DOCSLIB.ORG

A Reconstruction of Proto-Jê Phonology and Lexicon1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Reconstruction of Proto-Jê Phonology and Lexicon1 Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Russian State University for the Humanities Russian State University for the Humanities Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Journal of Language Relationship International Scientific Periodical Nº 17/2 Moscow 2019 Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук Вопросы языкового родства Международный научный журнал № 17/2 Москва 2019 Advisory Board: H.EICHNER (Vienna) / Chairman W.BAXTER (Ann Arbor, Michigan) V.BLAŽEK (Brno) M.GELL-MANN (Santa Fe, New Mexico) L.HYMAN (Berkeley) F.KORTLANDT (Leiden) A.LUBOTSKY (Leiden) J. P. MALLORY (Belfast) A.YU. MILITAREV (Moscow) V. F. VYDRIN (Paris) Editorial Staff: V. A. DYBO (Editor-in-Chief) G. S. STAROSTIN (Managing Editor) T. A. MIKHAILOVA (Editorial Secretary) A. V. DYBO S. V. KULLANDA M.A. MOLINA M.N. SAENKO I.S. YAKUBOVICH Founded by Kirill BABAEV © Russian State University for the Humanities, 2019 Редакционный совет: Х. АЙХНЕР (Вена) / председатель В. БЛАЖЕК (Брно) У. БЭКСТЕР (Анн Арбор) В. Ф. ВЫДРИН (Париж) М. ГЕЛЛ-МАНН (Санта-Фе) Ф. КОРТЛАНДТ (Лейден) А. ЛУБОЦКИЙ (Лейден) Дж. МЭЛЛОРИ (Белфаст) А. Ю. МИЛИТАРЕВ (Москва) Л. ХАЙМАН (Беркли) Редакционная коллегия: В. А. ДЫБО (главный редактор) Г. С. СТАРОСТИН (заместитель главного редактора) Т. А. МИХАЙЛОВА (ответственный секретарь) А. В. ДЫБО С. В. КУЛЛАНДА М. А. МОЛИНА М. Н. САЕНКО И. С. ЯКУБОВИЧ Журнал основан К. В. БАБАЕВЫМ © Российский государственный гуманитарный университет, 2019 Вопросы языкового родства: Международный научный журнал / Рос. гос. гуманитар. ун-т; Рос. акад. наук. Ин-т языкознания; под ред. В. А. Дыбо. ― М., 2019. ― № 17/2. ― x + 84 с. Journal of Language Relationship: International Scientific Periodical / Russian State Uni- versity for the Humanities; Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Linguistics; Ed. by V. A. Dybo. ― Moscow, 2019. ― No. 17/2. ― x + 84 p. ISSN 2219-3820 http://www.jolr.ru/ [email protected] Дополнительные знаки: С. Г. Болотов Add-on symbols by S. G. Bolotov Подписано в печать 10.12.2018. Формат 60×90/8. Усл. печ. л. 10,9. Уч.-изд. л. 11,4. Заказ № 511. Тираж 1050 экз. Издательский центр Российского государственного гуманитарного университета 125993, Москва, Миусская пл., 6 www.rggu.ru www.knigirggu.ru Table of Contents / Содержание Table of Contents / Содержание ..................................................vii Contributors / Сведения об авторах ............................................... viii Note for Contributors / Будущим авторам ........................................... ix Articles / Статьи Andrey NIKULIN. A reconstruction of Proto-Jê phonology and lexicon................93 [А. В. Никулин. Реконструкция фонологии и словарного состава пра-же языка] Giorgio ORLANDI. On the classification of the Ng Yap dialects: some thoughts on the subgrouping of Sinitic languages.................... 128 [Дж. Орланди. Классификация диалектов нг-яп: к вопросу о принципах выделения подгрупп внутри синитической семьи] George STAROSTIN. Chinese basic lexicon from a diachronic perspective: implications for lexicostatistics and glottochronology..................... 153 [Г. С. Старостин. Китайская базисная лексика в диахронической перспективе и ее значимость для лексикостатистики и глоттохронологии] Contributors Andrey NIKULIN — postgraduate student, University of Brasília; George STAROSTIN — senior researcher, Institute of Oriental and [email protected] Classical Studies, Higher School of Economics / Russian Giorgio ORLANDI — independent researcher, thegaygenius@ State University for the Humanities; [email protected] gmail.com Сведения об авторах НИКУЛИН, А. В. — аспирант, Университет Бразилиа, СТАРОСТИН, Г. С. — старший научный сотрудник Института [email protected] классического Востока и античности ВШЭ, заведующий ОРЛАНДИ, Джорджио — независимый