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Keanekaragaman Ikan Di Sungai Peusangan, Kabupaten Aceh Tengah, Provinsi Aceh Skripsi Ririn Puspita 140805066

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Keanekaragaman Ikan Di Sungai Peusangan, Kabupaten Aceh Tengah, Provinsi Aceh Skripsi Ririn Puspita 140805066 KEANEKARAGAMAN IKAN DI SUNGAI PEUSANGAN, KABUPATEN ACEH TENGAH, PROVINSI ACEH SKRIPSI RIRIN PUSPITA 140805066 PROGRAM STUDI BIOLOGI FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KEANEKARAGAMAN IKAN DI SUNGAI PEUSANGAN, KABUPATEN ACEH TENGAH, PROVINSI ACEH SKRIPSI Diajukan untuk melengkapi tugas dan memenuhi syarat mencapai gelar Sarjana Sains RIRIN PUSPITA 140805066 PROGRAM STUDI BIOLOGI FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS KEANEKARAGAMAN IKAN DI SUNGAI PEUSANGAN, KABUPATEN ACEH TENGAH, PROVINSI ACEH SKRIPSI Saya menyatakan bahwa skripsi ini adalah hasil karya sendiri, kecuali beberapa kutipan dan ringkasan yang masing-masing disebutkan sumbernya. Medan, 9 Juli 2019 Ririn Puspita 140805066 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI Judul : Keanekaragaman Ikan di Sungai Peusangan, Kabupaten Aceh Tengah, Provinsi Aceh Kategori : Skripsi Nama : Ririn Puspita Nomor Induk Mahasiswa : 140805066 Program Studi : Sarjana S-1 Biologi Fakultas : MIPA – Universitas Sumatera Utara Disetujui di Medan, Juli 2019 Ketua Program Studi Pembimbing, Dr. Saleha Hannum, M.Si Dr. Hesti Wahyuningsih, M.Si NIP. 197108312000122001 NIP. 196910181994122002 i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KEANEKARAGAMAN IKAN DI SUNGAI PEUSANGAN, KABUPATEN ACEH TENGAH, PROVINSI ACEH ABSTRAK Penelitian mengenai keanekaragaman ikan di Sungai Peusangan, Kabupaten Aceh Tengah, Provinsi Aceh telah dilaksanakan pada September hingga Oktober 2018 dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis indeks keanekaragaman ikan dan hubungannya terhadap faktor fisik kimia peraairan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu Purposive Sampling dengan menentukan empat stasiun pengambilan sampel berdasarkan aktivitas di sekitar stasiun tersebut. Analisis data meliputi kepadatan, kepadatan relatif, frekuensi kehadiran, indeks keanekaragaman dan indeks keseragaman. Parameter fisik-kimia perairan yang diukur meliputi suhu, kecepatan arus, intensitas cahaya, penetrasi cahaya, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrat, dan fosfat. Sepuluh jenis ikan yang diperoleh diklasifikasikan ke dalam 4 ordo (Perciformes, Cypriniformes, Cyprinodontiformes, Siluriformes) dan 6 famili (Cichilidae, Channidae, Cyprinidae, Poecilidae, Clariidae, Loricariidae). Kepadatan tertinggi diperoleh spesies Xiphophorus hellerii sebanyak 1 individu/m2. Indeks keanekaragaman tertinggi diperoleh pada stasiun 2 dengan nilai 1,89 dan terendah pada stasiun 4 dengan nilai 1,52. Fosfat dan kecepatan arus memiliki nilai korelasi yang kuat terhadap keanekaragaman ikan. Kata Kunci: Ikan, Keanekaragaman, Sungai Peusangan ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA FISH DIVERSITY IN PEUSANGAN RIVER, MIDDLE ACEH DISTRICT, ACEH PROVINCE ABSTRACT Research on fish diversity in Peusangan River, Middle Aceh District, Aceh Province has been observed from September until October 2018 aiming to analyze the diversity indices of fishes and relationship to chemical-physical of water. The research method was “Purposive Sampling” by determining the four stations of enforcement stations based on activities around the station. Data analysis includes