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Genetic Parameters of Birth Weight and Weaning Weight and Their Relationship with Gestation Length and Age at First Calving in Hanwoo (Bos Taurus Coreanae)

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Genetic Parameters of Birth Weight and Weaning Weight and Their Relationship with Gestation Length and Age at First Calving in Hanwoo (Bos Taurus Coreanae) animals Article Genetic Parameters of Birth Weight and Weaning Weight and Their Relationship with Gestation Length and Age at First Calving in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) Bryan Irvine Lopez 1 , Kier Gumangan Santiago 2,3, Kangseok Seo 2, Taejoon Jeong 1, Jong-Eun Park 1 , Han-Ha Chai 1, Woncheoul Park 1 and Dajeong Lim 1,* 1 Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; [email protected] (B.I.L.); [email protected] (T.J.); [email protected] (J.-E.P.); [email protected] (H.-H.C.); [email protected] (W.P.) 2 Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; [email protected] (K.G.S.); [email protected] (K.S.) 3 Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Mu´noz3120, Philippines * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 April 2020; Accepted: 17 June 2020; Published: 23 June 2020 Simple Summary: Hanwoo cattle is considered one of the most economically important species and sources of nutrition for Koreans. Thus, both the reproductive performance and growth traits play an important role in the continuous development and productivity of Hanwoo farming. Therefore, to improve beef production and the profitability of Hanwoo farming, estimations of genetic parameters for birth weight (BW) and weaning weight (WW) and their relationship with age at first calving (AFC) and gestation length (GL) are necessary to understand and improve their responses to selection. Thus, this study estimated the variance components, heritability estimates of birth weight (BW) and weaning weight (WW) and their genetic and phenotypic relationship to age at first calving (AFC), and gestation length (GL). Results revealed a moderate and high heritability estimate for BW and WW, which suggests a sluggish and rapid response of these traits to selection, respectively. The moderate and high genetic correlation between BW and reproductive traits (AFC and GL) revealed that the selection of a heavier BW might result in a longer AFC and GL. Although the genetic correlation for BW and AFC was moderate and positive, the phenotypic correlation of close to zero may indicate that the phenotypic expression for these traits is likely to be influenced by the genotype-environment interaction (GxE). Moreover, the genetic and phenotypic correlation between WW and reproductive traits (AFC and GL) indicates that the selection of a heavier WW may not influence the AFC and GL of Hanwoo cow. These estimated genetic parameters and correlations for the studied traits can be utilized for genetic breeding programs of Hanwoo cattle. Abstract: Hanwoo is one of the most economically important animal species in Korea due to its significant contribution to nutrition. However, the current selection index only focuses to improve carcass traits of Hanwoo. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of birth weight (BW) and weaning weight (WW) and their genetic and phenotypic relationship to the age at first calving (AFC) and gestation length (GL) of Hanwoo. The genetic parameters for birth weight (BW) and weaning weight (WW) were estimated using the data obtained from 52,173 and 35,800 Hanwoo calves born from February 1998 to March 2017, respectively. Further, these data were used to determine their genetic and phenotypic correlation to age at first calving (AFC) and gestation length (GL). The heritability estimates of BW and WW and correlation coefficients were obtained using the average information restricted maximum likelihood (AIREML) procedure, fit in single and two-trait linear animal models. The estimated direct heritability for BW and WW was moderate (0.22 0.02) ± Animals 2020, 10, 1083; doi:10.3390/ani10061083 www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Animals 2020, 10, 1083 2 of 10 and high (0.51 0.03), respectively, while the maternal heritability for both traits was 0.12 0.01 ± ± and 0.17 0.01, respectively. The genetic correlation of BW and reproductive traits (AFC and GL) ± showed a moderate and high positive correlation coefficient of 0.33 0.06 and 0.53 0.02, respectively, ± ± while close to zero and low positive phenotypic correlations of 0.06 0.01 and 0.21 0.06 were also ± ± observed between the correlated traits, respectively. For the correlation analysis between WW and AFC, both the genetic and phenotypic correlation showed close to zero values of 0.04 0.06 and ± 0.01 0.01, respectively. Meanwhile, the genetic and phenotypic correlation between WW and GL − ± showed low and negative correlations of 0.09 0.06 and 0.09 0.01, respectively. These obtained − ± − ± estimated variances for BW and WW and their corresponding genetic and phenotypic correlation to AFC and GL can be used as information for genetic improvement and subsequent