The Taxonomy of Utah Orthoptera with Notes on Distribution

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1952-06-01

The Taxonomy of Utah orthoptera with notes on distribution

Andrew H. Barnum Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Barnum, Andrew H., "The Taxonomy of Utah orthoptera with notes on distribution" (1952). Theses and Dissertations. 7622. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7622

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. THE TAXONOMY OF UTAH ORTHOP'J.'ERA WI'.l'H NOTES ON DISTRIBU'l'ION

A Thesis submitted to the Department of Zoology and Entomology ot Brigham YOWJg U'ninraity

In paJ"tial fulfillment ot the requirements tor the degree ot 1111.ater ot Arte

by Andrew H. Barnum

June 1962 This thesia by Andrew H. Barnwa is accepted 1n its present t'Ol"Dl by the Special Theaia Comnd:ttee a.a aatisfying the thed1 requirements tor ine degree ot ltaater or Arte.

Signed

11 A theaia represents the combined efforts ot ma111inrliT1duala and groupa, many ot whom ha'Ye nner seen the completed product wt haYe rendered aasietanoe in some way to make its OOJn.pletionpo•sible. .Appreciation ia therefore extended to theee individuals for the assistance rendered.

Appreciation is especially extended to Dr. Vasoo u. Tanner., head of: the Department of zoology and i,"lltomology of the Brigham Young University, under whose guidanoe and personal work a oolleotion of O:rthoptera was built up and which has been turned into the moat outstanding collection ill the state of Utah. Not only did nr. Tanner auggeat the problea but he has

■ el"Yed as chairman ot the Special Thesis Committee, and as ■uoh gave freely or hie time and knowledge in directing the research.

Appreoiation ii allo extended to nr. Wilmer w. Tanner who aened as Committee Member and who made suggestions and oontributiona as the work progree ■ ed. l wieh aleo to thank Dr. D Elden Beak tor his interest 1n the problem and his auggeationa and oritioiama on the drawings and format of' the

I am also grateful to those students and teachers both past and present who have spent countless hours in building up the oolleotion. With• out the efforts ot these collectors thia research would not have been made poHible.

A oolleotion without accurate taxonomic determinations is ot no Talue. To those authorities in the field ot orthopterology- who had previously given or their time, lam appreciative.

iii Finally .. I wish to thank Dr. George F. Knowlton ot the Utah state

Agricultural College for permitting rne to examine the orthoptera in the

entomological oolleot1on of the late W. W. Henderson.

iT TABLE OF CO:trrEN'l'S Page • • • • • • •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••• 1 CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTA!mE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ii • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••• • • • • iU. fABLE OF CONTEN!S • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS• • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • vii INTRODOOTIOB• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • l HISTORY OF UTAHORTHOP'l'EROLOGY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • Orthoptera ueed as Food • • • • • •. •. • • • • • • • •. • 4 Early outbreak• of Orthoptera • •• • •••••••• •. •. , Early Entomology in Utah.•.• •••• • • •••••••• • 6 Colleoting ot Orthoptera in Utah ••••••••••• •. •. T

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 Wingless and Vestigial•W1nged. Orthoptera ••• • •. • •• • • 14 Coloration ••••••••••••• • • • •••••••• • • 16 LIFE HISTORY'• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 COLLECTINGAND HOtmfIBG • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ECONOOCIMPORTANCE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••• 22 Control ••• • ••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Natural Enemies • • • •••••• • • •••• • •••••• • 29 CLASSIFICATION•• • • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • •. • • • • • • SO

Uae of the X-.rs • • • ••••• • • • • • •••••••••• 81 Key to the Families of Orthoptera. ••••••• • •• •. •. 12 FAMILYBLATTIDAE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . .. •· .. • • • • • Key to the Blattidae ot Utah ••••••••••• • •• • • • 36 Subfamily Blatt1na• ••••••••••• • •• • •••••• 37 Subf'uiily l'yotoborinae ••• •. • •••• • •• • • •• • •. 4:0 Subfamily Panohlorinae • •• • •• • • •••••• • •••• • 40 Subfuily Polyphaginae •••••••••••••• • ••••• '1

T Page • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 42 ley to the Mantia• of Utah • • •••• • •••• • • • • • • 43 Subfamily Amelinae • • • •. • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • 4! Subfamily Ua.ntina.e •• • ••••• • ••••••• • • • •• • 44 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .... • • • • • • • 47 Xay to the Phasmidae or Utah • • .. • • • • • ...... • ••.• 48 Subfamily Pa.ohymorphinae ••••••••••• • ••••••• 48 Subfam.iq Hoteronemiinae ••••••••••••••••••• 50 FAMILYTETRIGIDAE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 51 Key to the fetrigid.ae ot Utah ••••• • • ••••••• • • 54 Subta.mily Tetr1g1nae ••••••••••••••••••••• 66

FAMILYACRIDIDAB • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 81 tey to the Aoridicae or Utah ••••••••••••••••• 82 Subfamly Uoraeinae •• • • • • • • • • •. • • •• • • • • • 78 Subfud.l.)r Aoridinae •• • •. • • • • • • • • • •. • • •. • 19 Subfam1l)r Oed1pod1nae • • • ••••••• • •••••••• 100 Subfamily Romaleinae •• • •••• • •• • ••••• • ••• 141 Subfamily Cyrtaoanthao:rinae ••• • ...... 14:S

FAMILYT!lff IGOWIIDAE• • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 181 Key to the rett 1goni1da.e of Utah • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 182 Subfamily Phane:ropterinae • • ••••• • • • •• • ..... 187 Subfamily Conooephalinae •••••••••••••••••• 190 Sub.t'aml;y Tettigoniinae • •., • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • 192 Subfamily Stenopelm.tillae ••••••• • ...... • 199 Subfamily Rhaphidophorinae • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 200

FAMILYGRYLLIDAE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 211 Key to the Geyllidae of Utah. • • • • •. • • • • • • • • • 212 Sub!'U1ily Gryllinae • • • • • • •• • • •., • • •. • • • • 213 Subfamily Hemobiinae • • •. • • • • • • •., • •. • • • • • lJ& Subfamily Mogoplistin&e ••• • •• • ••••• •. •. • • 21T Subfmily Jqrineoophilinae ••••••••••• • ••••• 217 Subfamily Oeoanthinae ••• • • •• • • • ••••• • ••• 218 ...... 221 APH!lIDtl I. GLOSSAIT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 121 LITERATUREOITED • • • • • • • • •, • • • • • • • • • • •••• • • 228 Plate Page I. Dorsal and lateral aspeot of XanthipfU& oo�a111P,!s corallipea Hald ••••••••••. • ••• • • • • • •.• • 11 II. Morphology of Blattidae, Kti.ntidae, f.ntl Phe.Hu.tlae. • • • • • • 62 III. Morphology of Aerididae. • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • 101 IV. Morphology ot Cyrtaoanthaorinae. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 180 v. Morphology ot Tett1gon11da•• •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 210

Tii INTRODUCTIOB

To an entomologist• the Orthoptera. 1 1a in a state ot contusion with reepeot to the available liten.ture. Work haa been don•• s.nd i• now being done on the orthopterl!Ul fauna• but manuals tor 14ent1f'ioat1on ot most speoiea are not e:ve.ilable tor all seotione or the country. Bxolueive ot a fflfl U.lll•

1ted groups, Utah 1a aJnong the area ■ that has no complete keys tor tuonOllie workers• In biologioal :bweetigationa identit'ioatlon is essential t fhe apeoies being studied mtst be definitely k:nowJ fhe p2

The eynonomy ot many species ot Orthoptera adds to the confusion.

The most commonoauses of aynonos:, ar,u (l) the b:rief descriptions ot the early known American species '1.11European writers or early American writeraJ

(2) the varia.tion in the length ot the tegmina and wings, and (3) the varia• tion in colOJ". ).~ ot the early type specimens are now destroyed and revisionists can merely assume that the speoi.msn e,::isted. The purpose ot this paper 11 to reotit;y some or this confusion, and as an a.id thereto, each species tound in Utah is discussed separately• Thie individual diaousaion includes the tollowing 1 (l) the aoient1f1o name and ooJIDlon name, it known by a. oommon naJneJ (2) the reference to the original

1.rhe order Orthoptera conaiats ot 'the roaches, praying mantid.•• walk:ing•atioka, graaahoppers or locusts, and oriokete (aft section on clasa• itioat ion, following)• As originally separa tad, it included the e&J'W'igs, but 1n 1894 Com•tock, 1n hi• Manual tor the studz ot Insects, considered it a 1eparate order (Dermaptera). !n tlilii' mangementtliere Jiis been a oon- s1derable tollowing, but the separation is not unanimous with orthopterists. ID thi• study the Dermaptera ha•e not been included. l 2

description ot the apeoiea1 (3) the synonOII\Ythat has been eatablbhed1

( 4) the preYiou ■ published reoord•1 {5) th• reool"d1 tr01.nthe Brigham Young

University ent0111olog1oal oolleotion, with some additional loealitiea troa

the entOllologioa.l oolleotion at the utah State Agrioultural College, (8) • description or the salient features, including measurement, in mill!.meter11 2

(?) the ecology and eoonondo importance where it has been worked out, and. I (8) • summary ot distribution. The data a.re condensed, but, with the keys,

should enable identification of the apeoiea. The geographical and ecolog-,._,_

1oal distributions aa discussed ~or each &peoiea are by no means complete. , Th1!f1are raerely established :records for the state, representing a.reae where

the speoiee have actually been found.

oludea 208 specie• in 94 genera. Of' the e.pproxi.N.tely 4300 t.rta.h 'apeoimene

in the oolleotion ot the Brigham Young University, l6e apeoies are r-epro-

eented.. An additional 2a apeoie• were examined in the Utah State Agrioultur-

al College collection. Thil"ty-,.three apeoi•• were not available tor atuclyJ ,, lloat ot these are extremely rare and ill many oaeea only the type specimen• are known. Thirty•aeven new reool"da t'roa the state are reported. Fifteen additional apeoiea. erroneously reported trom the state• are disouas~ to a:void oonfusion, but are not· figured in the totals. line species have been

taken near the border, but have never been reported trom inside the state

and are reported here as hypothetioal. Moat of these were te.ken at Little•

rield (Ball, et al, 1942), 7.5 miles south ot the Utah-Arizona border.

There ia no eoologics.l ba.rrier between Littlefield and the Utah state line.

?rot only 1a the elevation approximately the aame, but the soil• oliatio

conditions and flora are praotioally identioal. These apec1e• have, therefore,

2 one millimeter equal• .os94 or a little more than 1/25 ot an inah. • been included in the keys ill aaae some future collector finds them within the boundaries ot the atate. The bibliograp}v ol this theaia ia by no mean.a complete. tt in• oludea only those works to whioh re.ferenoe is made. outstanding papers have been examined on the va.rious groups• and these &N arranged alpha

betically by authors. Ea.oh authoz-•a work 11 listed ohronologically by ;year•. Where more than one paper by the aame author appears mid.er any one year• the letters •• b• o. eto., tollow:.-ohe year. Bo atte111.pt has been made to make reference to all accounts of species touncl inthe atate of' Utah. Reoent W"ork done on the group hao rendereci moat of the literature written betore 1900 o'baolete. For e. complete reference to these early writings. the reader 11 referred to Scudder (1901,). .. HIS TORYor UT.AltORffiOP'fEROLOGY

Orthoptera Used as Food.

Aooording to early U'tah. pioneer journa.la* the Indians in the Salt Lake Valley. used grasshoppers and oriokets tor tood. John Young_ a pioneer ,,, t·, in 1841 • writing in his own journal. gave the methods the Indians used in capturing these i1111eots. These primitive races gathered. thg by the tons in epeoial ba.sketa a.a the insects t'loated in the water.$ The graaehoppers were somewhat of a delicacy and eonat1tute4 a. clean. nutritious and healthy tood. Various methods were used tor the preparation of th••• They were roasted. in hot ooala or aahea or dried ar.id stor-«1 tor winter uae.

Early outbreaks ot Orthoptera

The injurious species ot orthoptera seldom miss a year in wbioh they f'ail to make an attack in some seotion of' the state. the tirst recorded destruction ocourrod in 1848 with the now famous war of the Rocky Mountain or 11Mormon" Cricket• and the olaesi.&1 tight ot the settlers and the seagulls against these oriokets • Thia outbreak was most dreadful in 1848• scattered attaolca occurred in 1849, and it timlly eased orr in 1850. In 1855• another grasshopper war ccourr-ed• this time by the Rooky Mountain Looust. Oonfus• ion existed among the early writers on the injurious species ev•n though these two distinctly ditter♦nt forms have apparently not appearer.\ together

1n destructive numbers. Whereas the MonaonCricket ia technically not a

' 6 cricket but a gra.ashopper, it ha.a been and is now referred to as a •oricket•.

Then occurred aleo the Rocky Mountain Locust, a true grasahopper, that us injurious to crops in the early da.ya. To turther complicate the picture, when the MormonCricket we.e described and tirat named aoientio•lly, Hald.•• man•• Loouat was also deao:ribed. and named.. this gra.eahopper also perio41o• ally appears in deetruoti'Ye numbers throughout; Utah. In the 6arly J.iterat.,. ure there ie, therefore, much contusion ae to which ot the three apecio some author ■ are aotut.ll.y reterring • Lesa contusion actually existed among the "unsoienttrie• Mormons than am.ongthe entomologiata of the day, probably because these settlers had first-hand information oonoerning the speo1es involved. Writings in the journals of these pioneers serT• to better clear up the id.entity or the insect than do the technical writings ot the scientieta. One such description by Anson Call ~ea.cls1

When t'ull grown it is about one and one•halt' inches in length, heavy and ol'llma}Tin its movements, with no better power of locomotion than hopping a foot or two at a time. It has an eagle-eyed staring appearance and sUggeats the idea that it may be the habitation of a vindicative little daon. 4

There oan be no mistake 1n assuming that the inaeot here referred to was the Mormoncricket.

James 1. Tal-.ge was farther ·trom the facta when he W'J"Ote1

Drought and tmseasonable troata made the first yee.re• fanning experi• ments but doubtful euooeaaee. and in the succeeding spring the le.m was vicited by the devastating plague of the Rocky :Mountain crickets. They swarmed in inntlll8rable hordes upon the tielda, darkening the stm in flight• destroying the grain as they alighted.$ devouring all bef'ore them, leaving the land a desert in their tracks.

Talmage wa.a contused in the identity or the Mormon cricket, for this ineeot

"wh.itney, O. Fe Hiatop: ot utah, Vol. l, P• 377-. Published by George Q.. Cannon e.nd Sons., SaFLlilaicl'ty. 18922. 5 tn The bllproveMnt Era:, Vol. 4, P• 8186 Salt Lake City. 8

4oes not• and oannot• tly. What he had reference to was the Rooky Mountain Loouat. a migratory tom, whioh appeared after the first orioket outbreak.

or the speoiet11that was naJJWdwith the Mormon Cricket, Haldeman stated, "This tine brge grasshopper 11 probably the species which has been destructive to vegetation in the Valley or the Great salt Lake"

(Haldeman, 1852). Fro• the early writers among the Uomona, we know that

it was not the Bald•Wln Locust, but the Mormon Crleket that destroyed the

crops during this famous outbreak., but here ag$1n the literature is mi.a-

Early Entomology in utah

one ot the •oat untortunate cirowutanoe1 to the scienoe ot Utah ie the tact that em.ong the early pioneers there was not a single entomologist or biologist among them who could soientitioally describe the new 1peeies

encountered. These ee.rly writers were oonfused bece.u•e ot their laolc ot

entOlllologioal knowledge. We must be oognbant ot the tact that inaeote. though oontined largely to those injurioua in nature• were of intereat to

The first reference to Entomology of a soientifio nature among the

pioneers appeared in the Deeeret News., Auguat 20, 1866 1 when the following notice appeared, Insects wanted-With a view to the formation of an entomological cab1• net, and also 'to furnish speoirnens to scientific friends abroad, Eld.er w. Woodrut!' wishes to make a collection of the various kinds or bugs, beetle•~ flies, butterflies, millers, moth•• worms, spiders, grasshoppers• crickets, and other inaeots to be tound in trtah. Those willing to aid in this matter, and to pr01nOte the cause of' science, will oonter a !'avor by leaving specimens of inaecta. auoh e.a they inay see tit to gather. at the Church Historian'•• .first door south ot the poatoffio•• We have no knowledge or any oolleot1on resulting theretrom. unl••• the oolleotion 1n the old Deseret Museum might have been deYeloped. T

collooting of Orthoptera in Utah

The actual beginning ot oolleoting ot Utah Orthopte:ra began in the

early history when worker• ot early geological and geographioel surveys

entered the territory. They made oollectiona in a limited way of' the more

oonspicuou1 species • The first aurTey ooourred in 1849 when Captain Howard

stanabury conducted a gOTel"XlJnftntalsurvey of' the Great Salt Lake Vallq.

B!tcauae ot the poor taoilities tor collecting and preaening i.nseot1 h•

returned only a tn speoimene to Professor s. s. Bald.eman, who studied. th• (Haldeman 1852) • Among these insects was one specimen ot the Mormon Cricket. A• a result ot this oolleotion two new species were named trom the states

The Haldeman Locust, XanthipPUB ooralliE9B, and the MormonCricket, Anabrus

simplex, both species being from the "Valley ot" the Great Salt Lake."

rhree other parties entered Utah and the surrounding territories

between 1810 and 1880 tor aimilar surveys. In 1811,. Dr. Cyrus Tb.OJnasool• lected insects tram Ogden northward• as naturalist of the Hayden survey

(Thomas 18?2). Two nn species were named from. Utah• the sand crioket. Stenopelmatua fasoiatua, and a shield•ba.oked katydid, Steiroxz:1 pallidi•

palpu•• the former ot which is now a ayno~ ot Stenopelmatua tuaoua.

During the eame year the flheele:r suney began its work and spent

tour years 1n making a survey ot the territory west of the lOot.h Meridian.

Dr. H. c. Yarrow and H. w. Henshaw, naturalists of' the t1Ur'Hf, collected. trom. Salt Lake City south to st. George 1n 1812, covering the entire southwestern part ot Utah. 'l'homas (18"15) published the report ot the Orthoptera

oolleoted. and named 18 new species. only one, Diasoeteira utahensia, being

named trom Utah. This 1a now recognised as a sync~ or the collared loou1t. Spharagemon collare (Scudder).

In the sU!llller ot 1875, J. Duncan Putna.m and Dr. c. c. Pa.l'T)' collected 8 from Spring Lake Villa, near Paye on. Utah County, north to the Bear Ri't'er

bottozns in Cache Valley. or. Cyrue !'hem.as (1816) etudied the oolleotlon and

named two new species, a band-winged granhopper, Tr1merot:ro£1s fontana 6 •

and a cave or1eket, C,euthophihus uta.hena1a. He reported this to be the

best single oolleot1on from the west in existence at that time.

Drs. Cyrus Thomas, A. s. Packard. Jr., and c. v. Riley were sent west by the governlQent durinr; the yoars 1878•1879 to study the economic sta.tua ot the Rooky Mountain Loouat, J.!elanoplua .rnexicanus apretua, and the

Mormon Orioket (Riley, et al, 1878). Thia is preaUD111Lblythe tir1t ooncHtn•

trated stuq on the eeonomio illlportance ot Orthoptera 1n Utah.

Although he was never in the State 0£ 11t•h• Samuel lie Scudder has

done more tor the Orthoptera ot Utah and the United States in general,

especially prior to 1900. than any other single man. He not only named

many nn apeoiee. bit revieed many of th• recognised. gr~ups into a unitora

order.

James A. G. Rehn and. Morgan Hebard• representing the Philadelp)lia Aoademy ot Soienoes. oolleoted in Utah on a number of oocasiona during the

first halt ot the present oentury. In 1906 they oolleoted throughout the

Rocky Mountain area 1noluding Montane., Yellowstone Park, Utah and Colorado.

Between the years 1906 to 1909 they collected generally throughout the

southwest, doing considerable collect~ in and around Benver county• In

1926 they again collected in southern Utah• and in 1927 worked trora Ogden northward into southern Idaho. Rot only did they build up a large oolleo•

tion ot 'O'l;ah Orthoptera, which included IMIJYnew species from the atat••

wt they have also determined ~ specimens in the oolleotione ot the

6.A:t the ruune ttnte. Scudder name«thia same species •• !• juU.ana. Thesa two names are used interohangeably by authors. In thie paper T. tonta.na ia considered the synonym.. - 9

Brigham Young University and the Utah State Agrioultun.l College• While at the Agricultural College in Logan from 1902 to 1917, nr.

E. Jh B!tll worked on the economic importance of grasshoppers and published. his findings. The eeonomio work he did on other groups ot insects, however, was of greater importance to the atate.

Dr• W. W• Henderson, trtah' s foremost orthopteriat, has collected moat extensively throughout Utah, ~rticularly 1n the Wasatch Range. In

1924 he published a comprehensive study on the then known species ot the subf'Blllily Oedipod.inae from Utah, and included a complete list ot the Ortho- ptera then known from the state. Prior to hia death in 1944, he published on sneral genera and small groups ot Orthoptera fo\Uld in Utah. Thia out• etanding worker not only presented the Brigham Young University ~th many apeoim.ena ot determined material, but was inetrumenta:l in building up the largest oolleotion ot Orthopte:ra of ;eoonomio iaportanoe in the state. Thi• colleotion b now at the Agrioultur'al College in Logan. Arter the death ot Henderson, nr. George r. Knowlton continued. working on the economic insects or the state, and with the assistance ot hie co- workers and st\adent,/1""has oaz-ried out eurv91a during the summ.ermonths ot the graashoppers m.ost numerous throughout the atate and tho .. causing the .

1110stdestruotion to fa.nu and rangeland. Dr. Knowlton he.s also published. on the economic control or these insect,.

Sinoe his arr1'YEll at the Brigham Young lhliversity in 1926 • Dr• Vasoo

M. tanner has oolleoted. O;rthoptera th%'oughout the state at•d1fferent times ot the year. He has been ably a.aaiated by other members or the atatf' ot the

1some of the workera who have aa ■ ieted or. 1Cnowlton at the Ut.ah State Agricultural Collage by collecting and publi1hing artiol•• are Eldoa Gardner. M. J. Janes. Lee R. Jepp1on, Alexander Levi• R• L. Shat.well. c. r. Smith. c. J. Sorenson, and H. F. Thornley,. 10 Department ot Zoology and Entomology and students ot the Brigham Young

University. Those apeoimene collected are now 1n the Univeraity colleotion.

In addition to the work ot the above., Dr. Vasoo M. farm.er has sub mitted speobieM to the late .Anc!rew N. Cawlell of the United States National Museum tor accurate determination. which worker has also named several new apeoies trom the state. Theodore H. Rubb4tll. now ot the l1niTer11ity ot Michigan, ha• worked over the oave orioketa (Genus Ceuthoph1lua) and has named a :ru:unber of new species hom toJ"Jlll submitted to him. 'fype specimens ot the apeoiea -C. caudelli are now in the Brigham Young Un1Teraity colleo• tion. lrnest n. finkh811l, while ont>:·. a ,r:isit to the Brigham Y:oung Univera5;ty in 1948., olasd.tied some ot the specimens. Dr. Ashley a. Gurner or the ,4 United States National J.tueetUn, hae., during the past f'flff years, detendned speoiJllen1 submitted to him b.Y Dr. Knowlton of the Agricultural College at

Logan. A• • result of the effort■ of the above worker■, two outstanding collections have been built up 1n the State ot Utah. fh• oolleotion at the Ut1ah State Agricultural College haa the large1t series or the eoonomioall.y btportant species 1n the state. During the p&st twnty-fiYe yeara the orthopt;eran oolleotion at the Brigham Young university entomological museum baa been built into the out standing oolleotion or its kind in the state, not only trom the standpoint ot the total number of 1peoie1 representecl in the oolleotion• but aleo the aooeas1b1U.ty and arrangemnt of the material and the total number ot speoiea detennined. It 18 largely upon the oolleot1on or the Brigham Yow,g UniYerslty that this report is 1:ased. IXTERNALANA TOM!'

The body ot the Orthopten., as with all members of the Class Ineecta, may be divided into three general region.a, Head, thorax and abdomen. Each or these bear certain esacntial parts and appenia.gea used in olassitioation.

The head ha.a an oval shape ( exoept for oertain smaller groups), the anterior portion of which is oalled the front. hanediately below th• frob.t

11 • aomeu,bat movable segment, the ol7peua. Along the trout runs a raJ.aed I , frontal ridge, which may be either flat or furrowed. The upP41r aurtaoe ot the head between the large compound eyea and in front ot them is called the vertex. Thia may be either horizontal or eloping tor,rard in tront ot the eyes•. 1'he margins ot the vertex are otten well railed and sharp, wt they are sometimes fairly broadJ in the latter oase they often bear regular depressions, called the foveolae of the vertex, whioh are used in taxonomy. The part of the head. behind the compound eyes 1 s oa.lled the oooiput. The lateral sides ot the head• imnediately below the ocoiput are the gene.e.

Three simple eyes, or ocelli. are located, one at the middle of the frontal ridge, a little lower than the base ot the antennae. and two paiNd lateral r ocelli close to the upper front margin of the compound eyes• The appendages of the head a.re the antennae and the mouth•pans. The antennae oon,iat of e. rela.'\.iVely &mall number (not more than 28) ot fairly large and dietinotly aeparated joints, the length ot which seldom exceeds that of the whel• bodyi or they oonai•t ot a vary large number or aoaroely diatinguishable small joints and e.re usually much longer than the body• Th• shape ot the antennae is usually tilitorm and equally broad throughout, but in some speoiea they u 12 are ensitorm or clA"l&te. The mouthparts are typical of biting and chewing inaeots and. cons1st of a pair of mandibles, a pair ot maxillae, with maxillary palpi, a labium with labial palpi, and a labl'Wll. 1'he thorax conaiata or three segments••p:rothon.x, meaothorax, and metathorax-eaoh ot whioh bears a pair ot legs. Th• tiret ot these segments ia strongly developed doraally and toms the pronoiam, a roof•shaped plate oO"Yering the whole prothorax trom a hove• 1'he shape and details ot the structure of the pronctum are of great itnportanae in the systematics ot the

Orthoptera, eapeoial attention being paid to its raised ridges or oarinae* al'ld to the traneverse :t\trrows. The lOJM!' surf'aoe ot the prothora.x 11 or the proaternum ( between the bases of the :front legs), i& more dPply sW'lk: thui that or the mesosternum and meta.sternum. In some groups ot Aoridida• the prostermnn is provided with a raised tubercle or spine ot different thapes, which• apparently, has no 'biologioa.l aignitioa.noe. It is usfld tor separating subfamilies and tor olasaification of some species within the subtamily.

Th• two posterior segments of the thorax, the meaothorax and th•• metathoru, bear, in addition to the legs, the tegmina and wings rtt&peoti"f'ely.

The leg1 of the Orthoptera a.re sim.ple ln etruotut-e, conailting ot the following parts, beginrd.~ t"rom the base, Coxe., troohanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Tho tibiae are usually armed with spines or spinulea on the sides and. at the apex. The tare1 consist of three or four joints, or may be reduoed. The terminal joint bears a pair of olawa, betwe•n which there 1s, in some groups, an arolium,. The pro:dmal or first joint may also bear a plantula.

