DOCSLIB.ORG

Kopulation Und Sexualethologie Von Rotflügeliger/Blauflügeliger

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kopulation Und Sexualethologie Von Rotflügeliger/Blauflügeliger ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Galathea, Berichte des Kreises Nürnberger Entomologen e.V. Jahr/Year: 2019 Band/Volume: 35 Autor(en)/Author(s): Mader Detlef Artikel/Article: Kopulation und Sexualethologie von Rotflügeliger/Blauflügeliger Ödlandschrecke, anderen Heuschrecken, Gottesanbeterin, anderen Fangschrecken, Mosaikjungfer, Prachtlibelle und anderen Libellen 121-201 gal athea Band 35 • Beiträge des Kreises Nürnberger Entomologen • 2019 • S. 121-201 Kopulation und Sexualethologie von Rotflügeliger/Blauflügeliger Ödlandschrecke, anderen Heuschrecken, Gottesanbeterin, anderen Fangschrecken, Mosaikjungfer, Prachtlibelle und anderen Libellen DETLEF MADER Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................................. 124 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................ 124 Key Words .................................................................................................................................................................. 125 1 Kopulation und Sexualethologie von Insekten ................................................................ 125 1.1 Die wichtigsten Stellungen bei der Kopulation von Insekten ................................. 127 1.1.1 Antipodale und epipodale Stellungen bei der Kopulation von Insekten ........... 127 1.1.2 Klinopodale und schizopodale Stellungen bei der Kopulation von Insekten .. 127 1.1.3 Sympodale Stellung bei der Kopulation von Insekten ................................................ 128 1.1.4 Cyclopodale Stellung bei der Kopulation von Insekten .............................................. 128 1.1.5 Weitere Stellungen bei der Kopulation von Insekten .................................................. 129 1.2 Lunarerotik der Insekten ............................................................................................................. 130 1.3 Rahmen meiner Studie der Kopulation von Insekten ................................................. 131 2 Kopulation von Heuschrecken(Orthoptera) und Fangschrecken(Mantodea) 131 2.1 Epipodale Stellung bei der Kopulation ................................................................................. 132 2.1.1 Verbreitung .......................................................................................................................................... 133 2.1.1.1 Europäische Kurzfühlerschrecken ........................................................................................... 134 2.1.1.2 Europäische Langfühlerschrecken .......................................................................................... 135 2.1.1.3 Außereuropäische Kurzfühlerschrecken .............................................................................. 136 2.1.1.4 Außereuropäische Langfühlerschrecken ............................................................................. 138 2.1.1.5 Europäische Fangschrecken ....................................................................................................... 139 2.1.1.6 Außereuropäische Fangschrecken .......................................................................................... 139 2.1.2 Körperstellung .................................................................................................................................... 141 2.1.2.1 Sitzende, hängende und liegende Position ....................................................................... 141 2.1.2.2 Hochgebockte Position und Brückenposition ................................................................... 142 2.1.2.3 Sexualkannibalismus ...................................................................................................................... 143 2.1.2.4 Sexualkonkurrenz und Eiablagebegleitung ....................................................................... 144 2.1.2.5 Vorbereitung der Kopulation ..................................................................................................... 144 2.1.3 Flügelstellung ..................................................................................................................................... 144 Seite 121 2.2 Reverse epipodale Stellung bei der Kopulation .............................................................. 145 2.2.1 Verbreitung .......................................................................................................................................... 145 2.2.1.1 Europäische Langfühlerschrecken .......................................................................................... 145 2.2.2 Körperstellung .................................................................................................................................... 145 2.2.3 Flügelstellung ..................................................................................................................................... 146 2.3 Reverse semiepipodale Stellung bei der Kopulation .................................................... 146 2.3.1 Verbreitung .......................................................................................................................................... 147 2.3.1.1 Europäische Langfühlerschrecken .......................................................................................... 148 2.3.2 Körperstellung .................................................................................................................................... 148 2.3.3 Flügelstellung ..................................................................................................................................... 