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Effects of Flaxseed Diets on Fattening Response of Hanwoo Cattle : 1 1241 Effects of Flaxseed Diets on Fattening Response of Hanwoo Cattle : 1. Performance and Carcass Characteristics C. M. Kim, J. H. Kim, T. Y. Chung and K. K. Park* Animal Resources Research Center, College of Animal Husbandry, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea ABSTRACT : Two separate trials were conducted to determine effects of dietary level of whole flaxseed (WFS; 0, 10 and 15%) on feed intake, weight gain, and carcass yield and quality of Korean Hanwoo cattle. The daily gains of bulls (Trial 1) were not different among treatment groups, but those of cows (Trial 2) fed WFS 15% were higher (p<0.01) than others. Feed intake of both bulls and cows tended to decrease as dietary level of WFS increased. However, feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) of bulls tended to be improved by dietary inclusion of WFS and was significantly improved (p<0.01) in cows by increasing level of WFS. Neither carcass weight nor dressing percentage were affected by WFS level. Back fat thickness of bulls was decreased (p<0.01) by dietary inclusion of WFS and the same trend was observed in cows without statistical significance. Loin-eye area of bulls was not different among treatment groups but was significantly higher (p<0.01) in cows fed WFS. Carcass yield and quality were not improved by WFS addition. The results indicate that WFS is an acceptable fat source in diets of finishing beef cattle to increase energy density without any adverse effects. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 9 : 1241-1245) Key Words : Hanwoo Cattle, Flaxseed, Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Oilseeds, Fat Supplementation INTRODUCTION Limited research has been carried out on WFS for swine (Romans et al., 1995; Enser et al., 2000), for poultry Addition of fat to finishing diets of beef cattle can (Scheideler and Froning, 1996; An et al., 1997), and for increase energy density and enhance meat quality by dairy (Petit, 2002; Ward et al., 2002; Petit, 2003), but little increasing fat deposition (Garrett et al., 1976; Rule et al., information is available for beef cattle. Therefore, two trials 1989), but may have negative effects on fiber digestibility were conducted to determine the effects of dietary level of (Johnson and McClure, 1973). Although decreased fiber WFS on feed intake, weight gain, and carcass yield and digestibility is not a major concern in finishing diets of beef quality of Hanwoo bulls and cows. cattle, fat sources with minimal effects on fiber digestibility or microbial growth would nonetheless be advantageous in MATERIALS AND METHODS terms of quantities of both energy and amino acids absorbed. Attention has been directed towards the feeding of Animals and diets protected fat to ruminants (Kita et al. 2002; Sarwar et al., Trial 1 was conducted at a farm located in the southeast 2004; Wang et al., 2004). Whole oilseeds, with a natural (Gyeongsangbuk-Do) of Korea. Twenty-one Hanwoo bulls fiber coating surrounding the oil, can be used as naturally (mean initial weight 485 kg±17) were allotted randomly to occurring protected fat sources for ruminant diets (White et one of three dietary treatments: 1) WFS 0% (control), 2) al., 1987). Furthermore, unprocessed oilseeds can spare any WFS 10%, and 3) WFS 15%. Bulls were housed by processing cost and be stored for a long period without the treatment group in three 4.3 m×7.4 m pens with concrete oxidation problem of unsaturated fatty acids that are high in oilseeds. floor in an enclosed barn. Diets were fed for 130 days The composition of whole flaxseed (WFS) is, similar to starting in October. other oilseeds, high in fat (38%), protein (25%), and fiber Trial 2 was conducted at a farm located in the northeast (47% neutral detergent fiber; NDF), but different in that (Gangwon-Do) of Korea. Fifteen Hanwoo cows (mean WFS seed is relatively small in size and the seed coat is initial weight 418 kg±14) were randomly assigned to the hard. If energy density of diets could be elevated by same dietary treatments used in Trial 1. Each treatment addition of WFS with minimal or no effects on ruminal group was placed in a 3.8 m×7.0 m pen with a concrete fermentation, levels of animal performance and carcass floor. Cows were offered their assigned diets for 156 days characteristics can be increased with cost of gains being starting in mid-July. reduced. Within each trial, diets were formulated to contain equal levels of protein and Ca. All animals had ad libitum access * Corresponding Author: Keun-kyu Park. Tel: +82-2-450-3661, Fax: +82-2-455-1044, E-mail: [email protected] to concentrates for the entire experimental period, whereas