Of the two pa.ir ot wings, the :front ones, or tegmina, are fixed to the :mesonotum. They are relatively hard, leathery, not folding and scarcely or not at all transparent. The hind wings are more delicate* transparent lS

(sometimes brightly colored), and, when not in use• folded like a fan under the tegmina. On the wings and on the tegmina is a complicated system of longitudinal and transverse veins. A study ot this venation is often of great importance in the olaasifioation ot a species. The alxiom.enot the Orthoptera consists or several segments, con• naoted by feebly ohitillized elaatio membranes. Eaoh segment is divided into upper and lower halves, called tergitea and sternites, respectively.

At the lower margin of ooh tergite a small opening, a spiracle, may be seen, while the first tergite bears a large struoture, the tympanal organ. (Thia organ ia looated on the protibia or the fettigoniidae and Gryllidae.) The number of visible segments is different in the two sexes, while, even in the same sex, their arral]f;ement is different on the dorsal and ventral side. In the male there are ten tergites, but the last two may be partly or wholly tuaed; the next• the 11th tergite, is not visible from abo've, and

■ erves tor the formation of certain internal parts; the 12th tergite 1a represented by the anal plate. Laterally to the anal plate are placed the paired one-segmented oeroi, of valuable taxonomic purposes in the Melanopll.

On the ventral surface, nine sternites are visible• the tirst being tueed with the inetasternum, wt still distinguished f'rom itJ the 9th sternite forlll8 the gent tal plate, an inflated structure 1n the cavity or which the copulatory apparatus 1B conoealed. The abdomen of the male• thus, always terminates in a more or lesa conical, or obtuse, genital plate.

In the te•l• the tergites are also ten in number and the 12th form.a an anal plate. On the -ventral aide there are only eight 1ternitoa, the 8th being usually considerably longer than the others and o~lled the genital plate. The tip ot the female abdomen 11 formed by the two pairs · of valves or the ovipositor which resemble strong chitinous hooks OJ" ap- pendageaJ it is therefore very ney to distinguish the ••x••• fhe shape ot the ovipoaitor varies in different species in aoeordanoe with the oonditiona under whioh the eggs are laid• sinoe ita function ie to prepare the hole tor the eggs. In the apeoies that inaert their eggs into the ground, the n.lTe1 or the ovipos1tor are shaped like strong hooks, while in those species that lay their eggs in the ste11l8or plants, the valves are built on the principle or a ......

, Wingless and Veatigial..:Winged Orthoptera

The distribution and origin of flightless rortis is or especial interest. Buoh oases are not :reatrioted to the Orthoptera, but are oon• apiououa in the order,. exaunplee being numerous in each family. Contusion and inautfioient knowledge of these variations by taxonomists have caused many speoies to be named• .which have later proved to be aynof111U•

Two different suggestions have been given in regard to thie oondi- tion. OFthoptera with wings greatly reduced in size or entirely lacking are especially oharaoteristio or alpine sunmits. fhis condition is though~, to be due to the intluenoe of high. winds and. shori -sea sons ~ Veey f'ffW long• winged forma are fo\Uld at high elevations (Scudder 1898t Aluander 1931• 1917). Flightleea apeoies and genera or loou1t1 are. on the other hand• equally as plentitul in lowland areas as on ll'U>Untain tops. Such species &re, as a rule. inhabitants ot thickets (Morse 1920). In the Melanopli, • group or g:re.11hopper• ehar~oteristioally inhabiting thickets or wooded areas, there 1• found great variation inwi.Dg length within species. Thoae species of' open or arid surroundings,., inhabiting barren fields and wash••• or on bare mountaina, are.,. with rn exoeptiona.,. equipped with large and 15 powerful wings• sueh specie& are generally dif:f'icult to capture and seek safety in flight. Long wines and locomotion by flit;ht s.re disadvantageous in denae underbrueh, where a lea.ping mode or escape has a decided advantage.

Organa unuaed or disadvantageous tend to dwindle and disappear, hence the loss ot wings.

Orthoptera frequenting habit•t• involving pe.uage over open spacea ot considerable extent, 11uoh as field•• between trees in torests, and bushee or thioketa in deserts, are usually long-winged, flying species, others dwelling in an enrlronment of denae,_1ntricate plant growth, in burrowe or crevices• in all habitats and at all eleYations., where wings are not need.eel or are at a disadvantage, are very generally flightless.

Heav1er•bod1ecl females usually have shorter wings than the me.le.

Some tema.les he.ve such heavy bodies that flight ia impMu,tioal and wing ■ are reduced. With theee tonna, protective ooloration is a more generalized avenue of esoape.

The e.nawer to this problem h&s certainly not been proved• Experi• mentation will be neoeaae.ry to find the solution. Probably all environ• mental factors working independently he.ve e. deelded effect on each species according to its particular habitat•

Oolorat1on

fhe Orthoptera, as a group, have reoeived. less investigation re- gardin& oolor than some ot the more brilliantly clad inaeots, and only oertain element4ley and general statement ■ can be made regarding them.

Coloration among inaeots ia spoken of' as being either sympathetic (color• 1mioh resemble the usual 1-okgrou?ld, or protective coloration) or non-sympathetio. The usual brown or black hue ct roaches, terrestrial 16 orioket1 and o••• oriokets probably ha• no biologioal significance. suoh colors are generally developed in chitin arter expo1ure to light and air. In habits these Orthopte:ra are typically nocturnal and live in burrows, crevices, or cavities. These oolora suit the oircutn8tances well and are protective to a considerable degree, but probably should not be classed as purely sympathetic. The ooloration or walking-sticks, tree-oriokete, katyd14a, cone- heads and mee.dow-graHhoppera is obYiou1ly sympathetic and proteotiw. They ·, are exposed during the day when their enemies are lllOSt active and their coloring protects them tl'o:m.observation among the green leaves or the gray and brom twigs ot their habitats.

Diohromati•• the occurrence ot two color phases in the,. same speoi••• 1• also frequent among gra1ahoppera. Doth sexes may be either brown of varying ~hades• or green with or without a B1dll amount ot brown. orten green females and brown males is the rule. Some taxonollliata have gone ao tar as to name eaoh phase a subspecies. Thus. the green phase ot the shield-bearer is Capn.ohotes ccoidentalis vari.«:y ~iridia, while the more oommo:nbrown phase 1a -c. ccoidentalis. Bl)th color varieties are thought to be sympathetic.

F'ew species oan be found that do not pt-ese:n:t notable color variations. sufficient to make oolor in itself often ot little value in tuononw.

In some oa11ea it •Y be extremely uaetul. 'l'he pattern or coloration due to markings• however• ia often ot great service• Morphological oharaoteristioa • however• are the only ,are guide in d1aorim.1nating apeoi••• PLA'l'E I

FigUr'8S 1 & • 2 17

Hu V

FIG.

HE"'D', ,.,. T1101ux ...... ,, .,,.,,,.,.,,A BOOM.EN ...... ~.,,' y I I I I I I I I I I I

F'IG. 2

PLATE I LIFE HISTORY

The egg-laying habits ot the adult orthopteran tor• are varied.

Ae surTival and auooe11 ot the speoiea are dependent on the aotione ot the n911'1Jhatched ~ph•• the eggs are placed where these young insects oan readily obtain food. The egge ot walki:ng•atioks, tor •xam.ple, lie all winter long among the fallen leaves. When they hatch in the spPing they oan readily obtain aooesa to the trees. The eggs ot roaches are encased in horny oapeule• (ootheoa) as proteetiw devices, since they are dropped a.t random in the habitata. The etga ot katydids and praying mantids are gummedto the twigs or trees .frequented by the parents, the young may not descend to earth during their entire life until they have completed their cycle. The eggs of meadow-graaahoppers and cone-heads are placed 1n the leaf-sheathe or grasses, or enclosed in galls, leaves or other vegetal tissue. Those ot field orioket1 and most loouats are em.bedded in the earth, 1ingly or in masses. in wet or dry soil according to the species.

Those ot tree•oriokete and certain loouats are plaoed in oa"Yities bored in pithy stems or even solid wood by the parent. in holes in trees made by other insects, or beneath the bark ot decayed tr••• and etumpa. The ant• loving oriokets 11n their entire lite oycles in the chambers of ants and lay their egge in these chambers. The n•ly hatched inseots differ trom the parents in si&e, in the total laok or wings and in the proportionately large head, but are readily reoogn11able. Growth to adults is aco01Aplished by a series of stepa or

,tagea during whioh they feed ravenously. These atages are separated by 18 19 periodic molts (eodyses) ot the chitinous exoskeleton. After moulting th., inorease rapidly in 11H before the body-wall becomes rigid. At 61\ch molt there i■ alee an increase in the size or the developing wings ( it they a.re borne by the adults). After this seriee of usually rive molts the insects attain the adult f'orm and do not age.in shed their exoskeleton. ' COI.LECTIW ANDMOUNTI?O

Most Orthoptera are larce and conspicuous and may be collected with a minbru:lt of equipment. som.eor the most interesting kinds may be found 1n

suoh unuen•l places as the aand at the edge of permanent n.ter; in paek: rat dens, cavelt• under rocks, in rotten logs, in decaying plant material, and on oerte.in plants• 1"' the use or a heavy net •• specimens may be ewept from

Tegetation, while rapid flyers may be captured b)t a butterfly net. At night many kinda IN!I.Ybe collected at lights, }v looking for them. with a light, or by looatin,; them. by their calls. Se't'eral rare species may be trapped with a bottle sunk in the ground and containing a s11all a11ount ot mola11es or other attraotiYe bait.

Specimen■ may be killed in a cyanide killing bottle, the fumes ot which are deadly poisonous. A less desirable method is by aubJ!lerging the specimens in a bottle ot alcohol or carbon tetrachloride. Th•••• though harmless to the collector,, often oha.nf;• the color11.tion of the specim•ns.

Ar.ter killing• the SP"imens may be pinned through the posterior part of the pronotua., A pieoe of blotting paper should be pinned under• neath and the legs and antennae arra.nged in the desired position and allowed to dey. The lett wing is often spread to show color• and representatives of certain groups ehould always be ■ pread, aa the taxonomic charaoteristica are found on the hind wing.

Large. delicate specimens are ao filled •1th body fiuida that the oolora quickly oha.np. These apeoim.ena should be eviscerated and the internal organs replaced with cotton. otherwise the specimens will turn

20 21 blaok and may deoay. An inoision should be made a.t the base ot the abdomen. the length of three 1utgraente. and the organs :rellllOved with toroepe. A emall roll of cotton should be inserted. to replace these organs. The natural a11e and oolor ot the apeoimen is thus retained• ICOJOMICIMPORTANCE

Throughout the hiator,y ot Entomology, a tew deatructiYe graashoppera have had nuoh publioity and attention. Ma result whenever the word •grasshopper• 11 mentioned "destruction• and "damage• are thought ot.

Aotuall7 leaa than a dozen species should be classed aa injurioue to oropa

and about a dozen others should be listed as of gerioua injury to the

gra11es ot the range. 8 !his leaves the great majority either benef'ioial or

of little importance in either respect.

Maey speoies are banet'ioial in that they help to check the weed.a that would otherwise ruin the overgrased ranges. The very worst weeds or the western ranges, plants that livestock will not usually eat, but which

multiply when th• g:raas is oYergra&ed and gone, have their graashopper

enemies that attaok them..

The pygmy loou•ts all feed on algaeJ the oolored..,,.inged gra••hoppera are, for the most part, purely ormunentalJ the mantida teed on graashoppers1 snowy tree•orioketa teed on aphids. In actual number• the great majority ot grasshoppers are either interesting, amusing or beneficial.

'l'he seriously injurious species are fflW in number and nearly all confined to two groups or omnivorous feeders. These two kinds rarely ooour

8The prinoipal crop peat species that oocur year atter year in Utah· inolude the followingt Melanoplus fenmr-rubrum, M. m.exioanus, M. bivittatua, u. packardi, Dhsoatein. oarol'.ina, scliiatooe:roa Shoshone, cumura pelluoia.:; and Trbierotropls pallidicnnls. In additlon, the rollowing species oooru- in suftlolent numbers to 1njurioua to the range, !§eneotettix deorull,. Auloca.ra elliotti, camnula pelluoida, Melanoplus mexicanus, M.. pe.olli:rd!., and Xinthlppua core.!U.pel!l. - 22 23 together, eo that a g1Ten injury will usually be caused by only one or them. The t1'0 kinds are the migratory and the non•migratory gra.Hhoppers.

The non-migratory grasshoppers, of which there are only a fflW' injurious species in the Intermountain region, usually spend their entire lives within the re.diua or e. single field, or a.t the most within e. ~ery restricted. area. Th• migratory ones• of which there 1s only one commonspecies now that the old Rocky llountain Locust has apparently gone, are quite dif't'erent in habit and usually do their greatest damage at long diatanoee trom the plaoe where they hatched out.

The Rocky Mountain 01" Mormon Crioket is almoat a thing ot the past aa tar aa the older aettlements ot Utah are concerned. There are oooaaional outbreak• occurring in some section• ot the etate or adjoining atatea, but the epec1ea has almost passed into history. It ia not too un- likely that another outbreak will ooour, however, aa they have ,ooourr«l periodically throughout the history ot the state.

Of all known damagine; apeoies of grasshoppers in Utah, the Rocky

Mountain Locust was the moat menacing. Thia species ooourJ"ed in immense numbers. It was migratory in habit and could fly hundreds or miles with apparent ease. It was this species whioh .formed in clouds and darkened the sun, migrated in oountle•• billions to the atatee of the lfiasissipp1 Valley, and oauaed complete destruction of the oropa. Thia species probably oreated more terror and was more apeotacular in its peculiar beh&Yior than

•~ other inseat ot pioneer days. The old Rocky Mountain Loouat ha.a now apparently disappeared, but it has let't substitutes, mainly the "wa.rrior" graaahopper. Cam.ula pelluoida.

In the early days this enemy ns ao ntUneroueand the people and t1elda ao few that reaiatanoe was out of the ~uestion. The grasahoppers 24 swarmed on the orops of the farmers and took all they had. There ia no longer any reason~ a tanner or a group or farmers should allow their orops and meadows to be destroyed by graaahoppers. the knowledge ot their habit1 has increased and better methods of deatruotion are anilabl•• ao that at the present time the grasshopper oan be controlled by those who dedre to do ao.

It Wll8' different in the early days t the fn scattered sottlsrs had no way of auooesstully controlling the lffl'a.l'lM of graashoppers. ,hey wer• too numerows and the settlers too few, Until their breeding habits were known they oould not be dealt with. and were rightfully considered a problem against which no provision oould be ma.de.

The numbers of injurious grasshoppers have probably been reduc-4 through the effort• ot the ••ttlera. The tarmera firet took possession of the open. gre.sey pa.etureland. or the Rocky Mountain states. plowed and cultivated it. and thus destroyed the breeding grounds ot the ineects.

There are still neglected areaa aimilar to the old breeding grounds and it

18 here that the loousta breed. The grauhoppers will be brought still more under control. howev•r• as o\\ltivation becomel' more extendve and oontinuous.

Nearly all grasshoppers f'luct\\a.te 1n numbers f'ro:m year to year•

One year they may be Tery numerous., while the next year few will appear.

Such insects occur in small numbers tor a year or two• gradually increase, and when a favorable season ooours they appear in enormous numbers and cause great danmt•• only to disappear again for seve~al years.

The reason for this fluctuation is apparent. Vlhile grasshoppers are oa:pe.ble of inoreas1ng twenty to sixty times in one year_ their enemiH and dieeaaes are oa.pable of increasing several hundred and up to thou1a.nd1 of 26 times in one season. While the grasshoppers are soaree, their parasites

have a difficult tilne to find the hosts, and, as a result. the majority ot the parasites periah. Then, as the grauhoppers inorease in numbers, the ff!IWparasites lett have no trouble in t'inding thern and they. too. inereaae enormously. the year the graaahoppers are moat numerous is often the year in which the parasites inoreaae to suoh an extent that praotioally no grasshoppers or eggs are lett to produce a broQd the following year. But they are not present in auftio1ent numbers to cope with the swarmsot gre.aehoppers in the year in whioh they are 11011t needed• The weather play• an 1mp0rtant part in tluotuation of numbers. Cold wet weather in the spring will destroy a large number of young graae- hoppere. Bot dry weather allows all eggs to hatch and the young inaeots to thrive. The same hot dey weather burns up the vegetation eo th•re is less for them to feed on. Drought and grasshoppers often go together, especially

1:r the drought extends through several years.

The migratory "warrior" grasshoppers have been known since the settlement of the west, and these snrma have caused widespread destruction t'rom t1Jne to time in the Intermountain states. They h.aTe frequently been confused with the Roolcy Mountaa Locust and for a time all the damage waa referred to that species. In general• they are found in rather high mountain Talley ■ and u1ually deposit their egga in alkaline land. Like other grasshoppers, thia speo1es has a eingle brood in a sea.son. The young hatch out trom May let to June 15th, depending on the season and the condition of the ground in whioh the eggs were laid. The 'ft.st numbers hatch out within a period of a r~wdaya. Estimation or the amount of damage caused by the species is dittioult• as a great deal or the injury is to pastures and meadows and no 26 definite amounts oan be gh•en. The swarm.a ot winged imU"f'iduala tq over wide area ■ and leave deatruotion wherever they reed.

•wative" ot "alfalfa" gra111hopper1 are non•migratory, and it 1ui"• tioient feed 1• tound near the plaoe where they hatoh they :will retnain there during their entire lives. These grasshopper, have occurred in nearq ewry seotion of' the state at dH ...terent times in destructive numbers• i»llftg• from thie sou.roe has been very severe and pra.ctioalq all alralfa crops after the first cutting have been deatroyed in speoifio areas. Th,ousa.nd.1 ot aores have been considerably reduoed in value from year to ylllAr by these ·, J. i pests. In extreme Cffitee, young orohe.rcla have suffered !'rem their attacks, the leaves being stripped from the treea. t'Ven old o:rcrui:rcls have been ao badly· injured that moat ot the trees died. .t.ltalta seed growing e.l ■o fluf'f'ere, aa the dry oondit:lona required to produoe the ••edare ideal tor the dnelop- ment ot gra11hoppers •

'1'he mon abundant non•m.igratoey species 1• the common red•legged grasshopper. Melanoplue tellUJ'•rubMlllll• .Alao &band.ant and '"17 similar in appearance,. but with slightly longer wings• 18 -)(. mxioanua, while a third apeoies, !• biYittatua, 1a much larger and clumsier end is marked with two light stripes down the l:aok. A fourth species JK. pa.okardl has also occurred in nst nUIJlbers. There a.re alight dit'torences -in their life histories.

These four species of non•migratoey grasshoppers have been the most nU111eroua and moat destructive during the years in wbioh surveys were made on the graashopper population of Utah. These graaahoppers usually hatoh out in late May or June and take three or more weeks to develop into adults. The adults reed tor several weeks and then the females lay one egg mass in August or early September.

Ai"ter they teed two weeka or more longer. they deposit another egg me.sa «id. aoon di•• 2'1

The eggs are laid in dry, ha.rd plaoea where there are fflfl s•ll roots in the first inoh or two ot eoil and never in cultivated land that ia often disturbed.

Outbreaks have been.so severe as to leave the ground as be.re as if' no oropa had been grown. usually the borders ot the fields are first dtll.JSll"o aged until finally the entire vegetation is killed out.

Moat crop plants are attacked by graeshopper,. with serious injury reaulting to alfalta. small grain•• sugar beete. potatoes. beau. tomatoes, berry orops, pa,sturea, the foliage and tr\\its of trees, and range•land forage.

Control

the (Hisiest, least expensive am znost etrioient method, or control of these insects is to looe.te the breeding grounds and. dHtroy the eggs. To do this efteotively, in the t~ll, the areas housing the swarms of adults on the breeding erounds should be found. and marked. Ditoh banks• roadways, alfalfa and grain stubble lanc:l, as well as areas around. etraw and hay staoks are favorite spots. Where the females have oviposited, the places shoul4 be thoroughly disced or worked up 111'1th a springtooth harrow. At lee.st three diaoings should be made, which will break up the large egg mAt18ee and dia..., turb the eggs and expose them to drying and frost action during the tall and winter. If this prooesa is repeated 1n the early epring the rest or the eggs will be turned up and expos$d to the drying aotion of th., sun and wind and to the attaoka ot predaoeous insects.

The earlier the grasshoppers are attacked the easier it is to kill them. The 111igre.ting awanns o"f' young can be attacked in one or f.ni,veral 'Wf.\y'S•

Spraying the thiokeat parts o!' the Slllll.rmB is effective, but expensive. 28

Where the insects are scattered, a bru•h harrow heavily weighted will des•

troy a great majority• When a large swarm ia advancing in a de£1n1te " direction, many of them may be destroyed by trenching in advance of them.

They can then be buried or killed in other ways. A sJllall stream of' -water

will oontrol them, 'but not kill them. Combinations of all the above are

often of more advanta.ce in extreine oonditiona. The best method or destroying both young and adult is by poison bran. This po1aon bran bait. when properly prepared and applied, ia the

moat suooeaatul and 00JS1Jnonlyuaed. method of g:raeahopper control. The 1'ol-

low1ng t'"onmla ia etfeotiYe and is reoomrnendecla9

Bran (mill-run teed.) •• 100 pounds Sawdust • • • • • • • • S part• by volume Sodium tluoailioate •• 24 pound• Water •• • •••••• To make a moist, crumbly ma.ah

It properly prepared the be.it should be crumbly in texture and when

•~ueezed firmly 1n the hand, a few drops or liquid should oollect on the

knuokles. It should flake out when thrown by h&nd or by a m.eohanioal

spreader.

One hundred poUIWs or dey material will niake nearly 200 pounds ot wet bait• which will treat about ten aeres. The bait should be applied in

the early inornine; before' the graHhoppers ber;in to f eod. tlhen higher temp-

erat·ures are reached the insects have a tendency to olimb upon vegetation

to escape the soil•surface heat. Blit should :.not be soattered when a storm.

is threatening or it my become drenched and lose much or 1ts etfeotiTenes,.

Particularly good kills are secured 'Whenth• grasshoppers first start fNd•

1ng after several days ot oool• oloud7 or rainy weather.

9Thie formula and procedure 1a proposed by Knowlton in an undatecl publioation, Grasshopper Control 1n Utah. Utah State Agricultural College Extension Service. 29

On smAll fields the moist bait may be aoattered by hand tJ-om.a

buoket or saok, or, on larger plota, it can be aoattered much taster and mo" effectively from• truck or other 'Yohiole. It should be spread only where grasshop~rs &re present, and should be spread thinly with no lumpa being distributed.. When the bait 11 prepared and applied properly, it

should not endanger honeybees, domestic animals, wild life, or poultry feeding in such baited fiel.41.

After the grasshoppers develop their winge there is very little use

in trying to destroy them. The destrt.tetion of a few would be of ••ry little value when compared with the vast nmxtbers present and the expenae invol..,ed..

Natural Enelnies

In nature, grasshop1Jers ar~ sometimes •ffectively controlled by natural means. Other insects are beneficial in their oontr-ol. The larvae

and adult, or flies (robber tlie•• aaroophagids and bee tliea), ground

beetles end blister beetles. and the larvae of the potato beetl••• and other Orthoptera (praying •ntide) are a few na.tu.n.l enemi•e. Other natval

enemies include tarantulas and other large spiders, the hair snakes (hair- worme). and red mites. The same parasites prey on all types ot eggs.

Larvae and adults are also 11.ttaoked by a number or amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals that oonaume quantities or the insects. Many species of nmmmalaare known to teed on Of'thoptera and over 100 species ot

birds have been recorded as feeding on the insects ( Bb.tohley 1920) •

Often, diseases break out, caused by fungi (lmpusa grilli. and others). The adults become sluggish and cling to the tops of the veget••

tion. where they finll.lly die. These .f'un£U• diseases work more rapidly 1n we~ weather or on dup ground and large numbers of grasshoppers may be killed. CLA.SSIFICATIOB

There are generally two systeme ot olassitioation u1ed in the ■tuq ot Orthoptere.. The order used by the early European worker,. as 1unnarbe4

by Bruea and Melander (1916). elevated moet ot the f'a.Ddlies to the rank oE order. In this arrangement they have had only a small following. Al repreaented by apeciea in the atate of Utah, this arrangement would include four order,, two suborders and fourteen fam.lies. 10

A newer system of classification has been more widely accepted and

ii used more consistently by writers on Orthoptera. It is here used to

include only seven families under one order as follows,

l00rder Orthoptera

Suborder T•ttigoniodea Family Tett1gon11dao (Long-horned loouate) Family Geyllidae (Crickets) Family Stenopelmatidae (Cave or Camel Crickets and Sand• orioket1)

Suborder Aoridod• Family Aoridida.e ( Grasshoppers and Locusts) Family Tetr1gidae (Grouse Loouata)

Order Phaannatodee. (Walk1ng-at1cka) Faaily at.01111.dae Family Phaanatidae Family Baounoulidae

Order Blattariae (Cookroachea) Family Blattidae Family Phyllodrolniidae Family ?t,yotiboridae Family Polyphagidae Family Panohloridae

Order J.fantodea ( Praying Mantids) Family Ua.ntidae

30 31

Order Orthoptera

Family Blatt1dae (Cockroaches) Family Mantidae (Praying :Manttd.s) Family Phaamidae (Wallcing-atioka) Family Tetrigidae (Grouse or Pygmy Loousta) 11 Family Aorididae {Locusts or Short-horned grasshoppers) 12 Family Tettigoniidae {Long•tirned Grasshoppers or Katydids) Family Geyllidtu1 ( Orioketa)

Use ot the Keya

Keya based on only the more salient oharaoters are imperreot instru• ments. Those here presented are only partially descriptive, and are tor oonvenienoe only. They e.re intended as a short cut in identifioat:lon. .A.a far as po11sible, easily understood words and tenu have been used 1n orde to render the work le as teohnioal amt more easily followed. JIAny ot the subdivision• adopted by authors have been omitted. to simpU.t,y the taxonom,.

In oasea involving any doubt ot identitioation, a tull desoription ot the apeoie• in question should be checked• or oomparil!lons 11tade with aoourately determined speoimena. In the matter ot deeoriptions the worker may run into d:U':f'ioulty. ~one studying early descriptions realbea,.tbat most auoh descriptions of apeoies are completely inadequate if' not entirely useless. They perhaps separated the species known at the time, blt the constant addition or new species to the literature has limited the use or the original description to present•day useage. It may therefore be neces- sary to check a complete description given by a reoent author.

11How considered to represent a valid family (Rehn 19480).

12The present trend 1e towards separating this family into the Tettigoniidae and the Gryllaorididae. the latter including the aubtUl:S.11•• Stenopelmtinae and Rhaphidophor1na.••' 11A recent publioation proposed the name Gryllulidae .tor thia f'amil.y. the keys in thia thesis are oontined. to epeoiea definitely known from tJtah, and include several species found in adjoining atates. They should be used with this taot in mind. It is probable that still other apeoiee will eventually be diacovered in the state, necessitating a revi-

11011 ot the keys. This should not present a eerious tax:onoaic problem, aa the Orthoptera ot the atate ia now quite well known..

Theae keye neoeaaarily reprenent, in a large part, a compilation.

Confusing terminology ha• been aimplit1ed. !.ck:nowleclgments for such keys ahould go to the original woJ"k:ers in orthoptere., as all authors have made uae of suggestions and keys or workers preceding them. Moat ot the struotures made use of in the keys, as discussed in

•External Anatomy"• are shown in Plate I, Figures l and 2. Additional pointe, about ll'hioh there my be some uncertainty, are illustrated in other drawiJles. A glossary is inoludod !'or detlning terminology.

