orcesi, a new parakeet from southwestern Wilson, L.D. 1987. A résumé of the colubrid Ecuador, with systematic notes on the P. snakes of the genus Tantilla of South melanura complex. Wilson Bull. 100:173- America. Milwaukee Pub. Mus., Contrib. 182. Biol. Geol., No. 68:1-35.

Robbins, M.B., T.A. Parker, III, and S.E. Allen. Wilson, L.D., J.R. McCranie, and L. Porras. 1985. The avifauna of Cerro Pirre, 1977. Taxonomic notes on Tantilla Darien, eastern Panama. Pp. 198-232. In: (Serpentes: Colubridae) from tropical Neotropical Ornithology, P.A. Buckley et America. Bull. So. California Acad. Sci. al., eds. Ornithological Monographs No. 76:49-56. 36.

Robbins, M.B. and R.S. Ridgely. 1990. The avifauna of an upper tropical cloud forest in southwestern Ecuador. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 142:59-71.

Valverde, F. de M. 1991. Estado Actual de la Vegetación Natural de la Cordillera de Chongón-Colonche. Guayaquil: Universidad de Guayaquil, 388 pp.

Valverde, F. de M., et al. 1991. Plan de Manejo de la Estación Científica y Reserva “Pedro Franco Dávila”. Guayaquil: Edi- torial Universidad de Guayaquil, 128 pp.

Vigle, G.O. and K. Miyata. 1980. A new species of Dendrobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the lowland rain forests of western Ecuador. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 459:1-7.

Wiedenfeld, D.A., T.S. Schulenberg, and M.B. Robbins. 1985. Birds of a tropical decidu-

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 65 Appendices

Appendix 1 Ecuador Trip Itineraries

Appendix 2 Preliminary List of the Birds of Cabeceras de Bilsa (Parker)

Appendix 3 Preliminary List of the Landbirds of (Parker) Parque Nacional Machalilla

Appendix 4 Preliminary List of the Birds of Cerro Blanco (Parker)

Appendix 5 Preliminary List of the Birds of Jauneche (Parker)

Appendix 6 Preliminary List of the Birds of Manta Real (Parker)

Appendix 7 Preliminary List of the Birds of the (Parker) Reserva Militar de Arenillas

Appendix 8 Birds of Six Forests in Western Ecuador (Parker)

Appendix 9 Mammal List; January-February Trip (Emmons and Albuja)

Appendix 10 Mammal List; July Trip (Albuja)

Appendix 11 Amphibian and Reptile List; January- (Almendáriz and Carr) February Trip

Appendix 12 Amphibian and Reptile List; July Trip (Almendáriz and Carr)

Appendix 13 Plant List: Cerro Mutiles (Foster, Gentry and Josse)

Appendix 14 Plant List: Cabeceras de Bilsa (Foster, Gentry and Josse)

Appendix 15 Plant List: Cerro Pata de Pájaro (Foster)

Appendix 16 Plant List: Tabuga - Río Cuaque (Foster)

Appendix 17 Plant List: Parque Nacional Machalilla (Foster, Gentry and Josse)

Appendix 18 Plant List: Cerro Blanco (Foster, Gentry and Josse)

Appendix 19 Plant List: Manta Real (Foster and Yanez)

66 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Ecuador Trip Itineraries A P P E N D I X 1

Trip I. January - February 1991 Dates Coordinates Elevational Range

CERRO BLANCO RESERVE 17 January Quebrada Canoa 2° 10' S, 80° 02' W ca. 100-420 m

PARQUE NACIONAL MACHALILLA 18-24 January Cerro San Sebastián and vicinity 1° 36' S, 80° 42' W 500-800 m Agua Blanca 1° 32' S, 80° 44' W ca. 80 m Estero Manta Blanca 1° 34' S, 80° 43' W ca. 300 m

CERRO ACHI 23 January 1° 20' S, 80° 39' W ca. 600 m

PORTOVIEJO-PEDERNALES-EL 24 January CARMEN-PORTOVIEJO (Reconnaisance by road)

CABECERAS DE BILSA 26 (PM), 27-31 0° 37' N, 79° 51' W campsite ca. (7 km E of San José de Bilsa) January 225 m; 100-300 m CERRO MUTILES 2-4 February 0° 54' N, 79° 37' W (reserva forestal of the Universidad ca. 60-300 m Técnica "Luis Vargas Torres")

Trip II. July 1991 Dates Coordinates Elevation

JAUNECHE RESERVE 6-9 July 1° 20' S, 79° 35' W 70 m at the station; 50 m at Estero Peñafiel MANTA REAL 10-17 July 2° 34' S, 79° 21' W campsite at 650 m; ca. 250-1100 m RESERVA MILITAR DE ARENILLAS 12-13 July 3° 33' S, 80° 03' W sea level to ca. (for Arenillas) 300 m CERRO BLANCO RESERVE 15-20 July Quebrada Canoa 2° 10' S, 80° 02' W ca. 100-420 m; campsite at 420 m TABUGA-RÍO CUAQUE 19 July site east of Palmarcito 0° 01' S, 80° 05' W ca. 60-320 m

CERRO PATA DE PÁJARO 20-21 July 0° 02' N, 79° 58' W 650-800 m

Note: Overlapping dates result from times when the travelling party was split into more than one group.

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 67 Codes for Avian Data

Appendices 2-8 Habitats W Water Fh Mature evergreen forest A Aerial Fd Deciduous (dry) forest Fm Montane evergreen forest (lower cloud forest) Sociality Fr Riparian forest (in dry areas, along rivers) S Solitary or in pairs Fe Forest edges G Gregarious; large groups of same species (more than 5 individuals) Fsm Forest stream margins M Mixed-species flocks Mg Mangroves B Bamboo thickets within evergreen forest Abundance Sc Desert-scrub C Common; recorded daily in preferred habitat in Sg Second growth; low, shrubby vegetation (man- moderate to large numbers (i.e., more than 10 created) individuals) P Pasture F Fairly common; recorded every day in small M Marsh; permanently flooded areas filled with numbers; less than 10 individuals grasses and other water-adapted plants U Uncommon; recorded every other day; occurs in S Shores, sandbars small numbers R River; open water R Rare; recorded only once during survey period Rm River margins; vegetation overhanging riverbanks E Extinct Sm Stream margins; vegetation overhanging or X Recorded, status uncertain bordering streams (M) Migrant, origin unknown A Aerial (letters in parentheses following this code (Mn) Migrant from the north, primarily from North refer to habitats in which the species is most apt to America, normally occurring only from mid- occur) August to March O Ocean; coastal waters within a few km of land (Ms) Migrant from south (April to October) (V) Vagrant; of very rare and irregular occurrence Foraging Position T Terrestrial Evidence U Undergrowth or understory (up to 5 m in tall t Tape-recording obtained in area forest) M Subcanopy or middlestory (mainly from 5 to 15 m in tall forest) C Canopy (primarily above 15 m in tall forest)

68 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Preliminary List of the Birds of Cabeceras de Bilsa A P P E N D I X 2 T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

TINAMIDAE (2) Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Tinamus major Fh T S U forest Crypturellus soui Fh T S F t Fe Forest edges Sg Second growth CATHARTIDAE (3) Foraging Position Coragyps atratus Sg,Fe T S,G U T Terrestrial

Cathartes aura Sg,Fh T S U U Undergrowth

Sarcoramphus papa Fh T S F M Middlestory

ACCIPITRIDAE (7) C Canopy Elanoides forficatus Fh A,C S,G U A Aerial Sociality Harpagus bidentatus Fh M,C S U? S Solitary or in pairs Leucopternis occidentalis Fh C,T S U G Gregarious

L. plumbea Fh M,T S R? M Mixed-species flocks Ictinia plumbea Fh,Sg A,C S F Abundance Buteogallus urubitinga Fh M,T S U C Common F Fairly common Buteo magnirostris Fe T,C S F t U Uncommon FALCONIDAE (2) R Rare

Herpetotheres cachinnans Fe,Sg T,C S F t X Recorded Micrastur ruficollis Fh U,M S U (Mn) Migrant from north Evidence CRACIDAE (2) t Tape Ortalis erythroptera Fe,Sg T,C G U Penelope sp. Fh T,C S U

PHASIANIDAE (1) Odontophorus erythrops Fh T G U

COLUMBIDAE (5) Columba speciosa Fh C S U t C. subvinacea Fh C S U? C. goodsoni FhCSCt Leptotila pallida Fe,Fh T S C t Geotrygon montana Fh T S F t

PSITTACIDAE (5) Pionopsitta pulchra Fh M,C S,G C t Pionus menstruus Fh C S,G C t P. chalcopterus Fh C S,G F t Amazona autumnalis Fh C S,G R? t? A. farinosa Fh C S,G C t

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 69 A P P E N D I X 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

CUCULIDAE (3) Piaya cayana Fh,Sg C S,M U t P. minuta Fe,Sg U S R Crotophaga ani Sg T,U G F t

STRIGIDAE (3) Lophostrix cristata Fh M,C S F t Pulsatrix perspicillata Fh M,T S U Ciccaba virgata Fh M,C S U t

NYCTIBIIDAE (1) Nyctibius griseus Fe,Sg C,A S R?

CAPRIMULGIDAE (1) Lurocalis semitorquatus Fh C,A S U t

APODIDAE (1) Chaetura cinereiventris Fh,Sg A S F t

TROCHILIDAE (14) Glaucis aenea Fh,Fe U S U Threnetes ruckeri Fh U S F Phaethornis yaruqui Fh U S C t P. superciliosus Fh U S X P. longuemareus Fh U S F Eutoxeres aquila Fh U S U Florisuga mellivora Fh,Sg C S F Popelairia conversii Fh C S X Thalurania colombica Fh U,C S F Damophila julie Fh M,C S X Amazilia tzacatl Fh,Sg U,C S U Chalybura buffoni Fh U,M S X Heliothryx barroti Fh M,C S U Heliodoxa jacula Fh U,M S F?

TROGONIDAE (5) Trogon melanurus Fh M,C S U t T. comptus Fh M,C S ? t T. viridis FhCSCt T. collaris Fh M S C t T. rufus Fh M S U t

70 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

MOMOTIDAE (1) Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Baryphthengus martii Fh M,C S F forest BUCCONIDAE (4) Fe Forest edges Sg Second growth Notharchus macrorhynchos Fh,Fe C S F t Foraging Position Nystalus radiatus Fh,Fe C S F t T Terrestrial

Malacoptila panamensis FhUSUt? U Undergrowth

Micromonacha lanceolata Fh C S R? M Middlestory

CAPITONIDAE (1) C Canopy Capito squamatus Fh C S F t A Aerial Sociality RAMPHASTIDAE (3) S Solitary or in pairs Pteroglossus erythropygius Fh C G F t G Gregarious

Ramphastos brevis Fh C S,G C t M Mixed-species flocks R. swainsonii Fh C S,G C t Abundance

PICIDAE (7) C Common F Fairly common Piculus rubiginosus Fh,Sg M,C S,M F t U Uncommon P. leucolaemus Fh M,C M F t R Rare

Celeus loricatus Fh M,C S,M F t X Recorded Dryocopus lineatus Fh M,C S U t (Mn) Migrant from north Evidence Melanerpes pucherani Fh,Fe C S,M F t t Tape Veniliornis kirkii Fh C M F t Campephilus gayaquilensis Fh M,C S F t

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (5) Dendrocincla fuliginosa Fh U,M S,M C t Glyphorynchus spirurus Fh U,M S,M F t Dendrocolaptes certhia Fh U,M S,M U Xiphorhynchus lacrymosus Fh M,C S,M C t X. erythropygius Fh M,C M,S C t

FURNARIIDAE (4) Synallaxis brachyura Sg T,M S F t Hyloctistes subulatus FhMMF t Automolus ochrolaemus Fh U M,S X Xenops minutus Fh U,M M C

FORMICARIIDAE (16) Cymbilaimus lineatus Fh M,C S,M F t Taraba major Fe,Sg U,M S,M U

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 71 A P P E N D I X 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Thamnophilus atrinucha Fh U,M S,M C t Thamnistes anabatinus FhCMCt Dysithamnus puncticeps FhMMCt Myrmotherula surinamensis Fe,Sg U,M S,M U t M. fulviventris Fh U,M M F t M. axillaris Fh U,M M C t M. schisticolor Fh U,M M R Microrhopias quixensis Fh M,U M C t Cercomacra tyrannina Fe U S U Myrmeciza berlepschi Fh U S F t Myrmeciza exsul Fh U S C t M. immaculata Fh U,T S U t Hylophylax naevioides Fh U S U Formicarius nigricapillus Fh T S U? t

TYRANNIDAE (27) Phyllomyias griseiceps Fe,Sg C S F t Zimmerius viridiflavus Fh,Fe C S,M C t Ornithion brunneicapillum Fh C S,M F t Camptostoma obsoletum Sg,Fe C S,M F t Tyrannulus elatus Fh C S F t Myiopagis caniceps Fh C M U t Elaenia flavogaster Sg C S U t Mionectes olivaceus Fh U,M S,M U Myiornis ecaudatus Fh C S F t Lophotriccus pileatus Fh U,C S,M U t Rhynchocyclus brevirostris Fh M M,S X Platyrinchus coronatus Fh U,M S U Myiophobus fasciatus Sg,Fe U S F Contopus borealis Fe C,A S R Empidonax virescens Fh,Fe M S F t Attila torridus? Fh C S,M R A. spadiceus Fh C,M S,M U t Sirystes albogriseus Fh C M F t Myiarchus sp. Fe,Sg M,C S U Myiozetetes cayanensis Sg,Fe C S F t

72 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Conopias albovittatus Fh C M,S F t Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Tyrannus melancholicus Fe,Sg C,A S U forest Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Fh,Fe C M,S U t Fe Forest edges Sg Second growth P. polychopterus Fh,Fe C M F t Foraging Position P. homochrous Fh,Sg C S,M F t T Terrestrial

Tityra semifasciata Fh C S F t U Undergrowth

T. inquisitor Fh C S F M Middlestory

PIPRIDAE (3) C Canopy Schiffornis turdinus Fh U S F t A Aerial Sociality Manacus manacus Fh,Fe U S F t S Solitary or in pairs Pipra mentalis Fh U,M S X G Gregarious

COTINGIDAE (3) M Mixed-species flocks Lipaugus unirufus Fh M,C S C t Abundance Carpodectes hopkei Fh C S F C Common F Fairly common Cephalopterus penduliger Fh C,M S R U Uncommon HIRUNDINIDAE (2) R Rare

Progne chalybea Sg,Fh A G U X Recorded Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Sg,Fe A S,G F (Mn) Migrant from north Evidence TROGLODYTIDAE (6) t Tape Campylorhynchus zonatus Fe,Sg C S,M U Thryothorus nigricapillus Fe U S C t T. thoracicus FhMMCt Troglodytes aedon Sg,Fe U S C t Microcerculus marginatus Fh T,U S F t Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Fh T,U S F t

TURDIDAE (1) Turdus albicollis Fh T,M S F t

SYLVIIDAE (1) Microbates cinereiventris Fh U,M S,M F t

VIREONIDAE (2) Vireolanius leucotis Fh C M,S F t Hylophilus minor Fh M,C M C t

EMBERIZIDAE

ICTERINAE (3) Scaphidura oryzivora Fe,Sg T,C S,G U

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 73 A P P E N D I X 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Zarhynchus wagleri Fh, Fe C S,M F t Cacicus microrhynchus Fh C G,M F t

PARULINAE (3) Dendroica fusca Fh C M R(Mn) D. castanea Fh C M R(Mn) t Setophaga ruticilla FhMMR(Mn)

COEREBINAE (1) Coereba flaveola Fh,Sg C S C t

THRAUPINAE (22) Cyanerpes caeruleus Fh C M C Chlorophanes spiza Fh C M C Dacnis cayana Fh C M F t D. lineata Fh C M U t D. venusta Fh C M F Euphonia xanthogaster Fh,Sg U,C M,S C t E. fulvicrissa Fh C M U E. laniirostris Fe,Sg C S,M F t Tangara icterocephala Fh M,C M,S F t T. larvata Fh C S,M F t T. palmeri Fh C M U t T. gyrola Fh C M C T. florida Fh C M U Thraupis palmarum Fh,Sg C S,M F t T. episcopus Sg,Fe C S,M U t Ramphocelus icteronotus Sg,Fe U,C G,M C t Piranga rubra Fh, Fe C M,S R t Chlorothraupis stolzmanni Fh M,C M,G C t Tachyphonus luctuosus Fh M,C M F t T. delatrii Fh M,C M F t Heterospingus xanthopygius Fh C M F t Mitrospingus cassini Fh U,M G,M F t

CARDINALINAE (4) Saltator maximus Fh,Fe M,C S,M F t Pitylus grossus Fh M,C S U t

74 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Pheucticus ludovicianus Fh C M R(Mn) Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Cyanocompsa cyanoides Fh, Fe U S U t forest EMBERIZINAE (1) Fe Forest edges Sg Second growth Sporophila americana Fe,Sg U S,G X Foraging Position

T Terrestrial

U Undergrowth

M Middlestory

C Canopy

A Aerial

Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs

G Gregarious

M Mixed-species flocks

Abundance

C Common

F Fairly common

U Uncommon

R Rare

X Recorded

(Mn) Migrant from north Evidence

t Tape

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 75 A P P E N D I X 3 Preliminary List of the Landbirds of Parque Nacional Machalilla T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

TINAMIDAE (2) Crypturellus soui Fh T S F t Crypturellus transfasciatus Fd T S F t

ARDEIDAE (3) Egretta alba Rm W S U Egretta thula Rm W S F Butorides striatus Rm W S F t

CATHARTIDAE (3) Sarcoramphus papa Fh,Fd T S U Coragyps atratus Sc,Fd,Fh T G F Cathartes aura Sc,Fd,Fh T S C

ACCIPITRIDAE (10) Elanoides forficatus Fh A,C S,G U Leptodon cayanensis Fh M,C S R t Ictinia plumbea Fh A S,G R Geranospiza caerulescens Fd,Sm T,C S U t Leucopternis occidentalis Fh,Fd T,C S U t Buteogallus urubitinga Rm,Fd,Fh T,U S R Parabuteo unicinctus Sc,Fd T S U Buteo brachyurus Fh A,C S R Spizaetus ornatus Fh M,C S R t Spizaetus tyrannus Fh M,C S R

PANDIONIDAE (1) Pandion haliaetus R W S U(Mn)

FALCONIDAE (6) Herpetotheres cachinnans Fh,Fd T,C S U t Micrastur ruficollis Fh U,M S F t Polyborus plancus Sc T S F Falco peregrinus Sc,Rm A S R Falco rufigularis Fh A S R Falco sparverius Sc T S U

CRACIDAE (2) Ortalis erythroptera Fh,Fd T,C G F t Penelope purpurascens Fh T,C S R t

76 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 3

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

PHASIANIDAE (1) Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Odontophorus erythrops Fh T G R forest SCOLOPACIDAE (1) Fd Deciduous forest Fm Montane evergreen Actitis macularia Rm T,W S U(Mn) forest COLUMBIDAE (10) Fr Riparian forest Columba speciosa Fh C S U t B Bamboo thickets Sc Desert-scrub Columba cayennensis Fr C S,G U t Sg Second growth

Columba subvinacea FhCSCt R River

Zenaida auriculata Sc T S,G F t Rm River margins Zenaida asiatica Sc T,C S,G F t Sm Stream margins Columbina buckleyi Sc,Fd T S,G F/C t Foraging Position T Terrestrial Columbina cruziana Sc,Fd T S,G C U Undergrowth Claravis pretiosa Fr T S,G U M Middlestory

Leptotila ochraceiventris Fh,Fd? T S R C Canopy Leptotila verreauxi Sc,Fd, Fh T S C t A Aerial

PSITTACIDAE (4) W Water Sociality Ara ambigua Fh? C S,G R S Solitary or in pairs Aratinga erythrogenys Fd,Fr, Fh C G F t G Gregarious

Forpus coelestis Sc,Fd U,C G C t M Mixed-species flocks

Pionus chalcopterus Fh C S,G U t Abundance

CUCULIDAE (3) C Common F Fairly common Piaya cayana Fh,Fr M,C S,M U t U Uncommon Crotophaga sulcirostris Sc,Sg T,U G C t R Rare

Tapera naevia Sg,Sc T,U S U t X Recorded

TYTONIDAE (1) (Mn) Migrant from north Tyto alba Sc T S U? Evidence t Tape STRIGIDAE (5) Otus roboratus Sc,Fd M,C S C t Pulsatrix perspicillata Fh T,M S U t Glaucidium (brasilianum) Sc,Fd U,C S C t Speotyto cunicularia Sc T S U t Ciccaba nigrolineata Fh M,C S F t

NYCTIBIIDAE (1) Nyctibius griseus Fh C,A S F t

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 77 A P P E N D I X 3

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

CAPRIMULGIDAE (2) Lurocalis semitorquatus Fh A S U t Nyctidromus albicollis Fd,Sg A S F t