исследователь, кафедрой истории и филологии Дальнего Востока ИВКА [email protected] РГГУ, [email protected] Note for Contributors Journal of Language Relationship welcomes submissions from everyone specializing in comparative-historical lin- guistics and related disciplines, in the form of original articles as well as reviews of recent publications. All such submissions should be sent to the managing editor: G. Starostin Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies Russian State University for the Humanities 125267 Moscow, Russia Miusskaya Square, 6 E-mail: [email protected] Articles are published preferably in English or Russian, although publication of texts in other major European lan- guages (French, German, etc.) is possible. Each article should be accompanied with an abstract (not exceeding 300 words) and keywords. For more detailed guidelines on article submission and editorial policies, please see our website at: http://www.jolr.ru or address the editorial staff directly at [email protected]. Будущим авторам Журнал Вопросы языкового родства принимает заявки на публикацию оригинальных научных статей, а так- же рецензий от всех, кто специализируется в области сравнительно-исторического языкознания и смежных дисциплин. Рукописи можно высылать непосредственно заместителю главного редактора по адресу: 125267 Москва Миусская площадь, д. 6 Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Институт восточных культур и античности Г. Старостину E-mail: [email protected] Предпочтительные языки публикации — английский или русский, хотя возможна также публикация ста- тей на других европейских языках (французский, немецкий и т. п.). К каждой статье обязательно прикла- дывается резюме (не более 300 слов) и список ключевых слов. Подробнее о требованиях к оформлению рукописи, редакционной политике журнала и т. п. вы можете узнать на нашем сайте по адресу: http://www.jolr.ru или же непосредственно, обратившись к редакции по электронной почте ([email protected]). Andrey NIKULIN University of Brasília; [email protected] A reconstruction of Proto-Jê phonology and lexicon1 In this work, I examine the sound correspondences between Proto-Cerrado (Nikulin 2017) and Proto-Southern Jê (Jolkesky 2010) and offer a phonological reconstruction of Proto-Jê, the proto-language of the most diverse subgrouping within the Macro-Jê language stock. I reconstruct 11 consonants and 19 vowels for this proto-language. I also claim that */CrVC/ was the maximal syllable structure in Proto-Jê with some further restrictions on its complex onsets (only */pr, mr, kr, ŋr/ were allowed). I reconstruct a shielding allophony pattern to Proto-Jê, according to which nasal onsets would have had post-oralized allophones before oral nuclei. The discussion on Proto-Jê phonology is followed by a sample of Proto-Jê lexicon. Keywords: Jê languages, Macro-Jê languages, language reconstruction, comparative method. 1. Introduction Since the pioneer work of Davis (1966), which remains the only published attempt at a reconstruction of Proto-Jê to the present day, numerous descriptive studies on individual Jê languages have been carried out, contributing to a significant improvement in the state-of-the- art of Jê linguistics. Recent comparative work on low-level branches of Jê, such as Southern Jê, Northern Jê, Central Jê, and Cerrado (Wiesemann 1978, Jolkesky 2010, Nikulin & Salanova forthc., Nikulin 2016, 2017), has enabled the use of intermediate reconstructions in comparative studies on higher levels. In this paper, I offer a revised reconstruction of Proto-Jê, taking into account the research on Jê produced over the last 50 years. I follow the principles of bottom-up reconstruction, which means that my reconstruction of Proto-Jê is based on the reconstructions of its daughter proto-languages, Proto-Cerrado (Nikulin 2017) and Proto-Southern Jê (Wiesemann 1978, Jolkesky 2010); the former, in turn, is based on the reconstructions of Proto-Northern Jê (Nikulin 