Those who desire ~ore cOlllplete information about the grasshopper not only on external anatomy. but on internal anatom,. physiology. or eoology, e.re referred to the outatanding reterenoe of Uftrov (1928).

ley to the Families of Orthoptera l. Posterior legs enlarged and strongly modified tor jumping, atridulating insects •••••••• •. • ••• • •••• • • • • (2) PosteriOt' legs noi; enlarged tor jumping. all legs nearly equal in dze, atridulating organs not developed. • ••• • • • • (4) • 2. Antennae long and t111.fol"llJ tarsi three• or tour-segmented; O't'ipositor usually elongate, with its parts compact ••• • • • • ($) Antennae usually much shorter than body1 tarsi three• segm.entedJ ovipolitor short., c0111posedof tour separate parts • • • • • ••••• • •• • •• •. • • • • • • •• • • • • (5) 3. Tarsi i'our-segmented.1 wings, when present, sloping at sides ot bodyi ovipositor, when e:uerted., a loDg., oompact blade. • •• • ••• • ••••••••••••• •mily fett1goniida& Tarsi three-segmented or reduoed; wings. when present, horizontal in greater part. • • • • • • • • • • • • • Family GeylU.dae 33 -'• Anterior legs highly speoialit:ed tor grasping prey. • • Family J(antida.e Anterior legs not specialised for grasping •• ••• • • • • • • • • (6) s. Pronotum narrowed behind and prolonged. backward to or beyond the tip ot the abdomen, tegmina represented by oval lobes or aoal••• aise very small •• • ••• • Family Tetr1gldae Pronotwn never extending over the abdomens tegmina ,u,ually well developed •• • ••••• • ••••• • ••••• Family Acrididae e. Body elongate and alenderJ legs slender, rounded1 hM.d. fr••• • ••• • • • ••• • ••••• • •••••• • Family Phaamidae Body flat, broad, ovalJ legs oomp:reeeedJ head withdrawn beneath pronotum •• • • • ••••• •. • • ••••• Family Blattidae / FAJIILY BLATTIDAB

Cockroaches

' Orthoptera with strongly depressed.• more or leas oval, bodies are readily rererred to the tamily Blattidae. other distinguishing oharaoteristioa eepan.te them from other tuiliaa. The head 1a oonoealed beneath the pronotwn, the ta.oe ventral, the mouth posterior-. and the antennae long and

1.'1liform.. The leg• are slender, similar, e.moompreased, with the oone long and f'ree. When fully developed, the tegmina are parohment•like and overlapping, and the wings membranous, with a large anal area; both tepina and wings are often rudimentary or wanting in the female and sometimes in both aexe1.

The ,exes may generally be distinguished without dittioulty, although there is no visible ovipoalto:r. The males are charaoterited in 1110stgenera. in addition to the oonspiouous oeroi, by the presence of a pair of styles

(Pl. II, Fig. 1), at the sides ot the hind margin ot the last ventral segment of the abdomen. The females of some genera. have the last ventral segment cleft by a median fiuure. dividing it into obliquely sloping right and left halves (Pl. II, Fig. 3).

The Blattidae are prevailingly 1nseota of warm climates. seven species have been found in Utah, only one of which is native to the state.

Two speoiea are not likely to become established here due to adverse cond.1• tiona. Of the remaining tour spec iea, only one 18 widely distributed. over the state. The brown-be.nd.ed roaoh, Supella supelleotilium., reported here

34 35 tor the first time trom the state, seems to be well eatabliahed in St.

George, Washington County. Roaohea are nocturnal inaeots and remain in darkened plaoea during the day. At night they run about seeking tood, and attack everything edible, especially a.rt1oles of a atarohy nature. Roache• are also nuiaa.me• because of their odor and unpleasant appearance. The relationship to the

1pread ot diseases 1• not Tery well understood mt must be ot considerable

1Jllportanoe. The number or generations ot these inseots per year appears to ditter with the species. The native speoiea produces only one brood per year, but those adventive species, espeoially the German Roach, may produce several broods per year. The eggs are laid. enolosed in a horny capsule

(e.n ootheoa) which is carried about tor sevenl de.ya protruding trom the body or the female before it is finally dropped, apparently at ranclo1n. in the habitat or the adult.

Most roach infeatationa may be controlled by the use of roaoh powders auoh as aodiWll fluoride or borax. The powder should be either dia- tribttted where the roach•• may oome in direot contaot bJ' walking on it, or

111Uedwith :rood. The brown-banded roach ia moat easily controlled with phoephorua paste, whioh 1a also et~eotive against the .Amer1oan roe.oh.

Fumigation with cyanide and dusting or spraying with Jrlixtures of pyrethrum or D.D.T. are al10 etteotive. In order to avoid 1nfeatationa troin migrating roaohea, the house and especially the plumbing should be tightly constructed. The brown- banded roach lll8.)' be introduced by pa.okagea and f'um.iture brought into the building, as it prefers to hide and attaoh its egg oaees in such places.

Ta.xonomioally, the family ia divided into a nUJllber ot subfamilies, 36 to\U" of whioh are repreeented in the Uta.h taUl'lA. These subfamilies will not be discussed aoparately • The seven species that have been found within the state are members ot seven different genera.

Key to the Blattidae of U'tah l. Middle and hind temora armed posteriorly along one o:r both mart;ina With two or m.ore dietinot spines (Pl. XI, Fig. 8). • • • {2) Middle or hind rem.ore., or both, unarmed posteriorly, o:r anied with hairs or bristles only, or with one or two apioal or eubapioal spines on one or both margins (Pl. II, Fig. 5). • • • • • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. • • • (3) 2. Pronotum and tegmina deneely oO'V'eredwith tine., s1llq puba1oenoe. (Subfamily Byotoborinae). • •• !atobo:ra nootivage. Rehn Pronotum and teglldna amooth, or but sparsely hail' or pilo••• (Subtudly Blattinae) •••••••••••••••••• (f} I. surtaoe ot pronotum. and tegmina glabroua, olaws ••parated by• distinct aroliwn (Pl. II, Fig. 9). (Subtudly Panohlorinae). • • •••••••••••• Panohlora oubenaia sauaa. Surtaoe ot pronotum and tegmina hairy; no a.roll.um. &tween the olawa, or only a. Jninute one. (Subfamily Polyphaginae) • •••••••••••••• • Arenivaga erratioa Rehn

4. Larger. the pronotum. 7 1111. or more in length ••••••••••• • (5) Smaller, the pronotwn leas than 7 mm. in length •••••••••• (6)

5 • regmina, 1n both a exes• extending ooneidera. bly beyoJ'ld the tip of the abd.o•en• ••••• • •••• Periplaneta amerioana (Linn.) Tegmina, in both sexes, not rea.ohing the tip olthe abd.omen•• • ••••••• • • ••••••• Blatta or1entalia Linn. a. 1'egtnina ot the male extending beyond the tip ot the abdomen, subgenital plate of the female entire (Pl. II, Fig. 4) • ••••• (1) Tegmina of the male shorter than the abdomens subgenita.l plate of the female divided or split (Pl. II, Fig. 3) •••• • • • • • • • • • •••• • •••• •. • • ••• Bl.&tta or1entalia Linn. T. Jlargin or the t'ore feinora armed posteriorly on the 1-sal half with from S to 5 or 6 strong spines auoceeded di•tally by a row of amaller olose-aet spinules (Pl. II, Fig. 1) J pronotum. with two ,tripes or darker brownJ 1tyle1 or male indistinot or wanting ••• Bl.attell.a germanioa (Linn.) Margin ot the tore temora armed posteriorly along !is en• tire length with stout spines which diminish in length toward the apex (Pl. II, Pig. 6)J pronotum without two dark brown 1tripes1 atylea ot male distinot ••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. SUJ?!lla 1upellectilium (Serv.) BT

SUll'AMILT BLA'f'TIHAI

Genus Supella Shelt'ord

SUJJ!lla aupelleot1liwn (Serville} 1839. Brown•bandec:\Ros.ch. (Pl. II, Fig 6) Blatta (Ph llodrom.ia 1UR9lleotilium Serville. Hiatoire Naturelle des Insect••• Or o ere,. Records, WASHINGTONcomrrt_. st. George. November 25_. ).950 {Andrew H. Be.rn•h U'rARoouwrr. Provo, Ootober 16, 1951 (Lenord D. Moore). Olay-yellow with pale brown head and da~r face •. Sides of pro• notum. yellowish transparent with chestnut-brown disc. Ter,mina variable• uaually pale brown with a paler band at ba.sal third separating two darker brown blotches• Legs and under surface clay-yellow. , Both sexes a.re appros• imately the same eiaeJ the tegmina and •1ng•of the male are longer than those of the female. Length ot body,. ll•14J length ot pronotum, 2.6-41 length or tegm.tna,

In reoent year• thi ■ speoieB haa beoome one of the moat important household roaohea in the warll8r parts of the United States. Although only one speoimen waa oolleoted at Provo. it seea to haYe beoome well established in st. George. This tropical species is becoming widely distributed throughout the United Stat•••

Genua Blattella Caudell

Blattolla &•r11lflnioa (Linnaeus) 176'1. German Cookroa.oh. (Pl. II. Figs. 4 & 1) Blatt, germanica Linnaeus, Syat. Nat., Ed. XII, I, P• 638.

SynonOB\Y1 Blatta obliquata Daldorff'J Isohnoptera bivittata Thomas, Eotobias Phyllodromli..

Ptlbliahed reoorde t Juab and 'Utah Oounties(Tarmer 1921). 38

Additional records I Jt:rABCOUNTY, Eureo.. November 15• 1925 {Vaeco u. Tanner), UTAHcomm, Provo, Spanish Fork (D• Elmo Hard.yJ l!oraoe Hardy), and Aspen Grove, mu Calllpua, Timpanogos (Vaaoo M. Tanner).

Color licht buffy brownJ the disc ot the pronotmn with a pair ot ruscous longitudinal etripes separated by a space a little greater than their width. Male and te-.le of praetioally the same abe, 'tlhe female being a little broader.

Length or body, 12•141 length ot tegmnae lO•llJ length ot antennae, 13•16.

The Gennan Cookroaoh, or Croton Bug, probably the most important member ot the family in the United states, is especially oommon in eo!!lll.eroial eitablishments. It ia .. native of Central Europe but has beco111ecosmopolitan. in distribution. It appears indoor• in the adult condition at any time during the year. It is more abundant in the central portions of the United

States than in the more northern or southern portions. A lov•r ot heat and

JnOisture• it pouesaes the instinct to h1de am the ability to seorete it• self into exoeedingly narrow orevices. It is especially fond of stare~ ~ood assooiated with man.

Genus Blatta Linnaeus

Blatta orientalia Linnaeus 1758. Oriental Cockroach. (Pl. II,, Pigs. 1. 2, I, It 8) Blatta orientalia Linnaeus, Syat. Nat •• Ed. x. 1. P• 434. Syn.onomys Stylopyga; Periplaneta: Kakkerlae.

Published reoorda a Salt Lake and W'ashington Countiea (Tannttr 1917).

Addi ticnal records. SALT LUE COT.nft'Y.Salt Lake City, tn'A1t comm. ProTO; WASHI:tt;TONcomm. st. George (Va.soo M. Tanner) and Zion National Park (Arthur F. Bruhn). S9 Color Yery dark mahogany brown, or bla.okish brown, the female nearly black• shining, w1nga shorter than a.b:lom.en in male, females with wing pads only.

Length ot body* tna.le 21.6•25, female 20-28 J length ot tegmina 1 male 12•16, female 4-6.6; length ot hind tibiae, male 9-10.5 1 female 9-9.5.

From Ad.a. this roe.oh haa spread throughout the entire 'United States and 1s common as a household pest in the central latitudes of the United

States. This ,1.naect, is, oarnivoroua, although it is fond of starchy rood. It is o.rten round feeding upon cheese, meat, vmolen clothes, and even old leather. It ii a slow-moving insect found mostly 1n Yery damp plaoes and feed.a mainly at night.

Genua Periplanetia BU1111eister

Peripla.neta uerioana. (l,1nnaeua) 1168., Amerioan Coelcroaoh.

Blatta amerioana Linnaeus, Syst. Hat., Ed. X, I, P• 434.

Synonomya Blatt& b.ta Jierbst.J B. kakerlao Oliv., :e. stocitolia Stal, -B. -----auN.ntiaoa ital, -T."lirunnea B:lui, Lkker!ao, OaoerTaca. Reoorda • CACHE COUftY• Logan (USAC Collection), WASBIIG!'ON COUffl.'1', st. George (Andrew a. 8\rnun).

Oasta.neous. the diao or the pronotum lightest, with hind ma.rgin f'usooue and usually a oastaneoua or ruacous bilobed spot in the oenter. but sometimes nearly solid-colored in the female.

Length of bod.yr male 34-31 • female 30•331 length ot tegt:111na1 male

28-32 1 female 25-26J length of hind tibiae, male ll•l3, female 12•12.oJ length of antennae r •l• to-67, feJ11ale 15•38.

This large native ot tropical and subtropical America has spread to the tour aorners ot the earth. It often e:xiata in large nmabers in houa•• 40 where it oa.n hide 1n oraok:s and dark corners. It probably inhabits most cities of Utah whore continuous heat. moisture a.nd rood are to be tound.

SUBFAMILYNYCTOBORIN.AB

Genus Wyotobora sauaeure lf§:otobora nooti!!:la Rehn 1902. Great brown roaoh.

!l;otobora nootiva§a Rehn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 2918.

Reoord11 UTAHCOUNTY, PJ"O'Yo and Spanish Fork.

Dark chestnut brown, above 1:h1okly'clothed with minute yellowiah pro1trate ha.lreJ legs and under surtaoe reddish-yellow. Antennae filitorm, as long as the body. Fem.le similar to male., but broader.

Length ot body, 250-S5; length ot pronotums 10, length ot tegminat as. Thia adventin species ie introduced from the tropics and has been found in many areas 1n the United States. !here is little chance ot it ever becoming e1tablishecl. 1n the state.

SUBFAMILYPJ...NCHLORIHAE

Oenu1 Panohlora ~rmeiater

Pa.nohlora oubensie Sausaure 1862. Green Cuban Roaoh. (Pl. II, Fig. 9)

Panohlon cubensi• Saunure, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1862• P• 230.

Record•• UTAHcomrtr, Spanish Fork and Provo. Deoember 1948.

A beautitul, long-winged, green 1peciea, unit'onn pale green above, oooiput, pronotum and tegmina with a yellowish-white submargi:ne.l lineJ legs and under aurraoe greenish-white. Length ot bodys male 12•14, female 16-18J length of pronotwn, male 4-4.5, female S-5.5J length or tegmine., l!ll!lle 16.5•15, female 10-20. f.1

1'hia apeoies is often introduced with tropioal fl"uits and ia estab-

lished in thia oountry only in limited localities. It ia unable to liv•

indoors tor any length ot time.

SUJFAMILYPOLYmAGINAE

Genus Arenivaga Rehn

Areniva§e. erratioa. Rehn 1901. (Pl. II, Fig. 5)

Arenivap erratioa Rehn, Proo. Aoad., Nat. Soi. Phila,., 59t24-Sl.

Synonomy t Homoeogamia.

PUblbhed reoorda I Hebard. (1920b), Eaaig (1926), Tanner (1921) an4 · Ba.11, et al (1942).

Additional reoorde t CAROONCOUNff, Prioe (Vaaoo M. Tanner), GRABO

COUll'l'Y,Moe.b (C:larenoe Cottam) and Arches National Monument, "uguat l, 1950

(Dorald lb Allred.), IAJIE COUftT, l'avajo Welle, September 1, 1951, from neat

ot Neotoma. lepida (D Elden Beok); WASHIJGTONCOUNTY, st. George, August

1925 (Vaaoo 11. Tanner, A. M. Woodbury) and Leeds (Vasco M. Tanner), :W.AYIE

COUNTY,Hanksville (W. D. Stanton).

Hedium-air:ed or small, reddish-brown, somewhat mottled with l\ dark median spot ~n the diso ot the pronotum. The feme.les are wingless, the

males wing•d •

Length ot body: male 14-19, female 10-16.51 length or pronotunn

male 3.6, female 4-SJ length ot tegmina. • male 13-16.5.

Thia oom.on and widespread species 1• deae:rtiooloua and found in

wood rat and ground aquirrel dens. It ia moat awn.dant in the lower alti•

tudea ot southern California. Utah, Colorado• Arizona, Texas and Mexioo.

!he males are commonly attra:oted to U.ghta while the oval wingleH tamales

are found in their natural habitatu under Yegetational debris or in the

burrow• and den• ot rodents .. Praying Kantida

The ma.ntid• are atrik:ingly peculiar in appearance. The body is elongateJ the head ~ree and tranaveree, the face vertioal. The front legs are raptorial with a fr••• elongate coxae; the femora and tibiae are en• larged and spined for se1t1ng inseot preys the middle and hind legs are slender. The wings are often shorter than the abdomen in the females. The abdomen of the female is often much broader than that ot the male e.nd with• out a visible ovipositor. Both sexes (Pl. II• Figs. 10 as11) have a pa.i:r ot short jointed oeroi attached to the sides ot the supl'8.•anal plate, while the ma.lee have also a iair of lllUoh shorter at,.l•H near the apex of the subgenital plate. Sound prod.uoing organ• are absent. The Mantidae ditter from all other Orthopt;era in being exclusively oarm.voroua upon linng insects. !hey are esteemed as higblf uaetul and beneficial. A praying mantid often takes two grasshopper• at a time, grab- bing one in each spiJJy' appendage. It •t• the prey alive, usually starting at the base ot the head. !he females are oann1bflliatio and often devour their males arter oopulation..

The eggs are la.id in oonsp1ouous mruusea (in. ootheoa) attached to , twiga of trees or stems of .grasses. The winter is spent in the egg stag•• the young ha.toh in spring u4 seek plant lice a.nd other soft-bodied insects for their first food.

Utah ia represented by two aubfw.liea ot Mantida.ec AJnelinae and Mantinae. Three apeoies troa two genera are round in the state. Iey to the Mantidae of Utah

1. She small, leu than 32 mm. long, pronotum. slir;htly longer than anterior coxaeJ posterior femora armed with an apical spine. (Subtamily Alnel1•e) •••••••• L1taneutr1a minor Soudd. Sise large, more than 50 mm. long; pronotum muoli'.longer than anterior coxaeJ poate~ior temora with no apical spin•• (Subfi.11.ily Manti.nae) •••••• •. • • • ••••• • • • •. •. (2) t. Abdomendorsally unitorm, or almost unitorm, in coloration ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Sta,momantie oarolina (Johann.) Abdomen with the basal thNe or tour aeginen • coneplcn.iously arked transTerael.y above on the posterior fourth or more • with black or dark br~• • • • • • Staem.antia ealitornioue R. & H.

SU!FAMILY AMELIKAE

Genus Litaneutria sausaure

Litaneutrla minor Scudder 1912. G•roU?ldMantia. .! st--W.toptera minor Scudder, u.s. Geol. Surv. Nebr., Fin. Rept., Pt• S., P• Z • Synonmey, L. ocula,r:is saunureJ L. obscure. soudder1 L. Eoifioa Soudder, .!:.•skinnerY RohiiJ !:..•long1~nnis-Bel'.er. - FUblished recordat SoUdder (1896).

Additional records 1 !£AVERCOUNTY, Milford (Vasoo M. Tanner) J

CARBONCOUNTY, Price J OAlU'IRLD COUll'l'!'• Widtsoe (Va.aeo M. Tanner) and Bryoe

Canyon (Vaeco :M. Tanner) J JU\ B COU'Bff• Eureka (W• o. Stanton) and. Fish

Spring ■ (D Elden Beck and Do:rald M. Allred), UILLlRD Cotnrrr, Jle..rgwn Pas1, Antelope Mountains, August l, 1949 (Blaine M:oore)JUTAH OOtnfff, Prow

(B. f. West), Spanbh Fork (t>. Elmo Baray), and Dividend (Tom Spalding),

WASHINGTONcomm, Zion lational Park, Le.Verkin (Va100 u. Tanner), and st. George (Vaaoo M. Tanner).

Small, g:raJ in color. Females always ahort-wingedJ males usually, but not always, long-winged. The winged males have a oharaoteristio large black spot in the center ot the him wing. Length or bodyr ma.le 24• female 26 J length of tegmina, male u,. female 5•6•

Thia Hall ground-living species ia common throughout the state and is often attracted to lighte at night• A great deal or variation ooovs within the species in the coloration and the length of the tegmina and wings. a:>th macropteroua and bmohypteroua males are round., The specie• is distributed from We.shington and Montana south into Hexioo.

SUBfr'AlfILYMAN'l'DtAE

Genua Stagmomantil Saussure

Stagmomantia oalif'ornioua Rehn & Hebard 1909. (Pl. II, F1ge. 10 & 11)

Sta~tb oalitornicua Rehn & Hebard. Proo. Aoad. l'at. Soi. Phil••• 81, !. ·

Published records, Tanner (192?).

Addi tlonal reoorclu Iti1Aft'R OOlmff • Milford J GRANDCOUffl', Cisco (Vaaoo M. 'l'anner) and Arches Jlationa.l Monument,, July 22 a.nd August 10. 1960

( Dorald M. Allred) J UTAH COUffl.'Y• Cedar Valley f WASHINGTONCOtllffY, St• George

(Va.eoo u. Tanner J Andrew u. Ba.mum) and Zion National Park (Va.soo M. 'l'amier, Arthur F. Bruhn).

GrMn, yellow or brown in coloration. Wings ot the female dark or marked with ashy blotches, f'irst tour seg,nenta of male broadly edged with seal brown.

This oommon Utah mant1d 1a often attracted to lights at night. Ita distribution includes utah and Arbon., to Calitorn.1.a and T•••• It ia commonthroughout the creosote deserts of the southwest.

Thomas (18?5) reported thNte specimens belonghg to the family lfantidae that were oolleoted '!:Grmembers or the T,beoler Survey, one of which was new and Wtui described at that time as follows 1

t "The speo1Jllen is dry, and is so badly damaged that it ia impossible to deteM111ne positively the genus to whioh it belongs, or to do mre than indioate some ot ita leading speo1tio oharaotera.

"Female.-Head 1."lat, tranaverH, triangular in tront. OOoiput ahort, riduoed. to a transrnree ridge. Vertex transverse, directed. downward and back.ward toward the f'ace, with tour alight longitudinal depressions. Ooelli dietinot and prominent. The raoe t ransYereely q~d.rilateral1 the upper oarinate margin bent upward between the antennae. !'he antennae wanting. Prothorax about twice the length ot the rest of the thorax, the m.argine minutely serrate, slightly emarg1nate, so9.roely expanding posteriorly, expanding near the trans• verse inoision. Anterior temora dentiaulate on the exterior carina. Abiomen enlarged, fusif"onn.. Middle and posterior legs wanting, and but • remnant of the wings remaining•

"Colo:r.-Yellow. probably faded f'roin a pale green.. The abdominal aegme11tiswith a piceous black fascia or ring on the poflterioP margin of' ea.eh. The remnanta or the winf;s oe.rneous-red.•

~ ,; •rhe specimen is too much injured to gi've aey very accurate mee.sure- mentsJ but the followine approxhnations will indicate the size,•• Length. 2 .z inoMsJ prothorax, 1.0 inch1 anterior fem.ore., 0,5 inoh1 anterior tibiae, 0.6 inoh.w Thia apeoiee wae subsequently placed into synonOIIJTwith -s.

Stagnomantil oarolina (Johe.nnaon) l'T6S. Carolb:ua. Mantia.

Gryllu1 oarolinu• Johannsen, Amoen, Aoad •• VI, S98, n. 28.

Synonomy, •ntia oonsturoata SerrilleJ M. inq_uinata SerTill•J M. ferox Sauuure, M. wheeferr !home.a; M. stoll'I Satuasures •• dim.idiata 89.UHur•J St•~moma.ntis tolteoa.' saussure,-BB.otroman:tis vtr19:,Scudder, PhaamomantIa., PUbliehed record• 1 Scudder "(1896) and Essig (1926). Caudell (1906) reported that "on October 9. 1905, Kr. J. c. Rounds of Tieetwater, Ut.ah, sent a female mantis to the National MUseumfor determination which turned out to be or this species.• According to this author, this is the •tarthest west• ern speoit1o record tor this insect.• There are no additional recorde in the BrU oolloct1on. lla.le grayieh-brownJ tegmina semi-transparent, grayish, more or less mottled with smoky brown, sometimes almost wholly or the latter color. The fel!lllle ia either greenish-yellow with bright green tegmina and legs or dark brown like the m&le. The black stigmat1e patch whioh 1a bordered with pale yellow ie more distinct in the grffn tom.

Length of' bodyt ma.le 48•55• fell&le 51-5?. FAMILYPHASMIDAB

Walk1ng•at 1ok ■

The walking-stioks are among the curiosities ot the inseot world. They have an elongate• slender. aud oylindrieal body,with an exaerted head.

The prothorax 1s very short. the mesothoru: and metatho:rax elongate. ·, The legs are slender and alike in torm. Tegmin.a and wings are lacking 1n all or the United states species. A large arolium is preaent between the clan at the end of the five-segmented taraua. ,The ovipositor of the female is oonoealed by the su~genital plate and the cerei are not jointed (Pl. II• F'iga. 12•15).

'l'he walking-stick• a.re remarkable tor their resernble.noe to twigs ot plants or to dead gra••• They are proteoted effectively by their habit of moving very slowly and del1.beratel.7 and. of :remaining motionleu tor long periods ot time, which make them. very d1tt:1oult to find. some species have a means ot defenae 1n their ability to ejeot an offensive spray tram speoial glands. The lega. U' lost. may under certain o1rcnamtanoea. be regeneratedJ and indiYiduls exhibiting appendages in this process are not in.trequently seen. These regenerated appendages may be distinguished by the abaenoe ot one tarsal segment .. The eggs closely resemble seeds or plants and are dropped on the ground. at .-and.oni. All of the walking-sticks teed on the leaves of' plants• They are purely herbiYoroua and are usually found on shrubs and trees or among grasses. Bone of the species is ilnportant in Utah from an economic standpoint.

4'1 48

The £u1ly 1• largely a tropical one. Two subfamilies are found in Utah representing four speoies in three genera.

Key to the Phasmidae or Utah l. Antennae distinctly longer than the anterior femora. (Subfamily Reteronemiinae)••••• • • •••• • •. • • • • • • (2) Antennae not more than one-half aa long as the anterior femora• ( Subt8llli.ly PaohymorphinAe). • • • •• • • • • • • • • • (3) 2. Head oarinateJ middle temora of' the male slender, not thicker than the posterior onesJ posterior remora. unarmed 1n both sexes. • • •. • • • •. • • •• • Paeudoee l• atramineua (Soudd.) Head emootht middle temora ot the male much awora en, ells- tinotly thioker than the posterior ones: posterior remora armed beneath near apex with a single spine, in the mtlle Tery prominent, in the female often Tery small and some• times wholly abeent. •• • • • • • • • • Diaeheromera teJ110rata (Say) s. Ninth (next to the la.st) a.lxlominal segment of male twioe as leng as wide •••••••••• • Parabaoillua ooloradua (Soudd.) Length am width ot ninth abdominal segment" about equal•• •••• • ••• •• •••••••• •. •. • •• Parabaoillue heaf!rU1 Hebard

SUBFAMILY PAClm!ORPHINAE

Genus Parablloillue Caudell

Parabacillu• hesperus Hetard 1934.