APODIDAE (3) Streptoprocne zonaris Fh,Fd A G U/R Chaetura cinereiventris Fh A S,G C t Chaetura brachyura Fh,Fd A S,G U

TROCHILIDAE (8) Phaethornis superciliosus Fh U S C t Thalurania colombica Fh U,C S F Damophila julie Fh M,C S U Amazilia amazilia Sc,Fd U,C S F t Amazilia tzacatl Fh U,C S C t Adelomyia melanogenys Fm U,M S C t Heliomaster longirostris Fd, Fh C S U Acestrura bombus Fh C S U

TROGONIDAE (3) Trogon melanurus Fh M,C S F t Trogon collaris Fh M,C S U t Trogon violaceus Fh C S F t

ALCEDINIDAE (2) Ceryle torquata Rm W S F Chloroceryle americana Rm W S F

MOMOTIDAE (1) Momotus momota Fd,Sc U,C S C t

BUCCONIDAE (1) Malacoptila panamensis Fh U S R

CAPITONIDAE (1) Eubucco bourcierii Fm,Fh C S,M U t

RAMPHASTIDAE (3) Aulacorhynchus haematopygus Fm C S,G U t Pteroglossus erythropygius Fh C S,G U t Ramphastos swainsonii Fh C S,G U t

PICIDAE (8) Picumnus olivaceus Fh M,C S,M F t

78 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 3

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Picumnus sclateri Fd,Fh M,C S,M U? t? Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Piculus rubiginosus Fd,Fh,Sc M,C S,M C t forest Dryocopus lineatus Fh,Fr C S U t Fd Deciduous forest Fm Montane evergreen Melanerpes pucherani Fh C S F t forest Veniliornis kirkii Fh,Fd M,C S,M F t Fr Riparian forest Veniliornis callonotus Fh,Fd M,C S,M F t B Bamboo thickets Sc Desert-scrub Campephilus gayaquilensis Fh,Fd U,C S U t Sg Second growth DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (6) DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (6) R River

Dendrocincla fuliginosa Fh U,M S,M U t Rm River margins Sittasomus griseicapillus Fd,Fh M S,M F t Sm Stream margins Glyphorynchus spirurus Fh U,M M R t Foraging Position T Terrestrial Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Fh M,C S,M F t U Undergrowth Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Fd,Sc M,C S,M C t M Middlestory

Campyloramphus trochilirostris Fh M S,M F t C Canopy FURNARIIDAE (9) A Aerial Furnarius cinnamomeus Rm,Sc T S C t W Water Sociality Synallaxis brachyura Fh,Sg T,M S,M F t S Solitary or in pairs Synallaxis tithys Fd T,U S,M U t G Gregarious

Synallaxis stictothorax Sc U,M S F t M Mixed-species flocks

Cranioleuca erythrops Fm, Fh,Fd M,C M,S F t Abundance Anabacerthia variegaticeps Fm M,C M R C Common F Fairly common Hylocryptus erythrocephalus Fm T,U S R t U Uncommon Xenops rutilans Fd,Fh M,C M,S C t R Rare

Xenops minutus Fh U,M M R? X Recorded

FORMICARIIDAE (9) (Mn) Migrant from north Taraba major Fh U,M S F t Evidence Sakesphorus bernardi Fd,Sc U,C S,M C t t Tape Thamnophilus atrinucha Fh U,M S,M U t Dysithamnus mentalis Fh, Fd U,M M,S C t Myrmotherula schisticolor Fm U,M M U t Pyriglena pacifica Fh U S F t Formicarius nigricapillus Fh, Fm T S F t Grallaria guatimalensis Fm T S R Grallaria watkinsi Fd, Fh T S F t

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 79 A P P E N D I X 3

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

RHYNOCRYPTIDAE (1) Melanopareia elegans Sc,Fd T,U S C t

PIPRIDAE (3) Schiffornis turdinus Fh U S R Manacus manacus Fh U S F t Pipra mentalis?FhU,MSR

TYRANNIDAE (37) Phyllomyias griseiceps FhCSCt Zimmerius viridiflavus Fh C S F t Camptostoma obsoletum Sc,Fd,Fh C S,M C t Phaeomyias murina Sc,Fd C S U? t Myiopagis subplacens Fd,Fh U,C S,M C t Elaenia flavogaster Sg C S,M F t Mecocerculus calopterus Fm C M R Euscarthmus meloryphus Sc,Sg,Fd U S,M C t Mionectes oleagineus Fh U,C S,M U t Leptopogon superciliaris Fh M,C M R t? Capsiempis flaveola Fh,B C S F t Lophotriccus pileatus Fh,Fd M,C S,M C t Todirostrum cinereum Sc,Sg,Fd M,C S,M U t Tolmomyias sulphurescens Fd C M U t Platyrinchus mystaceus Fh U S F t Onychorhynchus occidentalis Fh M S R Myiobius atricaudus FhMMR Myiophobus fasciatus Fd,Fh,Sg U,M M F t Contopus fumigatus Fm C S,M F t Contopus (sordidulus) Fh C S R(Mn) Contopus cinereus Fd U,C S,M U t Empidonax virescens Fh M S U(Mn) t Lathrotriccus griseipectus Fh M,C S,M F t Pyrocephalus rubinus Sc,Sg C,A S F Fluvicola atripennis Rm,Sg T S F Muscigralla brevicauda Sc T S U? Attila torridus Fm C S F t Myiarchus tuberculifer FhCS,MCt

80 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 3

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Myiarchus phaeocephalus Sc M,C S F t Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Megarynchus pitangua Fh,Fd C S F t forest Myiozetetes similis Fr,Sg C S F t Fd Deciduous forest Fm Montane evergreen Myiodynastes bairdii Sc,Fd C S F t forest Myiodynastes maculatus Fh C S,M C t Fr Riparian forest B Bamboo thickets Tyrannus melancholicus Fr,Sg C,A S U Sc Desert-scrub Tyrannus niveigularis Sc C,A S U Sg Second growth

Pachyramphus homochrous Fh C S U t R River

Tityra semifasciata Fh C S U t Rm River margins

HIRUNDINIDAE (2) Sm Stream margins Progne chalybea Sg,Fd,Fh A G F Foraging Position T Terrestrial Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Rm,Sg A G C t U Undergrowth TROGLODYTIDAE (8) M Middlestory

Campylorhynchus fasciatus Sc,Fd C S,G F t C Canopy Thryothorus mystacalis Fh,B U,M S,M F t A Aerial Thryothorus paucimaculatus Fh,Fd U,M S,M C t W Water Sociality Thryothorus superciliaris Sc,Fd U S C t S Solitary or in pairs Troglodytes aedon Sg,Sc U S F t G Gregarious

Troglodytes solstitialis Fm C S,M U t M Mixed-species flocks

Henicorhina leucophrys Fm U,T S,M C t Abundance Microcerculus marginatus Fh T S U t C Common F Fairly common MIMIDAE (1) U Uncommon Mimus longicaudatus Sc C,T S,G C t R Rare

TURDIDAE (4) X Recorded

Catharus dryas Fm T S R? (Mn) Migrant from north Catharus ustulatus Fh,Fm T,M S U(Mn) Evidence t Tape Turdus maculirostris Fh,Fr M,C S F t Turdus reevei Sc,Fd C,T S,G U t

SYLVIIDAE (2) Ramphocaenus melanurus Fh M S,M U t Polioptila plumbea Sc,Fd C S,M F t

VIREONIDAE (3) Cyclarhis gujanensis Fd,Fh C S,M F t Vireo olivaceus Sc,Sg,Fr C S,M C t Hylophilus minor Fh,Fd M,C M C t

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 81 A P P E N D I X 3

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

EMBERIZIDAE

PARULINAE (6) Parula pitiayumi FhCS,MCt Setophaga ruticilla Fh M S,M R(Mn) Seiurus noveboracensis Rm T S R(Mn) Myioborus miniatus FmCMCt Geothlypis aequinoctialis Sg U S,M F Basileuterus fraseri Fh, Fd U,M S,M C t

COEREBINAE (1) Coereba flaveola Sc,Fd, Fh C S C t

THRAUPINAE (15) Dacnis lineata Fh C M U? Chlorophanes spiza Fh C M U? Tangara icterocephala Fh C M F t Tangara gyrola Fh C G,M C Euphonia laniirostris Fd, Fh C S,M C t Euphonia xanthogaster Fh U,C S,M C t Euphonia saturata Fh,Fd? C S U? Chlorospingus canigularis Fm M,C G,M C t Thraupis palmarum Fh C S,M R? Thraupis episcopus Fr,FhCS,MCt Piranga flava Fd, Fh C S,M F t Piranga rubra Fr,Fh C S,M R(Mn) t Ramphocelus icteronotus Sg,Fr U,C G,M F t Tachyphonus luctuosus Fh M,C M U t Hemithraupis guira Fh, Fr C M X

ICTERINAE (8) Sturnella bellicosa Sc T,U S,G U Dives warzewiczii Sc,Sg,Fr T,C G,S F t Molothrus bonariensis Sc,Sg T,C S,G U t Scaphidura oryzivora Fr,Sg T,C S,G R? Icterus graceannae Sc,Fd C S F t Icterus mesomelas Fd,Sg C S,G U t Amblycercus holosericeus Fh, B U,M S,M F t Cacicus cela Fr,Fh C S,G,M F t

82 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 3

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

CARDINALINAE (4) Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Saltator albicollis Fh M,C S F t forest Saltator maximus Fh,Fr M,C S,M C t Fd Deciduous forest Fm Montane evergreen Pheucticus chrysogaster Sc,Fd,Fh C S C t forest Cyanocompsa cyanoides FhUSUt Fr Riparian forest B Bamboo thickets EMBERIZINAE (10) Sc Desert-scrub Amaurospiza concolor Fm,B M S R Sg Second growth

Volatinia jacarina Sc,Sg T,U S,G F R River

Tiaris obscura Sg T,U S,G U? Rm River margins Sporophila americana Sg T,U S,G,M F Sm Stream margins Sporophila telasco Sc T,U G F Foraging Position T Terrestrial Atlapetes brunneinucha Fm T,U S,M F t U Undergrowth Poospiza hispaniolensis Sc U S F t M Middlestory

Arremon aurantiirostris Fh T,U S,M U t? C Canopy Arremon abeillei Fd,Fh T,U S,M F t A Aerial Rhodospingus cruentus Sc,Fd T,C G,M F W Water Sociality CARDUELINAE (1) S Solitary or in pairs Carduelis siemiradzkii Fd,Sg U,C G F t G Gregarious

M Mixed-species flocks

Abundance

C Common

F Fairly common

U Uncommon

R Rare

X Recorded

(Mn) Migrant from north

Evidence

t Tape

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 83 A P P E N D I X 4 Preliminary List of the Birds of Cerro Blanco T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

TINAMIDAE (1) Crypturellus transfasciatus Fd T S F t

FREGATIDAE (1) Fregata magnificens A A S,G F(V)

CATHARTIDAE (3) Sarcoramphus papa Fd, Fh T S U Coragyps atratus Fd,Fh,Sc T G,S C t Cathartes aura Fd,Fh,Sc T S C

ACCIPITRIDAE (15) Elanoides forficatus Fd,Fh C,A S,G F t Harpagus bidentatus Fh C,M S R Ictinia plumbea Fd,Fh C,A S F(M?) Accipiter bicolor Fd,Fh U,C S U Geranospiza caerulescens Fd,Fh T,C S F Leucopternis occidentalis Fd,Fh C,T S U Asturina nitida Fd,Fe C,T S F? Buteogallus urubitinga Fd,Fh T,C S R B. meridionalis Sc T S U Parabuteo unicinctus Sc,Fd T S F Buteo magnirostris Fd,Fh,Sg C,T S F t B. brachyurus Fh C,A S U B. polyosoma Fd,Sc T S U B. albonotatus Fd, Fh,Sc T? S R Spizaetus tyrannus Fh C,T S R

FALCONIDAE (6) Herpetotheres cachinnans Fd,Fh T,C S F t Micrastur semitorquatus Fd,Fh M,C S R t M. ruficollis Fh U,M S U Polyborus plancus Sc,Fd T S F Falco rufigularis Fd,Fh A S U F. sparverius Sc T,A S U

CRACIDAE (1) Ortalis erythroptera Fd,Fh T,C G U

COLUMBIDAE (7) Columba cayennensis Fh,Fd C S,G F

84 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 4

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Zenaida asiatica Sc,Fd T,C S,G U Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Columbina buckleyi Sc,Fd T S,G C t forest C. cruziana Sc,Fd T S,G U t Fd Deciduous forest Fe Forest edges Claravis pretiosa Fh T,C S,G U Fsm Forest stream Leptotila ochraceiventris Fd,Fh T S R margins L. verreauxi Fd,Fh,Sc T S C t Sc Desert-scrub Sg Second growth PSITTACIDAE (6) Sm Stream margins

Ara ambigua Fd,Fh C S,G R A Aerial

Aratinga erythrogenys Fd,Fh,Sc C G F t Foraging Position Forpus coelestis Sc,Fd U,C S,G C t T Terrestrial Brotogeris pyrrhopterus Fd,Fh C S,G F t U Undergrowth M Middlestory Pionus chalcopterus Fd,Fh C S,G U C Canopy Amazona autumnalis Fh C S,G U t A Aerial

CUCULIDAE (3) W Water Piaya cayana Fh C,M S,M U t Sociality Crotophaga sulcirostris Sc T,U G C S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious Tapera naevia Sc T,U S U M Mixed-species flocks TYTONIDAE (1) Abundance

Tyto alba Sc,Fd T S U C Common

STRIGIDAE (2) F Fairly common Pulsatrix perspicillata Fd,Fh C,T S F t U Uncommon R Rare Glaucidium (brasilianum) Fd,Fh,Sc U,C S C t X Recorded CAPRIMULGIDAE (2) (M) Migrant

Chordeiles acutipennis Sc A S U (Mn) Migrant from north

Nyctidromus albicollis Fd,Fh A S C (Ms) Migrant from south

APODIDAE (3) (V) Vagrant Streptoprocne zonaris Fd,Fh A G F(V) Evidence t Tape Chaetura cinereiventris Fd,Fh A S U C. brachyura Fd A S U

TROCHILIDAE (5) Phaethornis superciliosus Fh U S U P. longuemareus Fh U S ? Amazilia amazilia Fd,Fh,Sc U,C S C Heliomaster longirostris Fd,Fh C S U Myrmia micrura Sc U,C S U

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 85 A P P E N D I X 4

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

TROGONIDAE (2) Trogon melanurus Fd,Fh M,C S U T. violaceus Fh C S R

ALCEDINIDAE (2) Ceryle torguata Sm W S U Chloroceryle americana Sm W S U

MOMOTIDAE (1) Momotus momota Fd,Fh U,C S U

PICIDAE (6) Picumnus sclateri Fd,Fh,Sc M,C M,S C t Melanerpes pucherani Fh,Fe M,C S,M X Piculus rubiginosus Fd,Fh M,C S,M F t Dryocopus lineatus Fh M,C S U Veniliornis callonotus Fd,Fh,Sc M,C S,M C t Campephilus gayaquilensis Fd,Fh M,C S U t

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (3) Sittasomus griseicapillus Fh U,M M,S F t Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Fd,Fh,Sc M,C S,M C t Campyloramphus trochilirostris Fh, Fd U,M S,M F t

FURNARIIDAE (3) Furnarius cinnamomeus Sg,Sc T S F Synallaxis tithys Fd, Fh T,U S U Xenops rutilans Fd,Fh M,C M F t

FORMICARIIDAE (4) Taraba major Fh U,M S U t Sakesphorus bernardi Fd,Fh,Sc U,C S,M C t Dysithamnus mentalis Fh U,M M,S C t Pyriglena pacifica Fh U S R

RHINOCRYPTIDAE (1) Melanopareia elegans Fd,Sc T,U S F

TYRANNIDAE (23) Camptostoma obsoletum Fd,Fh,ScCS,MCt Phaeomyias murina Sc,Fd C S U Myiopagis subplacens Fd,Fh U,C S,M C t Elaenia flavogaster Sc C S F

86 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 4

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Euscarthmus meloryphus Sc,Fe U S C t Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Lophotriccus pileatus Fd,Fh U,C S,M F t forest Todirostrum cinereum Fd M,C S,M F t Fd Deciduous forest Fe Forest edges Tolmomyias sulphurescens Fd C M U Fsm Forest stream Myiophobus fasciatus Fd,Sc U,M S C t margins Contopus cinereus Fd U,M S,M U t Sc Desert-scrub Sg Second growth Lathrotriccus griseipectus Fh M S,M R? Sm Stream margins

Fluvicola atripennis Sm,M T S F A Aerial

Muscigralla brevicauda Sc T S U Foraging Position Myiarchus tuberculifer Fd, Fh C,M S,M U t T Terrestrial M. phaeocephalus Sc,Fd M,C S,M U U Undergrowth M Middlestory Megarynchus pitangua Fd, Fh C S F t C Canopy Myiozetetes similis Fd, Fh,Sg C S U t A Aerial

Myiodynastes bairdii Fd,Sc C S,M F W Water M. maculatus Fd, Fh C S,M U? Sociality Tyrannus niveigularis Sc C,A S U S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious T. melancholicus Sg,Fe C,A S F M Mixed-species flocks Pachyramphus albogriseus Fd,Fh C M,S U Abundance

P. homochrous Fd,Fh C M,S U t C Common

HIRUNDINIDAE (3) F Fairly common Progne chalybea Sg,Fd, Fh A G F U Uncommon R Rare Notiochelidon cyanoleuca Sc,Sg A G F(Ms?) X Recorded Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Sg,Sm A G F (M) Migrant

CORVIDAE (1) (Mn) Migrant from north

Cyanocorax mystacalis Fd,Sc C,T G F t (Ms) Migrant from south

TROGLODYTIDAE (4) (V) Vagrant Campylorhynchus fasciatus Fd,Sc C,M S,G F t Evidence t Tape Thryothorus superciliaris Fd,Sc U S,M C t T. paucimaculatus Fd, Fh U,M S,M C t Troglodytes aedon Sg,Sc U S F t

MIMIDAE (1) Mimus longicaudatus Sc,Sg C,T S F

TURDIDAE (2) Turdus maculirostris Fh,Fd T,C S C t T. reevei Fd,Fh C S,G F t

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 87 A P P E N D I X 4

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

SYLVIIDAE (2) Ramphocaenus melanurus Fh M S U Polioptila plumbea Fd,Fh,Sc C S,M C t

VIREONIDAE (3) Cyclarhis gujanensis Fd C S,M U t Vireo olivaceus Fh,Fd C S,M C t Hylophilus minor Fh M,C M F t

EMBERIZIDAE

PARULINAE (4) Parula pitiayumi Fd,Fh C M F t Seiurus noveboracensis Sm T S R(Mn) Setophaga ruticilla Fh M,C S,M R(Mn) Basileuterus fraseri Fd,Fh U,M S,M C t

COEREBINAE (1) Coereba flaveola Fd,Fh,Sc C S F

THRAUPINAE (5) Euphonia laniirostris Fd,Fh C S,M C t Thraupis episcopus Fd,Fh C S,M C t Piranga rubra Fh C M,S R(Mn) Tachyphonus luctuosus Fh C,M M U t Hemithraupis guira Fh C M F t

CARDINALINAE (3) Saltator albicollis Fd,Sc M S,M U S. maximus Fh M,C S,M F t Pheucticus chrysogaster Fd,Sc C S,M U

ICTERINAE (6) Sturnella bellicosa Sc T,U S,G U Dives warszewiczi Sg,Sc T,C S,G C t Molothrus bonariensis Sg,Sc T,C S,G U Cacicus cela Fd,Fh C S,G,M F t Icterus graceannae Fd,Sc C S X I. mesomelas Fd,Fh C S F t

EMBERIZINAE (7) Volatinia jacarina Sg,Sc T,U S,G F Sporophila americana Sg,Sc,Fd T,U S,G,M C

88 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 4

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence S. peruviana Sc T,U G,M ? Habitats Fh Mature evergreen S. telasco Sg,Sc T,U G,M F forest Sicalis flaveola Sc,Sg,Fd T,U S,G U Fd Deciduous forest Fe Forest edges Rhodospingus cruentus Fd,Fh U,C G,M C Fsm Forest stream Arremon abeillei Fd,Fh T,U S,M F margins Sc Desert-scrub CARDUELINAE (1) Sg Second growth Carduelis siemiradzkii Fd,Sc U,C G U t Sm Stream margins

A Aerial

Foraging Position

T Terrestrial

U Undergrowth

M Middlestory

C Canopy

A Aerial

W Water

Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs

G Gregarious

M Mixed-species flocks

Abundance

C Common

F Fairly common

U Uncommon

R Rare

X Recorded

(M) Migrant

(Mn) Migrant from north

(Ms) Migrant from south

(V) Vagrant

Evidence

t Tape

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 89 A P P E N D I X 5 Preliminary List of the Birds of Jauneche T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

TINAMIDAE (3) Tinamus major Fh T S E Crypturellus soui Fh T S F t C. transfasciatus Fe T S U t

ARDEIDAE (7) Ardea cocoi Sm,M W S U Egretta alba Sm,M W S U E. thula Sm,M W S U Butorides striatus Sm,M W S F t Bubulcus ibis Sg,M T G F Nycticorax nycticorax Sm,M W S U Tigrisoma lineatum Sm W S F

CATHARTIDAE (2) Coragyps atratus Sg,Fe T S,G C t Cathartes aura Sg,Fh T S C

ACCIPITRIDAE (8) Elanoides forficatus Fh A,C S,G F t Harpagus bidentatus Fh M,C S R? Geranospiza caerulescens Fh,Sm T,C S R Leucopternis occidentalis Fh T,C S R L. plumbea Fh,Sm T S R t Buteogallus urubitinga Fe,Sm T,U S R Buteo magnirostris Fe T,C S U Spizaetus tyrannus Fh M,C S R

FALCONIDAE (4) Herpetotheres cachinnans Fh,Sg T,C S U t Micrastur ruficollis Fh U,M S U t Polyborus plancus Sg T S U Falco rufigularis Fh, Fe A S R t

CRACIDAE (2) Ortalis erythroptera Fh,Sg T,C G R t Penelope purpurascens Fh T,C S E t

PHASIANIDAE (1) Odontophorus erythrops Fh T G E

90 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 5

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

RALLIDAE (2) Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Pardirallus maculatus MT S R forest Laterallus albigularis MT S F t Fe Forest edges B Bamboo thickets COLUMBIDAE (7) Sg Second growth Columba cayennensis Fe,Sg C S,G U t M Marsh

C. subvinacea Fh C S R? t Rm River margins

Columbina buckleyi Sg,Fe T S,G F t Sm Stream margins Claravis pretiosa Fh,Sg T,C S,G C t Foraging Position Leptotila verreauxi Sg,Fe T S F t T Terrestrial U Undergrowth L. pallida Fe,Fh T S C t M Middlestory Geotrygon montana Fh T S F t? C Canopy

PSITTACIDAE (5) A Aerial Ara ambigua Fh C S,G E W Water Aratinga erythrogenys Fe,SgCGUt Sociality S Solitary or in pairs Forpus coelestis Sg U,C G U t G Gregarious Pionus chalcopterus Fh,Sg C S,G U t M Mixed-species flocks

Amazona autumnalis Fh,Sg C S,G R t Abundance A. farinosa Fh C S,G R t C Common

CUCULIDAE (6) F Fairly common U Uncommon Piaya cayana Fh C S,M U t R Rare P. minuta M,SmUSUt E Extinct

Crotophaga major Sm U,M G U (V) Vagrant

C. ani Sg,M T,U G F t Evidence C. sulcirostris Sg,M T,U G C t t Tape Tapera naevia Sg T,U S U t

TYTONIDAE (1) Tyto alba Sg T S U?