148 2.4 Klinopodale Stellung bei der Kopulation ............................................................................. 149 2.4.1 Verbreitung .......................................................................................................................................... 149 2.4.1.1 Außereuropäische Kurzfühlerschrecken .............................................................................. 150 2.4.1.2 Europäische Fangschrecken ....................................................................................................... 150 2.4.2 Körperstellung .................................................................................................................................... 150 2.4.3 Flügelstellung ..................................................................................................................................... 151 2.5 Lateralopodale Stellung bei der Kopulation ...................................................................... 151 2.5.1 Verbreitung .......................................................................................................................................... 151 2.5.1.1 Außereuropäische Kurzfühlerschrecken .............................................................................. 152 2.5.2 Körperstellung .................................................................................................................................... 152 2.5.3 Flügelstellung ..................................................................................................................................... 152 2.6 Parallelopodale Stellung bei der Kopulation ..................................................................... 152 2.6.1 Verbreitung .......................................................................................................................................... 153 2.6.1.1 Außereuropäische Fangschrecken .......................................................................................... 153 2.6.2 Körperstellung .................................................................................................................................... 153 2.6.3 Flügelstellung ..................................................................................................................................... 154 2.7 Inverse antipodale Stellung bei der Kopulation .............................................................. 154 2.7.1 Verbreitung .......................................................................................................................................... 154 2.7.1.1 Europäische Kurzfühlerschrecken ........................................................................................... 154 2.7.1.2 Europäische Langfühlerschrecken .......................................................................................... 155 2.7.1.3 Andere Insekten ............................................................................................................................... 155 2.7.2 Körperstellung .................................................................................................................................... 157 2.7.2.1 Sitzende, hängende und liegende Position ....................................................................... 157 2.7.2.2 Brückenposition oder Waageposition ................................................................................... 158 2.7.2.3 Bogenposition..................................................................................................................................... 159 2.7.3 Flügelstellung ....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Acridiidae of Minnesota
    Wqt 1lluitttr11ity nf :!alliuur11nta AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 141 TECHNICAL THE ACRIDIIDAE OF MINNESOTA BY M. P. SOMES DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL. JULY 1914 THE UNIVERSlTY OF l\ll.'\1\ESOTA THE 130ARD OF REGENTS The Hon. B. F. :.JELsox, '\finneapolis, President of the Board - 1916 GEORGE EDGAR VINCENT, Minneapolis Ex Officio The President of the l.:niversity The Hon. ADOLPH 0. EBERHART, Mankato Ex Officio The Governor of the State The Hon. C. G. ScnuLZ, St. Paul l'.x Oflicio The Superintendent of Education The Hon. A. E. RICE, \Villmar 191.3 The Hon. CH.\RLES L. Sol\DfERS, St. Paul - 1915 The Hon. PIERCE Bun.ER, St. Paul 1916 The Hon. FRED B. SNYDER, Minneapolis 1916 The Hon. W. J. J\Lwo, Rochester 1919 The Hon. MILTON M. \NILLIAMS, Little Falls 1919 The Hon. }OIIN G. vVILLIAMS, Duluth 1920 The Hon. GEORGE H. PARTRIDGE, Minneapolis 1920 Tl-IE AGRICULTURAL C0:\1MITTEE The Hon. A. E. RrCE, Chairman The Hon. MILTON M. vVILLIAMS The Hon. C. G. SCHULZ President GEORGE E. VINCENT The Hon. JoHN G. \VrLLIAMS STATION STAFF A. F. VlooDs, M.A., D.Agr., Director J. 0. RANKIN, M.A.. Editor HARRIET 'vV. SEWALL, B.A., Librarian T. J. HORTON, Photographer T. L.' HAECKER, Dairy and Animal Husbandman M. H. REYNOLDS, B.S.A., M.D., D.V.:'d., Veterinarian ANDREW Boss, Agriculturist F. L. WASHBURN, M.A., Entomologist E. M. FREEMAN, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist and Botanist JonN T. STEWART, C.E., Agricultural Engineer R. W. THATCHER, M.A., Agricultural Chemist F. J.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Assessment for the Kansan Spikerush Leafhopper (Dorydiella Kansana Beamer)