Pa.re.ba.oillus hesperua Hebard. TrfllUI. Amer. Ent. Soc., 40,281•293. published recordsI Hebard (1934a), llorth to the Wah Wah Range, utahJ Leeds and Bellewe, Utah. Additional records, 'r00m..E COUNTY, Tooele, September 13, 1911

(1,. L. Hansen) (USAC Collection). A medium or small and extremely llender walldng-atiok. Antennae short, lees than three times the length of the head. Surtaoe smooth without tuberolea, but with a prominent medio-longitudinal carina on pronotma and with ooe.rae low sub-11111rgine.l longitudinal oarinae on each eide. Limbs very elender,, unarmed. The female is considerably longer amt more :robllst than the male. Coloration typioa.117 straw-yellow, but may 'ftl'J trom light red brown to mWl'lll.ybrown• A striking broad bs.nd ot brown ia present on the head and thorax but beoomea week on the abdomen.

Length ot bodya ma.le 41•66,, female 50•80.

Thie speoiea 1s largely round on range graase1 and rabbit bruah,, mt 1a not oontined to these plants, and is usually the snlll$ color as the vegetation. Speoimens :rrotn a wanner environment average larger than do those speoime:rui: from. colder areas. Thia species is confused with P. ooloradus. -

'' -Paraht.oillua ooloradus (Scudder) 1893. Ba.oillue ooloradua Scudder, Psyche, 6,372. Synonomy1 -B. oarinatus Scudder. Publ.1ahed records a Tanner (1927), Carbon, xane and Washington

Counties, Hebe.rd. (l9S6a), San Juan County, Rel'Jderaon and Le'V'i (1988), 8:>x Elder, Cache, Kane, Salt Lake, Tooele and Washington Counti••• Additional records, C.AJUl>NOOtnft'Y,. Price (Vasoo M. Tanner; Serville

Flowera)J UINti.H COUNT?, Vernal, July 1926 (Vasoo M. i'anner}J m.'AHCOUNff 1

DiYidend, September 41 191T (Tom Spalding),. Vin971-rd, OOto'ber Sl, 1919

(Tom Spalding) and Pro'f'o (Vasoo M. TannerJ D. Ee Johnson), WASHillGfOICOUlfff, Zion National Parle (Va.soc M. Tanner)•

Teataoeou11, more or leu clouded with fusoous dorsally. Head striped feebly with f'uscoua., eepeoially above, and with f'ive subequidistant delioate longitudinal oarinae. The t1&.leaare more •lender with longer antennae and legs. There is a certain amount of variation in color and sise. Th• coloration Tariea trom almost wholly intuscated to a light brown.

All atagea of gradation between the extremes ot color and si&e are fow.Jd. 50

Length of bodyt male 34-64, :female 48-"Ta.

The distribution ot thie species includes Utah, Arbona., W)roming, South Dakota., Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Although the species is extens ively distributed, 11:i rarely ooours in large numbers.

SUBFAMILY HETEROHEAO:IHI-.E

Genua Paeudoaer11.Yl• Caudell

Paeudoser&l• stramineua (Sotu.tder) 1902 • Gray Wa.lking•stiok. Blcunoulua atramineus Soudder, Proc. Davenp. Aoad. Soi •• 9120. Synonomyt -P. ----truneata CaudellJ -P. tenuis Rehn & Hebard. PUblbhed reoordst Henderson a.nd Levi (1938), Tinkham (1948).

Additional reoords t SAVER COtTNff., lfilford, .Auguat 1929 (Vasco M. Tanner) J UB COtmff • The Hall, J.soalante Desert, June 1936 (Vasoo l!. Tannerh MILLA.RD COUlr.l'Y, Ga.n.dy, June 1939 (Va.soo lsi• Tanner), WASHINGTON COUffl.'Y, Zion National Park, September 1951 (Arthur ,. 1':'uhn)J WAYlilt! COUNTY, nanksvi;tle, August 1930 (w. n. Stanton). Color usually gray, but may be pink or yellow; texture of eurf'ace rough. Head above with two pairs of prominent oarinae• The males 4.i.N'ar trom the fem.alas in being entirely smooth except tor the two main oarinaa on the anterior pa.rt ot the head between the eyes, a.nd. in being smaller and more slender. Length ot boc:lya male 60, female 42J lcgth of antennaea mal• a2 • .female 26. Thia apeo1es, found in Utah and Colond.o to California, Al"ilD na end Texas, ha.a a great altitud.inal range. It is oooaeionally tound feeding on graaa, wt more often on shrubs and perennial plants. . < 51 Genus Diapheromera Gray

Diapheromera femorata (Sq) 1824. Common Tiallcing•atiok. (Pl. II, Figs 12•16) Spectrum femoratum Say, Journ. Aoad. Nat. Soi. Pb.ila., I, 4,291. Synono�• !• aayi GrayJ Bacteria linnearis Goaae, BtounoulusJ Phaama. ·---·

Published reoordss Henderaon and Levi (1938), Salt La.ke and Washington Counties. Additional reoordss VIASHIWTON COUNTY, Zion ?1ational Fark, September 1927 (Vasco M. Tanner). Color tuaooua or green, the males more often exhibiting the latter oolor. Mature individuals, especially the females, are al.most always rusooua during the autumn months. Middle tem.ora ot dark oolored male& di•• tinotly blndsd. with lighter color. Length ot bod.ya ale 62-74, t'eme.le ?2•901 length of antennae, male 50•60, female 40-41. In the eastern part of the United States thia apeo1ea is very oommon and ia at timee extremely destructive to both shade and forest trees. The chief' food plant 1a oak. It b extremely rare in Utah. Hebard {1925)

■tatea that these westem records are probably a different, undesoribed apeoies o� this genus and that he ia "praotioally oonnnoed that femorata does not reach westward beyond the eastern limit of the Great Plainsn . Utah apeoimens are tentatiTeq assigned to this apeoies until revision is accomplished• PLATE II

Figures 1-15 52

FIG. 2

FIG. 5

FIG. 4

FIG. 3 --:fmmn;J;z FIG. 6

~ FIG. 7 FIG. 9

FIG. 8

FIG. 11

FIG. 10

¢±.~ ... ·

-.. . . .

~FIG. 12 ~FIG. 14

FIG. 13

AH Barnum. PLATE 11 FAMILY TETRIGIDAE (Aorydiidae) Pyr.;,rrv or Grouse Locusts

The pygDV or grouse loousts a.re among the smallest representatives of the order Orthoptera al1d may be readily :reoogn1zed by the prolonged pronotum. whioh oovers the entire body. This speeialhation provider; protection

! ) tor the delicate wings and replaees the tegllina which have been reduced. to ama.ll oval lobes or scales. The wings are usually present and. well developed, but in some species are not in:trequently reduced 1n size and are rarely obsolete or unfit for normal functions. The length of the pronotum. also 'ftr:I.•• with the size of the wings. D:rbh long and short winged incUviduals occur in the same species. !he prosternum. project• forward as a chin p1eoe covering the mouthparts. The pulvilli between the tarul olawa are absent• ( Thia is probably conneoted with the habit or resting on the ground instead of living on plants.) Another oharaoter sharpl-7 distinguishing this family is the presence of two segments in the front tmd middle tarsi. The subgenital plate or the ma.le is conical or triangular, the oerci are very small. The female J'ilay be recognized by the sorrulate ovipositor with sharp diverginf; extremitiea. Pygmy locusts are common in damp places in washes and along streams and other bodies of water. They feed upon alge.•• lichens, moHea ,. tender sprouting seeds, sedges, and other tender plants and debris. The immature or adult toms hide beneath ohipa,. loose bark or logs,. or debris, where the winter i• spent• The coloration ii pi-oteoti've, resembling the soil background in 61 color• e.nd although often varied. b n•ver such as to make the inaeot oon• spiouous in its habitat. Individual and local variations are obvioua and overlap geographically. adding to the oomplexity ot the group.

This family 1a sometimes treated at a subfaanily ot the Aoridida•• but is nowreoognized as a 'Vtl.114family. Eight species, belonging to tour genera. are known tram. Utah. All genera and spec1,ee belong to the subfamily

Tetr1ginae.

JCey to the 'l'etrigidae or Utah l. Vertex extending for,rard beyond front of eyes, dbtinotly wider than one of them when viewed from above-. its front margin angulate ~r rounded (Pl. III, Figs. 3 & 4). • • • • •••••• • (2) Vttrtex not at all or 1:lflrely advanced beyond eyes and u,u.1•lly narrower than one ot them, its front margin truncate, front margin of pronotum reaching eyea (Pl. III, Fig. 5) ••• • ••• • (1)

2. J(ed.ian oarina ot pronotum. raised in the torm of' a crest and more or less arched lengthwise. its dorsal front margin produced in an angle o•er the baok ot the head, posterior process of pronotum usually much abbreviated (Pl. III• Fig. 2) •••••••••• • • •••• NOJAotettix oristatua (Scud.d.} Median carina of pronotum low, not aroh•d• Its a.orsal l'ron\ margin truncate or very obtaise-angulate (Pl. III, Fig. 1). (Genus Aor,dium). • •••• • ••••• • • ••••••••••• (4) a. Antennae 14-segJ11ented1 frontal oosta., in profile, feebly hut distinotly einuate in tront ot the eyes, prono1na greulose, _ rarely finely aoabroua. (Genus Paratettix) •••• • ••• • •• (6) A~tennae l3•aegmented.1 frontal oosta not at all sinuat•J 4oreal aurf'aoe of pronotum. dietinotly rugose ••• • • ••• • •• • • ••••• • ••••••••• • •••• Apotettix rugoaus (Scud.d.,) 4. Front ot vertex, vined from above, obtusely angulate, its median carina not projecting beyond the aides (Pl. III. Fig. 4). (5) Front ot vertex oon-vex or rounded, its med.ian oarine. distinctly projecting as a small tooth beyond the sides (Pl. III, Fig. i}. • (T)

5. Body very slender, the pronotum relatively narrow between the shoulders and·posteriorly attenuate; frontal oosta, viewed from the side, very slightly sinuate between the eyesa upper or tcgminal sinus of lateral lobes nearly as deep as the lovrer one. • ••••• •. • • •. • • •. Ao~diut11 subulatum (Linn.) Body stouter, the pronotum llUOh broader between• shoufclers, muoh lees attenuate but acute posteriorly; frontal coata viewed in protile distinctly ainuate between the eyes, tegminal sinua obviously more shallow than the lower one. Aorydiut11 inourvatwn (Hano.) 65

6. Pronotum usually m.uohsurpassing the tips 0£ hind femora• its apex subule.te, its mttdian oarina feebly elevated throughout 1ta length •••• •. • • • Paratettb: cuoulla.tus ( Burm.) Pronotum not reaching tips of hind fem.ora• !ts apex aoute, ita rnedie.n carina distinctly elevated throughout •••• • •• • • • • • •. • • • • • •. • • • Paratettix mexioanua mexioanus (Sause.) T. Sides of frontal oosta gradually divergent f'ro~ above downward.••••••••• • • •' Aorzdiwn aoa.dicum acad1oUJn(Soudd.) Sides of frontal ooata abruptly divergent near the vertex, but lllOre or lees parallel below th11 region ••• • ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Aorydium aoadioum brunner 1 ( Bol.)

SUBFAMILYft:TRIG INAE

Genua NoJnOtettix Moree lomotettix orietatua (Scudder) 1862. Crested Pygmy Locust. (Pl. III, Fig. 2)

Batraoh1dea oriatata Scudder, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist,, ?1418.

' ' Synonomy, -B. oarinata Scudder. PUblbhed reoordst Olten (1929).

Additional records a CACHECOUNff, Logan Caeyon, Tony• e Ranger Station, Jun• 1926 (Vaaoo M. Tanner}J nuom:snCOUffl', sheep oreek, JUne .. 1926 (Vasco u. Tanner) J GARFIELDCOUNTY, Bryce Caeyon (Vasoo u. Tanner) and Boulder. June 1986 (Wilmer w. Tanner)1 UTAHCOUNTY, Payson Canyon.

Antennae w1th 12 or 13 segment a J gre:yish or rusoou1 brown, the dialc: of the pronotum often orruunented with one or two trie.ngulu velvety black or black and white apots. Vertex nearly twice as wide u one of the e,-ea and extending in rront or the11, the median oarina prominent.

Length or body, short form1 lll&le S-9, female B.5-101 length of body, long form, lllllle ll•ll.6. female ll•l2.5J length or pronotUJn, short , forms male 1•8.5, female 8•9.61 length or pronotwn, long form, male 9.5•10.5, female 10-11.6, This widely distributed species has been separated into a number ot geographical Tariations. The subspecies represented 1n Utah is undetermined. 66

Genus Aorydium Geotfroy

Aozzdi'U!'lgubulatum {Linnaeus) 1767. (Pl. III, Fig. 4)

Tetrix (Tettix) subula.twn Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. XII.

Synonomy, Aorydium granule.tum Kiru,, Tettix luggeri He.ncoekJ Tettix morsei Hancock; !et\ii.x granuiatue variagatua iianoock.

Published reoordu llancock (1902), Olsen (1929).

Additional records I rox: ELDERCOUN'rY • Rosewre Creek, Ra:f't River Mountains, June 1928 (D Elden l!ack)J GARFIELDCOUNTY, Bljoe Canyon (Vasco M.

Tanner)J JUAB CO'Uffl.'Y,Levan (Ve.1100M. Tanner), PIUTE COUNTY,Piute Reservoir,

Junotion, July 13, 1921 (Clarenon Cottam)J Sil JU.ABCOUNTY, Bear Ea.re, Elk

Ridge (Vasco M. Ttumer)s UTAHCOUlrl'Y, Payson (Ve.sco M. Tanner), Aspen Grove,

B!'1JCampu1, 'l'impanogoa, utah (Vaeoo M. Tanner), Provo and environs ( o. Wilford OlsenJ ·va.sco M. Tanners c. J. D. Brown), Lehi am Spam.ah Fork,

'¾,ru 11, 1960 ( Blaine Moore J t.enoTd Moore) 1 WASHIW'l'ONCOUNTY, Pine Valle7

(Vasoo M. Tanner) J WEJl:R COUNTY,Farr West (Vaaoo M. Tanner).

lbdy, especially that of male, •ery slender, female broader and

more ro1-lat. ColoT variable, usually wholly grayish or reddish-brown, some-

times blackish, pronotum often with a median yellowish band along the full

length. Suri"aoe of pronotum and legs finely cranulated, the dorsal surface

of the pronotum. also M.tgoae with numerous very ijhort ridges or tubercles.

male a-11.6, female 12•1&.6.

This species is easily reoognbed by' the length ot the Yertex which

1• extended beyond the eyes. It ia usually found along the margin• ot

ponds, etreams, and meadowa, and occasionally 1n wooded areas and even in

cultivated fields ( :aa.11,et al, 1942). It 1a f'ound at high elevation.a over

m.ost of' the United States and Canada. 5T

Aory~tium inourvatum. {Hanoook) 1895. Tettix inourvatue Hanooolc, Amer. Nat •• 291161.

Published reoorde I Rehn (1906), Bee.ver Creek Rill•• l38aver County.

Thie torm, deeoribed from the western pa.rt 0£ the ootu:rl;17, ia veey oloaely related 'to st1bulatt111 l\M appears to inte:rgrade with it. It 1• typically distinguished as having broader shoulders and face, a more fllo?"' ing pronotum with higher Ndian oa.rina. opposite the ahoulderJJ, and more ainuate facial profile.

}Jo apeoimens are round 1n the B!1Jcollection. Ofthose oolleoted in Beaver County. Rehn (1906) reported.1 "Theae specimsne a:re perteetly typioal of this form, 'Which has been recorded from

Washington, New l:lex1oo and Colorado•"

Ao~i\Ul'l aoa.dicum a.oa.dioum (Scudder) 1876. (Pl. III, i'iga l & 3)

T..tt1g1dea aoadicua soudder, Dawson Rapt. rreol. 49 Parallel, P• 345. Synono~1 Tettix hMoooki Hor101 -A. orna.tum Hancook:1 Blatchley. PUbl11hed reoordst Olsen (1929).

Additional reoordas DUCHESNEoomrn. Sheep Creek. June 1926 (Vaeoo

M. Tanner), GARFIELDcomrrr. Aquarius Plateau, Elevation 9000-10,000 feet,

JUne l9S8 (Wilmer W. 'fanner)J GnA'NDCOUNTY• Ruby Canyon, Auguat 29, 1950

(Andrew B. J)arnum),tr!'AB COUNff, ProTO and Spanish Fork• May 1949 { Blaine

Moore).

Body robust, color grayish- or clay-yellow, the pronotum often with

a small bla.ok spot each side in front of humeral angles and a larger one

behind them, sometimes separated by a wide saddle-shaped. white spot. Hind

femora with a few scattered bl.a.ck markings. Vertex ~10re than twice as brOfl.d as one of the eyes, strongly advanced in front of them.

Length of body: 9.5-lOJ length of pronot\U!l; 9-9.5. 68

The distribution or this species im,ludes the Atlantic Coast. rrom

Ontario and Maine to NOJ"th CaroliM and Tennessee. weat to Utah.

Aoryditun acadioum hrunner1 ( !k>livar) 188?. Tettix brunneri Bolivar,. Ann. soc. Ent. nelc•• 31192. Synonomy1 -'1'. tent at us Morse. Published reoorda t Olan. (1929) reported speoblens from the nru collection an belonging to this species. '.I'heae are tonne ot -A. subulatum. Additional records t DUCHESNECOU?f.l.lY, Uintah Jlountaina, Granddaddy Lakes (Vasco M. fa~r). two blaok apota on pronotum. Vertex twioe as wide u one ot the eyea, atrongly advanced 1n front of then. Length ot body, short fonna male 9-lO. female ll.5-14.51 length of pronotwn, short t'omt male 9.5, fem.ale 10.6-l!J .length of body. long t'o:rnu. 15.St length or pronotum, long form 14.

Para.tettix ouculle.tus ( :a.irmeister) 1838. Hooded ~ciey Looust,.

tetra cucullatua 3.lrmeister,. Handb. Ent •• II, Abth. II, Pt• I,. P• 658. Synonomy* -P. t~nua H•ncoclq T•ttix. Published reoorda1 Ranoook (1902) 1 American Fork, Utah (So1'11rar.1} (:reported as -P. tennus)r Olsen (1929). Additional records, GRANDCOUJff, Moab (Vaaoo •• Tanner) and

Westwater, July 51 1950 (Andrew H. atrnwn)J UTAH COUM'Y, Provo e.nd m.Tirone (Vaaoo M. Tanner), WEBERCOtJN'!'Y, Riverdale, Wt,ber River. June 1926 (C • .J. n.

Brown) and Farr West (Vasoo ll. TannerJ Clarence Cottam).

Moderately robust, the pronotum smoothly e.nd e"Yenly granulate. Color 69 ueually a uniform yellowish-gra7, sometimes rueset•red or dull blaok, the tibiae armulate with li:ht and dark. VArtex 1n m1.le slightly narrower th.-.n one ot tha eyes, in female equal in width to one of them, vertex reaching nearly to front border or eyea.

~ Length ot bodya Nle 10-12.s. female l2.5•15•5J length of pronotum: male 9.5•11• female 11•13.5. The distribution or this species extends from trtah to the eastern coast, Canada to Florida.

Paratettb: mex1oanusm&:itioe.nus {Saussure) 1861. (Pl. III, Fig. 5) Tettix mexicanus Saussure, Rn. Hag. Zool., 1861, P• 400.

Synonoiv1 P. me:x.ioa.nusabortivus He.noock1 p. toltecua sonoreneis RanoookJ P. tuberouTatus Lnooo'k:; fett&x. tolteous Sauesur•• Published- reooi-dst Olsen {1929).

Additional reoorda t GRANDCOUlff!, Ruby Canyon, September 14, 1951 ' (Andrew H. Barnua), UTAHcoum, utah Lake (Yaaoo M. Tanner•, o. Wilford

Ohm), WASHINGTONCOmnt,, Zion National Pe.rk. April to August (Vaeoo M.

Tanners A.rthw- F. a-uhn)J St. George, A•.iguat 1925 (Vasoo M. Tanner), Piu Valley (Vasoo *• Tanner); Central (Vasoo M. Tanner)J llagatau, April 7,, 1951 (Vaeoo M. Tanner, Andrew n. BarnUJ111Lenord D. Moore)J Harrisburg. April e, 1951 (Andrew H. Barnum).

A short, rather broad torm, d1ttering from ououllatus by characters given in the Jcq,,

Length of body', male 8, !'e1111.lelOJ lEllgth of pronotum, •le 6,- fem.ale 1.

This speoiea extends over a wide ranee from the southern h>rder of the United States and the southwestern states, south to Panama. 60 Genus J,potettix Hanoook

Apotettix 0• {Scudder) 1862., Rough-1-cked Py� oust. :t;1 .� Li? _ Tettix rugoe�e Scudder, Bost• Joum. lfat. Hist•• 7 t4TG. Synonom;yI Pe.rtttettix.

' I Published reoordst Olson (1929}. Additional reoordin GR.Um COiffl'rY, Moab {Vasco lf. Tanner). Ra.ther slender, the pronotum strongly tapEring behind. FUaooua. dark brown or dark gray, usually nAe.rly uniform.11 but rarely with a broad white hl.otoh across the ahoulders of prono1nmJ hind t-.on. in. part palEl" • Length ot bodys mal• 8•10, female 10-l2J lEtlgth ot prt>no1n:un, al• 11•13, female 13-16.s. FAMILYACRIDIDAE (Loouatidae) Loouata or Short-horned Grasshoppers

The exceedingly numerous and commongrasshoppers tron early spring to late autumn are characterised by relatively short antenna•• usually shorter than the body or body and wings, tili.form, f.tnsiform, or clubbed in shape. With the segments distinct. The tarai are usually three•sei,nented1 the front and middle lee• subequal in size, muoh smaller and ehorter than the hind lees which a:re highly modif"ied for jwuping. The hearing organs are on the aides ot the basal segment ot the abdomen, the stridulating rasps. llben present, on the inner tide of the hind remora or the external surface or the tegJdm.. Th• fore winga, or tegmina, are usually dull colored. and thiokenedJ the hind wingg membranous, tan•thaped., and •Y be brightly colored. the ovipositor ot the female consists ot tour short valve• pro• jeoting from the tip of the abdomen. two of which curve upward and two down• ward (Pl. ltI, Fig. 1). These ftlYes are used in .forcing the earth aside to torm a pit for the deposition ot the egga. The abdomen or the male ter• m.inatee in the compact subgenital and eupra•anal plates which conceal the male reproduotiYe organs (Pl. III, Fig. T).

All members ot this family teed on plant material and often are the most 1Jllportant insect peats. Most ot the du»!lge is done by a. amnll number ot speoies • but many others My do some d8lTJ.&geat times. The number of er;ga la.id by a given species may determine ite economic importance• and a knowledge of the egg laying habits is :1.aporta.nt in oontrol.

The Utah Aorididae may be separated into five aubfaJllilies. discussed separately due to the size or the groups. 61 62

I(q to the Acrid1da.e of Utah l. P.r'osternwn armed with a distinot oonical or oylimlrioa.l tuberole or spine (Pl. III, Fig. 8). (SubfQdly Cyrtaoanthaorinae). • •• • • •••••• • •• • • •••••• (9!) Proaternum without tubercle •••• • •• • • •• • •. • ••• • ( o) 2. Antennae shorter than front femora. (Subf'am1ly J(or1uJ111m.e).• •• • • • ·• • • • • ••••• • • •• JIOr•• aalitornioa. dumioola. R• & B. Antennae longer than front temon. • ••• • ••• • •••••• ( S) OUter margin ot hind tibiae armed with an.apical spine next to the two apical apurs (applrently with three ap1eal external •furs) (Pl. III. Fig. 17). (Subtuily Romalelna.e) •••• • •••• •. • •••••••••••• • • (92) outer margin of hind tibiae al'llled with no apical spine (with only two apical apure) ••••• • ••••••• • ••••• • • ( 4) ,. Median oarina ot pronotum threadlikoJ face usually slanting and .forlling an e.rigle with the vertexJ hind wings never banded or brightly colored; wings often short. (Subfamily Aoridinae). • • • • • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ( 5) Median oarim. of pronotum usually raised oreet--lilte above the pronotum1 ta.oe nearly vertical and rounded at meeting with vertex, hind wings usually brightly colored and with a black bandJ wings long. (Subfamily Oedipodinae). • • • ••• • (32)

., Key to Acr1d1ntu• s. Lateral toveolae or pite of vertex toming a right or aoute angle with plane ot ra.stigiwn and invisible trom above (Pl. XII, Fig. 9); tace uaually strongly slanting• forming an angle with vertex. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ( 6) Lateral toveolae ot vertex forming obtuse angle with plane ot fa.etigium and visible from above (Pl. III, Fig. 10), Face usually vertical and rounded at meeting with vertex. • • • (21)

6. Antexmae strongly enliformJ lateral oe.rinae ot pronota parallel or weakly divergent oaudad, obaolet• in some species ot Uenniria •••••••••••••••••••••• ( 1) .Antennae einlple, slightly flattened, or olavate; la:t.enl carinae ot pronotum curved •••••• • •••••• •. •. • • ( 9)

1. Form ..-ery slender, linee.r; vertex greatly produoed.1 doraal length or head greater than that or pronotum•••••••••• • • • • ••• • ••• • •. • ••• • Paro2omala 2;om.1ngensis {Thom.) Form leu slender, graoetulJ vertex less strongfi proiluctedJ ' dorsal length of head less than that of pronotum •• • ••••• ( 8) 61 s. Kale tubgenital plate nearly twioe as long a.a the preceding eternite1 size aall•r• inale 23•21 ••• female 27•30 nn •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Paeudopomala braomtera (Scudd.) Kale subgenital plate not as long as tlie p:reoed!ng stern e, ,ize larger. male 26-32 mm•• fe•le.36•46 •• ••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Jlermir1a maculipennis maoolungi Rehn

9. Pronotum saddle-shapedJ head distinctly elevated above pronotum••••••••• ,. • • •••••••• ., ., • •• • • .., Pronotum normal, head not distinctly elevated ,above pronotum ••• , ., 10. Fasti.gium not strongly ascendant, with a feeble medio- longitudinal oarine.J antennae short and. sim.ple •• • •• • • • • •. • •••••• • •••••• • • • • • Bootettix punctatu1 (Soudd.) Fastig1um strongly ascendant, not car1na.te J antennae very elongate, flattened., ••• • • • Pedioscirtettua neve.donsis Thom,

11. Fastigium with surtaoe largely oonwx, laoking a conspicuoue • infra-marginal impression (Pl. III, Fig. 12) ••••••••• • (12) Fastigium of vertex with aurtaoe concave or with e. con• ep1ououa intra-marginal impreaaion (Pl. III, Fig. 11) •••• • (16) 12. SuppleJnentary oarinae absent on head and pronotuaJ tepina and wings usually 1omewhat reducedJ lateral oarlnae ot pronotua straight, parallel, prominent and eleT&tedJ internal spurs of oaudal tibiae Yery unequal •• OJ?!tt obsoun. (Thom.) Supplementary oa:rinae present on head or pronotttm or 1'. • • • {13)

13. Internal spurs of caudal tibiae equal ••••••••••• •. • (14) Internal spur• ot caudal tibiae decidedly wiequalJ caudal tibiae eupplied with 9 to 13 extermtl apines •• • ••••••• • • • • • ••••••••••••••• • Eritettix variabilia Brun.