STRIGIDAE (5) Otus roboratus Sg,Fh M,C S C t Pulsatrix perspicillata Fh M,T S F t Glaucidium (brasilianum) Sg,Fh U,C S F t Ciccaba nigrolineata Fh M,C S F t C. virgata? Fh M,C S R t?

NYCTIBIIDAE (1) Nyctibius griseus Fe C,A S R?

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 91 A P P E N D I X 5

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

CAPRIMULGIDAE (1) Nyctidromus albicollis Fe,Fh A S C t

APODIDAE (3) Streptoprocne zonaris Fh,Sg A G F(V) Chaetura cinereiventris Fh A G U Panyptila cayennensis Fh A S F t

TROCHILIDAE (6) Phaethornis superciliosus Fh U S C t P. longuemareus FhUSUt Thalurania colombica Fh U,C S F Damophila julie Fh M,C S U Amazilia amazilia Fh C S U A. tzacatl Fh U,C S F t

TROGONIDAE (2) Trogon melanurus Fh M,C S F t T. violaceus Fh C S U t

ALCEDINIDAE (2) Ceryle torquata Sm W S U t Chloroceryle americana Sm W S F

MOMOTIDAE (1) Momotus momota Fh U,C S C t

BUCCONIDAE (2) Notharchus tectus Fh C S U t Malacoptila panamensis Fh U S F t

CAPITONIDAE (1) Capito squamatus Fh C S,M F t

RAMPHASTIDAE (1) Pteroglossus erythropygius FhCGUt

PICIDAE (7) Picumnus olivaceus Fh M,C M,S F t Piculus rubiginosus Fh M,C S,M F t Dryocopus lineatus Fh C S U t Melanerpes pucherani Fh, Fe C S,M F t Veniliornis kirkii FhCS,MCt V. callonotus Fh,Sg M,C S,M F t

92 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 5

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Campephilus gayaquilensis Fh M,C S R Habitats Fh Mature evergreen DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (4) forest Dendrocincla fuliginosa Fh U,M S,M C t Fe Forest edges B Bamboo thickets Sittasomus griseicapillus Fh M S,M C t Sg Second growth Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Fh,Sg M,C S,M C t M Marsh

Campyloramphus trochilirostris Fh M S,M F t Rm River margins

FURNARIIDAE (5) Sm Stream margins Furnarius cinnamomeus Sm,Sg T S F t Foraging Position Synallaxis brachyura Sg,M T,M S,M F t T Terrestrial U Undergrowth Automolus ochrolaemus Fh U,M S,M F t M Middlestory Xenops rutilans Fh M,C M,S U t C Canopy

X. minutus Fh U,M M R? A Aerial FORMICARIIDAE (6) W Water Taraba major Fe,Sg U,M S,M F t Sociality S Solitary or in pairs Thamnophilus atrinucha Fh U,M S,M F t G Gregarious Dysithamnus mentalis Fh U,M S,M C t M Mixed-species flocks

Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus Fh C M R t Abundance Cercomacra nigricans Fh, Fe M S C t C Common Pyriglena pacifica Fe U S U F Fairly common U Uncommon PIPRIDAE (2) R Rare Schiffornis turdinus Fh U S R E Extinct

Manacus manacus Fh, Fe U S C t (V) Vagrant

TYRANNIDAE (31) Evidence Phyllomyias griseiceps Fh,Sg C S U t t Tape Ornithion brunneicapillum Fh C S,M R t? Camptostoma obsoletum Sg,Fe,FhCS,MCt Tyrannulus elatus Fh, Fe C S C t Myiopagis subplacens Fh M,C S,M U t M. viridicata Fh U,C M F? t Elaenia flavogaster Sg C S F t Euscarthmus meloryphus Sg,Fe U S,M U t Mionectes oleagineus Fh U,C S,M U t Leptopogon superciliaris FhMMUt? Capsiempis flaveola Fe,B C S F t Lophotriccus pileatus Fh M,C S,M C t

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Todirostrum cinereum Sg,Fe M,C S,M U t Cnipodectes subbrunneus Fh U,M S R Tolmomyias sulphurescens Fh C M U t Platyrinchus mystaceus Fh U S F t Onychorhynchus occidentalis Fh M S F t Myiobius atricaudus FhMMR Myiophobus fasciatus Fe,Sg U,M S F t Lathrotriccus griseipectus Fh U,M S,M F t Pyrocephalus rubinus Sg C,A S F Fluvicola atripennis Rm,Sg T S U Myiarchus tuberculifer Fh C S,M F t Megarynchus pitangua FhCSCt Myiozetetes similis Fe,Sg C S F t Myiodynastes maculatus FhCS,MCt Tyrannus melancholicus Fe,Sg C,A S F T. niveigularis Sg,Fe C,A S U Pachyramphus albogriseus Fh C M U P. homochrous Fh C S,M F t Tityra semifasciata Fh C S U t

HIRUNDINIDAE (2) Progne chalybea Sg,Fh A G F Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Rm,Sg A G C t

TROGLODYTIDAE (4) Campylorhynchus (zonatus) Sg,Fe C S,G F t Thryothorus mystacalis Fe,B U,M S,M F t Thryothorus paucimaculatus Fh U,M S,M C t Troglodytes aedon Sg U S F t

TURDIDAE (2) Turdus maculirostris Fh T,C S C t T. reevei Fh C S,G U t

SYLVIIDAE (2) Ramphocaenus melanurus Fh M S,M U t Polioptila plumbea Sg,Fh C S,M F t

VIREONIDAE (3) Cyclarhis gujanensis Fh, Fe C S,M U t

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Vireo olivaceus Fh, Fe C S,M F t Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Hylophilus minor Fh M,C M C t forest EMBERIZIDAE Fe Forest edges B Bamboo thickets PARULINAE (3) Sg Second growth Parula pitiayumi FhCS,MCt M Marsh

Geothlypis aequinoctialis Sg,M U S,M U Rm River margins

Basileuterus fraseri Fh U,M S,M C t Sm Stream margins

COEREBINAE (1) Foraging Position Coereba flaveola Fh,Sg C S C t T Terrestrial U Undergrowth THRAUPINAE (10) M Middlestory Dacnis lineata Fh C M F t C Canopy

Chlorophanes spiza Fh C M U A Aerial Tangara cyanicollis Fh C S,M F t W Water Euphonia laniirostris Fh,Sg C S,M C t Sociality S Solitary or in pairs Euphonia sp. Fh U,C S,M U t G Gregarious Thraupis palmarum Fh C S,M F t M Mixed-species flocks

T. episcopus Fh,Sg C S,M C t Abundance Ramphocelus icteronotus Sg,Fe U,C G,M U t C Common Tachyphonus luctuosus Fh M,C M C t F Fairly common U Uncommon Hemithraupis guira Fh C M F t R Rare ICTERINAE (5) E Extinct

Sturnella bellicosa Sg T,U S,G U (V) Vagrant

Dives warszewiczi Sg,Fe T,C S,G C t Evidence Molothrus bonariensis Sg T,C S,G U t t Tape Cacicus cela Fh,Sg C S,G,M U t Amblycercus holosericeus Fh,B U S,M R

CARDINALINAE (3) Saltator maximus Fh, Fe C,M S,M C t Pitylus grossus Fh C,M S U t Cyanocompsa cyanoides Fh, Fe U,M S U t

EMBERIZINAE (5) Volatinia jacarina Sg T,U S,G U Sporophila americana Sg T,U S,G,M F Arremon aurantiirostris Fh T S,M C t A. abeillei Fh T S,M R Rhodospingus cruentus Fh,Sg T S,G,M F

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 95 A P P E N D I X 6 Preliminary List of the Birds of Manta Real T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

TINAMIDAE (2) Tinamus major Fh T S R Crypturellus soui Fh T S F t

CATHARTIDAE (2) Coragyps atratus Sg,Fe T S,G C t Cathartes aura Sg,Fh T S C

ACCIPITRIDAE (5) Elanoides forficatus Fh A,C S,G F t Harpagus bidentatus Fh M,C S R? Buteo magnirostris Fe T,C S U Leucopternis occidentalis Fh T,C S U Spizaetus tyrannus Fh T,C S R

FALCONIDAE (4) Herpetotheres cachinnans Fe,Sg T,C S F t Micrastur ruficollis Fh U,M S F t Polyborus plancus Sg T S U Falco rufigularis Fh, Fe A S R t

CRACIDAE (1) Ortalis erythroptera Fe,Sg T,C G U t Penelope sp. Fh T,C S U t

PHASIANIDAE (1) Odontophorus erythrops Fh T G F

COLUMBIDAE (7) Columba cayennensis Fe,Sg C S,G F t C. subvinacea Fh C S U? C. plumbea Fh C S F t Columbina buckleyi Sg,Fe T S,G F t Claravis pretiosa Fh,Sg T,C S,G U Leptotila pallida Fe,Fh T S C t Geotrygon montana Fh T S F t?

PSITTACIDAE (5) Ara severa Sg C S,G U Pyrrhura orcesi Fm C G R Forpus coelestis Sg U,C G F Brotogeris pyrrhopterus Sg,Fe C G C t

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Pionus chalcopterus Fh,Sg C S,G F t Habitats Fh Mature evergreen CUCULIDAE (3) forest Piaya cayana Fh,Sg C S,M U t Fm Montane evergreen forest Crotophaga ani Sg T,U G F t Fe Forest edges Tapera naevia Sg T,U S U t B Bamboo thickets Sg Second growth STRIGIDAE (3) Foraging Position Pulsatrix perspicillata Fh T,M S F T Terrestrial

Glaucidium (brasilianum) Sg,Fe U,C S F t U Undergrowth

Ciccaba virgata Fh M,C S U M Middlestory

NYCTIBIIDAE (1) C Canopy Nyctibius griseus Fe,Sg C,A S R? A Aerial Sociality CAPRIMULGIDAE (1) S Solitary or in pairs Nyctidromus albicollis Fe A S F t G Gregarious

APODIDAE (2) M Mixed-species flocks Chaetura cinereiventris Fh,Sg A S U Abundance Panyptila cayennensis Fh A S F C Common F Fairly common TROCHILIDAE (12) U Uncommon Threnetes ruckeri Fh U S U R Rare

Phaethornis yaruqui Fh U S F t Evidence

P. superciliosus Fh U S F t t Tape P. longuemareus Fh U S U Florisuga mellivora Fh C S U Thalurania colombica Fh U,C S F Damophila julie Fh M,C S U Amazilia sp. Fh C S R A. tzacatl Fh U,C S F t Heliodoxa jacula Fm U S F Heliothryx barroti Fh M,C S U Acestrura sp. Fh C S R

TROGONIDAE (3) Pharomachrus auriceps Fm C S F t Trogon melanurus Fh M,C S F t T. collaris Fh M S F t

MOMOTIDAE (3) Electron platyrhynchum Fh C S U t

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Baryphthengus martii Fh M,C S R? Momotus momota Fh U,C S U?

BUCCONIDAE (4) Notharchus tectus Fh C S U Nystalus radiatus Fh, Fe C S F Malacoptila panamensis Fh U S U Micromonacha lanceolata Fh C S R?

RAMPHASTIDAE (4) Aulacorhynchus haematopygus Fm C S,G F t Pteroglossus erythropygius Fh C G F t Ramphastos brevis Fh C S,G C t R. swainsonii Fh C S,G U? t

PICIDAE (7) Picumnus olivaceus Fh,Sg M,C M,S U Piculus rubiginosus Fh,Sg M,C S,M F t Celeus loricatus? Fh M,C S,M R Dryocopus lineatus Fh C S U t Melanerpes pucherani Fh, Fe C S,M F t Veniliornis callonotus Sg M,C S,M F t Campephilus gayaquilensis Fh M,C S F

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (6) Dendrocincla fuliginosa Fh U,M S,M C t Sittasomus griseicapillus Fh M S,M F t Glyphorynchus spirurus Fh U,M S,M C t Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Fh M,C M,S F t Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Fh,Sg M,C S,M F t Campyloramphus trochilirostris Fh M S,M U t

FURNARIIDAE (10) Furnarius cinnamomeus Sg T S F t Synallaxis brachyura Sg T,M S F t Hyloctistes subulatus FhMMF t Cranioleuca erythrops Fh C M U Syndactyla subalaris Fh U,M M U t Anabacerthia variegaticeps FmMMFt Philydor fuscipennis Fh U,M M F

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Thripadectes sp. (ignobilis?) Fm U M R Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Xenops rutilans Fh,Sg M,C M,S U t forest X. minutus Fh U,M M R? Fm Montane evergreen forest FORMICARIIDAE (14) Fe Forest edges Taraba major Fe,Sg U,M S,M U t B Bamboo thickets Thamnophilus atrinucha Fh U,M S,M U t Sg Second growth Foraging Position T. unicolor Fh U S F t T Terrestrial

Thamnistes anabatinus Fh C M F t U Undergrowth

Myrmotherula fulviventris Fh U,M M F t M Middlestory M. schisticolor Fh U,M M C t C Canopy Microrhopias quixensis Fh U,M M F A Aerial Sociality Drymophila caudata Fm,B U,M S U t S Solitary or in pairs Terenura callinota Fm C M F t G Gregarious

Myrmeciza nigricauda FhUSUt M Mixed-species flocks M. exsul Fh U S C t Abundance M. immaculata Fh U,T S F t C Common F Fairly common Formicarius nigricapillus Fh T S U? U Uncommon Grallaria guatimalensis Fm T S R? R Rare

RHYNOCRYPTIDAE (1) Evidence

Scytalopus sp. Fm T,U S R t Tape

COTINGIDAE (2) Ampelioides tschudii Fm C S U Cephalopterus penduliger Fm C,M S R

PIPRIDAE (3) Schiffornis turdinus Fh U S U Manacus manacus Fh, Fe U S C t Masius chrysopterus Fm U S F

TYRANNIDAE (31) Phyllomyias griseiceps Fe,Sg C S F t Ornithion brunneicapillum Fh C S,M R t? Camptostoma obsoletum Sg,Fe C S,M C t Tyrannulus elatus FhCSCt Myiopagis viridicata Fh M,C M U t Elaenia flavogaster Sg C S U t Mionectes sp. Fh M S,M U?

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence M. oleagineus Fh U,M S,M U Leptopogon superciliaris FhMMF t Capsiempis flaveola Fe,Sg C S U Lophotriccus pileatus Fh U,C S,M C t Todirostrum cinereum Sg,Fe M,C S,M F t T. nigriceps Fe,Sg C S U Cnipodectes subbrunneus Fh U,M S R Tolmomyias sulphurescens Fh, Sg C M U Platyrinchus mystaceus Fh U S F t Onychorhynchus occidentalis Fh M S U Myiotriccus ornatus Fh U,M S,M C t Terenotriccus erythrurus Fh, Sg M S,M U Myiobius barbatus Fh,SgMMC M. atricaudus SgMMR Myiophobus fasciatus Fe,Sg U,M S F t Lathrotriccus griseipectus Fh M S U Pyrocephalus rubinus Sg C,A S F Attila torridus Sg C S R Myiarchus tuberculifer Fh,Sg C S,M F t Megarynchus pitangua Fh,Sg C S F t Myiodynastes chrysocephalus Fm C S U Myiozetetes similis Fe,Sg C S F t Tyrannus melancholicus Fe,Sg C,A S C Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Fh, Fe C M U P. albogriseus Fh C M U P. homochrous Fh,Sg C S,M C t Tityra semifasciata Fh C S U t

HIRUNDINIDAE (1) Progne chalybea Sg,Fh A G F t

TROGLODYTIDAE (7) Campylorhynchus sp. Sg,Fe C S,G F t Thryothorus mystacalis Fh,B U,M S,M F T. nigricapillus Fe U S C t Troglodytes aedon Sg U S F t Henicorhina leucophrys Fm U,T S C t

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Microcerculus marginatus Fh T,U S F t Habitats Fh Mature evergreen Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Fh T,U S U forest TURDIDAE (5) Fm Montane evergreen forest Myadestes ralloides Fm M S U t Fe Forest edges Catharus dryas Fm T,U S F t B Bamboo thickets Platycichla leucops Fh C S U? Sg Second growth Foraging Position Turdus obsoletus Fh T,M S U T Terrestrial

T. maculirostris Fh,Sg T,C S C t U Undergrowth

SYLVIIDAE (2) M Middlestory Microbates cinereiventris Fh U S,M F t C Canopy Polioptila plumbea Sg,Fh C S,M F t A Aerial Sociality VIREONIDAE (5) S Solitary or in pairs Cyclarhis gujanensis Fe,Sg C S,M U t G Gregarious

Vireolanius leucotis Fh C M,S F t M Mixed-species flocks Vireo olivaceus Fh, Fe C S,M U t Abundance V. leucophrys Fh C M,S F t C Common F Fairly common Hylophilus minor Fh M,C M C t U Uncommon EMBERIZIDAE R Rare

PARULINAE (5) Evidence

Parula pitiayumi FhCM,SCt t Tape Geothlypis aequinoctialis Sg U S,M U Myioborus miniatus Fm M,C M C t Basileuterus fraseri Sg,Fh U,M ? U B. tristriatus Fm M M,S F t

COEREBINAE (1) Coereba flaveola Fh,Sg C S C t

THRAUPINAE (19) Cyanerpes caeruleus Fh C M U Chlorophanes spiza Fh C M F Dacnis lineata Fh C M F t Tersina viridis Fe C,A S,G U Euphonia xanthogaster Fh,Sg U,C M,S C t E. laniirostris Sg,Fe C S,M C t Tangara arthus Fm C M,S F t T. icterocephala Fh M,C M,S C t

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Habitats T. cyanicollis Fh C M,S F Fh Mature evergreen forest T. gyrola Fh C M C Fm Montane evergreen Thraupis palmarum Fh,Sg C S,M C t forest Fe Forest edges T. episcopus SgCS,MCt B Bamboo thickets Ramphocelus icteronotus Sg,Fe U,C G,M F t Sg Second growth Piranga leucoptera Fm,Fe C S,M F t Foraging Position Chlorothraupis stolzmanni Fh M,C M,G C t T Terrestrial Tachyphonus luctuosus Fh M,C M C t U Undergrowth

M Middlestory Chlorospingus flavigularis Fm U,M G,M F t C Canopy C. canigularis FmCM,GCt A Aerial Hemithraupis guira Fh C M F Sociality ICTERINAE (5) S Solitary or in pairs Cacicus cela Fh,Sg C S,G,M U t G Gregarious