2016, cf. also Nikulin & Salanova forthc.) and Proto-Central Jê (Nikulin 2017). This allows to filter out recent phonetic, morphological, and semantic innovations, which is especially important in light of the conservativeness traditionally attributed to Northern Jê (cf. Ribeiro & Voort 2010: 560, Carvalho 2016: 64, Pache 2018); it is well known that over-reliance on the data of a given 1 I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) during my doctoral studies. I also thank Andrés Pablo Salanova, Mário André Coelho da Silva, and Matthias Pache for valuable input that helped improve this paper. Furthermore, its text has benefited from the comments of Juho Pystynen, Mikhail A. Zhivlov, and Lev Michael, to whom I am grateful. I warmly thank my Jê-speaking friends, especially Bepo Metyktire and Eneida Xerente, for teaching me bits of their languages. Finally, I thank the audience at Amazónicas VI (Tabatinga), where a much earlier version of this paper was presented on May 27th, 2016. I use the following abbreviations throughout the paper: PCerr = Proto-Cerrado, PCJ = Proto-Central Jê, PJ = Proto-Jê, PNJ = Proto-Northern Jê, PSJ = Proto-Southern Jê, ABL = ablative, ACT = active, ADESS = adessive, ADVT = advertence prohibitive, ALL = allative, CAUS = causative, COP = copula, DU = dual, ERG = ergative, HABIT = habitual, INSTR = instrumental, INTR = intransitive, LOC = locative, MALEF = malefactive, NEG = negative, NF = non- finite, NMLZ.AG = agent nominalization, PL = plural, SG = singular, STAT = stative, ATR = advanced tongue root. Journal of Language Relationship • Вопросы языкового родства • 17/2 (2019) • Pp. 93–127 • © The authors,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ASR-X Pro 3.00
    9ÑSupplemental Information 9 Suppll ementttall II nffformatttii on Lii sttt offf ROM Waves KEYBOARD ELEC PIANO JAMM SNARE CONGA LOW PERC ORGAN LIVE SNARE CONGA MUTE DRAWBAR LUDWIG SNARE CONGA SLAP ORGAN MUTT SNARE CUICA PAD SYNTH REAL SNARE ETHNO COWBELL STRII NG-SOUND STRING HIT RIMSHOT GUIRO MUTE GUITAR SLANG SNARE MARACAS MUTE GUITARWF SPAK SNARE SHAKER GTR-SLIDE WOLF SNARE SHEKERE DN BRASS+HORNS HORN HIT ZEE SNARE SHEKERE UP WII ND+REEDS BARI SAX HIT BRUSH SLAP SLAP CLAP BASS-SOUND UPRIGHT BASS SIDE STICK 1 TAMBOURINE DN BS HARMONICS SIDE STICK 2 TAMBOURINE UP FM BASS STICKS TIMBALE HI ANALOG BASS 1 STUDIO TOM TIMBALE LO ANALOG BASS 2 ROCK TOM TIMBALE RIM FRETLESS BASS 909 TOM TRIANGLE HIT MUTE BASS SYNTH DRUM VIBRASLAP SLAP BASS CYMBALS 808 CLOSED HT WHISTLE DRUM-SOUND 2001 KICK 808 OPEN HAT WOODBLOCK 808 KICK 909 CLOSED HT TUNED-PERCUS BIG BELL AMBIENT KICK 909 OPEN HAT SMALL BELL BAM KICK HOUSE CL HAT GAMELAN BELL BANG KICK PEDAL HAT MARIMBA BBM KICK PZ CL HAT MARIMBA WF BOOM KICK R&B CL HAT SOUND-EFFECT SCRATCH 1 COSMO KICK SMACK CL HAT SCRATCH 2 ELECTRO KICK SNICK CL HAT SCRATCH 3 MUFF KICK STUDIO CL HAT SCRATCH 4 PZ KICK STUDIO OPHAT1 SCRATCH 5 SNICK KICK STUDIO OPHAT2 SCRATCH 6 THUMP KICK TECHNO HAT SCRATCH LOOP TITE KICK TIGHT CL HAT WAVEFORM SAWTOOTH WILD KICK TRANCE CL HAT SQUARE WAVE WOLF KICK CR78 OPENHAT TRIANGLE WAV WOO BOX KICK COMPRESS OPHT SQR+SAW WF 808 SNARE CRASH CYMBAL SINE WAVE 808 RIMSHOT CRASH LOOP ESQ BELL WF 909 SNARE RIDE CYMBAL BELL WF BANG SNARE RIDE BELL DIGITAL WF BIG ROCK SNAR CHINA CRASH E PIANO WF
    [Show full text]
  • Different Ecological Processes Determined the Alpha and Beta Components of Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Diversity
