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Birinci Uluslararası Suna & İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Uygarlıkları Sempozyumu

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Birinci Uluslararası Suna & İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Uygarlıkları Sempozyumu Birinci Uluslararası Suna & İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Uygarlıkları Sempozyumu 26-29 MART 2019 | AN TALYA BİLDİRİLER Editörler Oğuz Tekin Christopher H. Roosevelt Engin Akyürek Tarih Boyunca Anadolu’da Hayırseverlik Birinci Uluslararası Suna & İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Sempozyumu 26-29 Mart, 2019 | Antalya Bildiriler Editörler Oğuz Tekin Christopher H. Roosevelt Engin Akyürek Yardımcı Editörler Remziye Boyraz Seyhan Arif Yacı Bu bildiriler kitabındaki tüm makaleler hakem kontrolünden geçmiştir. Danışma Kurulu Mustafa Adak Angelos Chaniotis Christian Marek Leslie Peirce Amy Singer İngilizceden Türkçeye Çeviri Özgür Pala ISBN 978-605-7685-66-7 Kitap Tasarımı Gökçen Ergüven © 2020 Koç Üniversitesi Sertifika no: 18318 Kapak Tasarımı Tüm hakları saklıdır. Bu kitabın hiçbir bölümü Koç Çağdaş İlke Ünal Üniversitesi ve yazarların yazılı izni olmaksızın çoğaltılamaz ve kopyalanamaz. Bu bildiriler kitabı, Koç Üniversitesi’nin üç araştırma merkezi, AKMED, ANAMED ve GABAM tarafından Vehbi Koç Vakfı’nın İletişim 50. yılı nedeniyle yayımlanmıştır. Kitabın İngilizce versiyonu Koç Üniversitesi Suna & İnan Kıraç Akdeniz “Philanthropy in Anatolia through the Ages. The First International Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (AKMED) Suna & İnan Kıraç Symposium on Mediterranean Civilizations, March 26-29, 2019 | Antalya Proceedings” basılı olarak yayımlanmış Barbaros Mah. Kocatepe Sok. No: 22 olup Türkçe versiyonu sadece dijital olarak yayımlanmaktadır. Kaleiçi 07100 Antalya, Türkiye TARİH BOYUNCA ANADOLU’DA HAYIRSEVERLİK Birinci Uluslararası Suna & İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Sempozyumu 26-29 Mart, 2019 | Antalya Bildiriler Editörler Oğuz Tekin Christopher H. Roosevelt Engin Akyürek İçindekiler Önsöz VII Giriş: Tarih Boyunca Anadolu’da Hayırseverlik IX Eski Yunan ve Roma Dünyasında Hayırseverlik 1 Benjamin Gray Geç Hellenistik Dönem Anadolu’da Hayırseverliğin Yararlarını ve Sorunlarını Tartışmak 3 Pierre Fröhlich Bağlamında Philanthropia: Hellenistik Dönem Küçük Asya Kent-Devletlerinde Sivil Erdemler ve Devlet Görevlilerine Yapılan Övgüler 13 Tønnes Bekker-Nielsen Roma Dönemi Anadolu Kentlerinde Sivil Hayırseverlik 29 Christina Kokkinia Roma Dönemi’nde Küçük Asya’da Büyük Yazıt Grupları ve Euergetism 39 Mustafa Adak Pamphylia ve Pisidia’da Kent Eşrafı ve Resmi Unvanları 47 Mustafa H. Sayar Ovalık Kilikia Şehirlerinde Yerel Bağışçılar ve Hayırseverlik (MÖ 1. Yüzyıl ile MS 2. Yüzyıl) 73 Aşkım Özdizbay Perge’nin İtalik Kökenli Hayırseverleri ve Kent Gelişimine Katkıları 83 Recai Tekoğlu - Taner Korkut Tlos Antik Kenti Euergesia Etkinlikleri 97 Angelos Chaniotis Aphrodisiaslı Hayırseverler ve Hayırseverliğin Toplumsal-Kültürel Sınırları 111 Matthias Haake Felsefe ve Hayırseverlik: Oinoandalı Diogenes ve Büyük Bir Hayırseverlik Örneği 121 Erken Hristiyanlık ve Bizans Dönemi’nde Hayırseverlik 133 Christian Marek Küçük Asya’da Hayırseverlik ve Erken Hristiyanlık 135 Rustam Shukurov Barbarlar, Hayırseverlik ve Bizans Misyonizmi 141 Esra Güzel Erdoğan Konstantinopolis