M Mixed-species flocks C. microrhynchus Fh C G,M F t Abundance Dives warszewiczi Sg,Fe T,C S,G C t C Common Icterus mesomelas Fe,Sg C S F t F Fairly common Sturnella bellicosa Sg T,U S,G U U Uncommon CARDINALINAE (4) R Rare

Evidence Saltator maximus Fh,Fe M,C S,M C t

t Tape S. atripennis Fh C M,S U Pitylus grossus Fh M,C S U t Cyanocompsa cyanoides Fh, Fe U S U t

EMBERIZINAE (6) Volatinia jacarina Sg T,U S,G U Sporophila americana Sg T,U S,G,M F Tiaris obscura Sg U S,M U Atlapetes tricolor Fm U S U A. brunneinucha Fm T,U S F t Arremon aurantiirostris Fh T,U S,M F t

102 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Preliminary List of the Birds of the A P P E N D I X 7 Reserva Militar de Arenillas T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Habitats

TINAMIDAE (1) Fd Deciduous forest Crypturellus transfasciatus Fd T S F Fe Forest edges Mg Mangroves PELECANIDAE (1) Sc Desert-scrub Pelecanus occidentalis Mg,O W S,G F Sg Second growth

PHALACROCORACIDAE (1) P Pasture Phalacrocorax olivaceus Mg,O W S,G C M Marsh

FREGATIDAE (1) S Shores Sm Stream margins Fregata magnificens Mg,O W,A S C A Aerial ARDEIDAE (9) O Ocean

Ardea herodias S W,T S R Foraging Position A. cocoi S W,T S U T Terrestrial Egretta alba S W,T S,G C U Undergrowth M Middlestory E. thula S W,T S,G C C Canopy Florida caerulea S W,T S U A Aerial

Hydranassa tricolor S W,T S U W Water

Butorides striatus Mg,S W,T S F Sociality Bubulcus ibis PTGF S Solitary or in pairs Nyctanassa violacea Mg,S T,W S F G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks CICONIIDAE (1) Abundance

Mycteria americana S W G,S U C Common

THRESKIORNITHIDAE (2) F Fairly common Eudocimus albus S,Mg T,W G F U Uncommon Platalea ajaja S W G,S U R Rare Evidence CATHARTIDAE (2) t Tape Coragyps atratus Fd,Sc T S,G C Cathartes aura Fd,Sc T S C

ACCIPITRIDAE (5) Gampsonyx swainsonii Sc T S U Buteogallus subtilis Mg T S U B. meridionalis P,Sc T S U Parabuteo unicinctus Sc,Fd T S F Buteo polyosoma Sc T S U

PANDIONIDAE (1) Pandion haliaetus Mg W S F

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

FALCONIDAE (4) Herpetotheres cachinnans Fd T,C S F Polyborus plancus Sc,Fd T S F Falco rufigularis Fd A S R F. sparverius Sc A S F

CRACIDAE (1) Ortalis erythroptera Fd T,C G R

RALLIDAE (4) Rallus longirostris Mg T S U Aramides axillaris Mg T S F Laterallus albigularis MT S F Gallinula chloropus M,Mg T S,G F

JACANIDAE (1) Jacana jacana M T S,G F

CHARADRIIDAE (2) Charadrius collaris STSF C. wilsonia STSF

RECURVIROSTRIDAE (1) Himantopus mexicanus S,M T S,G F

LARIDAE (3) Larus atricilla S,O T,W S,G F L. cirrocephalus S,O T,W S,G F Gelochelidon nilotica S T,W,A S U

COLUMBIDAE (6) Columba cayennensis Fd C S,G R Zenaida asiatica Sc,Fd T,C S,G C Columbina buckleyi Sc,Fd T S,G F C. cruziana Sc,Fd T S,G C Claravis pretiosa Fd T,C S,G R Leptotila verreauxi Fd T S F

PSITTACIDAE (4) Aratinga erythrogenys Fd,Sc C G U Forpus coelestis Sc,Fd U,C G C Brotogeris pyrrhopterus Fd C S,G F Pionus chalcopterus Fd C S,G U

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

CUCULIDAE (2) Habitats Fd Deciduous forest Crotophaga sulcirostris Sc T,U G F Fe Forest edges Tapera naevia Sc T,U S U Mg Mangroves

STRIGIDAE (2) Sc Desert-scrub

Otus roboratus Fd M,C S U? Sg Second growth Glaucidium (brasilianum) Fd,Sc U,C S C P Pasture M Marsh CAPRIMULGIDAE (1) S Shores Chordeiles acutipennis Sc A S F Sm Stream margins APODIDAE (2) APODIDAE (2) A Aerial

Chaetura cinereiventris Fd A S U O Ocean C. brachyura Fd A S F Foraging Position T Terrestrial TROCHILIDAE (2) U Undergrowth Amazilia amazilia Fd,Sc U,C S F M Middlestory Myrmia micrura Sc U,C S F C Canopy

TROGONIDAE (1) A Aerial Trogon melanurus Fd M,C S U W Water

ALCEDINIDAE (2) Sociality S Solitary or in pairs Ceryle torquata Mg,Sm W S U G Gregarious Chloroceryle americana Sm W S U M Mixed-species flocks

MOMOTIDAE (1) Abundance

Momotus momota Fd U,C S U C Common

PICIDAE (5) F Fairly common U Uncommon Picumnus sclateri Fd,Sc M,C M,S F R Rare Piculus rubiginosus Fd M,C S,M F Evidence

Dryocopus lineatus Fd,Mg M,C S U t Tape Veniliornis callonotus Fd,Mg M,C S,M C Campephilus gayaquilensis Fd U,C S R

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (1) Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Fd,Sc M,C S,M C

FURNARIIDAE (3) Furnarius cinnamomeus Sg,Sc T S F Synallaxis tithys Fd T,U S F S. stictothorax Sc,Fd T,U S C

RHINOCRYPTIDAE (1) Melanopareia elegans Fd,Sc T,U S F

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

FORMICARIIDAE (2) Sakesphorus bernardi Sc,Fd U,C S,M C Grallaria watkinsi Fd T S U

TYRANNIDAE (18) Phaeomyias murina Sc,Fd C S U Camptostoma obsoletum Fd,Sc,Mg C S,M C Myiopagis subplacens Fd U,C S,M U Elaenia flavogaster Sg C S U Euscarthmus meloryphus Sc,Fe U S,M C Todirostrum cinereum Fd M,C S,M F Tolmomyias sulphurescens Fd C M U Myiophobus fasciatus Fd,Sc U,M S F Contopus cinereus Fd U,M S,M U Pyrocephalus rubinus Sg,Sc C,A S F Fluvicola atripennis Mg,Sm,M T S F Muscigralla brevicauda Sc T S F Myiarchus phaeocephalus Fd,Sc C,M S,M U Megarynchus pitangua Fd C S U Myiozetetes similis Fd,Sg C S U Myiodynastes bairdii Fd,Sc C S,M F Tyrannus melancholicus Sg C,A S U T. niveigularis Fd,Sc C,A S U

HIRUNDINIDAE (2) Progne chalybea Sg,Fd A G F Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Sg,Sm A G F

CORVIDAE (1) Cyanocorax mystacalis Fd C,T G F

TROGLODYTIDAE (4) Campylorhynchus fasciatus Fd,Sc C,M S F Thryothorus superciliaris Fd,Sc,Mg U,M S C T. paucimaculatus Fd U,M S,M U Troglodytes aedon Sg,Sc U S F

MIMIDAE (1) Mimus longicaudatus Sc,Sg C,T S F

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Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence

TURDIDAE (2) Habitats Fd Deciduous forest Turdus maculirostris Fd T,C S R Fe Forest edges T. reevei Fd C S,G U Mg Mangroves

SYLVIIDAE (1) Sc Desert-scrub

Polioptila plumbea Fd,Sc C S,M F Sg Second growth

VIREONIDAE (1) P Pasture Cyclarhis gujanensis Fd,Mg C S,M U M Marsh S Shores EMBERIZIDAE Sm Stream margins PARULINAE (1) PARULINAE (1) A Aerial

Basileuterus fraseri Fd U,M S,M R O Ocean

COEREBINAE (1) Foraging Position Coereba flaveola Fd,Sc C S U T Terrestrial U Undergrowth THRAUPINAE (2) M Middlestory Euphonia laniirostris Fd C S,M U C Canopy

Thraupis episcopus Fd C S,M F A Aerial ICTERINAE (6) W Water Sturnella bellicosa Sc,P T,U S,G F Sociality S Solitary or in pairs Dives warszewiczi Sc,Sg T,C S,G C G Gregarious Molothrus bonariensis Sg T,C S,G U M Mixed-species flocks

Cacicus cela Fd C S,G,M U Abundance

Icterus graceannae Fd,Sc C S F C Common I. mesomelas Fd C S U F Fairly common U Uncommon EMBERIZINAE (8) R Rare Volatinia jacarina Sg,Sc T,U S,G U Evidence

Sporophila americana Sg,Sc,Fd T,U S,G,M F t Tape S. peruviana Sc T,U G,M C S. telasco Sg,Sc T,U G,M F Sicalis flaveola Sc,Sg,Fd T S,G F Rhodospingus cruentus Fd U,C G,M C Phrygilus plebejus Sc,Fd T S,G F Arremon abeillei Fd T S,M F

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 107 A P P E N D I X 8 Birds of Six Forests in Western Ecuador T. A. Parker, III CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS

TINAMIDAE Tinamus major UF X Crypturellus berlepschi +X C. soui FFCX C. transfaciatus *FF

CATHARTIDAE Sarcoramphus papa UUXF Coragyps atratus CFXUCX Cathartes aura CCXUFX

ACCIPITRIDAE Elanoides forficatus F UXUUX Leptodon cayanensis RX Harpagus bidentatus RU?X Ictinia plumbea FR FFX Accipiter bicolor U Buteo magnirostris F FFX B. brachyurus UR XX B. polyosoma U B. albonotatus R Leucopternis occidentalis *UUXUXX L. semiplumbea X L. plumbea +? R?X Asturina nitida F? Parabuteo unicinctus FU Buteogallus urubitinga FR UXX B. meridionalis U Spizaetus ornatus RX S. tyrannus RR X Geranospiza caerulescens FU X

PANDIONIDAE Pandion haliaetus UXX

FALCONIDAE Herpetotheres cachinnans FU FXX Micrastur semitorquatus RX M. ruficollis UF UF X

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CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS Polyborus plancus FF XAbundance C Common Falco rufigularis UR X F Fairly common F. peregrinus R U Uncommon

F. sparverius UU XR Rare

CRACIDAE E Extinct Ortalis erythroptera *UFFUFXX Recorded Localities Penelope purpurascens E? R ? E? Localities CEB Bosque Protector Crax rubra E? X Cerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest PHASIANIDAE MAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes Odontophorus erythrops RU Xdeciduous and evergreen forests, esp. Rhynchortyx cinctus ? those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper RALLIDAE Río El Plátano Amaurolimnas concolor X CAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at Aramides wolfi + X highest point on main road between Puerto COLUMBIDAE Cayo and Jipijapa Columba speciosa UU XCAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on C. cayennensis FU FX low ridges (ca. 100- 300 m) east of Bilsa C. subvinacea CXU?FX (E of Muisne) CMU Cerro Mutiles C. goodsoni +CUX(Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen Zenaida auriculata F (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E Z. asiatica UF of Río Esmeraldas) RPS Río Palenque Science Columbina buckleyi * C F/C C X Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. C. cruziana UC Greenfield, MS). * Taxon endemic to Claravis pretiosa UU F X dry forest Leptotila ochraceiventris *R R + Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest L. verreauxi CCF L. pallida CCX Geotrygon montana FX

PSITTACIDAE Ara ambigua RR A. severa X Aratinga erythrogenys * FFX FX Forpus coelestis *CC X Brotogeris pyrrhopterus *F Pionopsitta pulchra +CX

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 109 A P P E N D I X 8

CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS Pionus menstruus CFX P. chalcopterus UU F UX Amazona autumnalis UR?X A. farinosa CUX

CUCULIDAE Piaya cayana UUXUFX P. minuta R Crotophaga ani FXX C. sulcirostris CC X Tapera naevia UU

TYTONIDAE Tyto alba UU X

STRIGIDAE Otus roboratus *C Lophostrix cristata FX Pulsatrix perspicillata FU UFX Glaucidium (brasilianum) *C C Speotyto cunicularia U Ciccaba nigrolineata FX C. virgata UX

NYCTIBIIDAE Nyctibius griseus FR?FX

CAPRIMULGIDAE Lurocalis semitorquatus UU Nyctidromus albicollis CF CX Chordeiles acutipennis U

APODIDAE Streptoprocne zonaris F U/R X Chaetura cinereiventris *UCXFFX C. brachyura UU Panyptila cayennensis XX

TROCHILIDAE Glaucis aenea UX Threnetes ruckeri FXX Phaethornis yaruqui CX

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CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS P. superciliosus *UCXXFXAbundance C Common P. longuemareus ?FXX F Fairly common Eutoxeres aquila UX U Uncommon

Florisuga mellivora FXXR Rare

Anthracothorax prevostii X E Extinct Popelairia conversii XXX Recorded Localities Thalurania colombica + FXFFXLocalities CEB Bosque Protector Damophila julie U XXX Cerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest Hylocharis grayi X MAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes Amazilia amabilis XXdeciduous and evergreen forests, esp. A. tzacatl CXUFX those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper A. amazilia CF Río El Plátano Chalybura buffoni X CAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at Adelomyia melanogenys CX highest point on main road between Puerto Heliodoxa jacula +F?Cayo and Jipijapa Heliothryx barroti UXCAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on Heliomaster longirostris UU X low ridges (ca. 100- 300 m) east of Bilsa Acestrura bombus *UXX(E of Muisne) CMU Cerro Mutiles Myrmia micrura U (Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen TROGONIDAE (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E Trogon melanurus *UF UCXof Río Esmeraldas) RPS Río Palenque Science T. comptus ? Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. T. viridis CFX Greenfield, MS). * Taxon endemic to T. collaris UC Xdry forest T. rufus U + Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest T. violaceus RF CX

MOMOTIDAE Electron platyrhynchum X Baryphthengus martii FX Momotus momota *UC XX

GALBULIDAE Galbula ruficauda UX

BUCCONIDAE Notharchus macrorhynchos FX N. tectus FX

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 111 A P P E N D I X 8

CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS Nystalus radiatus FUX Malacoptila panamensis RUFX Micromonacha lanceolata R?

CAPITONIDAE Capito squamatus *FX Eubucco bourcierii UX

RAMPHASTIDAE Aulacorhynchus haematopygus UX Pteroglossus erythropygius *U FUX Ramphastos brevis +CFX R. swainsonii UCFX

PICIDAE Picumnus olivaceus FX XX P. sclateri *CU? Piculus rubiginosus FCXFFX P. leucolaemus FX Celeus loricatus FFX Dryocopus lineatus UU UF X Melanerpes pucherani XF FFX Veniliornis kirkii XFXFFX V. callonotus *CFXUX Campephilus gayaquilensis *U U F U X

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE Dendrocincla fuliginosa U CCX Sittasomus griseicapillus *FFX CX Glyphorynchus spirurus RF X Dendrocolaptes certhia U Xiphorhynchus lacrymosus CC X. erythropygius FXC X Lepidocolaptes souleyetii CC CX Campylorhamphus trochilirostris *FFFXX

FURNARIIDAE Furnarius cinnamomeus *F C X F X Synallaxis brachyura FFFFX S. tithys *UU

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CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS S. stictothorax *F Abundance C Common Cranioleuca erythrops FF F Fairly common Hyloctistes subulatus FX U Uncommon

Philydor fuscipennis X R Rare

Anabacerthia variegaticeps R E Extinct Automolus rubiginosus X X Recorded Localities A. ochrolaemus XCXLocalities CEB Bosque Protector Hylocryptus erythrocephalus *R Cerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest Xenops rutilans *FCX XMAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes X. minutus R?CCXdeciduous and evergreen forests, esp. Sclerurus mexicanus X those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper S. guatimalensis UX Río El Plátano

FORMICARIIDAE CAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at Cymbilaimus lineatus FUX highest point on main road between Puerto Taraba major *UFFUFXCayo and Jipijapa Sakesphorus bernardi *CC CAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on Thamnophilus atrinucha U CCX low ridges (ca. 100- 300 m) east of Bilsa Thamnistes anabatinus C (E of Muisne) CMU Cerro Mutiles Dysithamnus mentalis * CCF FX (Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen D. puncticeps C (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E Myrmotherula surinamensis UXXof Río Esmeraldas) RPS Río Palenque Science M. fulviventris FFX Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. M. axillaris CCX Greenfield, MS). * Taxon endemic to M. schisticolor UUR X dry forest Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus ?CX+ Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest Microrhopias quixensis CCX Cercomacra tyrannina UF X C. nigricans F Sipia nigricauda +FU Pyriglena pacifica *RFX X Myrmeciza exsul CFX M. immaculata UXX Hylophylax naevioides UF X Formicarius nigricaplllus FXU?FX Pittasoma rufopileatum X

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 113 A P P E N D I X 8

CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS Grallaria guatimalensis R G. watkinsi *F Hylopezus perspicillata X

RHINOCRYPTIDAE Melanopareia elegans *FC

TYRANNIDAE Phyllomyias griseiceps * C FFX Zimmerius viridiflavus FXCUX Camptostoma obsoletum CCXFFX Phaeomyias murina *UU? Ornithion brunneicapillum F Tyrannulus elatus F Myiopagis caniceps UUX M. subplacens * CCX ? M. viridicata CX Elaenia flavogaster *FF UFX Mecocerculus calopterus *R Euscarthmus meloryphus *C C Mionectes olivaceus UX M. oleagineus UFX Leptopogon superciliaris RRX Capsiempis flaveola *F X Myiornis ecaudatus FU Lophotriccus pileatus FC UCX Todirostrum nigriceps X T. cinereum *FU UX Rhynchocyclus brevirostris XX Tolmomyias sulphurescens *U U Platyrinchus mystaceus *F F? P. coronatus U? ? Onychorhynchus occidentalis *R Terenotriccus erythrurus FX Myiobius barbatus UX M. atricaudus *R X Myiophobus fasciatus * CFXFFX

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CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS Contopus borealis R Abundance C Common C. fumigatus F F Fairly common C. (sordidulus) R U Uncommon

C. cinereus UU XR Rare

Empidonax virescens UFCXE Extinct Lathrotriccus griseipectus *R?F ? X Recorded Localities Pyrocephalus rubinus FF FXLocalities CEB Bosque Protector Fluvicola atripennis *FF XCerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest Muscigralla brevicauda UU? MAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes Attila torridus *FRXdeciduous and evergreen forests, esp. A. spadiceus UU? those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper Rhytipterna holerythra FX Río El Plátano Sirystes albogriseus FXCAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at Myiarchus tuberculifer UCF X highest point on main road between Puerto M. phaeocephalus *UF ?Cayo and Jipijapa M. sp. U CAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on Megarynchus pitangua *FF UX low ridges (ca. 100- 300 m) east of Bilsa Myiozetetes cayanensis FX(E of Muisne) CMU Cerro Mutiles M. similis *UF X(Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen M. granadensis UX (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E Conopias albovittatus F of Río Esmeraldas) RPS Río Palenque Science Myiodynastes bairdii *FF Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. M. maculatus U? C F X Greenfield, MS). * Taxon endemic to Tyrannus niveigularis *UU X dry forest T. melancholicus FU UCX+ Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest Pachyramphus cinnamomeus UF X P. polychopterus F P. albogriseus UX P. homochrous UU FFX Tityra semifasciata *UFX T. inquisitor FXX

PIPRIDAE Schiffornis turdinus RF X Manacus manacus FFCX Pipra mentalis RXFX

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 115 A P P E N D I X 8

CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS P. coronata X Chloropipo holochlora X

COTINGIDAE Lipaugus unirufus CX Cotinga nattererii +U Carpodectes hopkei +FX Querula purpurata FX Cephalopterus penduliger +RX

HIRUNDINIDAE Progne chalybea FFXUFX Notiochelidon cyanoleuca FX Neochelidon tibialis X Stelgidopteryx ruficollis FC FCX

CORVIDAE Cyanocorax mystacalis *F

TROGLODYTIDAE Campylorhynchus fasciatus FF C. zonatus UUX Thryothorus mystacalis FX T. paucimaculatus * CCF T. nigricapillus C? X T. thoracicus CF T. superciliaris *CC Troglodytes aedon FFXCFX T. solstitialis UX Henicorhina leucophrys CX Microcerculus marginatus U FFX Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus FX

MIMIDAE Mimus longicaudatus FC

TURDIDAE Catharus dryas R? C. ustulatus UX Turdus reevei *FU X T. maculirostris *CF FX

116 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 8

CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS T. albicollis F Abundance C Common SYLVIIDAE F Fairly common Ramphocaenus melanurus UU XX U Uncommon