14. caudal tibiae supplied with more numerous (16 to 18 in female) external spines. • • • • • • • •• •. • !7rbula tusoovittata Thom. Cuadal tibiae supplied,with fewer {12 to 15) external spriiis. ' (Genus A.111.phitornus)•••••••• • •••• • • • ••• •. • (15) 15. Wings long •• • • • ••••••• • Am1ch:i,tornuscoloradus orMt\ls :MoN. Wings short, lee.Ying end of abdomen e.xpotu,d. •••'• • • • • • • • • •• ., · ••• • • • • • • •••• • Amphitornua ooloradus ealte.tor Heb.

16. Fast1giuin of vertex with a rned1o-longitudinal oa.rina •• • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Neoiodismos1s abdomnalis (Th0111.) Fast1g1um. ot vertex without a medio-long tucHm1 o'e.'r!na. • •• • (11) 11. Antennae subensitormi lateral oarinae of pronotum well indicated in color, but obsolete or subobsolete in contour. (Genus Cordilla.oria) • • •• • • ••••••• • • • • • • • ••• • • (18) Antennae simples lateral oarinae ot pro:notumweakly '\o strongly developed. (Genus orphulella) •• • • ••• , •••• (20) 64

18. Tepina with dark bl-own center• with a hout seven eoallopa or crenulate markings. • • Cordillacria orenulata orenulata (Brun.) !'egl!lina without solid brown oen!Eer ammarking•• •••• • •• • (19) 19 • Posterior tibiae in pa.rt red or reddiah. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. • • •. • ••• Oordillaorie ooolfitalia oooifitalia (Thom.) Posterior tibiae testaoeoua. Cora'.lllaorla ooolp!ta.'Ua oi'.nerea (Brun.)

20. Wings longer than alxl.omen. Winga aborter than abdomen.

11. Pronotwn saddle-ahaped• la:teral oarim.e absent, oostal tield or tegmna expand.ad.• Li,urotiettu ooquilletti ooquilletti Molt'. Pl"onotumnormal, lateral oarinae present, ooa\al 1!e1d . ot tegllina. normal•••• •. • •••• • ••• • ••• • ••• (22) 22. Antenm.e olavate in both ••x••• Aeroped.ellua olaYatua olaTatua {'fho1a.) Antennae simple ••••••••••• • ••••••••••• • • (2S) ; 23. Face slanting, meeting the vertex at an angle, wings short. • • • (24) Fa.oe nearly ,,_. tioal and rounded at -vertexJ wings long OJ" short ••••• • • •••••• • •• • •••••• • •. •. • (26)

24. Form m.oderately alonder; faoe and eyes obliquea internal apurs or caudal tibiae equal •••••••• OhorthiP!js lo~ioornis {La.tr.) Form moderately robust, raoe rounded &nd iiiilerate y ob que, eyes almost verticalJ internal spurs of e•ud.al tibiae .... moderately 'tmequal, (Genus Bruneria). • • • • •• • • •• • • (25) 25. Size small.er, male 14.6 ••• tastigiwn slightfy mor.e angulate1 tegmina more inflatedJ caudal femora more robust •• • ••••• • • •••••• • • •••• • •• • •••• :aruneria altioola (Rehn) Sis& larger. • • •• • • •••• • • • • • • 1t'unert"a '6runnea (ThOM.)

26. Median oar1na of' pronotum d1stinot. • • • ••••••••••• • (21) Median oarina of pronotum obsolete tor 1a0st ot 1te length ••••• • ••••• , • • •••• •. -----H•liaula ruta (Scudd.) 2?. Rind tibiae blue J median carina or pronotum low on posterior pa.rt ot pr ozone and out by' two attloi. • • • • • • • • • • • • • ( 28) Hind tibiae red or tan1 l!led.ian carinAl oontinuoue and eut qy one suloue. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (29) 28. Winge shorter than abdomcs with dhtinot dark marking• on body •••••••••••••••• Dre!aanoGerna remoretum. (Soudd.) Winge longer than abdomen, dark markings I ls not. • ••••• • • •••••••••••• •. • ••••• Aulooara elliotti (Thom.)

29. Hind tibiae buff or pink in colorJ lateral oarina ot pronotum continuous and sharply constricted. in m.iddleJ pro- ,r zone shorter than mete.zone. (Gtlnus Psoloessa) • • • • • • • • (so) Hind tibiae red.1 lateral oarina obsolete on prozone1 prozone • longer than metazone. {Genus Ageneotettix) ••• • • • •• • • (31) 66

30. Costa on face shallowly groov•d• • • 11 Paoloe1aa texana texa.na Soudd. Costa distinctly grooved ••• Psoloee1a de1!o&tulaiei{oatu!i {Sow.id.)

31. Winge short. • • • • • • • • • • Ageneotettix deorum ourtiE!nni1 Brun. Wings long •• • •• • ••••• • • Ageneotettix deorum c'feorum (~oudd.)

Key to Oedipodinae s2. Interspace or metaatemm linear. or distinctly longer than broad in male, nai-rower than i.nterspace between the rneso• sternal lobes in female (Pl. III. Fit;s. 13 & 14). • • ;. • •• • {33) Interspaoe of metasternum rather broQd• quadrate in ntal•• transverse in female ••• • ••• • • •••• • • 11. • • • • • (36)

33. Intoroalary vein nearer median than ulnar vein; wings brightly colored, red or yellcmi costal margin ot wings without stigma. (Genus Arph1a). • •• •. • •••• • • •• • • • • • (36) Interoalary vein mdwa;y between or nearer the ulnar thu the median vein; wing1 not brightly colored ••• •. • •• • ••• (S4)

3,. Intercalary 'Hirt midway between the medhn and ulnar '9'eins. ••• • • • • • •• • • •• • •• • • •. Chorta!!iaga Yiridifasoiata (DeG.) Interoall!lry vein nearer the ulnar than Uie me !in vei"ii. • • • • • •• , • •••••• , • • • Enooptolophus 2t.llidue subgra.o1lis Caud. 35. General oolorat1on1ellow-brown or reddish•'brown •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ArphiI, oonsEerae. Scudd. General coloration black or blackish-brown; abdomen ack or very dark brown below. Arphia pseudonietAM 2seudonietnm. (Thom.) Lateral oarinae ot pronotum not transversely intersected by principal suloua which is obBolete or indistinct on lateral lobes. • • • • •• • ••• • •. • • • • •• . . •· (37) Lateral oe.rinae or pronotum. transversely intersected by .. principal sulous which is distinct on lateral lobes• ••••• (41) 3T. Median oarine. o:r pronotum conspicuous and well elevated, distal half of tegmina membranous and with quadrate cells. • • (58) Median o!\:rina of pronotum slicht; only distal one-fourth of' teglli.na. membranous. (Genus Leprus). • •. • • • • • • • • • (49) 38. Winge olea:r and without tuscous band; pl"Onotumnot rugoae. • • • • • • •• • • • ••••••••• • ••• Camnula Rellucida (Soudd•) Wing a decidedly colored, red or yellow• and w!th fuaoous traneveree bandJ pronotum rugose. • •••••• • • ••• • • • (39)

S9. Median oa.rina of pronotum depressed. between two transverse incisions; or mid•port1on of oarina depresaed if' the two incisions are not clear (Pl. I, Fig. 2). (Genus Xa.nthippua) ••••••• • ••••••• • • •• •. • • • •• (61) Median c•rina ot pronotum not depressed between two trans• •erse 1no±s1one. • • ••••••• •. • • • •. •. • • •• • (40) 68

40. Lateral lobes ot pronotum slightly wider below than in middle. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Crat~•• ne.gleetua {Thom..) Lateral loboa of pronotum equal, not wider below~an in 111.iddle(Pl. I, Fig. 2). (Genua Xanthippus). • • • • • • • • • (51) 41. Median ca.rina. ot pronotua high, orbtate, arched on pro1one and metaaone and with only one deep tranneree ineid.on. • • • (42) Median canna ot pronotUll not high and criatate and with two deep trannerae incisions •• •. • •••••• • • •• • ••• (46)

'2. Wings without median transverse tuacoua band. (Genus Diasosteira) •• •. • • ••••• • •••••••••••••• (43) Wings with median tranaTe:rae f'uecoua band. (Genus Spharagemon). (44)

43. Tepd.na plain or with numerous verr small indistinct maoula• tlon•J wing1 with disk and greater area deep black with yellowish border •• •• • • •••••• • Diesoateira oa.rolina (Linn.) Tegmi.na. seldom plain and with fewer large and 31stlnot maoulation1J wings with greater area pellucid with partially obliterated fusooue border ••• Dissoeteira spurcata Sauss.

4'. Median carina. ot pronotum very greatly elevated; teglld.na indiatinot~ faaoiate • ••••• • •• Sfha.~emon oollare (Scudd.) Median carina of pronotum low; teglnina distinct .fasciate. • ••••••••••• • ••• • Spharagemon equale (Say)

45. Posterior margin of pronotum broadly rounded or alightl7 engulate (Pl. III, Fig. 16). • • • •. •. • •. • ••• •. • (41) Posterior margin of pronottlll decidedly angulate (Pl. III, Fig. 15) J median cari:na or pronotum high, with two deep transverse 1ncia1onsJ lateral prominences present near median oarina of pronotum ••••••••••••••••••• (46) 46. Size larger, OYer 28 mm., inner faoe ot hind temora marked with blue. • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • Metator erdalinua (sauss.) Size medium, under 26 mm., no blue present on hind. temon. • • • • • ••••• • ••• • • ••• •. traohv:haohia kiowa kiowe. (Thom.) 4T. Median oarina ot pronotua out bf two suloi, the anterior one ot which 1• shallow, lateral oarinae long ud out by posterior auloueJ size large, tom robuat ••••••••• • • {48) Median oarina out b)i' two nearly equal suloiJ lateral oarine.e ot pronotu indietinot or not out by posterior auloiJ size ■ all, form slender •••• • ••••• • ••••••••••• (65) 48. Median. oari:na or pronotum distinot •••••••••••••••• (50) Median oarina or pronot\Ul!l slight. (Genue Leprue) ••• • •••• (49) 49. Disk of wings yellow ••• • •••••••• •.• Leprue wheeler1 (Thom.) Disk or wings hl.ue ••••••••••••••• Lepruainterior (Brun.) 6'1 60. Jlargins ot lateral lobes ot pronotum. nearly parallel (Pl. I. Fig. I). (Genus X..nth1ppua) •••••• • ••••• • ••••• (61) Bind margin ot lateral lobe of pronotUJl'l Blightly produoecl below ••••••••••••• • ••• Cratypedes neglectus (Thom.) 51. Median car1na of pronotwa depressed. between two transverse incisions •• • • •• • ••• • •••• • • ••• • • • •. • • {53) Median oa.rina not d.epreued betlreen two transverse incisions •• • (58) 62. Frontal coeta muoh 1nore oonstrioted above than below ooellua. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••• • Xanth~pua griseus Soudd. Frontal ooata aoaroely more constricted above tEa:niow . ocellua. • ••••••••••• • ••• ~anthipPUS oalthulua s_auss.

53. Color darlo markings on tegzaina extensive, fused longitudin• ally, banding nearl;y absent. Xanthipiu1 ooralU.2!• altivolu• Soudd. Markings on tegmina not fused, l::aiidGig cf aiinot. • • •• • • • • (54)

54. Well defined •rkings f'ull length ot tegmiu, but narrowed at anal vein. • • • • • • • • Xanthi,Pfu• oorall1£s ooralliP!,• (Hald.) Marking ■ on tegmina. fewer and soiiiit!iiies Slurrei, rker. • ••• • • • , •••••• • •••••• xa.nthipPU• oorallipes leprosus Sau••• 56. Poate:rior angle ot lateral lobe of' pronotum. rounded; with or without a tooth •••••••••••••• • • • •••••• • (66) Posterior angle or lateral lobe acutely produced ••••••••• (90)

66. Po ■ter1or angle of lateral lobe ot pronotumwith a tooth ••• •. {6?) Posterior angle ot lateral lobe without a tooth •• • •••••• (61) 5T. Disk ot hind wing redJ lateral elevations present adjacent to median earina of pronotum ••••••• Tref1dulus rosaoeus (Soudd.) Diak ot hind wing not redJ lateral elevations ol' pronota. not present. •. •. • •••••• • ••••••• • •••• • • • (58) 58. Median oarina on metazone elev.tad. (Genus Oonozoa) •• • • • • • (59) Hadian carina on meta.zone "'l'flrylow. (Genua Trimerotropis) •• •. (86)

69. Scutellwn ot vertex wider than long in females• about equal, in malesJ frontal ooata greatly and suddenly oonatrieted above ooellua. • • • • • • • • • • • • · • • Conoaoa. conatriota Rend. Scutellua of vertex m.uoh longer than wide• nearly or'qulte ' ' · twice as long in both sexes, frontal ooata not greatly and auddenly constricted above ooellua ••• •. • •••••• • (60) 60. Fastigium or vertex ~orisontal• very little decl1vant, oloaed in tront b,y transverse ridge or oonYexityi antennae slightly longer than head and pronotu in mal••• •••••• • ••••• • • • ••••• •. •. • •• •. Oonosoa Wllllula (Soudd.) Fastigiwa ot vertex Yef!T much deoU.vant, not closed In Pron\• but oontinuoua with suloation ot frontal ooata, antennae ver;y much longer than head and pronoimm in fem.al••• •• •.•• •••••••••• • • ••••• • ••• Conozoa suloitrona (soudd.) 68 61. Metazone rugose-tuberculateJ lateral prominences present near median carine. of pronotum. (Genus 1\erotaeme) • •••• • • .(62) Meta.zone smooth or with scattered granulations ••• • •• • • • • (63) 62. Color brownish•gra.y with pale pUnotations. •. • • •. •. • •• • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Derotmema hayd.enii rilezanum Sause. Color Yery pale J median oarina and ridges on pronot\la -..- '7 low. • • • • • •. • •. • • •• • • • Derotmema delicatulum Soudd. es, Median oa.rb.a et pronotum out nearly 1n the middle by posterior sttloua, aides ot pronotua marked with black •••• ·• ••••• • • ••• • ••••••••••• Me.to~ 1rnf!XWl1Rehn Median oarina ot pronotwa cut ooruiiderably before mi~ by posterior auloue ••• •. • • ••••• • • • • •• •. • • (64) 64. Form roruats antennae longJ imler faoe of hind temora ' bluiah•blaok. • • • • • • • • • • • • Badrotettix -.trifasoiatua (Say) Form slender; antennae ot normal length; inner t"aoe of lifiiA temora not bluish• • • • • • • • • • • • •· • • • • • • • • • • (65) 66• Radiate veins of 'Ullll field ot wing not distinctly swollen. ( Genus Trimen,tropia) • • • • • • • • • • • • •. ,. • • • • • • • (66) Radiate veins of anal field of wing distinotly swollen ••• ••. (86) ! 68. Two black bl.nde aoroaa face, one aho,re and one below baae ot antennae, eaudal tibiae pale bluishJ apex or wings. , Wumte. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .Trimerotropia oinota Two black bands not present on raoe. •. • •••••• •. o o

' l 6Te Wing disk yellow. • • • • • • • • • • • • •. • • • • • • • •. • (68) Wing disk not yellow •• • ••• • ••• • • • • • • • •• • • • • (83)

68. Blaok 1-.mi on wing very broad. • • • • Trimerotrol;a, la.tioinota sauaa. Blaolc 1-nd oa wing narrow• usually nmoh narrower t n . • , yellow disk. • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •. • • • • • • • {69) 69. caudal tibiae yellowiab. • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • ("10) caudal tibiae not yellowish •••••••• • •••••••••• (14)

70. 0roaa band of' wing indist1not and narrow, or alaaent. • ••••• • • • • ••• ~ ••• • •••• Trimerotropia graoilia graoilia (Thom..) Croes band ot wing ~istinot •••• • •••• • •• • •••••• (tl) 71. Prozonal oarina oriatate and distinctly bilobatei tegmina without diatinct rasciationa or bf\nds. • • • • • • • • ••• • (12) Prozonal oarina net or1atate. the lobes indistinct and more or leas t'UaedJ tegmina with distuio, oroesbands.: • • •. • • • (?3) 72. Posterior angle of lateral lobes ot pronoturn with a sine.ll tooth ••••••••••••••• • •. 'l'rimerotropis oristata MoN. Posterior angle of lateral lobea without toot;li. • •••• • ••• • • • •••••••••••• • •• • rrimerotropia bilopata R. & H. 69

?3. Size large, 12 mm., ooloration grayish with wide and irregular oroetbande 1n the baaal halt of tegmina. • •••••• • •. • •• •. • ••••• Tr1Jnerotrof1• tallidipenn1a pallidi2ennia (Burm.) Size smaller, coloration pliik!shwlrliie w!tlltwo uniforiiilj, narrow oroaabanda in ba.ol halt or tegmina, • • • • ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Trimerotropis titusi Cs:ud. 74. caudal tibiae orange or red. •• • • • •••• • •••••••• • (71) Caudal tibiae not orange or red ••••••• • •, • • • • • •. (75) 75, Hind tibiae green or oliftceoQs, not blue •••• • • ••• •. • • • .. • •• • ••• •. • • • •. Trimeroti-o;e1s virid.1tibialia Rend. Hind tibiae blttieh or blackish. , ., • • • '• • • • • , • • • • • • {'16)

16. Well defined bands on tegminaJ wing apex clear ••• • • ••• • • • ., • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • Trimerotropia juliana Soudd. Poorly defined.bands on tegJdnas wing apex oloiiae'a•• • ••••• •., • • • • • • • ••• , • • • • •• TrimerotroEi• suttusua Soudd. 17. Posterior angle ot lateral lobes ot pronotumwith a tooth •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••• Trimerotropi• atrenua Mel, Posterior angle ot lobes without a tooth.• •••• • •••••• (T8)

78. Tegmina with tranaverae band•• oonspiouous or only talrly well developed ••••••••••••• •. • •. • ••• • • • (?9) Tegmina plain but for a tew scattered spots ••••••••••• • • • • •. • • •. • • ••• • •. • •• Trimerotropis agreatia Mel.

T9. Veins bordering outer edge of wing band MC>stlywhite, tegmina without oroasba.nda• the faaoiations compoaed ot small oluat•r• of fused •nnul1 •••••• Trimerotr°tis latitasoiata Soudd, Veins bordering outer edge ot wing band mostly b aok:1° tegmine. bandedJ l:atal land oomplete and uniform. 1n breadth, •••••• (80) so. fegmine. and meta.zone of pronotum.with scattered blaok dots.•• • • • • • • ••• • • • • ••• • • •• • TrimerotroJ:!18 cd.trina Scudd. Tegmina and meta.zone not pro.f'Usely spotted.• • • • • • • • • • • • {Sl)

81. Median band narrowest on front margin of tegmina. • • •• • • • • (82) Median band ot uniform hreadthJ size small, • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • ••••••••••••••• Trimerotrop1s ip.oonspioua Brun, 82 • Coloration rust red or brownish yellow1 outer halt ot tegmina . rather unifonzaly colored.• ••• Trimerotronis tolteoa modeata BrUn. Coloration atone gray or pinkish white, outer halt o'l \egmiii • with an incomplete outer or dark band •• Trimerotropi1 etrenua Haff.

88. ruscoua band wanting; wing entirely hyalin•• basal area a1tU."'e blue: oaudal tibiae yellow,• •• • • • Trimerotrttia a;eraa (Thom.) Fuscous band proaentJ d1ak blue or green; caudal tltr e b!ue or green1 ■h. , • • • ••••• • ••• • ••••••• • • •• (84) 10 Band fairly broad with apex intumatei wing disk greenish• blue to bluiah; oaudal tibiae bluish.• ••• • • • • • • • • • • ••• • ••••••••••••• \rimerotroEi• oyaneipennia Brun. Band or wing narrow end. poorly defined.. • • • • • • • • • • • • • (85)

85. Disk of wings faintly tinged with blue, prOEone ot pronotua strongly elevated and bilobate. • Trimerotroei.a caeruleitinnis Brun. Diak of wings greenish; .caudal tibiae greenlali'J pron.nfflll w{ protone wef.lcly b1lob@lte••• • • •. frimerotrof18 •ri1onenai1 fink. 88. swollen veina prominent only in anterior half or two-third• of anal t1eldJ wing disk rellowish. (Genua Oiroo~ettlx). • • • (81} Swollen veins prominent in entire anal f'ioldJ wi11g diak colorless or blaokiah ••• Aarochoreutes oarlirdanua strefi~~• Rehn

ST. Color uniformly blaokisb•brown to -very dark oU:ve• brOW?tJ abdomen uifonily very dark. • ••• Cirootettix verruoulata (Kirby) Oolor uniform light brown or esh•gn.)"J alxfotnen wliltisli. • ••• • (88) ae. Wing bar broken, weakly defined, inoompleto. • •• • •• • •• • (89) Dark wing ba.r1 usually oomplete and solid •••• • ••••• , • • •• • ••••••••••• Cirootettix rabula nigrafasoiatua Beaa. 89. Averag:!.ng larger, 26 mm.,mountain foothills ••• • •••• •. • • • ••••••••• • • • • • •• 01:roatettix ra'bula rabula R. & H. Averag1ng smaller; from altitudes ohie:M:y a'ii&ve§o6l5 l"eet •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ci:rootettu re.hula altior Rema 90. Posterior margin ot pronotum. Tounded, • • • • • Anoonia. 1nte1:ra Soudd. 'Posterior margin of pronotum angulate1 disk ot hliia ·•· wing pale yellow; fore wings llltlrked with am.all d~~k apota. • • • ••• • •• • • Cibolaoris parvioeps arida (Brun.)

ley to Romaleinae

91. Size large, 21 ••J wings or wing pads preeent ••• • • ••••• (92) Size small, 16 ••J e.ntenna.e -,e'l"'f longJ wings abeet. • •••• • ••••••••••••••••• • .!anaoaerus koebeli koebeli a-u. 92. Wings long, f'ully developed, pronotum smooth, oa:r1na.e simple.•• me.oulata. &-un. Wings• . nd.uoed. • • . to• .padaJ • • •p:ronotum. • • • . flat,. • • •broad, • • •eongat mtho!le •" . covered with tuberol••• • • • • • Ph!7!0tettix tsohivaventis (Bald.)

Key to Cyrta.oantha.orinae

93. Male subgenital plate with deep apical cleft (Pl. ff', Fig. lh sbe very large, with wry long tecmina and wings. (Gt'tnus Sohintooerca). • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (?4 ) ).(ale subgenital plate not oleftJ size small to large •••••• • (~)5 n 94. Color unif'orm dffp foliage green, yellow stripe oocad.onally preeentJ caudal tibiae coral red, • • Sohistooeroa shoshone (Thom.) Color brown, Ta.eying through yellowish brown to olive green; oa:udal tibiae buffy, varying through pinkish brown to dark brown•••• • •• •• •••••• Sohistocerca alutaoea (Rar.)

95. Wing11 completely absents f'orrn small, Yery broad. • • •••• • (151) Winge present, t"o:rm.no:nnal •• •. • • • • • •. • • • • • • • • ( 96) 98. Tegmina a.nd wings well-developed, attaining or exceeding abdominal tip. • • • • • • • • ••• + • ••••• • •••• ( 97) Tegmina and wings reduoed to small non-ounotional pads ••••• ( 99)

Body color bright green with white doraal stripe on pronotum and white lateral patches on thorax, tegmina bluiah•grHn with veey narrow white stripes. (Genus Heeperotettb) •• • • (101) Body color not as above •••••••••••••••••• • • ( 98) t8. Subgenital plate of' male with a subapioa.1 cone (Pl. ff• Fig. 2), Ceroi ot male always slender. never broad and flattened. (Genus Aeoloplua) •• • •••••••••• • ••• • ••• • (105) Subgenital plate without an a.pioal cone or point (if' e. minute tubercle is present. the cere1 are broad and flattened). (Genus Uelanoplus) ••••••••• • •••••••••• • • (110)

99. Body color greenish • ••••••• • •••• • • ••• • ••• (100) Body color darker • •••••••••• • •••• • •• • ••• (101)

100. Posterior margin ot pronotum angula.teJ body bright green with full-length dorsal white stripeJ sides of pronotumwith black patch. (Genus Besperotettu). • ••• • • • •••• • (101) Poaterior margin ot pronotum convexly rounded J body uniformly greenish without stripes. (Genus Aeoloplus) •• • • ••• • • (lOS} 101. Tegmina fully developed., or at least twice the length ot the pronotum, overlapping above. • • ••••••• • ••• • •. (102) Tegmina not lonr;er than pronotum, not touohing above •• • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • H••E9rotettix ourt12ennis, Soudd. 102. She amallJ tegmina truncate •••• Heu•f!rotettix viridis tendua He'b. Size larger, tecmina normal, •••• • •• • • • •••••• • (103) 103, Transver•• auloi ot pronotum marked in black.•• •• • •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • H••Erotettix Tiridis Tiridia {fboa.) Tran.aver•• suloi ot pronotum not mar ~ in S!a.ci•• • •• •. • (104) 104. Anal area similar in color to rest of tegmina. • • •••••• • • • • • • • •. • • • • • • B••erotattix 'V'iridis neva.densis Morse Anal area ot tegmina reddiah•puri>l•• ••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • J:teaP!rotatti:x viridis pratenaia Soudd. '12

106. Tegmina extending to or beyond tip of abdomen. • ••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ae,olof!lus tenu1peX1;1l1•Sotld.d. Tegmina not reaohiJlg tip of abdomen. • • • • •. • •• • •• • (106)

106. Tegmina shorter than pronotum. • • • •• A,•,oloplus cbeno~ii (Brun.) Tegmina about twice u long as pronotwn.•• • ••• •. • • • • • •••••••• • •• • • • Aeoloplua tt11"11bulU.turnbul.11 (Thoa.)

101. Pronotum with di1tinot lateral keels ••••••• •. • •• • • (108) Pronotumwithotat keels •••••••• •.• ••• •••••• • (109)

108. !egmina •honer than pronotua. • • ()edaleonotua borek:11 or1entis Heb. Tegmina ftcyiJlg troa slightly longer tfuui the pronotum to longer than abdomen (ra!"e) ••••• • • Oedaleonotus enigma (Soudd.)

109. Head exoeHiwl.y large 1n proportion to pronotum, wider. eTen excluding the eyes• than the pronotum. ,. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .• • Phoetaliotes ne brascensia ( Tha.) Head normal in she. (Genus Melanoplu1). •• • • ,. • • • •• • (110)

110. 'l'egJlina conspicuously shorter than the abdomen. o.f'ten no longer than pronotwnJ furoula almost always developed teebly, gene:rally no longer than tho last dorsal segrn.ent trom which it aria.ea• • • • • • • • • • .• • • • • • • • • ,. • (111) Tegmina nearly or quite aa long as• or longer than, the abdomen; furoula usually well developed. generally at leaat a quarter as long as tho supra-anal plate, but sometimes obsolete.•• ••••• • • •••• • • •••••• (120) lll. Ceroi of •le broad,. expanding f'rom the base, or, it apparently tapering slightly in the be.aal halt, much l••• than twioo as long as the breadth in the middle C••in Pl. If, Fig. 8). • • • • Melanop_lue oooidentalia brevipenn1a Brun. Cerci not ftplU'lding trom. baee, at lee.st &lee as tong as the breadth 1n the middle. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (lU) 112. Ceroi beyond middle either equal or tapering •••••••••• (llS) Ceroi beyond middle broader at aome point than at middle ••• • (114) 113. Tegirdna attaining middle ot hind femoraa cero1 more than f'iTe thuea aa long ae the breadth at the middle (Pl. IV, Fig. 18). • • • ••• •. • • • • ••••• •. • • Kelanoplus bohemani (Stal) fegJnina eoaroely attaining tipa of hind femoraJ oeroi broad. about twioe ae long as the breadth at the middle (Pl. IY. Fig. 13) ••• •. • • ••••• ?lelanoplua borealis utahena11 Soudcl.