Bizans Manastırlarında Philanthropia 153 İslam Orta Çağı ve Osmanlı Hayırseverliği 165 Suzan Yalman Selçuklu Dönemi’nde Anadolu’da Hastaneler ve Hayırseverlik 167 A.C.S. Peacock Orta Çağ Anadolu’sunda Vakıf Kitabeleri 183 Leslie Peirce Sultanlar, Şeyhler ve Hayırseverlik: Sultan I. Selim ve Ayntab (Antep) 195 Lucienne Thys-Şenocak Osmanlı Saltanat Kadınlarını “Öteki” Duyusal Yöntemler Aracılığı ile (Yeniden) Temsil Etmek 203 A. Hilâl Uğurlu Sakalının Bir Teli Değerinde Hayırseverlik: 19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Topraklarında Kutsal Emanetler 215 Efi Kanner Osmanlı Modernleşme Projesi’nde Hayırseverlik Olarak Eğitim: Reform Dönemi Yunan Ortodoks Topluluklarında Eğitim Etkinliklerine Bir Bakış 225 Eyal Ginio Anayasal Yönetim Döneminde Sultanın Hayırseverlik Kurumunu Kullanması: Yeni Algılar ve Yönelimler 235 Epilog 245 Amy Singer Sonuç Yerine: Anadolu’da Hayırseverlik/Anadolu Hayırseverliği? 247 Katılımcılar 251 Dizin 255 Önsöz Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk özel vakfı olarak 17 Ocak 1969’da kurulan Vehbi Koç Vakfı’nın 50. Yıl kutlama- ları kapsamında, Koç Üniversitesi Suna & İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (AKMED), Anadolu Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (ANAMED) ve Stavros Niarchos Geç Antik Çağ ve Bizans Araştırmaları Merkezi (GABAM) işbirliğinde 26-29 Mart 2019 tarihlerinde Antalya’da gerçekleştirilen “Tarih Boyunca Anadolu’da Hayırseverlik” Sempozyumu, sivil oluşumların toplumsal gelişimdeki rolünü tarihsel ola- rak ortaya koydu. Sempozyum, Hellenistik ve Roma İmparatorluğu dönemi Anadolu kent-devletlerinde; Bizans, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı toplumlarında hayırseverlik anlayışı, hayır kuruluşlarının işleyişi ve toplumdaki rollerine kadar farklı konularda bilgi ve görüşlerin paylaşılmasına fırsat verdi. Oldukça verimli geçen üç günlük konuşmaları ve tartışmaları içeren Sempozyum bildirileri kitabı ise, Anadolu’da sivil toplumun geçmişini anlamak ve geleceğine yön vermek isteyenler için önemli bir bilimsel ve düşünsel kaynak olarak literatüre kazandırılmış oluyor. Eğitim, kültür, sağlık alanlarında tam elli yıldır “üstümüze vazife” diyerek ülkemizin gelişimine ve toplumun kalkınmasına yönelik hizmetlerde bulunmaya devam ederken, bilimsel çalışmalara destek vermeye ve kültürel miras yazınına yeni kaynaklar kazandırmaya devam ediyor olmaktan büyük mutluluk duyuyoruz. Vakfımızın 50. Yılı için kurum yöneticilerimizle yaptığımız toplantılarda bu Sempozyum fikrini paylaşan ve Sempozyuma ev sahipliği yapan AKMED Direktörümüz Oğuz Tekin başta olmak üzere, sempozyumun başarıyla hayata geçirilmesinde büyük rol oynayan ANAMED Direktörümüz Christopher H. Roosevelt’e ve GABAM Direktörümüz Engin Akyürek’e ve tüm merkezlerimizin titizlikle çalışan ekiplerine teşekkürlerimi iletiyorum. Bu yayın ile herkes için iyi, adaletli ve sağlıklı bir dünya yaratmak adına yapılan çalışmalara bir nebze katkı- mız olmasını ümit ediyorum. Erdal Yıldırım TARIH BOYUNCA ANADOLU’DA HAYIRSEVERLIK VII Giriş: Tarih Boyunca Anadolu’da Hayırseverlik Bu ciltteki makaleler Türkiye’de imza attığı önemli hayırsever başarılara ithafen Vehbi Koç Vakfı’nın 50. yıldönü- münü anmak için bir araya getirildi. Makalelerin önceki edisyonları bu ciltle aynı ismi taşıyan, Koç Üniversitesi Suna & İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (AKMED), Anadolu Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (ANAMED) ve