Microbates cinereiventris F R Rare

Polioptila plumbea *CF XE Extinct

VIREONIDAE X Recorded Localities Cyclarhis gujanensis UF X XLocalities CEB Bosque Protector Vireolanius leucotis FF Cerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest Vireo olivaceus *CC UXMAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes Hylophilus minor FCXCCXdeciduous and evergreen forests, esp. EMBERIZIDAE those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper ICTERINAE Río El Plátano Molothrus bonariensis UU XXCAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at Scaphidura oryzivora R?UUX highest point on main road between Puerto Zarhynchus wagleri FU Cayo and Jipijapa Cacicus cela FF ?XCAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on C. microrhynchus FUX low ridges (ca. 100- 300 m) east of Bilsa Amblycercus holosericeus FX X (E of Muisne) CMU Cerro Mutiles Dives warszewiczi CF X (Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen Icterus graceannae *XF (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E I. mesomelas FU UXof Río Esmeraldas) RPS Río Palenque Science Sturnella bellicosa UU X Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. PARULINAE Greenfield, MS). * Taxon endemic to Parula pitiayumi FCX X dry forest Dendroica fusca R + Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest D. castanea R Seiurus noveboracensis RR X Geothlypis aequinoctialis FX G. semiflava X Setophaga ruticilla RR R X Myioborus miniatus CX Basileuterus fraseri * CCX Phaeothlypis fulvicauda X

COEREBINAE Coereba flaveola FCXCCX

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 117 A P P E N D I X 8

CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS

THRAUPINAE Cyanerpes caeruleus CFX Chlorophanes spiza U?CCX Dacnis cayana FFX D. lineata U? U C X D. venusta FX D. berlepschi X Euphonia xanthogaster CFCXX E. fulvicrissa U E. saturata +U?X E. laniirostris CCXFXX Tangara johannae + X T. icterocephala FF X T. larvata FFX T. cyanicollis XX T. palmeri +UX T. gyrola CCFX T. florida U Thraupis palmarum R?FFX T. episcopus CCXUCX Ramphocelus icteronotus FCFX Piranga flava F P. rubra RR RF X Chlorothraupis stolzmanni +C Tachyphonus luctuosus UU F CX T. delatrii FX Heterospingus xanthopygius +FX Mitrospingus cassini FX Hemithraupis guira FX CX Chlorospingus canigularis *C

CARDINALINAE Saltator maximus FC FCX S. atripennis X S. albicollis *UF Pitylus grossus UF X

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CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS Pheucticus chrysogaster UCX Abundance C Common P. ludovicianus RX F Fairly common Cyanocompsa cyanoides UUFX U Uncommon

EMBERIZINAE R Rare

Volatinia jacarina FF FXE Extinct Tiaris obscura U? F X X Recorded Localities Sporophila americana CF XCXLocalities CEB Bosque Protector S. peruviana ? Cerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest S. telasco FF MAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes Amaurospiza concolor R deciduous and evergreen forests, esp. Rhodospingus cruentus *C F F X those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper Atiapetes brunneinucha FX Río El Plátano Arremon aurantiirostris UXCAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at A. abeillei *FF highest point on main road between Puerto Poospiza hispaniolensis F Cayo and Jipijapa Sicalis flaveola U CAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on CARDUELINAE low ridges (ca. 100- 300 m) east of Bilsa Carduelis siemeradzkii *UF (E of Muisne) CMU Cerro Mutiles (Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E of Río Esmeraldas) RPS Río Palenque Science Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. Greenfield, MS). * Taxon endemic to dry forest + Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 119 A P P E N D I X 9 Mammal List; January-February Trip Louise Emmons, Luis Albuja V.

A. Mammals collected, seen, or identified from tracks, calls, skins, or skeletal parts by expedition members, or previously reported (Albuja, 1982).

Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Cabeceras de Cerro Mutiles Machalilla Bilsa Didelphidae Caluromys derbianus X Didelphis marsupialis XX

Myrmecophagidae Tamandua mexicana X

Megalonychidae Choloepus hoffmanni X

Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus XXX

Phyllostomidae Phyllostomus hastatus *X Mimon crenulatum *X Anoura geoffroyi *X Glossophaga longirostris *X Glossophaga soricina *X Carollia castanea *X Carollia perspicillata *XX Rhinophylla alethina *X Sturnira lilium *X Platyrrhinus helleri *X Artibeus fraterculus *X Artibeus glaucus *X Artibeus jamaicencis *X Artibeus phaeotis *XX Artibeus watsoni *XX Vampyressa pusilla *X Desmodus rotundus *X

Cebidae Alouatta palliata XX Cebus albifrons X

Procyonidae Procyon cancrivorus XX Potos flavus XX

120 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 9

Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Cabeceras de Cerro Mutiles Machalilla Bilsa Mustelidae * specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Eira barbara XX Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito; a Felidae few duplicates are in the National Felis yagouaroundi XXMuseum of Natural History, Tayassuidae Washington Tayassu tajacu XX X Tayassu pecari *X

Cervidae Mazama americana *X Odocoileus virginianus X

Sciuridae Sciurus stramineus XX Sciurus granatensis XXX

Muridae Oryzomys alfaroi *X Oryzomys xantheolus *X

Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta punctata XX

Agoutidae Agouti paca XX

Echimyidae Proechimys sp. X X

Leporidae Sylvilagus brasiliensis X

B. List of large mammals based on information provided by inhabitants of the localities. The degree of reliability of the information is unknown.

Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Cabeceras de Cerro Mutiles Machalilla Bilsa Didelphidae Caluromys derbianus X Metachirus nudicaudatus X Philander opossum X Chironectes minimus X Didelphis marsupialis X Marmosa sp. X

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 121 A P P E N D I X 9

Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Cabeceras de Cerro Mutiles Machalilla Bilsa Myrmecophagidae Tamandua mexicana XXX Cyclopes didactylus X

Bradypodidae Bradypus variegatus X

Megalonychidae Choloepus hoffmanni XX

Dasypodidae Cabassous centralis X Dasypus novemcinctus XXX

Phyllostomidae Desmodus rotundus XX

Cebidae Alouatta palliata XX Cebus albifrons X Cebus capuchinus X

Canidae Dusicyon sechurae X

Procyonidae Nasua narica XX Potos flavus XX Procyon cancrivorus XX

Mustelidae Eira barbara XXX Galictis vittata X

Felidae Felis concolor XX Felis pardalis XX Felis tigrina X Felis wiedii X Felis yagouaroundi X Panthera onca XXX

Tayassuidae Tayassu tajacu XX X Tayassu pecari XX

122 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 9

Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Cabeceras de Cerro Mutiles Machalilla Bilsa Cervidae * specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Mazama americana XXX Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito; a Mazama cf. fuscata X few duplicates are in the National Odocoileus virginianus XX Museum of Natural History, Sciuridae Washington Sciurus stramineus XX X Sciurus granatensis XX

Erethizontidae Coendou sp. X

Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta punctata XXXX

Agoutidae Agouti paca XXXX

Leporidae Sylvilagus brasiliensis X

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 123 A P P E N D I X 10 Mammal List; July Trip Luis Albuja V. A. Mammals collected, seen, or identified from tracks, calls, skins, or skeletal parts by expedition members, or previously reported (Albuja, 1982).

Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Blanco Cerro Pata de Pájaro Didelphidae Caluromys derbianus X Didelphis marsupialis XX Marmosa sp. X Philander opossum X

Myrmecophagidae Tamandua mexicana X

Megalonychidae Choloepus hoffmanni X

Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus XX X

Phyllostomidae Micronycteris megalotis *X X Phyllostomus discolor *X Mimon crenulatum *X Anoura caudifera *X Glossophaga longirostris *X X Glossophaga soricina *X Lonchophylla robusta *X Choeroniscus minor *X Carollia castanea *X Carollia perspicillata *X X Carollia brevicauda *XX Rhinophylla alethina *X Sturnira lilium *XX Platyrrhinus helleri *XX Platyrrhinus cf. infuscus *X X Platyrrhinus vittatus *X Vampyressa pusilla *XX Vampyressa nymphaea *X Chiroderma villosum *XX Uroderma bilobatum *X Artibeus fraterculus *X X

124 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 10

Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Blanco Cerro Pata de Pájaro Artibeus glaucus *XX* specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Artibeus jamaicencis *XX X Escuela Politécnica Artibeus phaeotis *X Nacional, Quito Artibeus watsoni *X Desmodus rotundus *X

Vespertilionidae Myotis sp. * X

Cebidae Alouatta palliata XXXX Cebus albifrons XXX

Felidae Felis pardalis XX Felis yagouaroundi X Panthera onca XX

Procyonidae Basaricyon gabbii X Nasua narica XX Potos flavus XX Procyon cancrivorus X

Mustelidae Eira barbara X

Tayassuidae Tayassu tajacu *X Tayassu pecari * XXX

Cervidae Mazama americana * XXX Odocoileus virginianus *X

Sciuridae Sciurus stramineus XX Sciurus granatensis XX?XX

Heteromyidae Heteromys australis *X

Muridae Oryzomys albigularis *XX Oryzomys alfaroi *X

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 125 A P P E N D I X 10

Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Blanco Cerro Pata de Pájaro Oryzomys caliginosus *XX Oryzomys xantheolus *XX?X

Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta punctata * XXXX

Agoutidae Agouti paca * XXXX

Echimyidae Proechimys decumanus *X

Erethizontidae Coendou rothschildi *X

Leporidae Sylvilagus brasiliensis *X

B. List of large mammals based on information provided by inhabitants of the localities.

Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Blanco Cerro Pata de Pájaro Didelphidae Caluromys derbianus XX Metachirus nudicaudatus X Philander opossum XXX Chironectes minimus X Didelphis marsupialis XXXX Marmosa sp.XXXX

Myrmecophagidae Cyclopes didactylus XX X Myrmecophaga tridactyla X Tamandua mexicana XXXX

Bradypodidae Bradypus variegatus XX? X

Megalonychidae Choloepus hoffmanni X

Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus XXXX

Phyllostomidae Desmodus rotundus XXXX

126 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 10

Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Blanco Cerro Pata de Pájaro Cebidae * specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Alouatta palliata XXXX Escuela Politécnica Cebus albifrons XXXNacional, Quito

Procyonidae Nasua narica XXXX Potos flavus XXXX Procyon cancrivorus XXXX

Mustelidae Eira barbara XXXX Mustela frenata XXXX Lutra longicaudis X

Felidae Felis concolor XX Felis pardalis XXXX Felis tigrina XXX Felis wiedii XXX Felis yagouaroundi XXXX Panthera onca XX

Tayassuidae Tayassu tajacu XXX Tayassu pecari XXX

Cervidae Mazama americana XXXX Odocoileus virginianus X

Sciuridae Sciurus stramineus XX Sciurus granatensis XXXX

Erethizontidae Coendou rothschildi XX

Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta punctata XXXX

Agoutidae Agouti paca XXXX

Leporidae Sylvilagus brasiliensis XXXX

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 127 A P P E N D I X 11 Amphibian and Reptile List; January-February Trip Ana Almendáriz, John L. Carr

Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Cabeceras de Cerro Mutiles Machalilla Bilsa Amphibia

ANURA

Bufonidae Bufo marinus A,B D

Centrolenidae Centrolene prosoblepon + Hyalinobatrachium valerioi +

Dendrobatidae Colostethus infraguttatus + Colostethus sp. 1 + Colostethus sp. 2 + + Epipedobates erythromos +

Hylidae Hyla rosenbergi + Ololygon sugillata A Smilisca phaeota + Trachycephalus jordani C

Leptodactylidae Ceratophrys stolzmani C Eleutherodactylus achatinus ++ Eleutherodactylus anomalus + Eleutherodactylus chalceus + Eleutherodactylus longirostris + Eleutherodactylus cf. phoxocephalus + Eleutherodactylus sp. 1 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 2 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 3 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 4 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 5 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 6 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 7 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 8 + Leptodactylus pentadactylus A Leptodactylus ventrimaculatus +

128 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 11

Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Cabeceras de Cerro Mutiles Machalilla Bilsa Microhylidae + specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Nelsonophryne aterrima + Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito APODA * specimen deposited Caeciliidae in the National Museum of Natural Caecilia sp. + History, Washington A seen alive, but not Oscaecilia equatorialis + collected B dead or road killed Reptilia specimen, not preserved SAURIA C seen in the Museo de Gekkonidae Salango or Centro de Interpretación, Phyllodactylus reissii + Parque Nacional Machalilla Iguanidae D identified based on call Anolis chloris + E reported by local Anolis fasciatus + inhabitants Anolis gracilipes ++ Anolis peraccae + Anolis princeps + Anolis sp. 1a + Anolis sp. 2 + Basiliscus cf. galeritus A Enyalioides heterolepis + Iguana iguana E A,C Ophryoessoides iridescens ++ Polychrus femoralis *

Gymnophthalmidae Echinosaura horrida +

Teiidae Ameiva septemlineata + Ameiva sp. A A Dicrodon guttulatum C

SERPENTES

Boidae Boa constrictor ECEE

Colubridae Chironius sp. B Coniophanes fissidens +

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Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Cabeceras de Cerro Mutiles Machalilla Bilsa + specimen(s) Imantodes cenchoa + deposited in the collection of the Leptodeira septentrionalis larcorum + Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito Leptodeira septentrionalis ornata + * specimen deposited in the National Oxybelis brevirostris + Museum of Natural History, Washington Tantilla equatoriana + A seen alive, but not collected Tantilla supracincta + B dead or road killed Elapidae specimen, not preserved Micrurus ancoralis B C seen in the Museo de Salango or Centro Viperidae de Interpretación, Parque Nacional Bothriechis schlegelii + Machalilla D identified based on Bothrops atrox E+EE call TESTUDINES E reported by local inhabitants Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas C Lepidochelys olivacea C

Dermochelyidae Dermochelys coriacea E

Emydidae Rhinoclemmys annulata CEE

a Anolis sp. 1 appears referable to a species being described by Ernest Williams from the vicinity of Santo Domingo de los Colorados and the Río Palenque Science Center.

130 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Amphibian and Reptile List; July Trip A P P E N D I X 12 Ana Almendáriz, John L. Carr Cerro Blanco Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Pata de Pájaro Amphibia + specimen(s) deposited in the ANURA collection of the Escuela Politécnica Bufonidae Nacional, Quito A seen alive, but not Atelopus balios + collected B seen in the collection Bufo caeruleostictus ++ or records of the biological station Bufo marinus AAC C reported by local Dendrobatidae inhabitants Colostethus infraguttatus ++ Colostethus sp. 1a +

Hylidae Gastrotheca cornuta + Ololygon quinquefasciata + Ololygon sugillata ++ Phrynohyas venulosa + Trachycephalus jordani +

Leptodactylidae Barycholos pulcher ++ Eleutherodactylus achatinus ++ Eleutherodactylus cf. celator + Eleutherodactylus cf. walkeri + Eleutherodactylus w-nigrum + Eleutherodactylus sp. 1b + Eleutherodactylus sp. 2b ++ Reptilia

SAURIA

Gekkonidae Gonatodes caudiscutatus + Phyllodactylus reissii +

Gymnophthalmidae Alopoglossus festae ++

Iguanidae Basiliscus galeritus + Iguana iguana AA Ophryoessoides iridescens ++

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Cerro Blanco Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Pata de Pájaro + specimen(s) Teiidae deposited in the collection of the Ameiva sp. A A Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito SERPENTES A seen alive, but not collected Boidae B seen in the collection or records of the Boa constrictor C biological station Colubridae C reported by local inhabitants Atractus sp. B Lampropeltis triangulum B Leptodeira septentrionalis B Oxybelis sp. B Oxyrhopus petola +

Elapidae Micrurus sp. C

Viperidae Bothriechis schlegelii C+ Bothrops atrox +C

TESTUDINES

Chelydridae Chelydra serpentina BC

Emydidae Rhinoclemmys annulata CC

Kinosternidae Kinosternon leucostomum C

a the same as Colostethus sp. 1 at Parque Nacional Machalilla b not the same as Eleutherodactylus spp. 1 and 2 in Appendix 11

132 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Plant List: Cerro Mutiles A P P E N D I X 13 Robin B. Foster, Alwyn H. Gentry, Carmen Josse

T Tree (dbh 10 cm, ARACEAE The lists compiled here are a combination of height 5 m) the field lists of plants observed by R. Foster Anthurium scandens E S Shrub with the plant collection lists of A. Gentry, C. Anthurium sp. 1 E V Climber H Herb Josse, and P. Yanez. These identifications are Anthurium sp. 2 E based on the experience of the authors and E Epiphyte Dieffenbachia seguine cf. H made without direct benefit of herbarium com- Heteropsis integerrima cf. E parisons, published references, or detailed study. Most were neither flowering nor fruit- Monstera dubia E ing. They are certainly at least 90-95% cor- Monstera lechleriana cf. E rect, but should still be used with caution. Monstera sprucei cf. E Where the local, common name(s) are known, Philodendron barrosoanum cf. E they follow the scientific name. Philodendron sp. 1 E Moist Forest Philodendron sp. 2 E ACANTHACEAE Syngonium podophyllum cf. E

Justicia pectoralis cf. H BIGNONIACEAE Mendoncia gracilis cf. V Amphilophium paniculatum V Pseuderanthemum cuspidatum cf. H Anemopaegma chrysanthum V Ruellia sp. H Arrabidaea candicans V Trichanthera gigantea T Arrabidaea verrucosa V

AMARANTHACEAE Arrabidaea sp. V Alternanthera villosa H Callichlamys latifolia V Chamissoa altissima V Cydista decora V Iresine angustifolia V Macfadyena unguis-cati V

AMARYLLIDACEAE Mansoa hymenaea V Bomarea obovata cf. H Mansoa verrucifera V

ANACARDIACEAE Paragonia pyramidata V

Spondias mombin, jobo T Pithecoctenium crucigerum V Tapirira sp. T ? sp. V

ANNONACEAE BOMBACACEAE

Annona sp. S Ochroma pyramidale, balsa T

APOCYNACEAE Pochota(Bombacopsis) trinitensis, jolote T Aspidosperma jaunechense T

Forsteronia subcordata cf. V Pseudobombax milleii, beldaco T

Prestonia obovata V BORAGINACEAE

Prestonia sp. V Cordia alliodora, laurel T

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Cerro Mutiles

Cordia panamensis T ELAEOCARPACEAE Cordia sp. T Sloanea meianthera cf. T

Tournefortia bicolor cf., surumbaco V ERYTHROXYLACEAE

BROMELIACEAE Erythroxylum patens S

Aechmea magdalenae H EUPHORBIACEAE Aechmea pyramidata cf. E Acalypha obovata S Tillandsia sp. 1 E Acalypha sp. S Tillandsia sp. 2 E Adelia triloba S

CACTACEAE Cleidion sp. S Rhipsalis micrantha E Croton schiedianus T

CAPPARIDACEAE Omphalea diandra V Capparis ecuadorica S Phyllanthus juglandifolius S Capparis magnifica cf. T Sapium sp. T Capparis sp. S ? sp. T

CELASTRACEAE FLACOURTIACEAE Perrottetia sessiliflora T Casearia arborea T

COMMELINACEAE Xylosma benthamii cf. S Campelia zanonia H ? sp. S

Dichorisandra hexandra V GESNERIACEAE

COMPOSITAE Drymonia serrulata cf. E

Mikania sp. V GRAMINEAE

CONVOLVULACEAE Guadua sp. T ? sp. V Streptogyne americana cf. H

CUCURBITACEAE GUTTIFERAE Cayaponia cruegeri cf. V Clusia fructiangusta cf. E

Gurania spinulosa V HIPPOCRATEACEAE Gurania sp. V Hippocratea volubilis V Pseudosicydium acariianthum V Peritassa sp. V

Sicydium sp. V LAURACEAE

CYCADACEAE Ocotea cernua, jigua menuda T Zamia lindenii S Ocotea nicaraguensis cf. T

CYCLANTHACEAE ? sp. 1 T Asplundia sp. H ? sp. 2 T

Carludovica palmata H LECYTHIDACEAE Eschweilera rimbachii cf. T

134 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 13

Grias peruviana T Trichilia maynensis cf. T T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Gustavia sp. T Trichilia pallida T S Shrub

LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE Trichilia pleeana cf. T V Climber H Herb Swartzia haughtii T MENISPERMACEAE E Epiphyte Swartzia sp. T Anomospermum sp. V

LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Cissampelos tropaeolifolia V Acacia riparia cf. V Disciphania sp. V

Albizia guachapele, guachapelí T MORACEAE

Inga corruscans T Brosimum alicastrum, tillo blanco T Inga sapindoides T Brosimum guianense T Inga umbellifera T Castilla tunu T

Inga sp. T Cecropia obtusifolia cf., guarumo T

Pithecellobium arboreum cf. T Cecropia peltata, guarumo T

LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE Clarisia biflora T

Canavalia eurycarpa cf. V Coussapoa eggersii (villosa), matapalo T,E

Canavalia villosa cf. V Ficus obtusifolia, matapalo T,E

Erythrina poeppigiana T Ficus trigonata, matapalo T,E Lecointea sp. T Ficus yoponensis T

