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Centro Agronómico Tropical De Investigación Y Enseñanza Escuela De Posgrado CENTRO AGRONÓMICO TROPICAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y ENSEÑANZA ESCUELA DE POSGRADO Impacto potencial del cambio climático en bosques de un gradiente altitudinal a través de rasgos funcionales por: Eugenia Catalina Ruiz Osorio Tesis sometida a consideración de la Escuela de Posgrado como requisito para optar por el grado de Magister Scientiae en Manejo y Conservación de Bosques Tropicales y Biodiversidad Turrialba, Costa Rica, 2013 I DEDICATORIA § A Juan Carlos Restrepo Arismendi § II AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Organización Internacional de Maderas Tropicales (OIMT) y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) a través del proyecto CLIMIFORAD por el apoyo económico. A los miembros del comité especialmente a Bryan por creer en mí, Sergio por la paciencia, Diego por ser pura vida y Nelson por las asesorías botánicas. A los ayudantes de campo Vicente Herra, Leo Coto, Leo Jimenez y Mariela Saballos, por hacer de mi trabajo el de ustedes y alivianar las labores de campo. A Gloria y Jorge de la Reserva Biológica El Copal, a los guardaparques Merryl, Alexis, Leo, Juan y Agüero del Parque Nacional Tapantí-Macizo de la Muerte; Deiver, Giovany, Oscar y Carlos del Parque Nacional Barbilla. A la gran familia de Villa Mills: Marvin, Norma, Randal, Gallo y Belman. A los que me ayudaron a medir las hojas: Manuel, Cami, Julián, Jose Luis, Álvaro, Karime, Di, Juliano, Amilkar y Rebeca. A Manuel, Fabi, Jose y Dario por su solidaridad y compañía. A Zamora, Cristian y Nata por los mapas. A Fernando Casanoves por las contribuciones en la tesis A mi familia y mis amigos en CATIE Las personas crecen a través de la gente, si estamos en buena compañía es más agradable. A todos ustedes muchas gracias por estar en mi vida. III CONTENIDO AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................................. II RESUMEN .................................................................................................................. XII SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ XIV 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................. 1 2. Objetivo General.................................................................................................... 2 3. Objetivos específicos ............................................................................................. 2 4. Hipótesis del Estudio ............................................................................................. 3 5. Marco Teórico ....................................................................................................... 3 5.1 Rasgos funcionales ............................................................................................ 3 5.2 Ecología Funcional ............................................................................................ 4 5.2.1 Tipos Funcionales de Plantas ....................................................................... 5 5.2.2 Diversidad Funcional ................................................................................... 6 5.1 Respuestas de las plantas a ambientes heterogéneos de luz y nutrientes ........... 7 5.2 Factores que afectan la distribución de especies ............................................... 9 5.3 Modelación de distribución de especies y comunidades ................................. 10 5.4 Cambio climático ............................................................................................. 11 5.5 Biodiversidad y Servicios ecosistémicos ......................................................... 13 6. Bibliografía .......................................................................................................... 15 ARTICULO 1 ................................................................................................................ 23 CARACTERIZACIÓN DE TIPOS FUNCIONALES DE PLANTAS EN BOSQUES DE UN GRADIENTE ALTITUDINAL EN AMÉRICA CENTRAL Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA ALTITUD ................................................................................. 23 7. Introducción ......................................................................................................... 23 8. Materiales y Métodos .......................................................................................... 24 IV 8.1 Localización del estudio .................................................................................. 24 8.2 Selección de sitios y especies de estudio ......................................................... 27 8.3 Muestreo de rasgos .......................................................................................... 27 8.3.1 Rasgos foliares ........................................................................................... 27 8.3.2 Rasgos de tallo ........................................................................................... 29 8.3.3 Rasgos Regenerativos ................................................................................ 29 8.4 Identificación de TFP y distribución altitudinal .............................................. 30 9. Resultados ............................................................................................................ 31 9.1 Rasgos funcionales .......................................................................................... 31 9.2 Tipos Funcionales de Plantas ........................................................................... 33 9.3 Distribución de tipos funcionales de plantas ................................................... 38 10. Discusión ............................................................................................................. 39 11. Conclusiones ........................................................................................................ 41 12. Bibliografía .......................................................................................................... 43 13. ANEXOS ............................................................................................................. 47 ARTÍCULO 2 ................................................................................................................ 57 PATRONES ESPACIALES DE COMPOSICIÓN Y DIVERSIDAD FUNCIONAL EN BOSQUES DE UN GRADIENTE ALTITUDINAL EN AMÉRICA CENTRAL E IMPACTO POTENCIAL DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO ............................................. 57 14. Introducción ......................................................................................................... 57 15. Materiales y Métodos .......................................................................................... 59 15.1 Localización del estudio ............................................................................... 59 15.2 Selección de sitios y especies de estudio ..................................................... 61 15.3 Muestreo de rasgos ....................................................................................... 62 15.3.1 Rasgos foliares ......................................................................................... 62 15.3.2 Rasgos de tallo ......................................................................................... 64 V 15.4 Estimación de Índices de Diversidad Funcional (IDF) ................................ 64 15.5 Relación de la diversidad y composición funcional con variables ambientales .................................................................................................................... 65 15.6 Modelos predictivos actuales y futuros ........................................................ 66 16. Resultados ............................................................................................................ 67 16.1 Relación del clima y propiedades del suelo con la altitud ........................... 67 16.2 Diversidad y composición funcional ............................................................ 72 16.2.1 Diversidad Funcional y su relación con la altitud .................................... 72 16.2.2 Composición funcional ............................................................................ 74 16.2.3 Variación espacial del gradiente ambiental y la composición funcional . 76 16.2.1 Relación de las Variables ambientales con la composición funcional ..... 76 16.3 Distribución espacial potencial actual de la composición funcional............ 78 17. Discusión ............................................................................................................. 82 17.1 Diversidad Funcional ................................................................................... 82 17.2 Composición funcional ................................................................................ 82 17.3 Cambio climático ......................................................................................... 83 18. Conclusiones ........................................................................................................ 83 19. Bibliografía .......................................................................................................... 84 20. ANEXOS ............................................................................................................. 89 VI ÍNDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro 1. Clasificación de las medidas e índices usados en estudios de diversidad funcional, sugerida por Casanoves et ál. (2011) .......................................................... 7 Cuadro 2. Diferentes figuras de protección en la zona de estudio ................................
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