Stavros Niarchos Vakfı Geç Antik Çağ ve Bizans Araştırmaları Merkezi (GABAM) tarafından Antalya’da Mart 2019’da düzenlenen sempozyumda ilk defa sunulmuştur. Vehbi Koç Vakfı’nın 50. yılı vesilesiyle bu araştırma merkezlerinin işbirliği sonucu ortaya çıkan bu kitap sayesinde sayesinde artık “Tarih Boyunca Anadolu’da Hayırseverlik” konusunu kalıcı bir kayıt olarak öne çıkarıyor ve daha geniş bir akademik camiaya özellikle Türkiye’nin zengin filantropik mirasının tanıklık ettiği şekliyle filantropi, kökleri ve tarihiyle ilgili bir seçki sunuyor. Kökeninde sevgi ve insanlık olan Philanthropia (philos + anthropos) kelimesinin ilk kullanımı, MÖ 5. yüz- yılda kaydedilen Prometheus efsanesinde görülür. Prometheus, hayırsever doğası, yani “insan benzeri karakteri” ile Zeus’a karşı isyan ederek ateşi çalar ve tanrıların gazabına uğrayan insanları kurtarmak için insanoğluna verir. Efsane, ateşin sadece bir alevden ibaret olmadığını, bilgi, beceri, teknoloji ve bilimi sembolize ettiğini açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Ateşin kazanılması, insanlığın medeniyete attığı ilk adım anlamına geliyordu. Prometheus hikayesi, filantropi kavramının tarihsel gelişiminde önemli bir mihenk taşıdır. Philanthropia kelimesinin humanitas ve hatta daha sonra hümanizm gibi kelimelerin kökeninde yattığı söylenebilir. Bu ciltte toplanan makaleler ayrıca filantropinin bir kavram olarak her zaman çeşitlilik gösterdiğini ve bazen de büyük tartışma konusu olduğunu belirtmektedir; kelimenin tam anlamıyla “insanlık sevgisini” belirtir ve yine de hayırseverlik ve cömertlikten adil ve iyi vatandaşlığa kadar sayısız anlamlar üstlenir ve özünü Prometheus’la özdeşleşen uy- garlaştırıcı güç olarak yansıtır. Philanthropia kelimesinin kökeni klasik zamanlara dayanmakta; onunla ilişkili eylemler daha da eski uygar- lıklarla ilişkili metinlerde bulunsa da, Anadolu’daki hayırseverliğin en eski sağlam kanıtı Hellenistik Dönem’de ortaya çıkıyor ve bu tarihten itibaren Osmanlı Dönemi’nin sonuna değin açıkça izlenebiliyor. Anadolu’daki hayırseverliğin hem örnek vaka çalışmalarını hem de tarihsel gelişimini sunmak için bu cilt, gerçekleştirilen sempozyumun ardından üç kronolojik bölüm halinde tasarlandı. Bu nedenle her bir bölüm, oldukça geniş ve kapsayıcı bir çerçevede ele alınan bölümlere ilişkin gerek konusal gerekse coğrafik temaları vurgulayan krono- lojik bir düzende ele alınmıştır. Eski Yunan ve Roma Dünyasında Hayırseverlik Bu bildiriler kitabının ilk ve en uzun bölümü Greko-Romen hayırseverliğine ayrılmıştır. Bu bölümdeki kısım- larda filantropi kelimesi ve kavramsal anlamları ile Hellenistik ve Roma dönemlerindeki Anadolu şehir devlet- lerinin yazıtlarında kaydedilen filantropi’ye ilişkin çeşitli bakış açıları ve yaklaşımlar tartışılmaktadır. Hellenistik Anadolu’da hayırseverlikle ilgili bir çift tamamlayıcı makalede Benjamin Gray ve Pierre Fröhlich, zenginler arasında cereyan eden bağış furyasının rekabetçi doğasını, iyi yurttaşlık söylemini ve sivil hayırseverlerle iliş- kilendirilen ahlaki erdemleri vurgulamaktadır. Bu tür hayırseverler genellikle, yalnızca cömert hayırseverlik ve yurttaşlık adaleti arasında uygun bir denge ile yumuşatılan potansiyel anti-demokratik eğilimlerle, kamusal TARIH BOYUNCA ANADOLU’DA HAYIRSEVERLIK IX reklam görevi gören gösterişli unvanlar ve heykellerle
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