    Different ecological processes determined the alpha and beta components of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity for plant communities in dryland regions of Northwest China Jianming Wang1, Chen Chen1, Jingwen Li1, Yiming Feng2 and Qi Lu2 1 College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 2 Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China ABSTRACT Drylands account for more than 30% of China’s terrestrial area, while the ecological drivers of taxonomic (TD), functional (FD) and phylogenetic (PD) diversity in dryland regions have not been explored simultaneously. Therefore, we selected 36 plots of desert and 32 plots of grassland (10 Â 10 m) from a typical dryland region of northwest China. We calculated the alpha and beta components of TD, FD and PD for 68 dryland plant communities using Rao quadratic entropy index, which included 233 plant species. Redundancy analyses and variation partitioning analyses were used to explore the relative influence of environmental and spatial factors on the above three facets of diversity, at the alpha and beta scales. We found that soil, climate, topography and spatial structures (principal coordinates of neighbor matrices) were significantly correlated with TD, FD and PD at both alpha and beta scales, implying that these diversity patterns are shaped by contemporary environment and spatial processes together. However, we also found that alpha diversity was predominantly regulated by spatial structure, whereas beta diversity was largely determined by environmental variables. Among environmental factors, TD was Submitted 10 June 2018 most strongly correlated with climatic factors at the alpha scale, while 5 December 2018 Accepted with soil factors at the beta scale.
    [Show full text]
  • IALL2017): Law, Language and Justice
    Proceedings of The Fifteenth International Conference on Law and Language of the International Academy of Linguistic Law (IALL2017): Law, Language and Justice May, 16-18, 2017 Hangzhou, China and Montréal, Québec, Canada Chief Editors: Ye Ning, Joseph-G. Turi, and Cheng Le Editors: Lisa Hale, and Jin Zhang Cover Designer: Lu Xi Published by The American Scholars Press, Inc. The Proceedings of The Fifteenth International Conference on Law, Language of the International Academy of Linguistic Law (IALL2017): Law, Language, and Justice is published by the American Scholars Press, Inc., Marietta, Georgia, USA. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright © 2017 by the American Scholars Press All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-0-9721479-7-2 Printed in the United States of America 2 Foreword In this sunny and green early summer, you, experts and delegates from different parts of the world, come together beside the Qiantang River in Hangzhou, to participate in The Fifteenth International Conference on Law and Language of the International Academy of Linguistic Law. On the occasion of the opening ceremony, it gives me such great pleasure on behalf of Zhejiang Police College, and also on my own part, to extend a warm welcome to all the distinguished experts and delegates. At the same time, thanks for giving so much trust and support to Zhejiang Police College. Currently, the law-based governance of the country is comprehensively promoted in China. As Xi Jinping, Chinese president, said, “during the entire reform process, we should attach great importance to applying the idea of rule of law and the way of rule of law to play the leading and driving role of rule of law”.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale William A
    Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale William A. Sethares Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale Second Edition With 149 Figures William A. Sethares, Ph.D. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin–Madison 1415 Johnson Drive Madison, WI 53706-1691 USA British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Sethares, William A., 1955– Tuning, timbre, spectrum, scale.—2nd ed. 1. Sound 2. Tuning 3. Tone color (Music) 4. Musical intervals and scales 5. Psychoacoustics 6. Music—Acoustics and physics I. Title 781.2′3 ISBN 1852337974 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sethares, William A., 1955– Tuning, timbre, spectrum, scale / William A. Sethares. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85233-797-4 (alk. paper) 1. Sound. 2. Tuning. 3. Tone color (Music) 4. Musical intervals and scales. 5. Psychoacoustics. 