114. Tegm.ina shorter or aoaroely longer than pronotum•••••••• (116) Tegmi.na decidedly longer than pronotum •• • •. •. • •• • •• (119)

115. tegmina shorter than pronotua •• • •••••••••••••• (116) Tegmina as long as or slightly surpassing pronotum ••••••• {ll?) TS llf3. Ceroi broad, about twioe u long as the breadth at th• middle {Pl. IV, Fig. 12) ••• Melanoplua marahalli aeoensor (Scudd.) Ceroi more elongate, three times as long as ihe breadtii at the middle. • ••••• • • • •• •. Melano.Elus saltator Soudd. ll't. Cerci elongate, six times as long as the breadth at the middle (Pl. -IV,, Pig. 26). • • • • • • • • UelanoElus dodge,1, (Than.) Cerci broader ••••••••••• • •• • • •. • ••••• • (118) 118. Cero1 about twice as long a.a the breadth .at the middle (Pl. rt, Fig. 12). • • • • • Uelaxu1ilua marsballi marahalli (Thom.) Ceroi three tir:l.81 as long as the "Srea.cili at tli'e m!clalea tegm.na. dightly longer than p:ronot•• Kelanopl.ua aoU.tudinia Heb • 119. Blee ot oeroi lesa than twice as wide aa width at middle (Pl. IV• Fig. 16), tegmina attaining IIU,ddle of hind femora ••••••••••• • ••• Melanoplua faaoiatus (r. Walker) Blee or oeroi muoh ~ore than twice ae w!!e as •Llih at mddle (Pl. IV, Fig. 22) •••••••• Melcoplue dawsoni (Soudd.)

120. Ceroi ot •le rapidly expanding from the base ton.rd the middle, as a lfhole broad and short, fla belle te. rarely twioe as long ae broad, not expanded apically (Pl. ff, Figs. 8, 9, & 10). • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .(121) Cerai of.' mal• tapering from the Yery ba.se tOffllrd the middle, rarely equal in basal portion, generally long and slender and rarely ae 11 ttle as twioe as long aa broad • • • • • • • • ( 123)

[ 121. &ubgenital plate of male with a dietinct though minute independent apio«l tubercle •••••• • ••••••••• • (122) Subgenital plate of male with only an obsoure trace of apical tubercle ••••• • ••• • • •• ~•lano2lus ouneatus Scudd.

121. Ceroi condd&rably broader• less than one fU1d.on...,halt tiwts aa lung a, broad •• • • •. • • • • Melanoplue rugglesi GUrneJ' Ceroi ne.rrower,. 11J:O:rethan one and one-halt tSes as Xong as broad •••••• • ~lanoplus oooidenteJ.ia oooiden~lis (Scudd.)

123. Ceroi ot male beyond the middle either equal or tapering, the tip uaua.lly slender or a.ouainato, never bifurcate. • • • (124) Oeroi or male more or le sa e:x:panied apically, so as to be -broader e.t some point beyond the mi

124. FUroula of male deTeloped as large .flattened lobea, about halt as long as the aupra-anal plate and exoept1oMll:, broad, 1:Att apioally narrowed by the oons1derable excision ot theil" inner aideJ subgenital plate not elnated ap1oalq , above the latenl margins •••• •. •. • • • • • • • ••• (126) Furoula ot male "Variously developed, rarely at all unuauall)r broad and flattened, and then either not apically eaarginate on the inner aide, or the aubgen1tal plate is conaiderabq elevated apioally, or both.•• •••• • • • •••••• • • (129) 125. Body, tegmina and legs almost wholly green, the hind. f'em.ora n~~ banded •• • • • • ••••••• • •• Melanoplu1 herbaoeue Brua. Body, tegmina and legs brmm or teataceous, the Hrnc1temora genera.lly banded with dark oolora. • • • • • • • • • • •. • (126) 126. Highly variegat•d, the lateral lobea ot pronottua oonspiououaly •rked with an unequal bright tb:vcua stripe next to the lateral oa.rinae, •le oeroi very fHbly expanded ud external• ly suloate apically (Pl. IV~ Fig. 28) •• • Melanol?!ue ~tua sow.ht. Rather uniform in coloring, the latera.l~lobes witKno'6r1 stripes male ceroi in no way expanded apically and externally tWllid rather than suloat•• • •. • • • • • • • • • •. • •• {12?) 121. Lateral lobes or procone with a broad and usually distinct pioeous band above, tegmina generally distinotly flecked along the middle lin•• •• •. •. • • •••• • • • ••• • (128) Lateral lobea or prosone with a narrow or no distinct band above, tegmina very obscurely t.leoked, it at all., along . the middle line. • • • • ,. • • Mtlanoplus tlavidua r1avidu1 Soudd.

128 • .Averaging smalle2-., males 19-22 mm., .f'etll'lale 22•25 •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • Me,1!1'-n~J>!.usbowditoh1 oanu• lteh. Averaging larger, ma.lee 22-26 nn •••• • •. • •••• ·• ••• '. • ... • • • • • .• • • • • • }!elanoplua howcU,;tohibowditohi Soudd. 129. Subg4tn1tal plate of male almost or quite aa broad as the ma.rginal length, its apioe.l margin generally notoheds oeroi broad and nea.!"ly equally broa.d throughout ••••••• (180) Brea.4th or eubgenital plate ot male Tariable, but generally narrower than long, its apical margin uaully entire, oerci rarely l•••than tour times as long as middle breadth. • • • • • • • • • • •· • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (135) 130. Apioal •rgin or 1ubgeni1ial plate of male not udially notoh•dJ meaoaternwn ot :mal• w.riable. • ••••••••• • (131) Apical •rgin of subgenital plate ot m.le 111ediall7 notchedJ meaosternum of ma.le in front ot lobes with a central BWelling. tonrd.ng a blunt tubercle •• • •• •• ••••••• (133) lSl. Ap1oal margin or subgeni tal plate ot male but sU.ghtly ele,rated above the lateral margins and moderately prolonged posteriorlyJ meaoatemum ot male in front ot lobes flat •• • ••• • •• • ••••• • • • • •• • • • Kele.noR,luakennicotti kenniootti Scudd. Apical margin of subgenital plate ol mate o"onspTouou'sTye!eva.:ted aboff the lateral na.rgins and greatly prolongffl! posteriorly; · mesostffnum or male in front of lobes with a central pelling, forming a blunt tubercle.•. • • • ••• • • • •• •. • • • (132}, 75

132 • Apical margin ot subgenital plate of male entire, lobes ot f'uroula not exoept1oully broadr aubgenital plate greatly but not exoesd.Yely prolonged. (Pl. IV, Fig. 6) •••• • ••• 1 • • • • • • • • • • '• • • • • • • • • • • .Mele.notlue brnner1 Soudd• Apioal Jnt.J'gin ot aubgenital plate ot male deepl7 nocKe4 on either aide ot the middle, lobes of turcula exception" ally broad• subequal throughout, subgenital plate exoesaiTe• ly prolonged. • •• • • •••• MelanoJ?!u• borealia utahensia Soud.d. 1sa. Tegmina extending beyond hind :rem.on., it at all, by not aore thu the length of the pronatU111,generally by" mueh less thlln thatJ o~roi or male generally almoet or quit~ twice a1 long as broad •••••••• • •• • ••••• • • • • • • (lM) Te&mina extending beyond hind femora by the length of the pronotum or nearly as muoh• often ey the length of the head and pMnotum combined.; cero1 or male not more than half' as long at;ain as broad. • Melanoplus m.~xioanus aprotua (wa.lsh)

134. Ceroi ot tiale distinctly more than twice as long as median breadth, the apical halr suboqual but narrower than the basal half •• •'.• •• • Melanoplus mexioanus bilituratus (Walker) Ceroi of me.le not 'llOre than twioe •• tong u median breadth. the apical half not only narrower than the b1u11al, halt, but itaelt tapering throughout, obliquel7 trunoate beneath {Pl. IV, Fig. 15)J hind tibiae usually reel ••••• • • •. • • • ••••• • •• Kelanoplus mexioanus m.e:xioa:riua(Sau•••)

135/ Subgenital. plate of ma.le as broad or n~arly ag broe.4 at apex as at base, generally ele-n.ted apically and often notohed.J ceroi ueualq narrowing but littl• on basal halt, the apioal halt equal and aymmetrioal •••••••• • ••••• (1se) Subgenital plate or bl.le oonepicuoualy mtrrow•r at apex than at b&ee, rarely at all olettted at apex aboYe the • lateral N.rgina and ner,er notched (Pl. IV, Figa. 5 Is f)J Ceroi al~• diatinotly narrowing on bllsal half (Pl. I.V, F1g. 17). • • • • • • • Melanoplus f'eJmr•rubrum temu.r-rubrum ( DeCh)

186. Ap1oal ma.rg1n ot subgenital plate of ale notchedJ oerol elender. subequal. straight or only gently incurved. • •• • •• • •• • • •. •·• •. • ••• • • • Melanoplua devastator Soudd.. Apical margin or aubgenital plate or ma.le entire1 cerot either broad am 1ubequal1 or else very iuque.l, tapering rapidly e.t the base and generally arouateJ hind tibiae usually red •• • •• • • •••••••••• • ••••••• (157) 157. Inter"lal between mesoaternal lo bee ot mle disti:r1otly longer, generally J!lUahlonger, than broad. e.nd much r...arrower than the lobeo. • •••••••• • • • •. Melanotlus dawsoni {Boudd.) Interval between mesosternal lobes of male qua

142. Distal twist ot the male oeroi conspicuous and involving the apical halt (Pl. IV, Fig• 28). • • • Xelan~lua o inereus Soudd. Distal twist or the male oeroi inoonapiououa, invovfiig only the extreme tip ••••••••••••• • •••••• • (l.43) 143. Tegmiha long and very slend•r, tar surpassing the hind temon., without d.iat1not spot•, hind t'HlOH strongly oompreseedJ hind tibiae reddish-yellow •• •. • • •••• •. • • • • • • • • • • • .Melanoplua oomelanat1ti8 oomplanatif!• Soudd. Tegmina of normal width and Si.it iHtie surpass ng mi'.e hind temora., maoula.te along the disoo1dal area, hind temora normal, hind tibiae gleuooua ••••••••••••• • • • •. • • ••• •. • Melanoplus OOllllplanatipea oanonious Soudd.

144. Prozone ordinarily with a broad median clark stripe, made more oonap1cuous by the much lighter oolore on either side, or else light•bJOwnish teataceou11 antennae of male but little more than three-tourths as long as the hind temora.s hind tibiae blue or red. • • J!elanoJ!lUI rolca.rd1 Soucld. Proton• with un.iforn dingy coloring on diskJ antennae o male almost as long as the hind remoraJ hind tibiae red. • •• •. • •••••••••• )!el1.noplu1 toedus toedue Soudd. 1"I 146. Sile sull or m.edillllt oerci ot male al111.ya bituroate or with an in.fen or aulined1an process or abrupt e.ngulat1ona i'uroula u1ually distinotly developedt prosternal spine usually short ••••••••••• • • • •• • •• • •. • • (146) Size medium or largea cero1 or male rarely bifurcate or with an interior prooeaa (and then the inaeot is ot large abe_. or the furoula is absent), turoula either absent or Yeey minutely developedJ prosternal spine usually long. •. • • • (149)

146. Lower fork ot bi.furcatlon of male oerci muoh longer than the upper. • •••• •. •. •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •· • (147) Upper fork ot bifuroation of male oeroi longer than the lower• which b sometimes merely an interior mad1an or postmed1an process. • • • + • • • • • • ·• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • {148)

147. Small species J hlterval between mesosternal lo bes of ale; more than twice as long as broad,· or female quadn.te J median portion of male cerc1 cylindrical. not,. compressed. • • • • • • , . Melano~ua alJ!inua Soudd. Very small apeoies, intel"Val between mesoaterne.1 lo a of male half as long again as brO&ldJ ct female t:raneYerse, median portion ot male cero1 oomprened •• • • Kelanoelua 1nf'ant1lb Soudd. 1'8. Furoula or ale consisting of slender spines. longer than the last dorsal segment ••• • • •• •. Melan;;lua oontuau• Soudd. rurcula or male oonaiating of brier triangular lo •• ••••• • • • •. • • • • • • • • • •. • Melanerlua keeleri luridus (Dodge) 149. FUrcula ot male entirely absent,. or present only aa a minute point or bead, hind tibiae usually yellow, but aometillles reel ••• , ••••• Melanoplua d1tferential1a nigricana Cockerell FUroula ot male distinotly' present• tliougli abiaya very small, angulate,. the angle rarely produeed1 hind ti bia.e never yellow, usually red, J'llrely purplish and yellow at tip. •. • (150) 150. InteM'al between meaosternal lobes of male distinctly more than twioe as long au broadJ pronotum with conspicuous light-colored lateral stripes on the dist. their outer margin at the pcsit1oh ot lateral carinae. • ••• • ••• • •••• • • • ••• • •••• • • • •• Melanoplua bivittatue (Say) Interval between mesoaternal lobes ot male a l!tt!e less - than twioe as long as broadJ pronotum unicolorous on disk, ei.ey lateral stripes bei?ll'; confined to the position of lateral oarinae. • ••••• • ••••• Melano2l~• ~~r01!1 {Thom.)

151. Larger species, male 23 Qll•, f'emale 24 RmJ oeroi straight. tapering regularly 1n the baaal three-fifths, blunt tipped. • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • ••• Bradynotes obeaa (Thoiu..) Smaller speoies, male 16-18 nm., female 18-25 nm., oerot slender, gently curved, .rcunded apically ••• Braqnotee kaibab Heb, 18

SUIFAJIILY MORSEIJIAE

This Bubfe.mily contain& a. group or inseota in which the wings are completely absent. The antennae are 12• or US•aegmented. The distribution ia aouthwestern United States, north to central

California and Nffttda, east 11> Utah and •AJ"ir.ona.. It doubtleas oooure in extreme northern Sonora and &lja Calitornia, Mexico.

Some authors bavo reoently elevated this group to the rank of family, but inasmuch as only one species 1a reported tor the atate the subfamily ranking 1• re~ained.

Genus .Mcraea Scudder

Koreea calitornioa dumioola Rehn and Hebard 1918. Cha.parl"lll Grauhopper.

Morsea calit'ornioa dumicola Rehn and Hehl.rd, Trans. Amor. Ent. Soo., 44122§, 235. Hypothetical tor the state. Small, wingless grasshoppers with antennae shorter than the temora. of the front lees; legs veey long, slender, hooked for olimbing in bushes and trees. Color pinkish-buff. Length of body: male 9-11, female l3•l8.5J length of hind femoras male f-8.6, f'ernale 8.5-10.

Thia thumophilous apeoies h found on. ohaparral where it seems to be moat abumlant on buakbruah, e.nd 1a also ooaon on other plants auoh aa cliff rose, ?llOu:n.tainmahogafl7, eo~etbtee mansuita and other assooiated shrubs (~ll• et al, 1942). The distribution is restricted to portions or the Arisona Plateau ~•gion to southeastern Nevada and probably southe:ra Utah, from altitude• ot 4400 to at lea.at 6000 feet. It has been collected at 5000 feet near the trt:ah line. No specimens were available tor exemina+.ion. '19

SUJFAMILTACRIDIHAE (Tryxalinae)

Sllllllt•taeed Loouata

The moat notioable peculiarity or the members ot this subfamily ie the strongly retrating taoe and projecting vertex. the latter being nearl7 horizontal and its plane meeting that ot the race at an acute angle. !rhe '; proaternum lacks the prominent spine oharacteriatio of the Cyrtacanthacrinae, though the sternum may be noticeably protuberant in some species. (In such species the raoe ia stron~ly slanted.) The pronotum. usually presents a flattened dorsal surface bounded by ditt1nct lateral oa:rin,u,, the median carina but little developed, never crest-like. The prozone often exoeeda the mete.zone in length and. sometimes equals it in width. The tegmina and wings are ot'ten abbre'rlated, but are Yery variable within a speoiea. The tar ■al pul-v1111 are large, perhaps in oo:rrelation with the habit of perch• ing on plants.

They are u■ually or medium ■ ise, ot grao•tul• otten slender,. form. and attractive appearance. !'he coloration is ueually highly protective in character. typically matohing the green, brown, or gray of the plant back• ground. It may be ei.ther uniform or oonspiouously varied with darker and lighter spots and streaks• and oooasionally presents brighter hu••• The wings are transparent. Stridulation takes place when at rest ey scraping the inner side of the hind femora. against the tegmina. 'l'he rasp which sets the tegmina in

Yibra.tion is borne sometimes by the feJnOra., sometimes ~ the tegm!M, and varies in character and extent with the apeoiea.

Th-.y inhabit by preterenoe ~pen grassy land• heavily vegetated, upon whioh they teed and typically perch when at reat •

Thia group predominantl1 teed.a on grasses and maey ot its specie■ 80 are ao shaped and colored as to be leH conspiattous 1n the graaa. A fn o£ the robust species are very similar to the bend-winged grasshoppers, both 1n appearance and habitat and might be contused with them. The place• ment ot some genera is etill uncertain.

Thi ■ subfamily contains a number of the most iJllportant range grasshoppers• Shoe tna!Jf ot the important apeoiea are looe.1 in diatribu• tion, the7 have not been extemiTely studied• Twenty•e1ght species 1l'l 21 genera are reported trom the state. Only two species ha'V'enot been examined, three others are reported hypothetically tor the state, and three haYe been reported in er•r• Six new Neords for the state are here established.

Genus Paeudopomala Uorae

Paeucloporaalabra.ohrJ!te"; (Scudder) 1862. BUnch-grass Locuat. QJ?

Additional reoorda t No Utah forms are to be tound 1n the .ffU oolleot1on. Bpeoili\ens at the us.AO inolud• Box Elder. cache, and \teber Counties.

Slender, strongly oompreHed.• Above pale brown or dr"&b, yellowiah

below. .Antennae, hind tibiae, knees and tibial apbloe wi1:h tips tusooua, tegmina and upper 1-urt"aoeot head and pronotwa often with small scattered ruacous dots, 'th•••sometimp merged to form a dark stripe along the side of hee.d and pronotwn. Tegm.ina usually abbreviated• their tips sharply rounded. The long-winged torm. while not oo•on, cannot be considered rare,

and sometimes several example• may be found in a small oolo~.

Length of body, nale 23-27, .female 21-10. 81 The bunoh-graaa loouat has• looal and diaoontinuoue distribution. having been reported in widely' separated areas from Utah eastward to the New England states. It is found in irrigated traota or beside stree.JU• among grasses, in the drier portions ot the west.

Genus Paropomala Soudder

Paropoala wyomingeneis (Thoma,) 1871. U.•oewyomingensia Thomas,. Proo. Aoe.d. Nat. ,..•kd. Phila., 1871, 162.

Records t MILLARD COUNTY,.Deseret,. August 1949 (Don.ld K• Allred),

WASHINGTOBC0tllfft, st. George, May21, 1960 (Andrew a. Ba.rlNlll). Slender, graulike. with a white lateral str1peJ wings two•thirie the length of the abdomen. Proeternura in the tonn ot a lateral narrow ridge. Antennae nry close to •Y•••

male 10, f'emale 11•14J length of hind .femoraa male 8.5-9• female lO•l0.5. This speoies, here reported tor the first time in the atate, ia tound espeo1e.lly oo:mm.onin tall grass. It feeds on tho ooaraer grasses•

The distribution includes the prairies ot Wyondng and South Dakota to Utah and Arizona.

Genua Uermir1a Stal

Mermiria Qloul1f8nn1s inaoclungi Rehn, Proo. Acad. Nat• Soi. Aiila., 1919. 1u:.

Published reoorde, Thie toni ia regularq aiatalcen tor Jf. bivittata ' - (Serville) and baa previously been referred to aa auoh epeoi••• Additional reoo:rdaa SAV&R00Ul'lY• Milford (Vaaoo u. Tarmer)J Mlw.RD OOtJNff• Deseret, Auguat 1949 (Dorald M. Allred). SALTLAD COtnrff, 8Z

Salt Lake City (W. w. Henderson) (determined by llenderson a.a bivittata)J SANPETECOUNTY, Indianola (Vasoo M. Tanner), UTAHcoum. Pro?o and environs (D. Elden BtckJ Wilmer w. Tanner, C. Lynn HaywardJ Andrew B. BarnUJl)J

Spanish Fork ( D. Rblo Hariy); WASBING'!'ONOOUlfff • Zion National Park {Arthur ,. Bru)m.).

Fom slel'ld.e?" for the genus. Pale wcn!>d.•brownor dirty cream-butt and. more or lesa greenish-yellow benee.th. :S,,hind each eye h a. rather wide purplish-brown stripe whioh usually extend.a backward to the hind marcin of the pronotum: head ot male often with a. aisrdlar median stripe. Antennae and hind tibiae reddish. Tegmina long, in both eexea with a narrow greenish suanarginal stripe on basal half.

Length of bodyt ma.le 26-32, female SG-4:6.

The distribution of thia epeoies is given b)r Rehn (1919b) trom the eastern Yellowstone VRlley ot Montana south to southern Nebraska• western lCanl!aa, southern Colorado and westward to northern Ubah. The easteni Um.it extends to Wieconein, Illinoia and Miaaoun.. The cUetribution now includes eouthern utah.

Thia gra11hopper trequente patohea ot short grass and ia nner tot.md.

1n the Jnore desert place• in our ate.te. It teed• on rank Tegetat1on ot ttrlous kinde and ie particularly 1"ond ot grain, corn and alf'alta. It has prombly been ourying on destructive work 1n •111 Utah fields since the early days or the settlement of the 1t1tte. In an eoonOJl\io su:rY•Y"•th.is epeoiea, as .!• maauU,J?!md•• Wl:Ul reported ( sbotwell 1936) a.s a common apeoiea oolle oted.

The oonfud.on that bas e::dated in th.is genus was discussed ht

alatchley (1920), 83

fhe three form.a, biTittata, tnaoulipenn1s and maoclungi, are very oloaely related and were It not tiiat :Uobfunghas sliown the chromosomes ot the first two named to be different, I should place thesn. as did Scudder {1899) as one widely distributed and variable species under the name or bivittata Serv.

Uendria b1v1ttata (Serville) 1839. rwo-striped Memiria. Thia apeoie• ia oonfuaed with -M. •oulipemrl.1 and its variety• maocll51• An inhabitant or the rich graHlands ot the southeastern United Statea, it has frequently been reported trom Utah by Henderson (1924), lnowltol'l and. Jan•• (19!2) (oonno:n in orohard•• St. Joseph, RiYerdale, am Korth Ogden), and Sorenson and Knowlton (1936) (listed as oolDllOn). Theae reoord• should be referred to !• maculipennis maoolungi.

Genua Bootettix Bruner

:eootett1x punotatU,!_ (Sc.nadder) 1890. Creoaote BQah Gra.Hhopper. Gymnes punotatua Soudder, Psyche, 5:440-441..

Published records I Rehn (1944) •

Additional records: The BrU oolleotion contains only speoi?nena from Nevada.

Color rich green. lllal"ked with silvery white, brown and bla.cki fore wing• with uaall black dots. Pronotum ae.ddle-eha.ped.. Antennae short on moderately ascending head.

Length of body t male 19, f'e-.le 25 •

Thia is one of the moat interesting inaeota f'ound in the eouth- weatern united Ste.tee. It has a.n unugue.l color&tion ma.rk:ing in the mother ot pearl arkinga on the pronotum, pleura and lil'llbe • It ii completely reetrioted in habitat to the oreoaote h.11h and the diatr1wt1on ie about equal to that ot the host plant within the border• of' the United State■

(Utah to southern e.nd western Arizona, west to California). Recognition 1• dit'tioult beoauae ot the rioh olive•green ba.ae color whioh blends ao completely' with the foliage of the creosote bush. The markings produoe the etfeot or the lilveey sheen ot the seed. capsules ot the ahrub. Thie is one ot the tew species ot Orthoptera strictly limited to ou shrub.

Genus Pedioaoirtetea Thomas

Pedi0101rtete1 nevaderusie Thomas1873. Nevada Grasshopper.

Pediosoirtetes nevadens:18 Thcmaa. Proo. Aoad. Nat. Soi. Phil.a.•• 1s1s. 29A§B.

Records, GARFD.:LDCOUffl' • Bryce Canyon (Vasoo :M. 1'anner). D1at1not1vely bright green with a eonapieuoua longitudinal. orange

stripe along lateral oarbiaeJ undeJ"Winge yellow. banded with black.

Antennae long.

Length of body, mle as, te11ale 12. One of the rareat ot Horth Amerioan graaahoppers, it ia totmd

closely asaoo1ated with the Colorado rubber plant• Gutierre11•• Artemiai••

am grana graH in Arizona ( Dl\ll • •t al, 1942) • The d1etr1bution of the apeoiea inoludea Northern Ari~ona. Utah,

Idaho and llevada •

Gem.ta Syrbula Stal

Syrbula ru,oovittata Thomas 1816. SX?:bula fuaoov1ttata. Thol!las,. Rep. u.s. Geol. sun. west lOO Mer., 5t8?0. PUbliehed reoordu Henderson (1924) as s. adJJrl.rabil1• (llhler)t Record• indicate that the distribution or this grasshopper- 1a eaat or the Rooky Mountains; never having been reported trom the western section exoept 85 for this record. On the e.ssumpt1on or the distribution, this species is assigned to !• rusoovittata., The 1.-wospecies can be sepe.rated by tho fol• lowing key,

Lateral oarinae of pronotum only gently bowed inward, external apinea of' oa.udal tibiae 20-23 1n the female •• • • s. ad.mirabilia Lateral oarinae ot pronotum more deoided.ly to sti-ong~ bowecl inward, external spines of caudal tibiae 16-19 in female. • • •••••••• • • ••• • •• • • s. fuaoov1ttata Th• female of thia apeciea ia not only larger than the- male, but 1• entirely different in coloration. Fuale, gf'MnJ male c.\ark brown with a yellowiah white stripe on the edge ot the wing.,a.nd the le:teral lobe ot the pronotWll. Central light brown be.Di bordered bf darker 1:>l"OW'llon the disk ot the pronotum ot teal•• Underrings or both eex.ea black. Male antennae slemer and slightly thickened at apu.

Length of body I male 25 • female 28.

The .females are rather slow, but the ales are very active and ., . atridulate loudly. They are most commonin tall gras1es of the desert and in denser growth or northern gre.ei;J.ande; often found in gra.aa growing &JnOngshrubs on steep, rocky hillsides (Ball. et al, 1942 ) • • The dbtribution includes Utah ( t) and southern Colorado to Arbona and Texas.

Genu1 Opela Moleill

!?J>!iaobsou:ra (Thom.•) 1872. . 951:oo~phus obeovua Thomas, Prelill. Rept • U.s. Geol. sun. Montana and Terr.. 5tRept.. .UI. n S;ynonOJll)"t -o. teatacea Scudder (Hebard 1911b). Published records, Henderson (1914), lie bard (1925).

Additional records I GRAWDcomm, Ruby CADYon,.August 291 1950 1 and September 14, 1951 (Andrft' n. Barnum and P. E. Fullmer). .Additional 86

material from the USACcollection (determined by Rehn) includes a>x Elder.

Da'Yb• Iron, Juab• Millard. rooele, Wayne and Weber Counties.

Light green, with a. brown poatooular band on side or head and

pronota, border-eel on top with yellow. 'Wings som.ewha.t reduced.. J:n.nd tibial

apur1 vfl't'Yunequal. otten quite narrow.