    Conservation Assessment For The Kansan spikerush leafhopper (Dorydiella kansana Beamer) USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region January 11, 2005 James Bess OTIS Enterprises 13501 south 750 west Wanatah, Indiana 46390 This document is undergoing peer review, comments welcome This Conservation Assessment was prepared to compile the published and unpublished information on the subject taxon or community; or this document was prepared by another organization and provides information to serve as a Conservation Assessment for the Eastern Region of the Forest Service. It does not represent a management decision by the U.S. Forest Service. Though the best scientific information available was used and subject experts were consulted in preparation of this document, it is expected that new information will arise. In the spirit of continuous learning and adaptive management, if you have information that will assist in conserving the subject taxon, please contact the Eastern Region of the Forest Service - Threatened and Endangered Species Program at 310 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 580 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................ 1 NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY ..................................................................................... 1 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Invertebrate Distribution and Diversity Assessment at the U. S. Army Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site a Report to the U
    Invertebrate Distribution and Diversity Assessment at the U. S. Army Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site A report to the U. S. Army and U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service G. J. Michels, Jr., J. L. Newton, H. L. Lindon, and J. A. Brazille Texas AgriLife Research 2301 Experiment Station Road Bushland, TX 79012 2008 Report Introductory Notes The invertebrate survey in 2008 presented an interesting challenge. Extremely dry conditions prevailed throughout most of the adult activity period for the invertebrates and grass fires occurred several times throughout the summer. By visual assessment, plant resources were scarce compared to last year, with few green plants and almost no flowering plants. Eight habitats and nine sites continued to be sampled in 2008. The Ponderosa pine/ yellow indiangrass site was removed from the study after the low numbers of species and individuals collected there in 2007. All other sites from the 2007 survey were included in the 2008 survey. We also discontinued the collection of Coccinellidae in the 2008 survey, as only 98 individuals from four species were collected in 2007. Pitfall and malaise trapping were continued in the same way as the 2007 survey. Sweep net sampling was discontinued to allow time for Asilidae and Orthoptera timed surveys consisting of direct collection of individuals with a net. These surveys were conducted in the same way as the time constrained butterfly (Papilionidea and Hesperoidea) surveys, with 15-minute intervals for each taxanomic group. This was sucessful when individuals were present, but the dry summer made it difficult to assess the utility of these techniques because of overall low abundance of insects.
    [Show full text]
  • Spur-Throated Grasshoppers of the Canadian Prairies and Northern Great Plains
    16 Spur-throated grasshoppers of the Canadian Prairies and Northern Great Plains Dan L. Johnson Research Scientist, Grassland Insect Ecology, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, [email protected] The spur-throated grasshoppers have become the most prominent grasshoppers of North Ameri- can grasslands, not by calling attention to them- selves by singing in the vegetation (stridulating) like the slant-faced grasshoppers, or by crackling on the wing (crepitating) like the band-winged grasshoppers, but by virtue of their sheer num- bers, activities and diversity. Almost all of the spur-throated grasshoppers in North America are members of the subfamily Melanoplinae. The sta- tus of Melanoplinae is somewhat similar in South America, where the melanopline Dichroplus takes the dominant role that the genus Melanoplus pated, and hiding in the valleys?) scourge that holds in North America (Cigliano et al. 2000). wiped out so much of mid-western agriculture in The biogeographic relationships are analysed by the 1870’s. Chapco et al. (2001). The grasshoppers are charac- terized by a spiny bump on the prosternum be- Approximately 40 species of grasshoppers in tween the front legs, which would be the position the subfamily Melanoplinae (mainly Tribe of the throat if they had one. This characteristic is Melanoplini) can be found on the Canadian grass- easy to use; I know elementary school children lands, depending on weather and other factors af- who can catch a grasshopper, turn it over for a fecting movement and abundance. The following look and say “melanopline” before grabbing the notes provide a brief look at representative next.
    [Show full text]
  • About the Book the Format Acknowledgments
    About the Book For more than ten years I have been working on a book on bryophyte ecology and was joined by Heinjo During, who has been very helpful in critiquing multiple versions of the chapters. But as the book progressed, the field of bryophyte ecology progressed faster. No chapter ever seemed to stay finished, hence the decision to publish online. Furthermore, rather than being a textbook, it is evolving into an encyclopedia that would be at least three volumes. Having reached the age when I could retire whenever I wanted to, I no longer needed be so concerned with the publish or perish paradigm. In keeping with the sharing nature of bryologists, and the need to educate the non-bryologists about the nature and role of bryophytes in the ecosystem, it seemed my personal goals could best be accomplished by publishing online. This has several advantages for me. I can choose the format I want, I can include lots of color images, and I can post chapters or parts of chapters as I complete them and update later if I find it important. Throughout the book I have posed questions. I have even attempt to offer hypotheses for many of these. It is my hope that these questions and hypotheses will inspire students of all ages to attempt to answer these. Some are simple and could even be done by elementary school children. Others are suitable for undergraduate projects. And some will take lifelong work or a large team of researchers around the world. Have fun with them! The Format The decision to publish Bryophyte Ecology as an ebook occurred after I had a publisher, and I am sure I have not thought of all the complexities of publishing as I complete things, rather than in the order of the planned organization.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION This Catalog Presents the Archived Documentation Files for the Datasets Currently in the Konza Prairie LTER Site Database