6. Music—Acoustics and physics. I. Title. QC225.7.S48 2004 534—dc22 2004049190 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries con- cerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. ISBN 1-85233-797-4 2nd edition Springer-Verlag London Berlin Heidelberg ISBN 3-540-76173-X 1st edition Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2005 Printed in the United States of America First published 1999 Second edition 2005 The software disk accompanying this book and all material contained on it is supplied without any warranty of any kind.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Bimodular Approximation and Equal Temperaments
    On the Bimodular Approximation and Equal Temperaments Martin Gough DRAFT June 8 2014 Abstract The bimodular approximation, which has been known for over 300 years as an accurate means of computing the relative sizes of small (sub-semitone) musical intervals, is shown to provide a remarkably good approximation to the sizes of larger intervals, up to and beyond the size of the octave. If just intervals are approximated by their bimodular approximants (rational numbers defined as frequency difference divided by frequency sum) the ratios between those intervals are also rational, and under certain simply stated conditions can be shown to coincide with the integer ratios which equal temperament imposes on the same intervals. This observation provides a simple explanation for the observed accuracy of certain equal divisions of the octave including 12edo, as well as non-octave equal temperaments such as the fifth-based temperaments of Wendy Carlos. Graphical presentations of the theory provide further insights. The errors in the bimodular approximation can be expressed as bimodular commas, among which are many commas featuring in established temperament theory. Introduction Just musical intervals are characterised by small-integer ratios between frequencies. Equal temperaments, by contrast, are characterised by small-integer ratios between intervals. Since interval is the logarithm of frequency ratio, it follows that an equal temperament which accurately represents just intervals embodies a set of rational approximations to the logarithms (to some suitable base) of simple rational numbers. This paper explores the connection between these rational logarithmic approximations and those obtained from a long-established rational approximation to the logarithm function – the bimodular approximation.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuning Presets in the MOTM
    Tuning Presets in the Sequential Prophet X Compiled by Robert Rich, September 2018 Comments for tunings 17-65 derived from the Scala library. Many thanks to Max Magic Microtuner for conversion assistance. R. Rich Notes: All of the presets except for #1 (12 Tone Equal Temperament) can be over-written by sending a tuning in the MTS format (Midi Tuning Standard.) The presets #2-17 match the Prophet 12, P6 and OB6, and began as a selection I made for the Synthesis Technology MOTM 650 Midi-CV module. Actual program numbers within the MTS messages start at #0 for the built-in 12ET, #1-64 for the user tunings. The display shows these as #2-65, with 12ET as #1. I intend these tunings only as an introduction, and I did not research their historical accuracy. For convenience, I used the software’s default 1/1 of C4 (Midi note 60), although this is not the original 1/1 for some of the tunings shown. Some of these tunings come very close to standard 12ET, and some of them are downright wacky, sometimes specific to a particular composer or piece of music. The tunings from 18 to 65 are organized only by alphabet, culled from the Scala library, not in any logical order. 1. 12 Tone Equal Temperament (non-erasable) The default Western tuning, based on the twelfth root of two. Good fourths and fifths, horrible thirds and sixths. 2. Harmonic Series MIDI notes 36-95 reflect harmonics 2 through 60 based on the fundamental of A = 27.5 Hz.