economic improvement of Hanwoo farming. Keywords: birth weight; weaning weight; reproductive traits; genetic parameters; heritability; Hanwoo cattle 1. Introduction Hanwoo (Korean cattle) was previously used for farming, transportation, and religious sacrifice [1]. However, with the rapid progress of the Korean economy, their original purpose gradually changed into a full-scale meat-type cattle, and it is now one of the most economically important animal species in Korea due to its significant contribution to the nutrition of Koreans [1]. In the past decade (2005–2015), an overall increase of 44% in the Hanwoo population was observed [2]. Further, improvement in the Hanwoo performance was observed such as an increase in yearling weight (YW) and carcass weight (CW) for the past 15 years (1996–2000), and improvement of the eye muscle area (EMA) and marbling score (MS) for the past 10 years (2001 to 2010) [3]. These observations indicate successful and efficient breeding and feedings system approach of the Korean government. However, the overall increase in the Hanwoo population was attributed only to large-scale farms due to the observed reduction in small-scale Hanwoo farmers as a result of financial loss or conversion into larger farms [4]. Since small-scale farmers are mostly calf producers (cow-calf production), their reduction leads to a potential decline in calves supply which might cause shortages to both medium and large farms venturing into feedlots and composite (feedlots with cow-calf) systems [4]. Though the evident improvement to the Hanwoo industry indicated efficiency, the Korean government remains keen to conduct researches on reproductive, carcass, and meat quality traits that benefit both Hanwoo farmers and consumers. The birth weight (BW) plays a very good economic indicator in the beef cattle industry and is usually the first trait being measured in a calf [5]. This variable was considered by many researchers as a good economic indicator as it was positively associated with post-weaning daily weight gain [6] and matured weight [7]. Contrastingly, previous studies concluded that BW is a valuable predictor of dystocia (difficulty in giving birth) in cow, perinatal mortality in calves [8,9], and a prolonged calving interval [10]. Aside from BW, the selection of a heavier weaning weight (WW) was also reported to prolong the gestation length (GL) [10] and provide a favorable response in age at first calving (AFC) [11]. In a study conducted by Santana et al. [12], it was reported that growth traits and reproductive traits can be improved simultaneously in Nellore cattle. At present, studies about the genetic and phenotypic correlations between BW and WW to the reproductive traits of cattle are still scarce. Therefore, research must be conducted to examine the relationship between BW and WW to the reproductive traits of cattle such as AFC and GL. However, due to the numerous differences in cattle breeds, it is better to conduct breed-specific research that may provide potential information about the most appropriate BW and WW that could clarify earlier claims. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of BW and WW and their genetic and phenotypic relationship to the AFC and GL of Hanwoo. Animals 2020, 10, 1083 3 of 10 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Animals and Trait The data on birth weight (BW) and weaning weight (WW) were collected from 52,173 and 35,800 Hanwoo calves born from the period of February 1998 to March 2017, respectively. The BWs of calves were weighed and recorded within 24 h post-partum. Subsequently, these calves were raised from their dam until 90 days of age to determine the WW of each calf. The Hanwoo calves in this study were produced through the purebred mating system done using artificial insemination of semen collected from bulls that were initially selected based on their performance and progeny carcass traits. There were also two reproductive traits included in this study, particularly age at first calving (AFC) and gestation length (GL), with total records of 14,258 and 51,303, respectively. The AFC was determined by determining the birthdate of the heifer and the date of its first calving, while the GL was computed using the last date of insemination and the calving date. Additional details for AFC and GL can be found in our previous studies [13]. Furthermore, the 9 generation-deep pedigree data consisted of 66,736 animals with 543 bulls, and 20,006 dams were included in the analysis. All of these data were gathered from different herds in nine provinces across South Korea and were acquired through an existing database. The approval from the Animal Care and Use Committee was not needed in this study since all data were acquired from the database. The data retained after the quality check includes BW with a value ranging from 17 to 38.30 kg, WW between 31 and 182 kg, AFC between 555 and 961 days, and GL between 271 and 299 days. The sample population, means, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values for each trait are presented in Table1.
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