Platymiscium sp. T Ficus sp., matapalo T,E

LOGANIACEAE Maclura (Chlorophora) tinctoria T Strychnos sp. V Poulsenia armata T

LORANTHACEAE Pseudolmedia rigida T Psittacanthus cupulifer cf. E Sorocea sarcocarpa T

MALPIGHIACEAE MUSACEAE Hiraea sp. V Heliconia sp. H

Mascagnia sp. V MYRISTICACEAE Stigmaphyllon sp. V Otoba oblonga aff. T ? sp. V Virola reidii T

MARANTACEAE Virola sebifera T

Calathea legrelleana cf. H MYRSINACEAE Calathea lutea H Ardisia sp. S

MELIACEAE Stylogyne standleyi cf. S

Cedrela odorata T MYRTACEAE Guarea glabra T Calyptranthes sp. T Guarea sp. T Eugenia florida T

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Cerro Mutiles

Eugenia galalonensis T PTERIDOPHYTA Eugenia oerstediana T Adiantum sp. H Eugenia sp. T Cyclopeltis semicordata H Myrcia sp. T Pteris sp. H Psidium friedrichsthalianum cf. T Tectaria incisa H

NYCTAGINACEAE RHAMNACEAE

Pisonia aculeata V Zizyphus thyrsiflora, ébano T

OLACACEAE RUBIACEAE Heisteria acuminata T Chomelia panamensis cf. S

PALMAE Faramea occidentalis S Astrocaryum standleyanum T Geophila repens cf. H Bactris sp. T Hamelia axillaris S Chamaedorea sp. S Pentagonia brachyotis S

Phytelephas aequatorialis, tagua T Psychotria grandis S

PASSIFLORACEAE Psychotria horizontalis S Passiflora biflora cf. V Randia armata cf. S Passiflora macrophylla S Rudgea sp. S

PHYTOLACCACEAE ? sp. V

Petiveria alliacea S RUTACEAE Trichostigma octandra V Zanthoxylum setulosum cf. T

PIPERACEAE Zanthoxylum sp. T

Peperomia sp. E SAPINDACEAE Piper laevigatum S Allophylus psilospermus S Piper marginatum cf. S Cupania latifolia cf. T Piper obliquum S Paullinia rugosum cf. V Piper scansum V Paullinia sp. V

Piper tuberculatum S Sapindus saponaria, jaboncillo T Piper sp. S Serjania circumvallata cf. V Pothomorphe peltata S Serjania glabrata cf. V

POLYGONACEAE Talisia princeps T Coccoloba sp. T Thinouia sp. V

Triplaris cumingiana, SAPOTACEAE fernán sánchez, muchín T Chrysophyllum sp. T Pouteria reticulata T

136 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 13

SIMAROUBACEAE T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Picramnia latifolia S S Shrub

SMILACACEAE V Climber Smilax aequatorialis cf. V H Herb E Epiphyte SOLANACEAE Cestrum sp. S Solanum sp. 1 V Solanum sp. 2 S

STERCULIACEAE Herrania balaensis cf. S

THEOPHRASTACEAE

Clavija eggersii, huevo de tigre S

Clavija sp., huevo de tigre S

ULMACEAE Ampelocera sp. T Celtis iguanea V Celtis schippii T

Trema micrantha, sapán de paloma, muchichilán T

URTICACEAE Urera caracasana T

VERBENACEAE Aegiphila panamensis cf. T Citharexylum gentryi T

VITACEAE Cissus sp. V

ZINGIBERACEAE Costus geothyrsus cf. H

RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 137 A P P E N D I X 14 Plant List: Cabeceras de Bilsa Robin B. Foster, Alwyn H. Gentry, Carmen Josse

Wet Forest Philodendron devansayeanum cf. E ACANTHACEAE Philodendron inaequilaterum E Aphelandra aurantiaca H Philodendron verrucosum cf. E Justicia sp. H Philodendron sp. 1 E Mendoncia sp. V Philodendron sp. 2 E Ruellia sp. H Philodendron sp. 3 E ANACARDIACEAE Philodendron sp. 4 E Astronium sp. T Philodendron sp. 5 E ANNONACEAE Rhodospatha latifolia cf. E Crematosperma sp. T Rhodospatha sp. 1 E Rollinia sp. T Rhodospatha sp. 2 H Unonopsis sp. T Stenospermation sp. nov. H APOCYNACEAE Syngonium sp. E Aspidosperma sp. T Xanthosoma sagittifolium H

Laubertia boisieri V ARALIACEAE Prestonia sp. V Dendropanax sp. T Rauvolfia sp. T Schefflera sphaerocoma E Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia, Schefflera sp. E

lechoso T ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Tabernaemontana sp., lechoso T Aristolochia sp. V

ARACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE Anthurium dolichostachyum E Gonolobus sp. V Anthurium llanoense E Matelea mediocris? V Anthurium malacophyllum H Matelea? sp. V Anthurium nigropunctatum E ? sp. V

Anthurium scandens E BEGONIACEAE Anthurium tripartitum E Begonia glabra H Anthurium sp. 1 E Begonia sp. H

Anthurium sp. 2 E BIGNONIACEAE Dieffenbachia seguine cf. H Anemopaegma chrysanthum V Dieffenbachia sp. 1 H Arrabidaea verrucosa V Dieffenbachia sp. 2 H Exarata chocoensis T Homalomena peltata H Schlegelia dressleri V Monstera dubia E Schlegelia sulfurea V

Monstera lechleriana E Tabebuia chrysantha, guayacán T

138 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 14

BOMBACACEAE CHRYSOBALANACEAE T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Ceiba pentandra, ceiba T Hirtella sp. T S Shrub

Ochroma pyramidale, balsa T COMMELINACEAE V Climber Pochota (Bombacopsis) patinoi T Dichorisandra sp. H H Herb E Epiphyte Pseudobombax septenatum cf. T COMPOSITAE Quararibea grandifolia T Adenostemma platyphyllum H Quararibea soegenii T Ageratum sp. H Quararibea sp. 1 T Neurolena lobata H

Quararibea sp. 2, castaño T Vernonia patens T

BORAGINACEAE Wulffia baccata V

Cordia dwyeri T CONVOLVULACEAE Cordia sp. 1 T Maripa sp. V

Cordia sp. 2 T CUCURBITACEAE

Tournefortia sp. V Cayaponia sp., chia V

BROMELIACEAE Gurania eggersii V Aechmea sp. E Gurania eriantha V Tillandsia sp. 1 E Gurania megistantha V Tillandsia sp. 2 E Gurania spinulosa V

BURSERACEAE Psiguria sp. 1 V Protium sp. 1 T Psiguria sp. 2 V Protium sp. 2 T Selysia sp. V

Tetragastris sp., anime T Sicydium sp. V

CACTACEAE ? sp. 1 V Epiphyllum sp. E ? sp. 2 V

CAMPANULACEAE ? sp. 3 V

Burmeistra vulgaris cf. H CYCADACEAE Burmeistra sp. H Zamia lindenii S

CAPPARIDACEAE CYCLANTHACEAE Podandrogyne brevipedunculata H Asplundia sp. 1 E Podandrogyne sp. S Asplundia sp. 2 H

CARICACEAE Carludovica palmata H Carica microcarpa S Cyclanthus bipartitus H

CELASTRACEAE Dicranopygium sp. H Maytenus sp. T Thoracocarpus bissectus E Perrottetia sp. T

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Cabeceras de Bilsa

DILLENIACEAE Clusia sp. E Doliocarpus sp. V Garcinia (Rheedia) sp. T

ELAEOCARPACEAE Symphonia globulifera T Sloanea medusula T Tovomita weddelliana T Sloanea sp. T Tovomita sp. 1 E

ERICACEAE Tovomita sp. 2 S ? sp. 1 V Vismia sp. S ? sp. 2 E ? sp. E

EUPHORBIACEAE HAEMODORACEAE Acalypha diversifolia S Xiphidium caeruleum H

Acalypha macrostachya S HERNANDIACEAE Omphalea diandra V Hernandia sp. T

Sapium sp. T HIPPOCRATEACEAE

FLACOURTIACEAE Cheiloclinium sp., comida de loro S Banara sp. S Salacia sp. V Casearia arborea T ? sp. V

Casearia sp. T ICACINACEAE

GESNERIACEAE Discophora guianensis T

Columnea sp. 1 E LABIATAE Columnea sp. 2 E Hyptis sp. H

Cremosperma sp. H LAURACEAE Diastema eggersianum H Caryodaphnopsis theobromifolia T Drymonia turrialvae cf. H Ocotea whitei T Drymonia sp. 1 E Ocotea sp. T

Drymonia sp. 2 E ? sp. 1, chimbazo T Episcia sp. H ? sp. 2 T

Gasteranthus crispus H LECYTHIDACEAE Gasteranthus oncogastrus H Eschweilera integrifolia cf. T Gloxinia dodsonii H Eschweilera pittieri cf. T Nautilocalyx sp. E Eschweilera rimbachii cf. T Paradrymonia hypocyrta E Grias peruviana T

GRAMINEAE Gustavia sp. T

Bambusa guadua T LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE

GUTTIFERAE Senna (Cassia) sp. S Chrysochlamys sp. T Swartzia haughtii T

140 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 14

LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Miconia sp. 2 S T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Inga pruriens T Miconia sp. 3 S S Shrub Inga sapindoides T Miconia sp. 4 T V Climber Inga sp. 1 T Ossaea sp. E H Herb E Epiphyte Inga sp. 2 T Triolena barbeyana cf. H

LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE ? sp. 1 S Desmodium sp. H ? sp. 2 S

Ormosia amazonica cf. T MELIACEAE Pterocarpus sp. T Carapa guianensis T

LOGANIACEAE Guarea sp. T Strychnos sp. 1 V Trichilia septentrionalis T Strychnos sp. 2 V Trichilia sp. T

Strychnos sp. 3 V MENISPERMACEAE

MALPIGHIACEAE Anomospermum sp. V Bunchosia sp. S Cissampelos sp. V

Hiraea sp. V MONIMIACEAE

MARANTACEAE Mollinedia sp. T Calathea inocephala H Siparuna guianensis T

Calathea legrelleana cf. H MORACEAE Calathea lutea H Brosimum guianense T Calathea similis cf. H Brosimum utile T Calathea sp. H Brosimum sp. T

MARCGRAVIACEAE Cecropia arbelaezii, guarumo T

Marcgravia sp. V Cecropia insignis, guarumo T

Norantea sp. V Cecropia reticulata, guarumo T

MELASTOMATACEAE Cecropia sp. 1, guarumo T

Blakea sp. 1 E Cecropia sp. 2, guarumo T

Blakea sp. 2 E Coussapoa eggersii (villosa), matapalo T,E

Clidemia sp. 1 S Coussapoa herthae, matapalo E

Clidemia sp. 2 S Coussapoa vannifolia, matapalo E Clidemia sp. 3 S Ficus macbridei cf. T

Conostegia sp. S Ficus nymphiifolia, matapalo E Henrietella? sp. T Ficus tonduzii T Leandra sp. S Ficus trianae T Miconia sp. 1 S Ficus sp. T

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Cabeceras de Bilsa

Perebea angustifolia (humilis) cf. S Stigmatostalix adamsii cf. E Poulsenia armata T Vanilla sp. V Pourouma bicolor T ? sp. 1 H Pourouma cecropiifolia cf. T ? sp. 2 H Pseudolmedia rigida T ? sp. 3 E

MUSACEAE ? sp. 4 H

Heliconia longa cf. H OXALIDACEAE Heliconia marmoliana H Oxalis sp. H

Heliconia nigripraefixa H PALMAE Heliconia reticulata H Aiphanes sp. S Heliconia spathocircinnata cf. H Astrocaryum standleyanum T Heliconia sp. H Bactris sp. 1 T

MYRISTICACEAE Bactris sp. 2 S Otoba gordoniifolia T Catoblastus sp. T Otoba sp. T Desmoncus sp. V Virola dixonii T Geonoma sp. 1 S

Virola sp., coco T Geonoma sp. 2 S

MYRSINACEAE Jessenia batahua T

Ardisia sp. S Phytelephas aequatorialis, tagua T

MYRTACEAE Prestoea sp. T Calyptranthes sp. S Socratea exorrhiza T Campomanesia sp. T Synechanthus sp. S

Eugenia sp., guayabo T PASSIFLORACEAE

OLACACEAE Passiflora macrophylla S Heisteria sp. T Passiflora palenquensis V

ONAGRACEAE Passiflora sp. V

Ludwigia sp. H PHYTOLACCACEAE

ORCHIDACEAE Phytolacca rivinoides cf. H

Erythrodes ecuadorensis cf. H PIPERACEAE Erythrodes maculata H Peperomia sp. 1 E Gongora sp. E Peperomia sp. 2 E Lepanthes sp. E Peperomia sp. 3 E Oncidium sp. E Piper augustum S Palmorchis sp. H Piper brachypodum V Pleurothallis sp. E Piper obliquum S

142 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 14

Piper reticulatum S Selaginella sp. H T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Piper sp. 1 V Tectaria incisa (fuzzy) H S Shrub Piper sp. 2 S Tectaria sp. H V Climber Piper sp. 3 S Trichomanes sp. 1 H H Herb E Epiphyte Piper sp. 4 S Trichomanes sp. 2 E Piper sp. 5 S (Tree Fern) sp. S

Pothomorphe peltata H RUBIACEAE Trianaeopiper sp. H Alibertia stenantha S

POLYGALACEAE Amaioua corymbosa T Moutabea sp. V Amphidaysa ambigua H

POLYGONACEAE Borreria laevis cf. H Coccoloba sp. 1 T Cephaelis sp. S Coccoloba sp. 2 T Chiococca sp. S

PONTEDERIACEAE Coussarea sp. T Heteranthera sp. H Faramea sp. S

PTERIDOPHYTA Genipa sp. T Adiantum sp. 1 H Gonzalagunia sessilifolia cf. S Adiantum sp. 2 H Guettarda sp. T Adiantum sp. 3 H Hamelia calycosa T Adiantum sp. 4 H Isertia hypoleuca T Bolbitis pandurifolia H Ixora? sp. T Cyathea conjugata H Palicourea sp. S Danaea moritziana cf. H Pentagonia macrophylla cf. S Danaea sp. H Pentagonia williamsii S Dicranopteris sp. V Posoqueria maxima T Didymoclaena truncatula H Psychotria macrophylla S Elaphoglossum sp. H Psychotria uliginosa S Hymenophyllum sp. H Psychotria sp. 1 T Lomariopsis sp. E Psychotria sp. 2 S Olfersia japurensis E Psychotria sp. 3 S Polybotrya altescandens E Rondeletia sp. T

Polybotrya polybotryoides E SAPINDACEAE Polypodium sp. E Allophylus psilospermus S Pteris sp. H Matayba sp. 1 T Selaginella haematodes H Matayba sp. 2 T

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Cabeceras de Bilsa

Paullinia sp. V Urera sp. S

Talisia sp. 1 S VERBENACEAE

Talisia sp. 2 T Aegiphila alba, savaluca, manteco T

SAPOTACEAE VIOLACEAE Micropholis sp. T Rinorea sp. T

Pouteria capaciflora T VITACEAE Pouteria torta cf. T Cissus neei V Pouteria sp. 1 T Cissus sp. 1 V Pouteria sp. 2 T Cissus sp. 2 V

SIMAROUBACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Picramnia latifolia S Costus lima H

SMILACACEAE Costus sp. 1 H Smilax sp. V Costus sp. 2 H

SOLANACEAE Cestrum sp. S Cyphomandra hartwegii cf. S Lycianthes sp. V Solanum styracoides S Witheringia sp. 1 S Witheringia sp. 2 H

STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia occidentalis T

STERCULIACEAE Herrania balaensis cf. S

THEOPHRASTACEAE

Clavija sp., huevo de tigre S

THYMELEACEAE ? sp. S

ULMACEAE Trema integerrima T

UMBELLIFERAE Hydrocotyle sp. H

URTICACEAE Pilea pubescens cf. H

Urera baccifera, ortiguilla S

144 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Plant List: Cerro Pata de Pájaro A P P E N D I X 15 Robin B. Foster

Wet Forest BORAGINACEAE T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) ACANTHACEAE Tournefortia gigantifolia S S Shrub Pseuderanthemum sp. S Tournefortia sp. S V Climber H Herb APOCYNACEAE BROMELIACEAE E Epiphyte Prestonia sp. V Guzmania sp. E ARACEAE ? sp. 1 E Anthurium scandens cf. E ? sp. 2 E Anthurium sp. 1 E ? sp. 3 E Anthurium sp. 2 H ? sp. 4 E

Anthurium sp. 3 E BRUNELLIACEAE Anthurium sp. 4 E Brunellia sp. T

Anthurium sp. 5 E CAMPANULACEAE Anthurium sp. 6 E Burmeistra sp. E

Anthurium sp. 7 H CARICACEAE Anthurium sp. 8 E Carica sp. S

Anthurium sp. 9 E COMPOSITAE Dieffenbachia sp. H Wulffia sp. V

Philodendron verrucosum E CUCURBITACEAE Philodendron sp. E Gurania spinulosa V Stenospermation sp. E Gurania sp. V

Xanthosoma sagittifolium H CYCLANTHACEAE Xanthosoma sp. H Cyclanthus bipartitus H ARALIACEAE ? sp. E

Schefflera sp. 1 E CYPERACEAE Schefflera sp. 2 E Rhynchospora sp. H

ASCLEPIADACEAE DILLENIACEAE ? sp. 1 V Saurauia sp. S

? sp. 2 V ELAEOCARPACEAE

BEGONIACEAE Sloanea sp. T

Begonia sp. E ERICACEAE BIGNONIACEAE Sphaerospermum sp. E Schlegelia sp. E ? sp. 1 E Tabebuia sp. T ? sp. 2 E BOMBACACEAE ? sp. 3 E Pseudobombax sp. T ? sp. 4 E

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EUPHORBIACEAE Calathea sp. H

Hyeronima cf. sp. T MARCGRAVIACEAE

GESNERIACEAE Marcgravia sp. V

Besleria sp. S MELASTOMATACEAE Columnea sp. 1 E Adelobotrys sp. E Columnea sp. 2 E Blakea sp. E Monopyle sp. H Clidemia sp. 1 S ? sp. 1 E Clidemia sp. 2 S ? sp. 2 H Conostegia sp. S ? sp. 3 S Leandra sp. S ? sp. 4 S Triolena sp. H

GRAMINEAE MELIACEAE Panicum maximum H Carapa guianensis T

GUTTIFERAE Guarea glabra cf. T Clusia sp. E Trichilia quadrijuga T

Tovomita sp. T MENISPERMACEAE

ICACINACEAE Cissampelos sp. V

Calatola costaricensis cf. T MORACEAE

LAURACEAE Cecropia sp. T ? sp. T Ficus tonduzii T

LECYTHIDACEAE Ficus sp. 1 T Eschweilera sp. T Ficus sp. 2 T Gustavia serrata S Maquira sp. T

LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE MUSACEAE Bauhinia sp. T Heliconia curtispatha H Brownea disepala T Heliconia sp. H

LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE MYRSINACEAE Entada monostachya V Cybianthus sp. S Inga sp. 1 T ? sp. S

Inga sp. 2 T MYRTACEAE Inga sp. 3 T Myrcia sp. S

LOGANIACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Spigelia sp. H Epidendrum sp. 1 E

MARANTACEAE Epidendrum sp. 2 E Calathea inocephala H Epidendrum sp. 3 E

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Scaphyglottis sp. E Elaphoglossum crinitum E T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Sobralia sp. E Elaphoglossum sp. 1 E S Shrub Stelis sp. 1 E Elaphoglossum sp. 2 E V Climber Stelis sp. 2 E Selaginella sp. 1 H H Herb E Epiphyte ? sp. 1 E Selaginella sp. 2 H ? sp. 2 E Selaginella sp. 3 H ? sp. 3 E ? sp. 1 E

PALMAE ? sp. 2 E Aiphanes sp. S ? sp. 3 H Bactris sp. T ? sp. 4 E Catoblastus sp. T ? sp. 5 S Chamaedorea sp. S ? sp. 6 E

Geonoma interrupta S RUBIACEAE Geonoma sp. S Cephaelis (Psychotria) sp. S Jessenia bataua T Ladenbergia pavonii T

PAPAVERACEAE Palicourea sp. S Bocconia pearcei S Pentagonia sp. S

PASSIFLORACEAE Posoqueria sp. T Passiflora macrophylla S Psychotria macrophylla aff. S Passiflora sp. V Rondeletia sp. T

PIPERACEAE SABIACEAE Peperomia sp. 1 H Meliosma cf. sp. T

Peperomia sp. 2 H SAPINDACEAE Peperomia sp. 3 S Matayba sp. T Peperomia sp. 4 E Paullinia sp. V