    [Show full text]
  • Teletype - Manual Contents
    teletype - manual Contents Introduction 4 Updates 5 v4.0.0 .................................... 5 v3.2.0 .................................... 6 Version 3.1 ................................. 6 Version 3.0 ................................. 7 Version 2.2 ................................. 11 Version 2.1 ................................. 13 Version 2.0 ................................. 15 Quickstart 18 Panel .................................... 18 LIVE mode ................................. 18 EDIT mode ................................. 19 Patterns .................................. 21 Scenes ................................... 22 USB Backup ................................. 23 Commands ................................. 23 Continuing ................................. 25 Keys 26 Global key bindings ............................. 26 Text editing ................................. 26 Live mode .................................. 27 Edit mode .................................. 27 Tracker mode ................................ 28 Preset read mode .............................. 29 Preset write mode .............................. 30 Help mode ................................. 30 1 OPs and MODs 31 Variables .................................. 32 Hardware .................................. 35 Patterns .................................. 40 Control flow ................................. 46 Maths .................................... 52 Metronome ................................. 61 Delay .................................... 62 Stack ...................................
    [Show full text]
  • Compactly Supported One-Cyclic Wavelets Derived from Beta Distributions H
    1 Compactly Supported One-cyclic Wavelets Derived from Beta Distributions H. M. de Oliveira, G. A. A. de Araujo´ Resumo—New continuous wavelets of compact support are n t−b introduced, which are related to the beta distribution. They can 1 t − b n 1 @ P ( a ) n( ) = (−1) : (4) be built from probability distributions using ”blur”derivatives. pjaj a pjaj @tn These new wavelets have just one cycle, so they are termed unicycle wavelets. They can be viewed as a soft variety of Haar Now wavelets whose shape is fine-tuned by two parameters a and b. Close expressions for beta wavelets and scale functions as well as @nP ( t−b ) 1 t − b their spectra are derived. Their importance is due to the Central a n (n) n = (−1) n P ( ); (5) Limit Theorem applied for compactly supported signals. 1 @b a a Index Terms—One cycle-wavelets, continuous wavelet, blur so that derivative, beta distribution, central limit theory, compactly 1 Z +1 @nP ( t−b ) CWT (a; b) = f(t) · a dt: supported wavelets. p n (6) jaj −∞ @b If the order of the integral and derivative can be commuted, I. PRELIMINARIES AND BACKGROUND it follows that Avelets are strongly connected with probability dis- tributions. Recently, a new insight into wavelets was W 1 @n Z +1 t − b presented, which applies Max Born reading for the wave- CWT (a; b) = f(t) · P ( )dt: p n (7) function [1] in such a way that an information theory focus jaj @b −∞ a has been achieved [2]. Many continuous wavelets are derived Defining the LPFed signal as the ”blur”signal from a probability density (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Partitioning Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity Into Alpha and Beta Components Along an Environmental Gradient in a Mediterra
    Journal of Vegetation Science 24 (2013) 877–889 SPECIAL FEATURE: FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY Partitioning phylogenetic and functional diversity into alpha and beta components along an environmental gradient in a Mediterranean rangeland Maud Bernard-Verdier, Olivier Flores, Marie-Laure Navas & Eric Garnier Keywords Abstract Beta dissimilarity; Calcareous rangelands; Community assembly; Environmental gradient; Questions: To what extent is the functional structure of plant communities Functional traits; Phylogenetic community captured by phylogenetic structure? Are some functional dimensions better rep- structure; Trait phylogenetic signal resented by phylogenetic relationships? In an empirical study, we propose to test the congruence between phylogenetic and functional structure at the alpha and Nomenclature the beta scale along an environmental gradient. Bernard (1996) Location: Causse du Larzac, southern France. Received 1 April 2012 Accepted 12 December 2012 Methods: We measured species abundances and eight key functional traits in Co-ordinating Editor: Francesco de Bello 12 plant communities distributed along a gradient of soil depth and resource availability in a Mediterranean