    INTRODUCTION This catalog presents the archived documentation files for the datasets currently in the Konza Prairie LTER site database. These datasets are affiliated with LTER scientists associated with the Konza Prairie LTER research program from 1981 to 1992. The purpose of this catalog is to assist scientists in the analysis and synthesis of this database. In addition to this catalog, a detailed methods manual documents the procedures used in collecting these data sets. The design of the current Konza Prairie LTER database is straightforward. All data sets are in ASCII format (with exception of GIS coverages; See GIS01). The entire database is available at: http://www.konza.ksu.edu. The database is divided into subgroups. The subgroups correspond to the research groups that have developed on Konza or represents the data set. They are: Abiotic, Belowground, Consumer, Nutrient, Organic, Other, and Woody. The first letter of the data set code indicates which subgroup the file is in. The extension of the file name represents the year of the data set. For example the data set associated with prairie precipitation for 1986 (data set code APT01), is found in the subgroup abiotic under the file name of apt011.86. Data sets that do not conform to this naming procedure are listed in the abstract section of their corresponding data set code description. For the most part, these data sets involve data that comes from other sources than LTER investigators (e.g. USGS flow data or NADP). The subgroup woody contains the files of the dataset code PWV01.The subgroup Other is reserved for datasets that do not conform to the naming procedures (for now, datasets from the water supplementation experiment (WAT01) are here).
    [Show full text]
  • The Taxonomy of Utah Orthoptera
    Great Basin Naturalist Volume 14 Number 3 – Number 4 Article 1 12-30-1954 The taxonomy of Utah Orthoptera Andrew H. Barnum Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Barnum, Andrew H. (1954) "The taxonomy of Utah Orthoptera," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 14 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol14/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. IMUS.COMP.ZSOL iU6 1 195^ The Great Basin Naturalist harvard Published by the HWIilIijM i Department of Zoology and Entomology Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Volum e XIV DECEMBER 30, 1954 Nos. 3 & 4 THE TAXONOMY OF UTAH ORTHOPTERA^ ANDREW H. BARNUM- Grand Junction, Colorado INTRODUCTION During the years of 1950 to 1952 a study of the taxonomy and distribution of the Utah Orthoptera was made at the Brigham Young University by the author under the direction of Dr. Vasco M. Tan- ner. This resulted in a listing of the species found in the State. Taxonomic keys were made and compiled covering these species. Distributional notes where available were made with the brief des- criptions of the species. The work was based on the material in the entomological col- lection of the Brigham Young University, with additional records obtained from the collection of the Utah State Agricultural College.
    [Show full text]
  • Caracterização Proteometabolômica Dos Componentes Da Teia Da Aranha Nephila Clavipes Utilizados Na Estratégia De Captura De Presas
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS – RIO CLARO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS BIOLOGIA CELULAR E MOLECULAR Caracterização proteometabolômica dos componentes da teia da aranha Nephila clavipes utilizados na estratégia de captura de presas Franciele Grego Esteves Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Câmpus de Rio . Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Rio Claro São Paulo - Brasil Março/2017 FRANCIELE GREGO ESTEVES CARACTERIZAÇÃO PROTEOMETABOLÔMICA DOS COMPONENTES DA TEIA DA ARANHA Nephila clavipes UTILIZADOS NA ESTRATÉGIA DE CAPTURA DE PRESA Orientador: Prof. Dr. Mario Sergio Palma Co-Orientador: Dr. José Roberto Aparecido dos Santos-Pinto Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - Campus de Rio Claro-SP, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Rio Claro 2017 595.44 Esteves, Franciele Grego E79c Caracterização proteometabolômica dos componentes da teia da aranha Nephila clavipes utilizados na estratégia de captura de presas / Franciele Grego Esteves. - Rio Claro, 2017 221 f. : il., figs., gráfs., tabs., fots. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro Orientador: Mario Sergio Palma Coorientador: José Roberto Aparecido dos Santos-Pinto 1. Aracnídeo. 2. Seda de aranha. 3. Glândulas de seda. 4. Toxinas. 5. Abordagem proteômica shotgun. 6. Abordagem metabolômica. I. Título. Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela STATI - Biblioteca da UNESP Campus de Rio Claro/SP Dedico esse trabalho à minha família e aos meus amigos. Agradecimentos AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus primeiramente por me fortalecer no dia a dia, por me capacitar a enfrentar os obstáculos e momentos difíceis da vida.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • The Feasibility of Use of Caecal and Diverticular Coloration in Field Determination of Grasshopper Diet