density, relative density, frequency of attendance, diversity indices and evenness indices. The parameters of the chemical-physical of the water including the temperature, pH, light intensity, light penetration, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate and phosphate content. Ten species of fishes that obtained from observation sites were classified into 4 ordines (Perciformes, Cypriniformes, Cyprinodontiformes, Siluriformes) and 6 families (Cichilidae, Channida, Cyprinidae, Poecilidae, Clariidae, Loricariidae). The highest population was Xiphophorus hellerii with value 1 individuals/m2. The highest diversity indices was found in station 2 with value 1.89 and the lowest diversity indices was found in station 4 with value 1.52. River flow and phosphate content were strongly correlated to the diversity of fishes. Keywords: Fish, Diversity, Peusangan River iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA PENGHARGAAN Segala puji bagi Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan nikmat serta hidayah-Nya terutama nikmat kesempatan dan kesehatan sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan skripsi dengan judul “Keanekaragaman Ikan di Sungai Peusangan, Kabupaten Aceh Tengah, Provinsi Aceh”. Terimakasih penulis sampaikan kepada Ibu Dr. Hesti Wahyuningsih, M.Si selaku dosen pembimbing yang telah memberikan bimbingan dan arahan selama penulisan skripsi ini agar menjadi lebih baik. Terima kasih juga penulis ucapkan kepada Bapak Dr. Ing. Ternala A. Barus, M.Sc selaku dosen penguji I dan Ibu Dr. Nursahara Pasaribu, M.Sc selaku dosen penguji II yang telah memberikan banyak masukan dan arahan dalam penyempurnaan penulisan skripsi ini. Terimakasih juga penulis ucapkan kepada Ibu Dr. Saleha Hannum, M.Si selaku ketua program studi Biologi dan Bapak Riyanto Sinaga, S.Si., M.Si selaku sekretaris program studi Biologi dan dosen penasehat akademik. Penulis juga menyampaikan rasa terimakasih kepada dosen-dosen serta staf pegawai program studi Biologi FMIPA USU yang telah membantu penulis menjalankan masa perkuliahan. Ucapan terimakasih terbesar penulis sampaikan kepada Ayahanda Ramzi Jalal dan Ibunda Adriana Siregar yang tanpa henti memberikan doa, semangat, dan kasih sayang kepada penulis agar dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Penulis juga mengucapkan terimakasih kepada Kakanda Dedi Fahrozi yang tanpa henti memberikan dukungan kepada penulis. Selanjutnya penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada Bapak Sujodno dan Ibu Agustina Siregar yang telah menjaga dan menyayangi penulis dengan sepenuh hati selama masa perkuliahan ini. Tak lupa pula penulis mengucapkan terimakasih atas dukungan yang luar biasa dari keluarga besar Syamaun Harun dan keluarga besar Suwel Siregar. Ucapan terimakasih penulis sampaikan kepada Bapak Zuhri dan keluarga yang telah menolong penulis dalam melaksanakan penelitian di Sungai Peusangan. Penulis juga menyampaikan rasa terimakasih kepada Nauratul Iqramah, Fadhil Ramadhan, Balhqis Aisyah sebagai sahabat yang selalu iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA mendukung penulis dalam suka maupun duka. Ucapan terimakasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada para sahabat selama perkuliahan Yuli Andriani, Dita Isnaini Rambe, Mutia Muharani, Raysa Zahra, Alvina Sucia dan teman-teman Genom 2014 lainnya yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu yang telah menemani perjalanan penulis dari semester satu hingga dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Terimakasih penulis sampaikan kepada rekan-rekan Asisten Laboratorium Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan tahun 2017-2019. Terimakasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada kakak asuh stambuk 2012 dan adik asuh stambuk 2016 yang telah memberikan dukungan kepada penulis. Penulis menyadari bahwa masih banyak terdapat kekurangan dalam penulisan naskah skripsi ini, maka dari itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun demi kesempurnaan skripsi ini. Semoga hasil penelitian ini dapat bermanfaat dan memberikan informasi yang berguna bagi semua pihak Medan, Juli 2019 Ririn Puspita v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR ISI Halaman LEMBAR PENGESAHAN i ABSTRAK ii ABSTRACT iii PENGHARGAAN iv DAFTAR ISI vi DAFTAR TABEL viii DAFTAR GAMBAR ix DAFTAR LAMPIRAN x BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah 2 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian 3 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian 3 BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 EkosistemSungai 4 2.2 Keanekaragaman Ikan di Sungai 5 2.3 Ikan Sebagai Bioindikator 6 2.4 Pengelompokan Ikan 7 2.4.1 Berdasarkan Klasifikasi 7 2.4.2 Berdasarkan Kebiasaan Makan 8 2.4.3 Berdasarkan Habitat Hidupnya 9 2.5 Faktor Fisik-Kimia Perairan 10 2.5.1 Suhu 10 2.5.2 Intensitas Cahaya 11 2.5.3 Oksigen Terlarut 11 2.5.4 BOD5 11 2.5.5 pH (Derajat Keasaman) 11 2.5.6 Penetrasi Cahaya 11 2.5.7 Kecepatan Arus 12 2.5.8 Nitrat (NO3) dan Fosfat (PO4) 12 BAB 3 METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Waktu dan Tempat 13 3.2 Deskripsi Area 13 3.2.1 Stasiun I 13 3.2.2 Stasiun II 14 3.2.3 Stasiun III 14 3.2.4 Stasiun IV 15 3.3 Metode Penelitian 15 vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.3.1 Pengambilan Sampel 15 3.3.2 Pengukuran Faktor Fisik-Kimia Perairan 16 3.4 Analisa Data 18 3.4.1 Kepadatan (K) 18 3.4.2 Kepadatan Relatif (KR) 18 3.4.3 Frekuensi Kehadiran (FK) 3.4.4 Indeks Keanekaragaman Diversitas Shannon- 18 Wiener (H’) 3.4.5 Indeks Equitabilitas/Indeks Keseragaman (E) 19 3.4.6 Analisis Korelasi 19 BAB 4 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Jenis-Jenis Ikan 20 4.2 Kepadatan, Kepadatan Relatif, Frekuensi Kehadiran 26 Ikan 4.3 Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) dan Indeks 29 Keseragaman (E) Ikan 4.4 Faktor Fisik Kimia Perairan 30 4.4.1 Suhu 30 4.4.2 Intensitas Cahaya 31 4.4.3 Penetrasi Cahaya 31 4.4.4 Kecepatan Arus 32 4.4.5 pH 32 4.4.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 32 4.4.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 33 4.4.8 Kejenuhan Oksigen 34 4.4.9 Nitrat (NO3) 34 4.4.10 Fosfat (PO4) 35 4.5 Analis Korelasi Pearson 35 BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Kesimpulan 37 5.2 Saran 37 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 38 LAMPIRAN 40 vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR TABEL Nomor Judul Halaman Tabel 3.1 Alat dan Satuan yang digunakan dalam pengukuran faktor 17 fisik-kimia perairan 4.1 Klasifikasi dan jenis-jenis Ikan yang diperoleh pada 20 Sungai Peusangan 4.2 Kepadatan, Kepadatan Relatif dan Frekuensi Kehadiran 26 Ikan di Sungai Peusangan Kabupaten Aceh Tengah, Provinsi Aceh 4.3 Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) dan Indeks Keseragaman 29 (E) Ikan yang diperoleh di Sungai Peusangan, Kabupaten Aceh Tengah, Provinsi Aceh 4.4 Faktor Fisik-Kimia perairan di Sungai Peusangan,
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