rangeland. A phylogenetic super-tree of the spe- cies was assembled, and after quantifying the degree of phylogenetic signal pres- Bernard-Verdier, M. (corresponding author, ent in each trait, we quantified taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD) and [email protected]): Universite´ functional (FD) diversity both within (alpha scale) and among (beta scale) com- Montpellier 2, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle munities, taking species abundances into account. We tested for trends in diver- et Evolutive (UMR 5175), 1919 route de Mende, sity along the environmental gradient, and looked for congruence among 34293 Montpellier, France different facets of diversity, both at the alpha and the beta scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Ilia State University Institute of Theoretical Physics Center of Theoretical Astrophysics
    Ilia State University Institute of Theoretical Physics Center of Theoretical Astrophysics with the rights of manuscript Mariam Akhalkatsi WAVE GENERATION BY TURBULENT CONVECTION Dissertation Presented in Partial Ful¯lment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Physics Supervisor: Professor Giorgi Machabeli Tbilisi, 2011 1 Contents Introduction 4 0.1 Wave generation by turbulent convection. Solar p-Modes. Stel- lar and planetary atmospheres . 10 0.2 The role of waves in the heating of solar chromosphere . 11 0.3 Atmospheric infrasound . 13 Justi¯cation . 17 Aim of the research . 19 Main results . 21 Novelty and Practical Utility . 22 Structure . 23 1 Generation of waves by turbulence and the origin of solar p- Modes 28 1.1 Lighthill's acoustic analogy . 28 1.2 Lighthill's quadrupole source . 35 1.3 Wave generation by turbulence in a strati¯ed atmosphere. Solar g-Modes . 37 1.3.1 The inhomogeneous wave equation . 38 1.3.2 Solution of the wave equation . 40 1.3.3 The total acoustic power and the gravity-wave energy flux 42 1.4 Wave generation by turbulent convection. Solar p-Modes . 46 1.4.1 Model atmosphere and wave types . 48 1.4.2 Wave modes excitation by turbulent convection. Source terms . 50 1.4.3 P-Modes . 53 1.4.4 Solar p-Modes . 55 1.4.5 Generation of trapped and propagating waves . 55 1.5 Discussion and summary . 56 2 2 Infrasound generation by tornadic storms 58 2.1 General formalism . 61 2.2 Analysis of di®erent sources . 66 2.3 Application to infrasound generation by supercell convective storms 70 2.4 Discussion and Summary .
    [Show full text]
  • Electromagnetic Models for Ultrasound Image Processing
    ADVERTIMENT . La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX ( www.tesisenxarxa.net ) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA . La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR ( www.tesisenred.net ) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora.
    [Show full text]
  • Formation of Jets by Baroclinic Turbulence
    VOLUME 65 JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES NOVEMBER 2008 Formation of Jets by Baroclinic Turbulence BRIAN F. FARRELL Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts PETROS J. IOANNOU Department of Physics, National and Capodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (Manuscript received 4 September 2007, in final form 7 March 2008) ABSTRACT Turbulent fluids are frequently observed to spontaneously self-organize into large spatial-scale jets; geophysical examples of this phenomenon include the Jovian banded winds and the earth’s polar-front jet. These relatively steady large-scale jets arise from and are maintained by the smaller spatial- and temporal- scale turbulence with which they coexist. Frequently these jets are found to be adjusted into marginally stable states that support large transient growth. In this work, a comprehensive theory for the interaction of jets with turbulence, stochastic structural stability theory (SSST), is applied to the two-layer baroclinic model with the object of elucidating the physical mechanism producing and maintaining baroclinic jets, understanding how jet amplitude, structure, and spacing is controlled, understanding the role of parameters such as the temperature gradient and static stability in determining jet structure, understanding the phe- nomenon of abrupt reorganization of jet structure as a function of parameter change, and understanding the general mechanism by which turbulent jets adjust to marginally stable states supporting large transient growth. When the mean thermal forcing is weak so that the mean jet is stable in the absence of turbulence, jets emerge as an instability of the coupled system consisting of the mean jet dynamics and the ensemble mean eddy dynamics.
    [Show full text]