    The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 4 Number 1 -- Spring 1971 Number 1 -- Spring Article 4 1971 July 2017 The Feasibility of Use of Caecal and Diverticular Coloration in Field Determination of Grasshopper Diet Michael Tyrkus Wayne State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Tyrkus, Michael 2017. "The Feasibility of Use of Caecal and Diverticular Coloration in Field Determination of Grasshopper Diet," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 4 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol4/iss1/4 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Tyrkus: The Feasibility of Use of Caecal and Diverticular Coloration in F THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 4, No. 1 THE FEASIBILITY OF USE OF CAECAL AND DIVERTICULAR COLORATION IN FIELD DETERMINATION OF GRASSHOPPER DIET',' Michael Tyrkus Department of Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 INTRODUCTION Many studies have been undertaken in the past on the food selection, food preferences, and economic damage of various grasshoppers and their allies. Among the more salient of these researches are those of Anderson (1961, 1964); Ball (1 936); Bindra (1958); Boldyrev (1928); Blackith and Blackith (1966); Brues (1946); Chapman (1957); Dibble (1940); Gangwere (1959, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1965a, 1966, 1966a, 1967);Husain etal. (1946); Isely (1938, 1946); Isely and Alexander (1949); Joyce (1952); Mulkern and Anderson (1959); Mulkern, Anderson, and Brusven (1962); Mulkern et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity of an Endangered Grasshopper (Acrididae: Brachaspis): Taxonomy, Molecules and Conservation
    Conservation Genetics 2: 233–243, 2001. 233 © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Identity of an endangered grasshopper (Acrididae: Brachaspis): Taxonomy, molecules and conservation Steven A. Trewick Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; Present address: Department of Plant and Microbial Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand Received 15 April 2001; accepted 24 May 2001 Key words: conservation genetics, ESU, insect, mtDNA, MU, paraphyletic Abstract Brachaspis robustus is an endangered grasshopper endemic to South Island, New Zealand. It is both rare and localised; occupying low altitude floodplain terraces and braided riverbeds of the Mackenzie Basin. This is in stark contrast to the two other species in this genus (B. nivalis and B. collinus) which occupy montane habitats. Mito- chondrial and nuclear sequence data were employed to explore genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of populations of Brachaspis with a view to establishing the status of B. robustus. Molecular evidence indicates that Brachaspis probably radiated during the Pliocene and that divisions within the genus relate more to spatial distribution developed during the Pleistocene than to ecology. The mitochondrial (Cytochrome oxidase I) and nuclear (ITS) sequence data indicate that Brachaspis nivalis is divided into northern and southern populations. The northern clade is further subdivided geographically. The southern clade comprises alpine populations of B. nivalis and includes the lowland B. robustus. Additionally, it is observed that some morphological features previously thought to be specific to B. robustus also occur in members of the southern B. nivalis clade. It is suggested that the taxon B.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Analysis of Grasshopper Populations to Aid in Prairie Restoration Efforts
    Molecular Analysis of Grasshopper Populations to aid in Prairie Restoration Efforts Molecular Analysis of Grasshopper Populations to aid in Prairie Restoration Efforts Brady Hurtgen and Levi Stodola Undergraduate Students, Applied Science Keywords: Prairie restoration, red-legged grasshoppers, Melanoplus femurrubrum, molecular analyses Abstract Although the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and non- government organizations have invested heavily in prairie restoration over the past decade, little effort had been made to evaluate whether insect species that inhabit these projects are also restored to pre-settlement diver- sity. To evaluate the effect of prairie restoration attempts on insect species diversity, eighty individual red-legged grasshoppers, Melanoplus femur- rubrum (DeGeer), were collected from 7 populations in 3 relic and 4 restored grasslands. Molecular analyses were designed to obtain gene sequence data by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) amplification and sequencing the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome B (cytB). Sixty eight M. femurrubrum sequences obtain- ed for COI and fifty seven cytochrome b sequences were aligned and com- pared. These data may ultimately be used to improve the management of relic and restored grasslands. Introduction The last 150 years has proven devastating to the prairie ecosystems in the State of Wisconsin. Today, less than 0.1 percent of the original 2.1 million acres remains (Henderson & Sample, 1995). The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and other non-government agencies have been attempting to restore damaged lands back to their original prairie state. A prairie restoration is referred to “the purposeful assembly of plant and animal communities in order to reconstruct a stable ecosystem that is compositionally and functionally similar to that which originally existed” (Robertson, pg.
    [Show full text]