Piper obliquum S SAPOTACEAE Piper sp. S Pouteria sp. T

POLYGALACEAE SIMAROUBACEAE Securidaca (possibly new) S Picramnia sp. S

POLYGONACEAE SMILACACEAE Coccoloba coronata cf. T Smilax sp. V

Coccoloba sp. T SOLANACEAE

PTERIDOPHYTA Solanum sp. S

Adiantum sp. H STAPHYLEACEAE Danaea sp. H Turpinia occidentalis T

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T Tree (dbh 10 cm, VERBENACEAE height 5 m) S Shrub Aegiphila cf. sp. T

V Climber ZINGIBERACEAE H Herb Costus pulverulentus H E Epiphyte

148 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Plant List: Tabuga-Río Cuaque A P P E N D I X 16 Robin B. Foster

Moist Forest CYCADACEAE T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) ACANTHACEAE Zamia lindenii S S Shrub

Ruellia sp. S ELAEOCARPACEAE V Climber H Herb ANACARDIACEAE Muntingia calabura T E Epiphyte Spondias mombin T ERYTHROXYLACEAE

ANNONACEAE Erythroxylum patens S

Annona sp. S EUPHORBIACEAE APOCYNACEAE Adelia triloba T Prestonia sp. V Manihot leptophylla cf. S

ARACEAE GRAMINEAE Anthurium sp. 1 E Rhipidocladum sp. S Anthurium sp. 2 E Streptogyne sp. H

Monstera sp. E GUTTIFERAE Philodendron barrosoanum cf. E Garcinia (Rheedia) intermedia (edulis) T

Philodendron sp. E LECYTHIDACEAE Syngonium sp. E Gustavia pubescens S

BOMBACACEAE LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE Ochroma pyramidale T Brownea angustiflora T Pochota (Bombacopsis) trinitensis T Haematoxylon cf. sp. S

Pseudobombax millei T LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Quararibea asterolepis T Acacia riparia cf. V BROMELIACEAE Inga sp. 1 T Tillandsia usneoides E Inga sp. 2 T ? sp. 1 E Inga sp. 3 T ? sp. 2 E Inga sp. 4 T ? sp. 3 E Inga sp. 5 T

CAPPARIDACEAE LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE Capparis frondosa S Centrolobium ochroxylum T Morisonia sp. T Lonchocarpus cf. sp. T COCHLOSPERMACEAE Swartzia simplex s.l. S

Cochlospermum vitifolium T MALPIGHIACEAE

COMPOSITAE ? sp. V

Lycoseris trinervis V MALVACEAE

CUCURBITACEAE Malvaviscus sp. 1 V Cayaponia sp. V Malvaviscus sp. 2 S

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MARANTACEAE Passiflora sp. 2 V Ischnosiphon sp. H Passiflora sp. 3 V

MELIACEAE Passiflora sp. 4 V

Guarea glabra T PIPERACEAE Trichilia elegans T Piper laevigatum S Trichilia pallida T Piper sp. S

MORACEAE POLYGONACEAE Brosimum alicastrum T Coccoloba sp. 1 V Brosimum guianense T Coccoloba sp. 2 T

Castilla elastica cf. T PTERIDOPHYTA Cecropia peltata cf. T Adiantum sp. H Clarisia racemosa T Cyclopeltis semicordata H Coussapoa eggersii (villosa) T Tectaria incisa H

Ficus citrifolia cf. T RHAMNACEAE Ficus trigonata T Gouania sp. V

Ficus sp. T RUBIACEAE Sorocea sarcocarpa cf. S Alseis sp. T

MYRSINACEAE Chomelia sp. S Stylogyne sp. S Faramea occidentalis S

MYRTACEAE Genipa americana T Eugenia galalonensis T Geophila sp. H Eugenia sp. T Guettarda sp. T

NYCTAGINACEAE Psychotria horizontalis S Neea sp. S Psychotria sp. S Pisonia aculeata V Randia sp. S

OLACACEAE Rudgea sp. S

Heisteria sp. T RUTACEAE

ORCHIDACEAE Zanthoxylum sp. T

Lockhartia sp. E SAPINDACEAE

PALMAE Cupania sp. T Aiphanes sp. S Matayba sp. T Attalea colenda T Paullinia sp. 1 V Syagrus sancona T Paullinia sp. 2 V

PASSIFLORACEAE Paullinia sp. 3 V Passiflora sp. 1 V Talisia setigera S

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SAPOTACEAE T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Pouteria sp. T S Shrub

SMILACACEAE V Climber Smilax sp. V H Herb E Epiphyte STERCULIACEAE Byttneria sp. V Guazuma pubescens T

THEOPHRASTACEAE Clavija eggersii S

TURNERACEAE Turnera sp. S

ULMACEAE Ampelocera sp. T Celtis iguanea cf. V Celtis schippii T

URTICACEAE Pilea sp. H

VIOLACEAE Rinorea sp. S ? sp. V

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Fog Forest Syngonium macrophyllum E ACANTHACEAE Xanthosoma sagittifolium H Dicliptera sp. V ARALIACEAE Justicia sp. S Dendropanax sp., papayo T

AMARANTHACEAE Schefflera sp. T Chamissoa altissima V ASCLEPIADACEAE Iresine sp. V Gonolobus sp. V ? sp. 1 H ? sp. V ? sp. 2 H BEGONIACEAE

AMARYLLIDACEAE Begonia glabra H Bomarea obovata cf. V Begonia sp. 1 H

ANACARDIACEAE Begonia sp. 2 H

Tapirira sp., cativo T Begonia sp. 3 H

ANNONACEAE BIGNONIACEAE

Raimondia quinduensis, anonilla T Amphilophium paniculatum V

APOCYNACEAE Anemopaegma chrysanthum V Aspidosperma sp. T Pithecoctenium crucigerum V Mandevilla veraguasensis V Tabebuia chrysantha, guayacán T Rauvolfia littoralis, BOMBACACEAE contra blanca, muñequito T Ochroma pyramidale, balsa T

Tabernaemontana sp., lechoso T Quararibea grandifolia T

ARACEAE BORAGINACEAE

Anthurium scandens E Cordia sp., totumbo T Anthurium (sect. Belolonchium) sp. E Tournefortia sp. V

Anthurium sp. nov. (aff. ovalifolium)E BROMELIACEAE Anthurium sp. 1 E Guzmania monostachya E Anthurium sp. 2 E Guzmania sp. E Anthurium sp. 3 E Puya sp. H Dieffenbachia sp. nov. H Tillandsia narthecoides E Monstera dubia E Tillandsia usneoides E Monstera lechleriana E Vriesia sp. E Philodendron purpureoviride E ? sp. 1 E Philodendron sp. 1 E ? sp. 2 E Philodendron sp. 2 E ? sp. 3 E Philodendron sp. 3 E ? sp. 4 E

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? sp. 5 E CUCURBITACEAE T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) CAMPANULACEAE Gurania spinulosa V S Shrub Burmeistra sp. 1 H Melothria sp. V V Climber Burmeistra sp. 2 E ? sp. 1 V H Herb E Epiphyte CAPPARIDACEAE ? sp. 2 V

Capparis sp. T CYCLANTHACEAE

Morisonia sp., sapote T Asplundia sp. H Podandrogyne brevipedunculata H Sphaeradenia sp. H

Podandrogyne sp. H DIOSCOREACEAE

CAPRIFOLIACEAE Dioscorea sp. V

Viburnum sp. V ERICACEAE

CARICACEAE Sphaerospermum sp. E

Carica sp. S EUPHORBIACEAE

CARYOPHYLLACEAE Acalypha diversifolia S Drymaria cordata H Alchornea iracurana T

CELASTRACEAE Margaritaria nobilis T Perrottetia sessiliflora T Phyllanthus sp. H

COMBRETACEAE Sapium sp. T Combretum sp. V Tetrorchidium sp. T

COMMELINACEAE FLACOURTIACEAE

Phyodinia? gracilis H Casearia mariquitensis cf., chirimoyo de monte T COMPOSITAE

Baccharis trinervis S GESNERIACEAE

Eupatorium sp., negrito T Alloplectus dodsonii cf. H Hebeclinium macrophyllum S Columnea sp. 1 H Hidalgoa ternata V Columnea sp. 2 E Liabum sp. S Columnea sp. 3 E Mikania sp. V Drymonia sp. 1 H Vernonia? sp. T Drymonia sp. 2 E

Wulffia sp. V GRAMINEAE ? sp. 1 H Guadua sp. T ? sp. 2 S ? sp. 1 H ? sp. 3 H ? sp. 2 H

CONVOLVULACEAE ? sp. 3 H Ipomoea sp. V

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GUTTIFERAE Dioclea sp. V Clusia sp. E Dussia sp. T Garcinia (Rheedia) sp. T Erythrina megistophylla S

HERNANDIACEAE Ormosia sp. T Hernandia sp. T Phaseolus sp. V

HIPPOCRATEACEAE ? sp. V

Salacia sp., pomarrosa de monte V LOGANIACEAE

LABIATAE Buddleja americana S

Hyptis sp. H LORANTHACEAE Salvia alvajaca H Oryctanthus sp. E

LAURACEAE LYTHRACEAE

Endlicheria sp., jigua blanca T Cuphea sp. H

Ocotea cernua, jigua menuda T MALPIGHIACEAE

Ocotea sp. 1, cedro T Bunchosia sp., jobo fraile T

Ocotea sp. 2, jigua prieta T Hiraea sp. V Ocotea sp. 3 T Mascagnia nervosa V

Ocotea sp. 4 T MALVACEAE

Phoebe? sp., jigua blanca T Pavonia rosea H ? sp. 1 T Sida sp. H

? sp. 2, maría aguatilla T MARANTACEAE

LECYTHIDACEAE Calathea insignis H Grias peruviana T Calathea sp. H

LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE Maranta sp. H

Bauhinia sp. T MARCGRAVIACEAE Senna (Cassia) sp. S Marcgravia sp. V

LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE MELASTOMATACEAE Inga chartacea T Arthrostemma sp. V Inga corruscans T Blakea subconnata E Inga leiocalycina T Miconia sp. T Inga punctata cf. T Ossaea micrantha S Inga sp. 1 T Ossaea sp. S Inga sp. 2 T Topobea sp. V

Inga sp. 3 T MELIACEAE

LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE Carapa guianensis T Canavalia sp. V Cedrela sp. T

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Guarea guidonia T Eugenia sp. T T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Guarea sp. 1 T Psidium acutangulum cf. T S Shrub

Guarea sp. 2 T ORCHIDACEAE V Climber Ruagea sp. 1 T Erythrodes sp. H H Herb E Epiphyte Ruagea sp. 2 T Oncidium sp. 1 E Trichilia solitudinus T Oncidium sp. 2 E Trichilia sp. 1 T Oncidium sp. 3 E Trichilia sp. 2 T Pleurothallis sp. E

MENISPERMACEAE Sobralia sp. E Cissampelos sp. V Stelis sp. E ? sp. V ? sp. E

MONIMIACEAE PALMAE Siparuna sp. S Astrocaryum standleyanum T

MORACEAE Bactris sp. T

Cecropia angustifolia, guarumo T Chamaedorea polyclada S

Cecropia insignis, guarumo T Chamaedorea sp. S Cecropia obtusifolia ssp. Geonoma sp. T burriada, guarumo T Phytelephas aequatorialis, tagua T

Ficus cuatrecasana, matapalo T,E Prestoea sp. T

Ficus maxima, higuerón tostada T PASSIFLORACEAE

Ficus sp., matapalo T,E Passiflora capsularis V Poulsenia armata T Passiflora macrophylla S

MUSACEAE Passiflora sp. 1 V Heliconia latispatha H Passiflora sp. 2 V

Heliconia sp. H PHYTOLACCACEAE

MYRSINACEAE Petiveria alliacea H Ardisia longistaminea S Phytolacca sp. T Ardisia sp. 1 T Schindleria? sp. H Ardisia sp. 2 S Trichostigma octandra V

Cybianthus sp. S PIPERACEAE Parathesis? sp. T Peperomia sp. 1 E Stylogyne standleyi cf. S Peperomia sp. 2 E

MYRTACEAE Peperomia sp. 3 E Calyptranthes sp. S Peperomia sp. 4 H Eugenia fallax T Peperomia sp. 5 E

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Peperomia sp. 6 E Psychotria sp. 1 S Piper obliquum S Psychotria sp. 2 S Piper sp. 1 S Randia sp. 1 T Piper sp. 2 S Randia sp. 2 S

Piper sp. 3 S RUTACEAE Pothomorphe umbellata H Zanthoxylum sp. 1 T

POLYGALACEAE Zanthoxylum sp. 2, piñuelo T

Securidaca sp. V SAPINDACEAE

POLYGONACEAE Allophylus sp., contra, castaño T

Triplaris cumingiana, Cupania sp., maría macho T fernán sánchez, muchín T Matayba sp. T

PONTEDERIACEAE Paullinia sp. 1 V Heteranthera sp. H Paullinia sp. 2 V

PTERIDOPHYTA Talisia setigera S

Adiantum sp. H SAPOTACEAE Asplenium serratum H Chrysophyllum argenteum T Asplenium sp. H Pouteria sp. T

Microgramma fuscopunctata E SCROPHULARIACEAE Nephrolepis sp. E Scoparia dulcis H

Polypodium sp. E SIMAROUBACEAE

Selaginella sp. H ? sp., jobero T

Tectaria incisa (fuzzy) H SOLANACEAE (Tree Fern) sp. H Browallia sp. H

RANUNCULACEAE Cestrum sp. T Clematis sp. V Cuatrecasia sp. S

ROSACEAE Cyphomandra sp. S

Prunus subcorymbosa, mamecillo T Lycianthes sp. 1 H

RUBIACEAE Lycianthes sp. 2 V Borojoa clavifera T Lycianthes sp. 3 S Hillia parasitica E Markea sp. E Hoffmannia sp. S Solanum lanciifolium V Isertia hypoleuca T Witheringia sp. S

Palicourea sp. S STAPHYLEACEAE Pentagonia macrophylla cf. S Turpinia occidentalis T Psychotria macrophylla S

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STERCULIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Guazuma ulmifolia, guasmo T Loxopterygium huasango, huasango T S Shrub

THEOPHRASTACEAE Tapirira sp. 1 T V Climber H Herb Clavija eggersii, huevo de tigre T Tapirira sp. 2 T E Epiphyte TILIACEAE ANNONACEAE Heliocarpus americanus T Annona sp. S

TROPAEOLACEAE Raimondia quinduensis, anonilla T

Tropaeolum repandum V APOCYNACEAE

ULMACEAE Prestonia mollis V

Celtis iguanea T Rauvolfia littoralis, contra blanca, muñequito T URTICACEAE

Myriocarpa stipitata T Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia, lechoso T Pilea sp. 1 H

Pilea sp. 2 H Vallesia sp., perlilla S

Urera caracasana S ARACEAE ? sp. H Anthurium interruptum E

VERBENACEAE Anthurium napaeum H

Aegiphila alba, savaluca, manteco T Anthurium sp. H

Cornutia microcalycina T ASCLEPIADACEAE

Vitex gigantea, pechiche T Asclepias curassavica H

VITACEAE BIGNONIACEAE Cissus sp. 1 V Amphilophium ecuadorense V Cissus sp. 2 V Anemopaegma chrysanthum V Vitis tiliifolia V Clytostoma sp. 1 V

ZINGIBERACEAE Clytostoma sp. 2 V Costus sp. H Cydista decora V Renealmia oligosperma H Delostoma gracile S Renealmia sp. H Macfadyena unguis-cati V Macranthisiphon longiflorus V Dry Forest Mansoa hymenaea V AGAVACEAE Mansoa verrucifera V Furcraea sp. H Paragonia pyramidata V

AMARANTHACEAE Tabebuia chrysantha, guayacán T

Chamissoa altissima V BOMBACACEAE

Iresine sp., bejuco negra V Ceiba trichistandra, ceibo T

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Eriotheca ruizii, jaile, chirigua T Capparis sp. 4 S Pachira sp. T Capparis sp. 5 T

Pochota (Bombacopsis) Morisonia americana, sapote T trinitensis, jolote T CARICACEAE

BORAGINACEAE Carica parviflora, rabo de gallo S

Cordia alliodora, laurel T Carica sp. S

Cordia lutea, muyuyo S CELASTRACEAE

Cordia sp. 1 T Maytenus sp., morito T

Cordia sp. 2 T COCHLOSPERMACEAE

Cordia sp. 3 T Cochlospermum vitifolium, bototillo T

Tournefortia microcalyx V COMMELINACEAE Tournefortia sp. 1 V ? sp. H

Tournefortia sp. 2 S COMPOSITAE

BROMELIACEAE Baccharis trinervis V

Aechmea magdalenae H Barnadesia? sp., sobretana S Bromelia sp. H Clibadium sp. S Tillandsia usneoides E Mikania sp. V Tillandsia sp. 1 E Tessaria integrifolia S

Tillandsia sp. 2 E Vernonia sp., chirca S

Tillandsia sp. 3 E Vernonia? sp., chilca blanca T Tillandsia sp. 4 E ? sp. H

? sp. 1 E EBENACEAE ? sp. 2 E Diospyros sp. T

CACTACEAE ERYTHROXYLACEAE Hylocereus sp. V Erythroxylum patens S Opuntia sp. S Erythroxylum sp. T

? sp. 1 V EUPHORBIACEAE ? sp. 2 S Adelia triloba S ? sp. 3 E Croton sp. 1 S

CAPPARIDACEAE Croton sp. 2 T Capparis ecuadorica S Euphorbia sp. S

Capparis heterophylla S Jatropha curcas, piñón S Capparis sp. 1 T ? sp. T

Capparis sp. 2 T FLACOURTIACEAE Capparis sp. 3 S Casearia sylvestris T

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Casearia sp. T Pithecellobium sp., porotillo T T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Xylosma sp., negrito T Prosopis juliflora, algarrobo T S Shrub

GRAMINEAE LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE V Climber H Herb Bambusa angustifolia T Geoffroea sp., seca T E Epiphyte Gynerium sagittifolium S Lonchocarpus? sp. T

GUTTIFERAE Machaerium millei, cabo de hacha V Clusia sp. 1 E Machaerium sp. V Clusia sp. 2 S Mucuna sp. V

HIPPOCRATEACEAE Myroxylon balsamum, bálsamo T Salacia sp. V Platymiscium sp. T

LAURACEAE Pterocarpus? sp., palo sangre T

Ocotea cernua, jigua menuda T LOGANIACEAE

? sp., jigua prieta T Buddleja americana S

LECYTHIDACEAE MALPIGHIACEAE

Gustavia pubescens, membrillo S Heteropsis sp. V

LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE Mascagnia nervosa V

Caesalpinia sp. 1 T Stigmaphyllon sp., bejuco de hueso V Caesalpinia sp. 2 T ? sp. V

Cynometra sp., cocobolo colorado T MALVACEAE Senna (Cassia) sp. S ? sp. S

LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE MARANTACEAE Acacia sp. 1 T Maranta gibba H

Acacia sp. 2 T MARCGRAVIACEAE

Albizia guachapele, guachapelí T Souroubea sp. V

Inga acrocephala T MELIACEAE Inga chartacea T Guarea sp. T Inga corruscans T Trichilia elegans T

Inga lindeniana, guabo sambo T Trichilia hirta T Inga sapindoides T Trichilia pallida T Inga sp. 1 T Trichilia pleeana cf. T

Inga sp. 2 T Trichilia sp. 1, canelo T

Leucaena? sp., mihán T Trichilia sp. 2, canelo T

Mimosa pigra S MENISPERMACEAE

Pithecellobium paucipinnata, dormilón T ? sp. V

Pithecellobium rufescens, vaina roja T

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MORACEAE Pleurothallis sp. E

Brosimum alicastrum, tillo blanco T PALMAE

Castilla elastica T Phytelephas aequatorialis, tagua T

Cecropia obtusifolia ssp. PASSIFLORACEAE burriada, guarumo T Passiflora macrophylla S

Cecropia sp., guarumo T PHYTOLACCACEAE

Ficus cuatrecasana, matapalo T,E Gallesia integrifolia, ajo T

Ficus obtusifolia, matapalo T,E Phytolacca sp. T

Ficus trigonata, matapalo T,E PIPERACEAE Ficus yoponensis T Pothomorphe peltata H

Ficus sp. 1 T PLUMBAGINACEAE

Ficus sp. 2, matapalo T,E Plumbago scandens V

Maclura (Chlorophora) tinctoria T POLYGALACEAE

MUSACEAE Securidaca sp. V

Heliconia latispatha H POLYGONACEAE

MYRTACEAE Coccoloba sp. 1, licuanco T

Eugenia sp. T Coccoloba sp. 2, licuanco blanco T

Myrcia fallax cf., arrayán T Triplaris cumingiana, fernán sánchez, muchín T Myrcia sp. T