Length of body, me.le 16, .fem.le 26.

Thia is a very comtu0n and sometimes destructive grasshopper in

al!'e.lfa., grains and Bermuda.grasa in cultiw.ted areas, and ii an biportant

range gre.asbopper in soM e.rea.a or 1ts dis'hribution whioh incloo.ea Arbona

north to Montana..

Genua .bl\phitomua Holfeill

Amphitornue aoloradua ornatua lfoNeill, 1891. (Pl. III, Fig. 12)

.AJlphitornua oru.tua MoHelll. Proo. oavenp. Acad. Nat. Sei., 61224-225.

Synonmq, Acentetua un1oolor Mclle1l.l J Aoentetua carina tu1 Soudder J Stenobothrua bioolcr fEomaa. P'Ublilhed reoorda, Shotwell (1936), •• -A.. oolora.dua. Additional reoorist GRANDCOtnrrY., Ruby Canyon, August 13, 1950

(Andrew n. Blrnu); .MILLA.RDCOUJTY., Deseret, August 1949 (Dorald M. Allred},

UTAH COU!l'J.'Y,Y Mountah, PrOYO (c. Iqnn Hape.rd). Material in the USAO collection includes Cache, Salt Lake and Utah Counties.

Dull brown with f'ine yellow blra on sides or pronotum, head and pronotum with or without d.or1Ja.llight stripe. Rind femora. with two black bars. .Antennae slightly flattened.

Length of body, male 19, female 2s. Widely distributed in m.eadOW1Jand adjacent ~iTera, the speciea feed• pr1-rily on gra&aes and 1e at timea 'ff!')" abundant on the rang••• Ia tJ'tah it ia 0£ no eoononic illportance. BT Allphitornus ooloradua saltator Hebard 1931. - AmP!;itornus oolo~adus saltator Hebard. Tr•ns• Atler. Ent. soc., 631!41-811.

Publbhed reoorda I lle bard ( l93?b) •

AdditiCllal reoorde1 UTAH COUlfff• Dividend (W. Pe Stanton). Additional material in tho OOACcolleot1on 1• trom Dtaver and EmeryCo'11Bt1•••

Wings short, leaving end ot a hdOll'len exposedJ otherwise aildlar to orna tu,. Dit'fera aleo trom. or utus in the average am.aller ail•• Length or body, male 13-1'1, female 18-211 length or tegmina.1 male 6.5•8• .real• 1-10.sr length of hind. t'emore., J1S.le'1.5-9.5. rem.ale 9-11.5. This is a race of high elevations. Both races are typically pre,ent in Utah with BeaTer specimens ahowin{; e. close approach to individuals or ornatua (:nebt.rd 193Tb).

~he distribution includes Arim na, Utah and Nevada.

Genua Eritetth Bruner

Britettix va.riabilia Bruner 1890. Eritetth varie.bilia Brwier. Proo. 11.s.Hat. MU••• l2r56.

Brown with a light oentral line on hea.dJ pronotwa with dark brown band• oonatrlcted at oent•r or pronotua. Length or bodyt male 11. female 22. Thia epeoiea oloeely naemblu Amphitornua ooloradua in ei1e and form. b:t may be differentiated by. the lo:ng and unequal she of the inner oaloaria.e or the hind tibiae, those in AJnphitornua are small. This speo1es .feada chietly on grauea of' many kinds-.:. The dbtribution includes Utah and southern Colorado• south to Arizona, New Me:doo and

Texas. 88 Genue Cordillacri• Reha

Cordillaoris ooe1eitalis ocoifitalia (Thomas) 1873. Stenobothrua oooipitaU.e Thoas. Rept. u.s. Geol. Surv. Terr. Hayden, !,ai.

SynonoJIXY• .£.• af!!i:oh;_e,JAlpha. Published reoorda t Henderson (1924), Shotwell (19~6) as c. oooipite.lia. - . Additiolllll reoordu EMERYCOUffl'., Gre•n River (Jamee Itartohner)J

GARFIELDcomrrr, Bryoe Canyon (A.neon Call, Jr.,) and Henrieville (Vasoo M.

Tanner), JUAB comr.rr_.Deep areek Mountains, June 1928 (Vaaoo it. Tanner}, KANECOmrrY, The Ha.ll, Esoalante Desert, June 1936 (Vaaoo M. Tanner), WAYIB comrrr, Cainsville. Slender, butt colored with brown markingBJ wings reach to end ot abdomen. Head alanting, antennae slightly flattened. Posterior tibiae in part red or reddish.

Length ot body, male 19, :f'emale 22.

Thia 1peoies appear• in early en.manorand seldom, it ever, is taken in late summer. Xt intergrades with oinerea.. 1'he distribution includes

Utah and Arizona to the Great atsin. cordillaoris ooeipitalia oinerea (Bruner) 1889. Oohrllidia oinerea Bruner, Proo. u.s. Nat. uua., 12,52.

Synonon,v • .£.• affinia Morse J Alpha. Published record.a, Henderson (1924) aa £ • t.ftin.1• Morse, Rehn (1908) from Beaver and Iron count1•••

Additional reoords, OOXELDER COUNTY, Copper Mountains, Teooma Range, June 1928 {Vasoo M. Tanner) •

. Similar to oooiE1tal1s but with posterior tibiae teataoeoua. 89

Thia race ocour1 in an arid environment• usually being enoountered

1n 111All numbers 1n area, ot dried gru•••. Speoimena have been found as

high as 8000 feet in the Colorado Rockies (Hebard 1929).

Cordillaoria orenulata orenulata (Bruner) 1890.

Oohrilidia orenulata Bruner, Proc. u.s. lat. Kus., 12151.

SynonomyI Alpha.

Published records t BEAVERCOUBff, MiltordJ GARFIELDCOUNTY, ten

Jlile, Escalante Desert, June 1936 (Vasoo M. Tanner), GRANDCOUNTY, Ruby-

Ca~on, August U,, 1960 (Andrew B,. Barnum), KA.BECOUNTY, Willow Tank, Eaoalante Desert,. June 19$6 (Va100 M. Tanner). Additional speoimene in the

USACoolleotion from Beaver, Carbon, Emery,, Gar1'1eld, Iron,, Kane, Piute, and Wayne Counties.

Smaller than ocoipitali•J the disk of the tegm.na with large dark blotches which are connected dorsally.

Thi• group 11 often round. with ocoipitalis, bat prefers the short

gr•••••• Its distribution includes the Middl• West and Rooky Mountain reg1one trOlll lfo11tana and South Dakota, south to Texa•, •••tto Utah and Wyolling.

Genua Orphulella Giglio-Toa

orpb.ulella oonpta Scudder 1899. Green I)eaertl Grasshopper.

Or:Ehulella oompta Scudder, Can. Ent., 31,118, 180.

Synonomy t .2• a.ffinia scudder J _2.. Gramin• Bruner• Published records, WASHINGTONcot.rm, St. George (Vasoo M, Tanner) and HUrrioane • trOJn oreoaote bush (Vaeoo M. Tanner)•

Lateral oarinae of pronotum incurvin&J fastigiua usually elongate

and more a.cute than 1n typioe.l desereta, but in ceJ:'tain oases male 5enital1a 90 are neoesaary to distinguish species. Color varies from a uniform pale green to bron.. and the tegmine may be ma.oulate or not• Frequently the tegmina are elate-oolorea in the disooidal area. while the anal and r.m-gim.l fields are green or pale brown. A na.rrov: dark stripe often extends f"rom each compound eye. ., Thie species 1a restricted to the creosote sone "Of souther». Cali- fornia• Arizona. Utah and lfeva.d.a. and is replaced in the north bf desereta.

It occurs largely a bout streams and in irrigated areas. Apparently the percentage ot green individuals i• highest 1a·areas ot heavy vegetation.

Orphulella pelidna deeereta Soudder 1899. (Pl. In. Fig. 11)

or~ulella deaereta soudder. can. Ent •• 31,118, 184. Synonomy, o. aalina Scudder, o. e:•torum soudderJ Stenobothrus 1 me.ouliJ>!nniS SOUdder.s !• pro f1nqUUI Scudder. Published reoordet Scudder (1899&), Henderson Q.924), Gurney (1940).

The leototype ot deaereta is a male labeled ~salt Lak• Vall. trtah, 4,300 n., Aug. l-4• 18711 Orph. desereta Scudder•• Type, 1899.• (Gurney 1940). Pa.re.types of deserete. include ten specimens trom Salt Lake Valley, Utah.

Para.types of a&l1na include specimens from Spring Lake Villa. Utah• Salt

Lake, Utah, and Provo,. Utah.

Additional reoorcia t BB.AVERCOUJ'fY, .M1ltordJ JU.ABoomrrr, Callao

(Vaaoo M. Tanner) s MILLARDCOUNTY, Meadow (Vaaoo M. Tanner) 8nd De1eret,

August 1948 (Dorald. lf. Allred), UTAHCOUITY, Provo and environs (Vasoo M.

Tanner, o. Wilford Olaenh WASHINGTONCOUlffY, st. George (Vasoo M~ Tanner).

Lateral carinae usually slightly inouned on pl"OfJ)nea taatigiwa usually slightly blunter and dorsal depre111on less dietinot than that or pelidna. Coloration includes various combinations based on green or brown.

Thi ■ s,peo1es 1e dbtributed west of the Great Plaine: northes.atern 91

Ari&ona and northwestern Texas. north to western Montana and west to the

PaoU'io. Dense populations may be found in gnaaea area.a about irrigated

aeotiona and atreama in its range.

OJ'.Phulella p_elidna pelidntl (~nuei1ter 1838.

Published reeords I Scudder (1881) aa !• eropinq\lans Scudder.

Thia is .a raoe that extends from the western m1u•gin or the Great

Plaine to the .Atlantic Coean (Gurney 1940). It has been :reported tr<»n

eastern Colorado (Alexander 1941). but probetbly does not get into Utah. Soudder•a record is probably desereta. . '

Or£hulella speoiowa Scudder 1862.

Thia apeciea was liete4 UK>ng the graaahoppera oolleeted on tanu

and range land in tfh.h during the 1936 liYe grasshopper survey (Shotwell

1936). The range ot the epec1ea 1• the western margin ot the Great Plaine· • eaat to the Atlantic Ocean ( Gurney 1940} • 'l'h•••were p:robably apeo11llen1 ot · . ' d.esereta.

Genue Neopodismops1s Bit1-!U.enko

Neopedisaopeh abdomine.lia (Thomas) 1874.

Chryaoohraon abiominalia Thouu1. Rept. tr.s. Geol. Surv. Terr •• 5,74.

Synonomy t Chloea.l tis•

Reoords a Hypothetical for the state, no specimens ha.ving been taken.

f Color nearly uniform dark brown. hind tibiae a.nd lJ&H.l three-fourt)us of antennae dull red• dark lands on outer face or hind fem.ore. leas dietinot. Antennae not thickened at endJ lateral foveola.e not well marked.

Length ot body, ale 19• teal• 25; length of tegllinai male l~ (but not exceeding abdomen). reme.le 6. 92 This rare grasshopper la found at the highest elevations in mountain meadow•• It prefers hills and mo~nta1n slopes with a scattering

growth or trees and 1e usually encountered in small numbers. Its d1atribu•

tion ia widespread in the northwestern United states• Specimens have been

collected both in Arizona and Colorado and it m.q appear in trtah.

Genus Chorthippus Fieber

Chorthipgua longioornia (Latreille) 1804. i.teadow Grauhopper.

Aoeydium longioorn• Latreill•• Hist. Wat. crust. Ina. 121159.

Synonomy, toousta curtipemde Barria, Stenobothrue longil!nnia Boudder, ooloradensle Chorthippu1 aoutua (iorse)1 Chloealtle. !• Uoiel11, , Published reoords, MoNe1ll (1897). ass. eoloradeneilJ Henderson (1924). a.a !• ourtiJ?!nnia; K.nowlton and Ja.nea (1932),- Sorenson and Knowlton (1936)1 Shotwell (1916). Additional reoorde, CACHECOUNTY. Logan, August 23• 19!4 (w. W. Henderson), DtfCIIF,,SJlEcomr.rr, Uintah Mountains, Granddaddy Lake (Vaaeo M. Tanner); JUA.Bcomrrr • Eureb. (W. o. Stanton)t GARFIELDCOtm'l'Y • 3 mi.lei east or Steep creek. September 29. 19491 SUMMITcoum. Utah-WyomingLine. September 29, 1960 (Andrew R• Dlrnum), U'l'AHCOUNTY• South Fork, Provo Ca~on (~aaco M. Tanner) and Provo {Anson B. call, Jr.J Wilmer w. Tanner).

Small1 slender, compressed. Color exceedingly variable. uauallf

light brown abo,,., with a black bar ea.oh aide extending baok froin eye along the upper half ot the lateral lobe ot pronotUJnJ beneath yellowish, the sides

ot the abdomen spotte4 with bla.ok and. hind knees ot the sAJAecolor, faee and

lower 11dea of pronotwn soJl18timea grq or eYen gt-een. Antennae simple.

brownish-yellow at baae, the apioe.l ht\lVeB brown or blaok. Thie short•

winged apeo1ee re,em.blH Neopod1Bll02!1s abdom.inali•• but he.11the later~l

foveol.a.e sharply outline.d by a ridge t.bove. 9S

Length ot body, male 13, female 22.

Thi• apeoies is found abundantly ill U'tah pasture land.s. It has a wide and continuous range cmtr the northern United states and o... da and ia

one or the eoonomioally illportant grasshoppers in Utah. It 1a probable that in the early days when grasshoppers were dest:ruot1-,e in Utah thia apeoiea was otten inoorreotly oalled the Rocq Mountain loouat because of ita s1Jn1larity in s1se and oolor to this grasshopper and others of the Melanopl1.

Genus Aeropedellua Hehl.rd

AerOJ>!d•~lua olavatus ol.avatus (Th.oinas) 1873. Gomphocerus olave.tus '111omas, Rept. u.s. Oeol. Surv. Terr •• 6196.

Synonot\Y r Gomp~ooerus,2,_a.rl!nter~i ThomasJ 2_. ole~szdr.a soudder.

Publbhed record.a, Hebe.rd (1935b), LH'a.n and Bryo• Canyon on the Paunaagunt Plateau, Utah.

Additional reoordu Sm.om.'coum,. Park City (o. WUtord Olsen),

WASHINGtONCOUNTY, Zion :tlat1cmal Park, September 1951 (Arthur F • Bruh.a)•

Antennae diatinotl7 club-shaped, or olavate. Female very shor1-•

winged.

Length ot bod.ya male US, female 22.

Thie apeo1ea ia found in the mountain meadows ot high altitudes and

11 d1str1hlted from Utah and 4r11ona to the Great Plains and north to Alaska.

Genua Bruneria }loNeill

Bruneria e.ltioola (Rehn) 1906.

Pla:t:zbothru,s alticola Rehn, Ent. News, l? 1284-286.

PUblished reoords, Rehn (1906), Henderson (1924). Type locality,

Beaver Range Mountah.1.s, 8000-10,000 feet, Beaver and Piute OountiH, Utah. 94

Additional reoo:r-ds I No apecimena are found in the B'fU oolls ction.

The USACooll•ction oontaina specimens trom Iron and Sanpete Counties.

Sue small, form robust. General color ecru drab n:llllrkedwith seal brown. Teglllina wood brown with a numbe:r or irrecularly pla.oed i"aint maculatione. Length of body, 14.5; length of ter,minac 8.,5; length or hind

Thie species dit"fers f'rom -B. brunnea in the consider'ably s•ller aice and llightly more angulate raatigium, the more int'lated tegmina and mo:re roblat caudal temora. ' ..

Bruneria brunnea (Tho111u1)18?1.

Stenobothru• brunneu1 Thomas, Preltm. Rept. u.s. Geol. Sun'. Wyoming and ¥err., la~15. Bynon~, Platybothrus.

Reoords1 Sl.TMMI1'OOtmn", Parle C:ity.(O. liiltbrd Olsen).

1''orrn moderately robuat; .face rounded and moderately obli~e,. eyes almost vertical. Internal spt1:rs ot caudal tibiae mod.eratt.tl7 UMqua.l. , . This species, reported here for the first tiJl:le tor the state, favors a lllOWltain habitat. It ocours in areae ot short, dry grasses, but not in the rioher graasea ot the itune environment• The speoiea is known from the Rocky Mountains in of'lntral and northern Colorado and northern utah, , north to AlPaka.

Genua Ageneotettix Mcleill

Aj•n.eote-ttix deorum deona (Scudder) 1818., (Pl. III, Flg. 10)

Ohrzeoohrao~ deorua Scudder, 8111. Geol. Geogr • SuJ"f'• Terr•, 2 1262•

Syno:n~t A. eoudderi BrUner; A. oooidentdie BrunerJ Ji.. arenosu1 Hanoook• -- ...... 96

PUbliahed reoordu Henderson (1924), Hebard (1926)1 Sorenson and lCnowlton (1936)1 Shotwell (1936).

Additional record.at GRANDCOUNTY. Ruby Canyon, September 14, 1951, and Auguat 13•29, 1960 (Andrew It. Barnum and. P. E. Fullmer)J MILLAIU>COtm'l'Y, Meadow(Vasco M. Tanner). Additional material in the Us.ACoolleotion includes Oa.ohe, Carbon, DUcheane, Emery, Grand,. Iron, Juab• lfillard, Piute,

Salt Lake, Utah, Wasatch and Wayne Counties•

Short, rather stout species, the male moderately the smaller.

General color dull brown above, yellowish-white belO'WJtegJllina brown or grayish-brown, usually with numerous small darker brown, quadrate spots, these sometimes oont1ne4 to a median rowJ aides or head and pronota with blaolc bars or spots. Hind tibiae bright coral red. Antennae conapiouously white or light colored.

Length ot body: ule 10.6-Ui, female 15•221 length of tegmina1

•l• T•ll, teaale 9-141 length or hind femora1 •l• 8•10.6, female 9.5-12.6.

One ot the 1no1t important range and graaaland graaahoppera in Utah where it appears abundantly 1n some areas. It feeds on graaaes and low plants. It1 d11tribution extends from Utah and Arbone. to Tena, the plains and northoen:t:ra.l atates to Otma.d.a•

Ageneotettix deorum. ourtipennia Bnmer, 1905.

Ageneotettix curt1,eenn1s a-unert Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., !hl09.

Records, Jo specimens appear in the BrU oolleotion, but short ... winged forms are present in the USACcollection i'rom southnstern Utah.

This race differs rro1a deorum by the abbreviated tegmina and wings. It 11 found in graaaea at higher eleTationa in~ localities and is liJllited _in diatri button to U'tnh, Arbcma and southwestern Colorado. 96 Genus Psoloesaa Scudder

Peoloessa del1oatula delioatula (Scudder) 1816.

Soy:J,lina delioatula Scudder. lbll. Geol. Georg. surv. Terr •• 21268. Synonoa,yt P. coloradensis Thomas; Stirapleura deouasata Scudder, s. tenuioarina soudl"er1 -P. eurotia• Bruner. PUbliahed records I Henderson (1924) a1 Stir&J!l•ura 4elica.tula1 Rehn (1906) ass.------delioatula ands.- decusaata. Additional reoord11 JUAB COU'Nff• Deep Creek Mountains• June ,1913 ,

SAR JU.AlfCOU'ffl.'Y • !ear F.ar•• Elk Ridge (Vasoo lI. Tanner) a WAYNEoomr.rr • Torr,y. Additional apeoimena are found in the USACoolleation from Daggett, Dllohesne, Emerr.Iron. Uintah and Wayne Counties. Small. brown or butt. uead vertical. Rind tibiae pale in color.

Length of body t male 18, female 22.

An early spring form round in areas or short grasses and at moderate and high elevations., trom Utah and Arizona, northward to Canada and ee.etnrd • to Nebraska,. South Dakota and Kansas.

Paoloe1aa texana texana. Scudder 1816. Paoloeaaa texana Scudder. Proo. a>at. 800. Nat. Riat., l7t5l2.

Synonomy, P. terruginea Souddel"J P. maoul1J!enn1a Scudder, !• bllddiaraa. Soudder7 Stirapleura mesoaleroRehii. Record a, GARFBLDOOUllff., Escalante (Wilmer 'ff. bnner) • B:>ulder,

June 1936 (Wilmer W• Tanner}, Steep Creek• Boulder Mountain, June 1936

(Wilmer w. tanner). The Pa.11. Table Clitt Mountain, eleT&tion 9300 teet, June 1936 (Vaaco M. Tanner), D"yoe canron (Vaeeo M. tanner). 3 llilea east ot Steep Creek• September 29• 1949• and the Aquarius Plateau, elevation eooo-10.000 feet. JUne 1938 (Wilmer w. Ta.nner)r JUAB COUffl' 11 Topas Mountain.

Kay 1949 (Va1co u. Tanner) and Cherry Creek; Kay 1949 (Vasoo M. Tanner}, 9f

MILLA.RDcomrrt., Antelope Springs (D. Elur Johneon)J &Alf JUAN coum. taSal

Mountains (Anion Call., Jr.)J BANPE'l'ECOtnlff', Indianola (Vaeoo M. Tanner)J

UI:trrAB COUHff, Dougle.•• Dinosaur Quarry, July 1960 {Vasoo M. !anner)J

WASHINGTONCOUNTr, Am:lerson's Ranoh (Vasoo M. Tanner), WAYNEOOtml'Y., Fruita {Wilmer w. Tanner). Larger than delicatula. Median carina distinot on suadt ot head and accompanied by two supplementary oarinae.

Length o£ body: male 16., female 22.

Thie i& one or the most generally distributed species .~ the semi• arid southwestern United states and adjacent Mexioo. Its distribution inolud.es South Dakota, Kansas and Texas •ettnrd to southem. California. Although it is one ot the moat widespread and abundant. it does not reach great numbers. It ii found. in dry., overgraaed area, ot ahon grau where it teed• to a large extent on gel"lllinatinr, seeds (!all, et al., 19'2).

Genua Drepanopterna Rehn

Drepanopterna femoratum. (Scudder) 1899. White CroH Graaahopper.

Aulooara temoratUlll Scudder, Proo. Amer. Aoad •. 1.rts Sci., 26155. Published reoorda t Scudder (1899}, Henderson (1924) as -A. femoratWl. Additional reoord1 t UT.ARCOUNTY, Colton_. J.tay lf>, 1939 (H. P.

Chandler), WATitECOU!lff, Torey.

Marked with contraetint; areas of black and with two white diagonal me.rka on pronotumJ t 1 biae blue.. Poatedor martin of 8th ventral a bdom.Ulll-1 aegment of feml\le strongly bisinuate.

L•Dt;th or body, ale 16., female 25. Thia grasshopper is typically a deeert graasland species that is widely dbtrihlted tro111the plaina ot Canada to Durango, Mexioo. tn .Arizona 98 1t le one of the three most important range grauhoppere (Bill. et al, 1942). but does not appear in injurious :numbers in U'tal1-

The white oro ■ a grasshopper 41tters from its nearest :relative.

Aulooara elliotti. by its shorter tegllina, more contrasting coloration and sexual ftri.atS..on (males are much smaller than tema.l es). The lateral lobes ot the pronotwn and caudal t'!mora are more str1Jcingly band.eel.

Genu1 Aulooara Soudder

Aulooara elliotti (Thorne.a)18?0.

stauronotus ell1ott1 Thomas, Proo. Aoacl. Nat. Soi. Phila., 1870, P• az.

SynonOIIJYt A.. oaeruleir;s SoudderJ A. deoens Scudder; A. parallel• Scudder, Oedooara sl'ra.ruau1at~ o\tdder. _, -

Published recordst· rhb species was early reported frOlll trt:.ah

(Scudder 1818), and ha• been referred to •r.w times 1n the literature.

Additional reoorda t CACHECOUll'fY, Logan• August 2 1 1924 (W• W• Henderaon), GABFD:LD COT.JM'Y_.Escalante (Vaaco M. Tamer)J JUAB comr.rr, Deep creek Mountains, June 1928 (Vasco M. Tanner) Md Fiah 8pr1D8• (D El.de

Beolc)1 MILLARDcomrrr • Sand Dttnes • , lforth or LJ,zmdyl (Vaaoo •• ranner), , SALT LAD OOUl:rY,Jordan Barrow•• July 1929 (o. Wiltori Obea), and Salt

!>Jee City• August 6, 1924, (W. W. Henderson), UT.AHCOUN!'f, Lehi (ll Eld•

Blok}, !'()(ZLE COUll!Y, Skull Valley, June 1960 (Vasoo H. Tanner).

Similar to Drepanopte:rna, but the color• are le H contrasted. and ot a more unitorm gray., Sternum of 8th abdominal segJlent or fem.a.le only weakly bhinuatoJ hind tibiae blue •.

Length ot bodyt male 19• female 28.

!his is a Tery oomsnonspeoiea on the prairies from Arizona north to

Canada and is at times one o!' the most injurious ranee graashoppers, being 99 common1n short grass. This loouat has long been known to be an eneJ/1\Yto agriculture in Utah and ot.hor western state"• and in Utah 18 widely distributed in dry-land sections. The species has been collected on nearly all surveys taken 1n the state as being destructive to cereal and alfalfa orops as well as to ranee era.sees.

Genus Heliaula Caudell Heliaula -ruta (Scudder) 1899.

Publbhed Neorde, f1nlcbUl (1948). WeUtah 1peoimene are to be found in the JIJfUoolleotion. , Cl"ffllll or red.dieh, with 1m1tll brown marking•J hind tibiae pink.

Length of body, male 19• teJn&le 25.

Thi ■ 1• a widespread species or the western plains and the south• west. It 1a usually found on slopes or small hilla with thin, rook:y or gravelly soils where it 1a uncommon and not or •IV" eoonondo isnportance

(Ball, et al, 1942). Its distribution exte.ds. rrom the Big Bond. Region west to the Cobia.bi Mountains or Arizona, north to southern Utah, south• western Colorado and oaat of the Rookies to Nebraska (Tinkham. 1948). It hfte also been reported from lanaaa.

Genu1 Ligurotettb: Molfelll

L1gurotett1x ooqu1llett1 ooqu11lett! J(oJfeill 1891 • Ligurotettix ooquilletti Mcleill, Proo. Davenp. Acad. Nat. Soi •• 61268-259. "' Reoorda c lfn)Othetioal for Utah. there being no apeoltio reoorda from the state. or no V'tah apeoi•m 1n the BnJ oolleot1on. Relatively small to meditaJ eurtaoe dulls tegirdna surpassing hind 100 temora by at least the length of the pronotwa. General baee oolo:r wood brown. fawn oolor or clay color.

Length of bodyr mnle 13.5-16. femnle 18.5-20 J length ot tegrd.na1 male l!-14.5• f'emale l6•l8.6J length of hind fe,more.1 male 1•9• :femele 9-10. !his oreoeote and sbadscale shrub-hthab1ting speoiea ot no economic importance ia distributed from Arizona to Nevada and Celifornia. There are no Utah reoord.•• but epecimena have been collected. by Ball (1942) at Little- field, and the speoiee may extend into the state.

