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Relationships of Local Abundance of Vascular Plants with Range-Wide Niche Characteristics, and the Role of Functional Traits D

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Relationships of Local Abundance of Vascular Plants with Range-Wide Niche Characteristics, and the Role of Functional Traits D Relationships of local abundance of vascular plants with range-wide niche characteristics, and the role of functional traits Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I – Biowissenschaften – der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, vorgelegt von Frau Maria Sporbert geb. am 30.07.1987 in Halle (Saale) GutachterInnen: Prof. Dr. Helge Bruelheide Prof. Dr. Isabell Hensen Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft Datum der Verteidigung: 06.04.2021 Copyright notice Chapters 2 to 4 have been either published in or submitted to international journals. Copyright is with the authors. Only the publishers and authors have the right for publishing and using the presented material. Reprint of the presented material requires the publishers’ and authors’ permissions. “Who can explain why one species ranges widely and is very numerous, and why another allied species has a narrow range and is rare?” Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859) Contents Summary .......................................................................................................................... 1 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................... 3 Chapter I ........................................................................................................................... 5 Broad-scale distribution metrics: geographic ranges and climatic niches ....................... 6 Patterns of local abundance throughout species distribution ranges ............................. 7 The effect of plant functional traits on local abundance and broad-scale distribution ..... 8 Advantages and limitations of biodiversity databases .................................................... 9 Thesis Objectives .........................................................................................................11 Chapter II .........................................................................................................................14 Abstract ........................................................................................................................15 Introduction ..................................................................................................................16 Material and Methods ...................................................................................................19 Results .........................................................................................................................26 Discussion ....................................................................................................................31 Appendices ..................................................................................................................35 Chapter III ........................................................................................................................47 Abstract ........................................................................................................................48 Introduction ..................................................................................................................49 Material and Methods ...................................................................................................53 Results .........................................................................................................................58 Discussion ....................................................................................................................64 Appendices ..................................................................................................................67 Chapter IV .......................................................................................................................74 Abstract ........................................................................................................................75 Introduction ..................................................................................................................76 Material and Methods ...................................................................................................79 Results .........................................................................................................................87 Discussion ....................................................................................................................92 Appendices ..................................................................................................................96 Chapter V ...................................................................................................................... 101 Summary of Results ................................................................................................... 101 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 102 Conclusion and Future perspectives .......................................................................... 107 Literature Cited .............................................................................................................. 109 Appendices .................................................................................................................... 127 Author Contributions ................................................................................................... 127 Acknowledgement/ Danksagung ................................................................................ 128 Curriculum Vitae ......................................................................................................... 130 Publications and Conference Contributions ................................................................ 131 Eigenständigkeitserklärung ........................................................................................ 134 Summary | 1 Summary In plant ecology abundance is a measure of spatial density of individuals and species performance. At the interspecific level, there is an observed tendency of widespread species to also occur in higher densities compared to species restricted in their geographic distribution. However, at the intraspecific level, abundance patterns found at fine spatial scales are less clearly related to occurrence patterns at broad spatial scales, and quite often species are found at low abundance at the local scale yet are widespread at the global scale. Understanding spatial patterns of species abundance is of interest for applied issues such as the identification of suitable habitat conditions. Therefore, it remains crucial to understand whether species local abundances follow the same pattern as the species broad-scale distribution. Plant species functional traits are used as proxies for species dispersal abilities, tolerance of environmental conditions and competitiveness and have been linked to species commonness and rarity on both, local and broad geographic scale. Biodiversity databases, which are a fundamental resource for studying and understanding macroecological patterns in species distribution, often suffer from sampling gaps or biases that can limit their applicability in ecological research. Therefore, a representative sampling coverage in both geographic and climatic space is crucial for reliable analyses of distribution patterns. In this thesis, broad-scale range attributes were calculated based on Eurasian range maps for more than 500 species and combined with fine-scale abundance information from more than 800,000 vegetation plots and 20 functional traits that are expected to capture the essence of plant life forms and functions. To support my analyses, I developed the Dynamic Match Coefficient, a measure to quantify the sampling coverage of species ranges by vegetation plots. I detected a positive correlation between the observed sampling coverage of species ranges by vegetation plots and the expected sampling coverage, based on null models, for both the geographic space and the climatic space. In my analyses I found no clear support for three macroecological theories that relate species local abundance with (1) their broad-scale distributions in geographic and climatic space, (2) the location of sampling plots within a species’ range or (3) the predicted climatic suitability for species at the plot location. This indicated that, across entire species ranges, the distribution of 2 | Summary abundance is highly heterogenous, because local drivers strongly influence plant species growth performance across their global range. Finally, species local abundances were much more strongly related to traits than to geographic distribution attributes. Although no clear relationship could be found in species patterns of local abundance with broad-scale distribution, traits related to the leaf economics spectrum were found to be important for species abundance and occurrence at both spatial scales. This finding emphasizes the general importance of resource acquisition strategies for the abundance and distribution of vascular plant species. Zusammenfassung | 3 Zusammenfassung In der Pflanzenökologie ist die Abundanz ein Maß für die räumliche Vorkommensdichte von Individuen und die individuelle Leistung einer Art. Auf interspezifischer Ebene zeigen weitverbreitete Arten eine Tendenz zu höherer Vorkommensdichte im Vergleich zu jenen Arten mit begrenzter geographischer Verbreitung. Auf intraspezifischer
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