? sp. 1, guayabo blanco T PONTEDERIACEAE

? sp. 2, guayabo sabanero S Eichornia sp. H

? sp. 3 T RHAMNACEAE

? sp. 4, arrayán T Gouania sp., bejuco menthol V

NYCTAGINACEAE Zizyphus thyrsiflora, ébano T

Guapira sp. 1 T RUBIACEAE

Guapira sp. 2, negrito T Alseis sp., palo de vaca de montaña T

Neea sp. S Simira sp., colorado T Pisonia aculeata V ? sp. T

OLACACEAE RUTACEAE

Ximenia sp. S Amyris sp., chiquinay T

? sp., limoncillo T Zanthoxylum sp. 1 T

OLEACEAE Zanthoxylum sp. 2 T

Chionanthus sp., francisco T SAPINDACEAE

ORCHIDACEAE Allophylus sp. S

Oncidium obryzatum cf. E Allophylus? sp., contra T

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Cupania sp. 1 T URTICACEAE T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Cupania sp. 2 T Myriocarpa stipitata T S Shrub

Paullinia alata V Urera sp., pachón hoja ancha S V Climber H Herb Paullinia sp. 1 V VERBENACEAE E Epiphyte Paullinia sp. 2 V Aegiphila alba, savaluca, manteco T

Sapindus saponaria, jaboncillo T Vitex gigantea, pechiche T

Talisia sp. T VIOLACEAE Thinouia sp. V Rinorea sp. S

SAPOTACEAE VITACEAE

Pouteria sp. 1, caimitillo T Cissus sp., rasca mano V

Pouteria sp. 2, naranja de vaca T

Pradosia sp., paipay T Coastal Scrub

SMILACACEAE APOCYNACEAE Smilax febrifuga V Vallesia sp. S

SOLANACEAE CAPPARIDACEAE Acnistis frutescens S Capparis angulata T Cestrum sp. S Capparis avicennifolia S Cuatrecasia sp. S Capparis crotonoides S Cyphomandra sp. S Capparis sp., sebastián T Lycianthes sp. V EUPHORBIACEAE Nicotiana sp. H Hippomane mancinella T Solanum caricaefolium S GOODENIACEAE ? sp. E Scaevola plumieri S

STERCULIACEAE LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Guazuma tomentosa T ? sp. T

THEOPHRASTACEAE NYCTAGINACEAE

Clavija eggersii, huevo de tigre S Cryptocarpa pyriformis S

Clavija sp., huevo de tigre S PORTULACACEAE

Jacquinia pubescens, barbasco S Portulaca sp. H

ULMACEAE RHAMNACEAE

Ampelocera sp., camarón T Scutia sp. S Celtis iguanea V Celtis sp. T

UMBELLIFERAE Hydrocotyle sp. H

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Dry Forest BORAGINACEAE ACANTHACEAE Cordia sp. 1 T Aphelandra sp. S Cordia sp. 2 T Dicliptera sp. V Cordia sp. 3 T ? sp. H BROMELIACEAE

ANACARDIACEAE Tillandsia usneoides E

Spondias mombin, jobo T CAPPARIDACEAE Tapirira sp. T Capparis ecuadorica S

ANNONACEAE Capparis frondosa S Anaxagorea sp. S Capparis heterophylla S Annona sp. S Cleome sp. S

APOCYNACEAE CARICACEAE

Aspidosperma jaunechense T Carica parviflora, rabo de gallo S Stemmadenia obovata S COMBRETACEAE

ARACEAE Combretum sp. V Monstera dilacerata E COMPOSITAE Philodendron sp. V Adenostemma platyphyllum H

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Pseudogynoxys sp. V Aristolochia pilosa cf. V CUCURBITACEAE

BIGNONIACEAE Cucurbita sp. V Anemopaegma puberulum V Luffa operculata V Arrabidaea corallina V ELAEOCARPACEAE

Macfadyena unguis-cati V Muntingia calabura, niguito, frutillo T Mansoa hymenaea V EUPHORBIACEAE Mansoa verrucifera V Sapium utile T Pithecoctenium crucigerum V HIPPOCRATEACEAE

Tabebuia billbergii, madero negro T Salacia sp. S

Tabebuia chrysantha, guayacán T ? sp. V

BOMBACACEAE LAURACEAE

Cavanillesia platanifolia, pigio T Ocotea sp. T

Ceiba trichistandra, ceibo T LECYTHIDACEAE

Eriotheca ruizii, jaile, chirigua T Gustavia pubescens, membrillo S

Ochroma pyramidale, balsa T LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE

Pseudobombax milleii, beldaco T Bauhinia sp. S

Cassia oxyphylla, vainillo T

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Senna (Cassia) sp. S PASSIFLORACEAE T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Passiflora macrophylla S S Shrub Inga sp. 1 T Passiflora sprucei V V Climber Inga sp. 2 T Passiflora sp. V H Herb E Epiphyte LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE PIPERACEAE Canavalia sp. V Piper arboreum S Centrolobium ochroxylum T Piper sp. 1 S Clitoria sp. V Piper sp. 2 S Desmodium sp. H Pothomorphe peltata S Erythrina sp. T Pothomorphe umbellata S

MALPIGHIACEAE POLYGONACEAE Mascagnia sp. V Triplaris cumingiana,

MELIACEAE fernán sánchez, muchín T

Guarea sp. T PTERIDOPHYTA Trichilia elegans S Adiantum sp. 1 H

MORACEAE Adiantum sp. 2 H

Brosimum alicastrum, tillo blanco T ? sp. H Castilla elastica T RUBIACEAE

Cecropia sp., guarumo T Pogonopus speciosus T Ficus glabrata cf. T Psychotria carthaginensis cf. S

Ficus obtusifolia, matapalo T,E Psychotria sp. S

Ficus trigonata, matapalo T,E Randia sp., crucita S

Ficus yoponensis T SAPINDACEAE

Ficus sp. 1, matapalo T,E Cupania sp. T

Ficus sp. 2, matapalo T,E Paullinia sp. 1 V

MUSACEAE Paullinia sp. 2 V

Heliconia sp. H Sapindus saponaria, jaboncillo T

MYRTACEAE Serjania sp. V

? sp. T SAPOTACEAE

NYCTAGINACEAE Chrysophyllum argenteum T

Neea sp. S SOLANACEAE

Pisonia aculeata V Acnistis arborescens, cojojo S

ORCHIDACEAE Lycianthes sp. S Cattleya sp. E Lycopersicon sp. H Solanum sp. 1 H

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Cerro Blanco

Solanum sp. 2 H

STERCULIACEAE Byttneria catalpifolia V Guazuma tomentosa T

ULMACEAE Celtis iguanea V Trema micrantha T sapán de paloma, muchichilán

URTICACEAE

Urera baccifera, ortiguilla S

? sp. S

VERBENACEAE

Vitex gigantea, pechiche T

VIOLACEAE Rinorea deflexa S

VITACEAE Cissus sp. V

ZINGIBERACEAE Costus sp. 1 H Costus sp. 2 H

164 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Plant List: Manta Real A P P E N D I X 19 Robin B. Foster, Patricio Yanez

Wet and Cloud Forest Philodendron sp. 2 E T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) ACANTHACEAE Rhodospatha latifolia cf. E S Shrub Pseuderanthemum sp. S Spathiphyllum sp. H V Climber H Herb AMARYLLIDACEAE Stenospermation longipetiolatum cf. E E Epiphyte Bomarea sp. V Stenospermation sp. H APOCYNACEAE Syngonium sp. 1 E Mandevilla veraguasensis V Syngonium sp. 2 E Prestonia sp. V Xanthosoma sagittifolium H

Tabernaemontana sp. S ARALIACEAE

ARACEAE Schefflera sp. E

Anthurium sp. 1 E ASCLEPIADACEAE Anthurium sp. 2 E Matelea sp. V

Anthurium sp. 3 H BALANOPHORACEAE Anthurium sp. 4 E Helosis cayennensis H

Anthurium sp. 5 E BEGONIACEAE Anthurium sp. 6 E Begonia glabra H

Anthurium sp. 7 E BIGNONIACEAE Anthurium sp. 8 E Amphilophium paniculatum V Anthurium sp. 9 E Schlegelia darienensis cf. V Anthurium sp. 10 E Tabebuia chrysantha cf. T Anthurium sp. 11 E ? sp. V

Anthurium sp. 12 E BOMBACACEAE Anthurium sp. 13 E Ochroma pyramidale T Anthurium sp. 14 E Pseudobombax sp. T Anthurium sp. 15 E Quararibea asterolepis T Anthurium sp. 16 E Quararibea coloradorum T Anthurium sp. 17 E Quararibea cordata T Anthurium sp. 18 E Quararibea sp. 1 T Anthurium sp. 19 E Quararibea sp. 2 E

Anthurium sp. 20 E BORAGINACEAE Anthurium sp. 21 E Cordia alliodora T Heteropsis integerrima E Cordia sp. 1 T Monstera spruceana E Cordia sp. 2 T Philodendron verrucosum E Tournefortia sp. 1 S Philodendron sp. 1 E Tournefortia sp. 2 E

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Tournefortia sp. 3 V COMPOSITAE

BROMELIACEAE Clibadium grandifolium cf. S Billbergia sp. E Mikania sp. 1 V Guzmania melinonis E Mikania sp. 2 V

Guzmania sp. 1 E CONVOLVULACEAE Guzmania sp. 2 E Maripa sp. V

Pitcairnea sp. 1 E CUCURBITACEAE Pitcairnea sp. 2 E Cayaponia sp. V Pitcairnea sp. 3 H Gurania spinulosa V Tillandsia anceps E Gurania sp. 1 V Tillandsia monadelpha cf. E Gurania sp. 2 V

? sp. 1 E CYCLANTHACEAE ? sp. 2 E Asplundia sp. 1 E ? sp. 3 E Asplundia sp. 2 H ? sp. 4 E Cyclanthus bipartitus H

BURSERACEAE ? sp. 1 E Tetragastris sp. T ? sp. 2 E

CAMPANULACEAE ? sp. 3 E

Burmeistra sp. H CYPERACEAE

CAPPARIDACEAE ? sp. 1 H Podandrogyne sp. 1 S ? sp. 2 H

Podandrogyne sp. 2 S ELAEOCARPACEAE

CARICACEAE Sloanea meianthera cf. T

Carica sp. 1 S ERICACEAE Carica sp. 2 S Psammisia cf. sp. E Jacaratia spinosa cf. T ? sp. 1 V

CELASTRACEAE ? sp. 2 E Perrottetia sessiliflora T ? sp. 3 E

CHLORANTHACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Hedyosmum sp. T Acalypha diversifolia S

CHRYSOBALANACEAE Acalypha macrostachya cf. S Hirtella sp. T Alchornea glandulosa cf. T

COMMELINACEAE Alchornea sp. 1 T Campelia zanonia H Alchornea sp. 2 T Sapium peruvianum cf. T

166 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 19

Sapium sp. 1 T GUTTIFERAE T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Sapium sp. 2 T Calophyllum brasiliense T S Shrub Tetrorchidium sp. T Calophyllum longifolium T V Climber ? sp. T Clusia venusta E H Herb E Epiphyte FLACOURTIACEAE Clusia sp. 1 T Casearia sp. 1 T Clusia sp. 2 T Casearia sp. 2 T Clusia sp. 3 E Lozania sp. T Clusia sp. 4 V Pleuranthodendron lindenii T Mammea cf. sp. T ? sp. T Marila cf. sp. T

GESNERIACEAE Tovomita sp. 1 T Alloplectus dodsonii H Tovomita sp. 2 T Alloplectus sp. 1 H Vismia sp. 1 T Alloplectus sp. 2 H Vismia sp. 2 S Besleria sp. S ? sp. 1 S Columnea minor E ? sp. 2 T

Columnea sp. 1 S HAEMODORACEAE Columnea sp. 2 H Xiphidium coeruleum H

Columnea sp. 3 E ICACINACEAE Columnea sp. 4 E Citronella incarum S Columnea sp. 5 H Metteniusa nucifera T

Diastema sp. 1 H LAURACEAE Diastema sp. 2 H Aniba cf. sp. T Drymonia rhodoloma E Endlicheria sp. T Drymonia sp. S Nectandra sp. 1 T Gasteranthus sp. H Nectandra sp. 2 T Monopyle sp. 1 H Nectandra sp. 3 T Monopyle sp. 2 H Ocotea cernua cf. T ? sp. 1 H Pleurothyrium trianae T ? sp. 2 S ? sp. 1 T ? sp. 3 H ? sp. 2 T ? sp. 4 S ? sp. 3 T

GRAMINEAE ? sp. 4 T Chusquea sp. S ? sp. 5 T ? sp. H ? sp. 6 T

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LECYTHIDACEAE MARCGRAVIACEAE Eschweilera sp. 1 T Souroubea cf. sp. V

Eschweilera sp. 2 T MELASTOMATACEAE Grias peruviana T Blakea sp. E

LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE Clidemia sp. 1 S Bauhinia sp. 1 T Clidemia sp. 2 S Bauhinia sp. 2 V Conostegia cf. sp. 1 T Browneopsis sp. (sp. nov.?) T Conostegia cf. sp. 2 T Schizolobium parahybum T Miconia sp. 1 S

LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Miconia sp. 2 S Inga punctata cf. T Miconia sp. 3 S Inga quaternata T Triolena pustulata H Inga sp. 1 T Triolena sp. 1 H Inga sp. 2 T Triolena sp. 2 H

LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE ? sp. 1 S Erythrina smithiana S ? sp. 2 H Mucuna rostrata V ? sp. 3 S ? sp. 1 V ? sp. 4 E ? sp. 2 T ? sp. 5 T ? sp. 3 T ? sp. 6 S

LOGANIACEAE ? sp. 7 S

Strychnos sp. V MELIACEAE

MALPIGHIACEAE Carapa guianensis T ? sp. T Guarea kunthiana S

MALVACEAE Guarea pterorhachis T Pavonia rosea H Guarea sp. 1 T

MARANTACEAE Guarea sp. 2 T Calathea inocephala H Guarea sp. 3 T Calathea insignis H Trichilia sp. 1 T Calathea lutea H Trichilia sp. 2 T Calathea sp. 1 H Trichilia sp. 3 T

Calathea sp. 2 H MONIMIACEAE Calathea sp. 3 H Siparuna sp. S

Pleiostachya morlei H MORACEAE ? sp. H Brosimum guianense T

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Cecropia insignis T MYRTACEAE T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Cecropia sp. 1 T Calyptranthes sp. T S Shrub Cecropia sp. 2 T ? sp. 1 T V Climber Cecropia sp. 3 T ? sp. 2 T H Herb E Epiphyte Cecropia sp. 4 T NYCTAGINACEAE Cecropia sp. 5 T Pisonia sp. V

Clarisia biflora T ORCHIDACEAE Coussapoa eggersii (villosa) T Epidendrum sp. E Coussapoa sp. E Erythrodes sp. H Ficus tonduzii T Maxillaria sp. 1 E Ficus sp. 1 T Maxillaria sp. 2 E Ficus sp. 2 T Pleurothallis sp. E Ficus sp. 3 T Stelis sp. 1 E Ficus sp. 4 T Stelis sp. 2 E Maquira sp. T Vanilla sp. E Poulsenia armata T ? sp. 1 E Pourouma bicolor T ? sp. 2 E Pseudolmedia rigida T ? sp. 3 E Sorocea sarcocarpa cf. T ? sp. 4 E

MUSACEAE ? sp. 5 E

Heliconia curtispatha cf. H PALMAE Heliconia sp. 1 H Bactris sp. 1 T Heliconia sp. 2 H Bactris sp. 2 S

MYRISTICACEAE Catoblastus velutinus cf. T Otoba sp. 1 T Chamaedorea sp. S Otoba sp. 2 T Geonoma cuneata cf. S Otoba sp. 3 T Geonoma interrupta S Virola koschnyi T Jessenia bataua T Virola sebifera T Pholidostachys dactyloides S Virola sp. T Prestoea sp. T

MYRSINACEAE Synechanthus sp. S

Ardisia sp. S PASSIFLORACEAE Cybianthus sp. S Passiflora macrophylla S ? sp. S Passiflora sp. V

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PHYTOLACCACEAE Lomariopsis japurensis E Phytolacca rivinoides S Saccoloma elegans H

PIPERACEAE Salpichlaena (Bolbitis) volubilis V Peperomia rotundifolia E Selaginella sp. 1 H Peperomia sp. 1 H Selaginella sp. 2 H Peperomia sp. 2 H Selaginella sp. 3 H Peperomia sp. 3 H Tectaria nicotianifolia H Peperomia sp. 4 H Trichomanes sp. E Peperomia sp. 5 E ? sp. 1 E Peperomia sp. 6 H ? sp. 2 E Peperomia sp. 7 H ? sp. 3 E Peperomia sp. 8 H ? sp. 4 H Peperomia sp. 9 H ? sp. 5 E Peperomia sp. 10 H ? sp. 6 S Peperomia sp. 11 H ? sp. 7 S

Piper multiplinervium cf. S RUBIACEAE Piper obliquum S Bertiera sp. S Piper reticulatum S Coussarea sp. S Piper sp. 1 S Faramea sp. 1 S Piper sp. 2 S Faramea sp. 2 S Piper sp. 3 S Faramea sp. 3 S Piper sp. 4 S Gonzalagunia sp. S Piper sp. 5 S Guettarda sp. T Piper sp. 6 E Hamelia macrantha S Piper sp. 7 S Hoffmannia sp. S Piper sp. 8 S Isertia sp. T Piper sp. 9 S Ladenbergia pavonii T Piper sp. 10 S Palicourea sp. 1 S

POLYGALACEAE Palicourea sp. 2 S Monnina sp. S Palicourea sp. 3 S ? sp. S Pentagonia sp. S

PTERIDOPHYTA Psychotria brachiata S Asplenium serratum H Psychotria grandis S Didymoclaena truncatula H Psychotria macrophylla S Diplazium sp. H Psychotria macrophylla aff. S

170 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 19

Psychotria marginata S Solanum sp. 1 V T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Psychotria sp. 1 S Solanum sp. 2 S S Shrub Psychotria sp. 2 S Witheringia sp. 1 S V Climber Psychotria sp. 3 S Witheringia sp. 2 S H Herb E Epiphyte Psychotria sp. 4 S ? sp. 1 H Psychotria sp. 5 S ? sp. 2 V

Psychotria sp. 6 S STAPHYLEACEAE Psychotria sp. 7 T Huertea glandulosa T Psychotria sp. 8 S Turpinia occidentalis T

? sp. T STERCULIACEAE

RUTACEAE Sterculia sp. 1 T Zanthoxylum sp. T Sterculia sp. 2 T

SAPINDACEAE TILIACEAE Allophylus sp. 1 T Heliocarpus americanus T

Allophylus sp. 2 T TROPAEOLACEAE Paullinia bracteosa V Tropaeolum repandum V

Talisia sp. S ULMACEAE ? sp. 1 T Trema micrantha T

? sp. 2 T UMBELLIFERAE

SAPOTACEAE Hydrocotyle sp. H

Pouteria sp. 1 T URTICACEAE Pouteria sp. 2 T Pilea sp. 1 E Pouteria sp. 3 T Pilea sp. 2 H

SCROPHULARIACEAE Pilea sp. 3 H

Castilleja sp. H VERBENACEAE

SIMAROUBACEAE Aegiphila sp. V

Simarouba amara T VIOLACEAE

SOLANACEAE Gloeospermum falcatum T

Cestrum sp. 1 S VITACEAE Cestrum sp. 2 S Cissus sicyoides V Cestrum sp. 3 S Cissus sp. V

Cyphomandra sp. S ZINGIBERACEAE Lycianthes sp. 1 S Costus sp. 1 H Lycianthes sp. 2 S Costus sp. 2 H Markea pavonii E Costus sp. 3 H

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T Tree (dbh 10 cm, Costus sp. 4 H height 5 m) S Shrub Renealmia sp. 1 H V Climber Renealmia sp. 2 H H Herb Renealmia sp. 3 H E Epiphyte

172 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Conservation Inter- Participants 2 national (CI) is a Preface 3 private, nonprofit organization dedi- Organizational Profiles 4 cated to the conserva- Acknowledgments 6 tion of tropical and Overview 8 temperate ecosystems and the species that Introduction 8 rely on these habitats Summary 10 for their survival. Conservation Opportunities 14

CI’s mission is to help Technical Report 20 develop the capacity Introduction to the Sites 20 to sustain biological diversity and the Cerro Mutiles 20 ecological processes Cabeceras de Bilsa 24 that support life on earth. We work with Cerro Pata de Pájaro 29 the people who live in Tabuga-Río Cuaque 32 tropical and temper- Parque Nacional Machalilla 34 ate ecosystems, and with private organiza- Cerro Blanco 42 tions and government Jauneche 45 agencies, to assist in building sustainable Manta Real 49 economies that Reserva Militar de Arenillas 54 nourish and protect Biogeographic Overviews 56 the land. CI has programs in Latin Phytogeography 56 America, Asia, and Vegetation 58 Africa. Bird Fauna 59

Conservation Mammal Fauna 60 International Herpetofauna 62 Publications 1015 18th Street, NW Literature Cited 63 Suite 1000 Appendices 66 Washington, DC 20036 U.S.A. Tel: 202/429-5660 Fax: 202/887-5188