Received March 17, 2004; Accepted July 7, 2004 roughage (rice straw) intake was set at 1.0 kg/animal/day. 1242 KIM ET AL. Table 1. Ingredient and chemical composition of concentrate diets fed to Hanwoo bulls and cows Bulls Cows Item Control WFS 10% WFS 15% Control WFS 10% WFS 15% Ingredients, % Ground corn 37.50 36.50 35.50 39.50 37.50 37.50 Wheat grain 29.50 27.50 27.00 30.00 28.00 26.00 Wheat bran 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.50 4.50 4.50 Cottonseed meal 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 Rapeseed meal 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 Flaxseed meal 10.50 3.50 - 9.00 3.00 - Flaxseed - 10.00 15.00 - 10.00 15.00 Molasses 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Limestone 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Salt 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Ca-phosphate 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Premix2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Chemical composition Dry matter, % 87.46 87.11 87.73 88.44 88.77 92.09 ---------------------------------------------------- % of DM ------------------------------------------------------------- Crude protein 18.63 18.23 18.34 17.63 17.71 17.95 Ether extract 2.53 4.38 4.96 2.32 3.39 5.58 Crude ash 8.14 8.01 7.86 8.18 8.09 7.66 Neutral detergent fiber 39.19 42.43 44.08 47.49 47.86 50.08 Acid detergent fiber 11.84 15.75 16.52 15.84 15.95 16.90 1 Whole flaxseed. 2 Contains the following in kg of mixture: Vit. A 2,000,000 IU; Vit. D3 400,000 IU; Vit. E 1,500 IU; Mn 12,000 mg; Fe 12,000 mg; Zn 8,000 mg; Cu 1,000 mg; Co 1,000 mg; I 150 mg. Table 2. Chemical composition of whole flaxseed(WFS) and rice of two consecutive early-morning weights. All cattle were straw fed to Hanwoo bulls and cows slaughtered at a commercial abattoir; carcass measurements Bulls Cows were obtained after chilling for 24 h at 2°C. Carcass yield Item Rice Rice WFS WFS and quality were determined at the 13th rib section from the straw straw left side of each carcass and graded by meat graders using Dry matter, % 90.81 88.74 92.35 89.88 the criteria provided by the Korean carcass grading system ----------------- % of DM ----- Crude protein 25.18 5.38 24.80 5.46 (NLCF, 1999). Carcass yield index (YI) was calculated Ether extract 37.94 1.64 38.37 1.59 from the following equation as described by the grading Neutral detergent fiber 47.43 74.62 46.93 75.92 system: Acid detergent fiber 36.94 50.91 36.41 50.93 YI=65.834-(0.393×backfat thickness, mm) + (0.088× Animals in both trials were gradually adapted to their diets longissimus muscle area, cm2)-(0.008×carcass wt., kg) for the first 10 days and were fed equal portions twice daily, at 07:00 and 17:00. Amounts of feeds offered were recorded A score of carcass yield A represents “high (YI over and refused feed was weighed back once every 2 wk to 69.0)”, a B “medium (YI between 66.0-69.0)” and a C “low determine daily intake and feed/gain ratio. Feed samples (YI under 66.0)”. Carcass quality (1=high, 2=medium, were mixed throughout the feeding period and were ground 3=low) was determined by the following factors: through a 1 mm screen before analyses. Concentrates, rice i) marbling score (1=devoid, 7=very abundant marbling); straw, and WFS were analyzed for DM, ash, crude protein, ii) meat color (1=very light cherry red, 7=very dark red); ether extract (AOAC, 1990), NDF, and ADF (Goering and iii) fat color (1=white, 7=bright lemon yellow); Van Soest, 1970). Amylase was used to determine the NDF iv) texture (1=good, 3=bad); content of concentrates (Cherney et al., 1989). Nutrient v) maturity (1=youthful, 3=mature). composition of concentrates used in Trials 1 and 2 is presented in Table 1; composition of WFS and rice straw is Statistical analyses shown in Table 2. Performance and carcass trait data were analyzed by General Linear Models procedure of the SAS (1990). Data Carcass characteristics from two trials were analyzed independently because of Initial and final weights of each trial were the averages differences in sex, body weight, farm location, nutrient DIETARY FLAXSEED FOR HANWOO CATTLE 1243 Table 3. Effects of dietary whole flaxseed (WFS) on BW, daily gain, feed intake and feed/gain ratio of Hanwoo bulls and cows Bulls Cows Item Control WFS 10% WFS 15% SE Control WFS 10% WFS 15% SE Initial body wt, kg 484.0 483.0 488.0 6.84 414.8 422.0 415.6 7.54 Final body wt, kg 599.6 597.1 608.4 8.35 484.0 485.0 486.0 6.35 Daily gain, kg 0.89 0.88 0.91 0.02 0.52B 0.57B 0.64A 0.01 Daily feed intake, kg 7.92 7.74 7.69 0.03 7.39 7.29 7.27 0.03 Feed/gain ratio 8.91 8.80 8.45 0.08 14.21A 12.78B 11.36C 0.37 A, B, C Means in a row within same animal group followed by an uncommon letter differ (p<0.01).
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