SUBFAJm.,YOEDiroDINAE Band-winged Locusts

The systematic character, used in the olaesifi~at1cm. of thia cub- family are dre.wn chiefly from the modeling ot the bead and pronotum and f'rom the venation of the wings. The vertex of the hee.d elopel' downward anteriorly. and it rounded at its junction with the tcu,e, which 1e reii.:tiinly vertical. The eyes are small and the antennae filiform. The pronotum ia often oonatrioted at or in front of' the prinoipe.l nulou• and is usually rugoae or tuberoulate, with a strongly pronounced, oft•n crest-like median oarina. Thia ca:rina b rut tw one or blo 1noi81ons in tront or the middle, rarely it is ♦ntire. The lateral ee.rinae aro poorly developed Md ut'!\lally' 11;'1 diecontinuou•• The meta1one ie longer and broader than the prozone, its hind 1Mrgin produced, e.ngulate. The tegrnina. and wings are &lweys fully developed and large, the wings usually preeoni:11.ne a bright-oolol"ed disk bounded by e. dark transverse band nnd a transparent. ro,,oulate, or duelr:y tip.

The intercnlaey vein ot the tecmina is well developed and UBUt\lly roughened.· for etridulati:ng. at lea.at in the male. This group is among the moat alert, active and attraoti•e member• ?LA.TI; III

Figures 1-17 101

\ ,,,.,.,,...... ,.,, ....,... ,,.-t,~:.::;::::::~.~• ..·'~"'·i,,:.•-•1., ...... , ...... er··-··f'IG. I

FIG. 4

FIG. 5

FIG. 8

FIG.10 F'IG. II FIG. 12

FIG. 9

FIG. 15

--w,:--_ '\_, ,___ ,/· - _,...,_ '. .. ·,~. ;., ·.: ' F'IG. 17 . ' . :~ FIG. 13 FIG. 14 FIG. 18 AH.B .. ...,..,. PLATE Ill 102 ot the order. 'l'hoy are notable not only tor their brightly colored vd.ngs. but tor the sounds produo,ed both 1n flight and while at rest. The Oedipodinae oocura over moat or the worlt\, but the largeat ntmber c-1 speoiea 1a fo\llld in the more arid parts of the wst. Some apecin are found in grasslands and in tore1ted area•• but the usual habitat 11 the

1to:ny eoil and the 1rparee vegetation ot the cteaert. B&oau.1• tlla 1peoiea rnq become ab\lndant on the aparHly "t'egetatecl land., they mq be ot major illport•

anoe econoltioall7. Very few are ot any great il'lportano• as peata ot cultivated crops.

The 1u'btuu.l;y in Utah is repreaentect by' 64 1peoie1 in 21 genera. Eight new reoorde tor the state are here e&tablished and tour other species have been reported 1n error in pl"ffious literature.

Genu1 Arphia Stal

J.rphia. R••udonietana peeudoniet~ (Tlu)~e) 1810. (Pl. n:t, Figs. lZ_& 14} TomonotusEaewio•nietana Thomas• Proc. Aoe.d. lat. soi. Phila •• 1e10, P• a. ·

s;ynonomyI T. thereaiae Bruner J ! • teneb:roeua SOudder J A. aanguinaria Stal, !:.• ovatioel!! "saunures !• :nietanua-Tho1nas1 !• calida Bruner. Pu.blilhed. record•• Tho•• (1816h Httnderaon (1924)1 Knowlton and.

Janes (1932), Shotwell (1936), Knowlton and Saith (1938), Knowlton (1939).

Additional reeortu CACHEcomr.rr,. Loge.a. August !, 19H (w. w.

Henderson) 1 MILLAR!>CO'fflf,. Fillaore (Tr'WIUUI SWallow)J SALTLAD comm• Salt Lake City, .Auguet 5• 1924 (w. w. Henderson), Ul'AB ooum, .Aspen GrOT••

BrU Campua,. Tilllpanogoa, October 13• 1951 (Andrew 11. &i.r:nua), ProYo• Spring-

ville (O, Wilford Olsen.)., a.Di Ceder Valley (o. Wilford Olsen). Pronotum and ocoiput rugose, median oarina high and cut Vert eligh:t-

17 by the poaterior trauverse suloua, lateral oarinae terming prominent 101 shoulders• M,.le, especially• decidedly blackish, the females generally lighter. Wings bright scarlet in color with a black border.

Length ot bodyt male 21-22, female 2&-35J length ot tegmina, JUAle

24-26 1 female 25-301 length of hind !'emorar male 13-14, teirale 14-18.

Thia species it found only in very dry places, though this may

sometimea be in irrigated fields and pastures atter such places have dried

out from 1rrir;at1on, or they may be found in small dry area ■ which the • water will not reach. It 1a well known in dry fields and has been reported

in au:rveya as one of Utah•a deatruotiYe loou11t1. Its range includes Ubah

and Arimona to the northern prairie states, to Canada and Mexico.

Arphia ooneperaa Scudder 1818.

Arphia oon•J?!rla Scudder, Proc. lk>st. Soc. wat. Hist., 111514.

Synonom,, A. f'rigida Scudder, A.. a.rota Somes, A. tepoN.ta SoudderJ !.• dmplex Scudder,-!• XuteoXa soud~_•ri!•cfeoepta Bruner,!• !iil'ernalia Saua1ure1 -A. oanora Rehn. Publ1ahed reoontu The literature 18 tull ot acoounte ot Vtah

specimens, moatly referred to by the abOve ,_, ■ynon,ms .-

Additional record•, OOXELDER COUNTY,Raft River Mountains, eleva-

tion 10,000 teet, Jtme 1928 (D Elden BeokJ Vaeoo M. Tanner) and Copper

Mountains, June 1928 (D Elden Beck), DOOHF.SXEOOUNTY, Sheep Creek, June

1926 (qla.renoe cottam)J Ell!RY COUNTY,fioodside; GARFIELDcomm, Aquarius . , . Plateau, elevation 10,000 feet, June 1936 (Vasoo u. Tanner), steep Creek, Boulder llountain, elevation 9500 feet, June 1936 (Va.sco M. Tanner), !he Pase,

Table Cl1tf' Mountain, elevation 9300 feet, June 1918 {Va.seo M. Tanner),

Escalante (Wilmer w. Tanner) and Bryoe Canfon {Vasoo M. Tanner) J Gl?AND

comrrr, Ru~ CaDJon, August 29, 1951 (And.rewH. &\rnum)J IRONCOtnrn', Cedar

Ca~o• ( C • I,rnn B•yward), JO'AB comrrt, Deep Or eek: Mountai ru,, June 1928

(D. Elden Btok}i SAN JUAJifcomm, taSal Mountains and Siar Eara,. Elk Ridge, 104

Ulffl'AH COUN'fY,.Dinoaa.ur Quarry, Douglaa, July 1926 (vaeco •• Tanner) and

Vernali UTAHCOUJffY,, Salem, Provo, Th1atle 1 Springville, and Aspen Grove 1 mu Campus, 'l'impanogoa (Andrew R• ~rnua)1 WASl:Il!IG!ONCOUR!Y, Zion N'ational

r..rk and Pine Valley1 WAYNIOOtm'TY, Torey, Teaedale { Bertrand Harrison),

Fruita, June 1958 (Wilmer W. Tanner) and C•ineavilles WEER OOtmn', RiTer•

dale, J'Une 1926 (Vaeco M. tanner).

PronotUlll with the diaJc ruguloae, the median oarina high and almost

entire, the lateral ce.rinae rounded. Tegmina and wings well exceeding the

abdomen 1n femalee and 11uch e:xoeeding the abdomen 1n males. The f'emales

are much larger and lighter in color than the males, the f'eales "being plain

reddbh b:'own, the m.ales blaoldshi the tepina with or without a light atr1pe. Hind tibiae tan er blue. Th• Wings or all specimens are red with

the notable exception of those from San Juan County, which are all bright

yellow. Only in this area. is the yellow-winged f om repriesented •

Length or body t male 19•22, f'ea le 21•S2 J length ot tegm.ina , male

21•23• f'eme.le 26•28 J length of hind remora.1 male 12•14, female 14-16. , The apeoiea u 0011U11onlyround above the range ot oult1:nted :tielda on high, warm hillside• which are olothed with eoattered patch•• ot mountain

shrubbery. It aYoids the 1hrubbory and ehaded areas and 11 tound in open

spao•••

Genua F.naoptolophua Scudder

Enoo}?tolofhu• ea;llidua aubgraoilia Caudell 1903.

BnooEolophus aubgrao111• Cm dell, Proo. Ent. Soc. wash •• 6tl6S-l64. Synonorq, -E. texenai ■ BrUner • Reoords1 WASRINGTO'Ncoum. Hurricane (Vaaoo M. famtel"). color dark brown. 1n0ttled with f\u11ooua, fuaooua ma:rld.nr,s er ter,lld.tla 105 leas oonnpiououa than 11 ueual for the genus. Wings hyaU.ne. Hind tibiae greenish-blue, the basal third pe.llid.

Length ot body, male 18, female 25J length or tegtl'linai male lG, f'emale 19; length of hind femorar male 10, female 12. There are no m.orphologioal differences or those specimens taken at

HUrrioano and the typical BU$,racp.1,•,, except ae to s be and the color of the hind tibiae, these beine yellowish-l:lrown instead or the usual greenish• blue. The measurements of these specimens follow, Length ot body a male

31,, female 39; length or toi,una I male is,. remal • 44J length ot hind temora, male 20,, female 24. Theae specimens are the first of the genua reported trem. Utah and are tentati'Yely referred to thia apeo1•••

Genu ■ Chortophaga Saussure

ChortoPh,aga viricU..ta ■ oiata (DeGeer) l?T3. Green-striped Locust.

Aorydiwn 'YiridU'aao1atum. DeGeer, vem..Hilt. Nat. Ins., Zt..,98.

SynonomyI toouata ( TrO§Ooepha~) 1nfusoate. Re.rrie J ,!!• radiate. Barria.

Publiahed records a Rehn (1906), Olck:akin Valley, Iron County,

Henderson (1924).

Additional records, UINTAHCOUNTY, Vernal (Rowland lU.gby), UTAH

COtnn'Y, Spanish Fork (Horace Harcey-) and Provo• General oolor brownish, with rather large patches ot deeper brown or ereen. Pronotum. with oriltate, arched median oarina, eearoely out by the main transverse aulous. W1nga greenish on th• basal hal r • Hind tibiae dittering nuoh in color,, being variously tinted. with brown, blue, pink• or purple.

Length of body, male 18•20, renale so, length or tegininat we 18•20, female 25•261 length or hincl remoraa m&le 11•14, ~•male 15. 106 The female is usually gran-green above and on the sides ot the head• pronotum. hind femora. and ooatal half ot the tegldnaJ the male ia usually brown. but oooe.aionally presents the green ooloration ot the feme.l•lt

These two toms have been distinguished by the names Tirginiana tor the green form Rnd infuacata tor the brown, but the oolors have no systematic

Bignifioa.nce. Speoim.enaare ocoasionally found whioh oan not .be referred. properly to either ro:rm,the color being a mixture.

thia apeoiH oa.nnot be considered ae being of economic importance in Utah, al tho,1gh it is listed from inany of our western etates a, among the economic species.

,. Genus carnnula Stal

Ca.mnula E•lluoida {Soudder) 1862. Clear-winged Looust, "Warrior• GraHhopper.

Oecllpoda E•lluoida Soue.der, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hht •• 7r472. Synonom;y, o. atrox Scudder, c. tricarinata St&lJ Stenobothrua obionua Thomaa. - Publiahed reoorde, The literature often refars to this specie• troa Utah. since it was early reported trom the 1tate.

Additional reoorda1 BEAVERCOUffl'• BaaYer (IJ. E. Johnson), CACBI coUlffY. Logan, .Auguat 20. 192' {w. w. Henderson), IRON c:oum, Parowan

{Ve.soc M. Ta.rmer) J RICH COUlfff, taltota, B9ar Lake, June 1926 (Va.aoo lf.

Tarmer); SAN JUAN coum-. Blue Lake, LaSa.l Mounta.inl. eleve.tion. 10,000 teet (Vasoo u. Tanner, O • Lynn Hayward) and Geyser Pase. LaSal l{ountaina, elevation 10.000 feet (Va100 M. Tanner) J SUUlllT 001.mr.r, Park City ( o. l'filtord Olsen), UTAHOOtnr.rY, Provo and en'rlrons (D Bld.en Beok; Vaeeo lt. Tanner, o.

Wilf'ord Olsen) and south Fork, Provo Canyon (Vasoo l(. Tanner) J VtASATCR COtrNTY,Uintah Mountains, Tryol Lake (Truman swallow).

Pronotwn with median oarina criatate. lateral oa.rinae diatinot. 10'1

Wings pellucid with a yellowish tinge in the basal field. The prevailing oolor is from light yellowish-brown to dark gray with the hind tibiae always yellowish (tibiae 1n older apeoimens darker)•

Lencth of bodyt male 20-25, feJrit.le 22•30J length of tecmina1 male

15-19, re-.le l9-24J length of hind .fell\Ore.t male 9•12, temale 11•15.

Thie insect 1s believed to be the moat numerous and most injurioua or any ot the orthoptera. in utah. It 1• widely d.htrU1uted in the state and 11 found in grassy open stretches in the high mountains. O'V'er the lower toois• hill• and is especially abundant in dry pe.11tures and low lends. The llig:rator:, habit ■ a:re carried out when the ineeots are "ffl")' nume,-oueand before they reaoh the adult stage. It has been listed on all eoonomio eUJ"veyataken in the state as a prinoipal crop peat and range grasshopper.

This species is round all over Jorth America except in the extrel'lle southeastern United States. It is typio~lly not a desert species and ia not found far rrom atreat111, grassy or irrigated fields or meadows.

Genus Xe.nthippue $auasure xanthippua corallipes corallipes (Haldeman) 1852. Haldeman Locuat.

(Pl. I, Figs. l & 21 Pl. III, Figs. 6 & ?)

Oedi~da oor•ll1pea Haldeman, Stansb. Exp. Great Salt Lake Valley, P• 371.

Synonorq1 x. rdal1nu• (Sauasure), x. latef'asoiatua (Scudder)& !• paradoxua (Thome.ii) 0}J !• tolteoue (Se.uaaureJ (?). PUblbhed reoords 1 !• corelliJ?!B ooralliP!,• was first diecoTered in Utah. Hebard (l9S5b) reported latef&aciatua from Utah as e.n •occaaione,l pest or the higher dey•f8.1"11 grain•• Rehn (1906) reported the species troa

Blaver County. Thomas round eradoxue in 1872 ranging from Ogden northward, through C~ohe Valley and. into 1outhea.stern Idaho. Scudder (1892) assigned 108 apaoimens to this same epeoie1 from Parowan. l!okiah Pass• near st. Ck,o:rge.

Thomas (18?'3) believed that this speoiea (J!:radoxua) waa not dietinot. I1;

is here ~ssigned as a synonym. alth~ugh no apeoitio placement or it oan be

found in the literature. !• toltecus is supposed to be :f'ound in Uuioo• Utah, Wyomingand Montana, ftocording to Soudder (1892). Very little is

known or it end it is not represented in 'O'bah colleotions •

.A.dditional records, CARIDN COUNTY,-Price, June 8, 1951 (Va1100 M.

Tnnner t D Elden D,ok e.nd Dorald M. Allred) J G!:P.FIF.LDCOUNTY, Escalante

(Wilmr W. Tanner, ~rt rand ltarr1son) and Steep Creek. Boulder Uountain•

elevation 9500 f'eet• June 1938 (Wilmer W. Tanner), JUAB COUlf.l'Y, Cherey

Creek, HP.y 1949 (Vasoo M. Tanner), Topas Mountain, Mey 1949 (Va.sec M. Tanner).

and Callao (Va100 x. Tanner), IAlilE coum, la.nab (va.saol!. Tanner), JttLI..Am>

COUlll'Y, oak City (Vasoo M. Tanner), Garrison, August 1, 1949 (Blaine Moore)

and Antelope 8pri11g• (D. El.Jller Johnson), SAW JU.Mi COU'HTY,.San Juim River.

mutt, SANPETECOumY, Indianola (Ve.sco N. Tanner) J UTAHcoum • ProTo and

enTirone and Cedar Valley (Lenord D. Moore) J WASHill'GTONCOUlffY, Pine Valley

(Doyle Liddle), st. George (.Andrew n. Barnua). and Zion National ParkJ WAYNECOUffY,. '1'0"7 and Fntita (Wilmer w. Tanner). Females very large and clumsy looking, males smaller, dark gray with l~rge blackish spots covering the tegminaJ whitiah line down each

humeral angle• Fore wings longer than body, well defined marld.ngs full

length but narrowed at anal vein.

Length ot body r male 46, :f'emale 51.

Thia speoies 1a very oommon.and in some oases destructive in the

state to the higher dey-tarm grain, althoUgh it is typically a desert-

inhabiting species and usually found only in "r'Y dry plaoe1 along the

toot hills and high bench••• The distribution ot the specie• inolude1 U'tah

to Arizona• Jlew Mexico and Mexico. 109

~nth1J>EUScorallie!s leeroaua Saussure 1884. xanthippue leproaus Saussure, Prodr.., Oedip., 92.

Recorda1 CARBONCOUNTY• PJ:-ice (G. B. Harris), GARFIELDC0Uffl' 11 Escalante (Wilmer w. Tanner) and B:>ulder., June l936J' lCAlfECOUMY• Navajo

Lake ( Bertrand Barria on) J WAYNECOUNTY• Teasdale ( Bertrand Harrison) and Torry.

Differs from typical oore.lliE9• by being darker; markings on tore winga t'ner and sometimes blurr•J average abe smaller.

Length or body, male S5, t'emale 44.

The distribution of thie race extend.a from Utah and Arizona to

Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexioo. Specimens taken at lower elevations tend to intergrade with oorall1pea. xanthippua ooralliptus altivolus Scudder 1892. Xanthif.PUs altivolue Scudder, P~"Ohe, 6i262, 347-348.

Reoorda, BOXELDER COUNTY, Raft River Mountains., June 1928 11 eleva• tion 10,000 teet (V11.sooM. Tanner) and Copper Uountaine, Teaoma Range, June

1938 (Vaeoo M. Tanner), GARFIELDootmTY. Aquariue Plateau, elevation 9000-

10.,000 f•et, June 1936 (Vaaoo M. Tanner} J GR.Um COUNTY'•Ruby C~on, Augmt 29, 1960 {Andrew H. Bamm)J SAK JUAN00UJfff, LaSal Mounte.in• am Bae.r Bara., Elle Ridge {Vaaoo M. Tuner).

Color d.a.rkJ marking• on tore wings more e:xtenaiTe, !'uaed longitud1n• ally, banding nearly abaent1 w1nge shorter than abdomen in females.

Length or body, ma.le 25, rem.a.le 3?.

Thia 11 a speaiea of the gra11lande of higher elevations and on mountain tops ( usually a.hoTe 8600 teet). The short-winged oondi tion may be found at lowr eleYationa on steep mountain tope. uo Xanthippua griaeus Scudder 1892.

Xanthippua griseua. Payohe. 6a274• 862.

P\lbliahed reoords1 Scudder (1892).

Additional records I BOXHID ER COUNTY, Copper Uountai nai, Teooma

Ranr;e. June 1928 (D Elden Beck); CACHE'COUNTY. SU11111it, Locan canyon, June

1926 (Vasco M. Tanner) and Tony• a R•q~er Station (Ve.sco M. Tanner) J CARIDN

COUNTY,Price,. (G. B. He.rria)J SUMMITOOUffl• Park City (O. Wiltord Olsen)J

UINTAHcotmff. Douglas, Dinosaur Quarry, July 1950 (Vasoo lf. Tanner) and

Vernal (Rowland Rigby), UTAHCOUNTY,. Payson Canyon (Ve.soc M. Tanner) and

Aspen Grove, BYUOaapua,, 'rillpanogoa (Vasoo K. hnner), WASHIJIGTONcoum,

Washington (Vaaoo M:. Tanner) •

.Alnoat unif'ormly griaeua 1n. oolor. J10derately robut, tegmina with dark brown •rkings, often very obscure, those of' the apex aometillea

obsolete •.

Length ot bod)"t fe111&le3S•S4J length ot teglllina1 female 28-31.

Thia species is known only t'roan Utah and 18 mentioned wt very few

times in the literature. Fi.Ye speoiinens were collected by Dr. F.dward Palmer

at Mokiak Pass arJ.d one was ta.ken by nr. Henry Skinner in City Creek Canyon

near Salt Lake City, f'r01n which the original description was Jl!Ade.

XanthiF_Eua oalthulus Saussure 1884.

Xa.nthiwu~ oalthulua Saussure, Mem. soc. Nat. Geuc.-va,28t93.

Publbhed records t GARFIELDCOUlft'Y • Widtsoe (Vas co M. Tann.er) •

Pronotum granulate, elevated,, in the male criatate, the carina of

the meta.zone alight or obeolete •. Tegmina grayiah, sprinkled with blackilh

pum,tat ions•

Length ot bod.ya male 29, fe•le 35J length of' tagmint.t -.le 29•

feale 35. 111 This speoiea, described trom Nevada and Oali.fornia• ha.s been found only in southern Utah where it appears in very. fa numbers.

Xanthip£UI affrictua Scudder 1892.

Utah was 1nol uded in th& orii;inal deaoription of this species• but

,, I it ha.1 not been found in the state since that time. Hebard (1985) oonolucled ,. that th:l.8 species we.a a composite ot t...o speo1es and several tonne• •From

Nevada am utahJ these ape.owns OtUUlOt be looat«i • Cora111e leproaua.•

trt;ah r•oorda of this 1peoies therefore 'pertain to!• oorallipea leprosua.

, Genua era typed••Soudder

Cratyped.ean•gleotua (Thomas) l8TO.

Oedipoda negleeta Thom.a, Proo. Aoad. Hat. Soi. Phila., l870e81•82.

S)'llODOlll;Y, £.• eutnami Thomas I f.lip,!iaOUI l1neatus Scudder I Arphia~ Published reoord11 Rehn (1906), .BeaYerCounty, Henderson (1924),

"Very common in the higher altitudes in Utah and found oooa.aionally in the higher dry-farm grain fields.•, Shotwell (l9S6).

Additional reoord.a t CACHE COUffl'Y, Logan, July l'l, 1924~ (w. w. Henderson), EMERYCOUNTY, Flaming Gorge, Greenriver. June 1926 (Vaaoo u.

Tanner),. JU.ABCOUNTY,. DNp Cr•k :Mountains, June 1926 (Vasco M. Tanner) and

Callao {Vasoo M. Tanner) J SANPETECOUN'l'Y, Indianola {Vasoo M. Tanner),

smear COUNTY,pe.rk City (o. Wilford Olaen)J UTAH COtJ'lllff, A.at)$n Grove, BrU

Campus, Timpanogoa {Vaseo K. 'l'anner) and Provo (D Elclen Dltok)J WASJII!OTON

COtnn'Y,. Zion National Park, August 1925 (Vaaco M. Tanner).

Very darii:1 tore wing with 1.ndbtinot bands and pale dorsal str1peJ

lateral lobea ot pronotua slightly wider below than 1J:l the middle, hind

wing with yellow disk and bl.aok border, •P'U' extending he.lfw'ar to base, am

with transparent apex. Him tibiae bright red.. 112

Length or body, male 22-24, femal• 28•S2 • length ot ter;mina I male

24-25 • .temale 2a-so, length or hind. feraorar male 13•14. :temale 14-16. The diatr1but1on ot this apeciea inoludea the Qatern United stat•••

It 1a distributed widely OYer the state of Utah.

Genus Leprua Sauasure

Leprua wheeler1 {Thomae) 1815. Oedipoda w'heeleri Thomas. Rep. u.s. Geol. Sun. West 100 liter. 51819.

Published records, Utah was included in the original distribution and referenoe thereto ia made in subsequent lite-rature. There are no speol- men1 in the aru oolleot1on. Color dull ash-brown, varied with tu1ooua. Tegmina with four broad tran ■vere• tusooua bands, base and di•k of wing a yellow• with a broad, blaok• arcuate band along the exterior margin, leaving a sall transparent spe.oe at the apex. Posterior temora with a tn blaok dots on the external face, and an imlistinot paler ring near the apex. Tibiae and tarsi pal•• spines tipped. with blaok.

Confu ■ ion has existed with referenoe to the identity ot this apeoiea and the blue winged. species, Leprua cyaneua Cockerell. Scudder end Bruner reported the wing• to be blue, Caudell reported the~ to be bright yellow.

The 1.itera.ture oited leaTes doubt as to whether or not this species

1a found in Utah. It has been listed tor Utah and the surrounding states, but is not included in any ot the reoent literature trom theee states.

Henderson was unable to find epeoimens in hil oolleotion. A revision of the genus is therefore neoessary to establish its distribution. t,eprua interior BrUner 1905.

Lepru ■ interior Bruner, Biol. cent.-Amer •• orth •• II•~ 116. 118. 113 PUblished reoordsr Rehn and Hebard {1906b), near Salt Lake City,

"This series was only taken atter long and oare:ful search. There wu, but one place on the steepest portion ot Ensi2;tl Peak where the inaeot could be - found, and although the females were easily captured when found. the males tlft' v1gorou1l,y. So steep was the hillside that it was bare ot everything mt aoattered graaaes a.nd. an oooa.1ional sage-brush. When at rest the inseota were wonderfully proteoted by their coloration.• Henderson (1924) aleo reported the species trom. the state. .... Additional reoordU JUABCOUNff,. Calla.o (vaeco M. Tanner) arm

Trout Cr•ek• July 31 • 1949 ( Blaine Moore MILLARDCOUffl' • Garriaon. July .,;._.- h 1949 (Va ■ co M. Tanner) alld Gandy, July 1949 (Vasco Me Tanner).

Pale oinereoue above• teetaoeous beneath, some specimen• with a

.f'aint tinge of terruginous about the pronotum a.nd the 1-.se ot the tegsd.na. which a.re rather regularly banded and mottled from base to a~x. Wings with the dilk blue.

Length or body, male 27 • fem.ale 36J length of.' tee;mina.1 t!lal& ~o, female 29; lell(;th of hind fet110n.1 male 15• female 11.

Of the above additional records• one speobien from Callao shows a noticeable exception to the general coloration. In this speoilllen the hind tibiae are bright red instead,';bf the usual oolor and the speoiJllen ahow1 a decided reddiah appearanoe.

Genus Disacatfizta Scudder

I Dia ■ oateira oarolin.a (Linnaeus) 1158. Carolina Loouat. Gryllu1 (Loousta) oarolinua Linnaeus. Syst. lfat., Bd. X, It P• 4SS.

Synonomy I AoridiUJaJ Oedipoda.

Publbhed records, Bruner (1897}, Scudder (l90la), Henderson (1924). 11,

Additional reoorda t JEAVER COUlfff, M1lfords GARFIELD coum,. AntilloJJY {Vasoo M. Tanner) and Eaoalante River, north ot Calt Creek (B. p.

Chandler), JUAB coum-, Callao (Vaaoo M. Tanner), GRANDCOUNTY', Ruby Canyon

{Andrew B. Barnum.)J MILLARDCOUNTY• MoCorniclc• July l, 1948 (Do:rald M. Allred), SANJUAN comrrr, Blutr, San Juan River (Anson Call, Jr.)i Sh"VD:R

COUN'l'Y, Fish Lake (Va.sco M. Tanner), SUMMITCOUNTY,- Park City (o. Wilford

Olsen), UTAHCOUNTY, Aspen Grove, Timplnogoa (Vasco J.t. Tanner), Cedar Valley (o. Wiltord Olsen), Spanish Fork {llol"&oeHardy), South Pork, Provo Caeyon (Vasoo M. Tanner), Provo and environs (Anson call. Jr.; o. Wilford Olsen, Andrew H. Blrnum.h WASHIWTON COUNTY, st. George, August 1926 (Vaaoo M.

Tanner) and Z1011 National Park, September 1961 (Ve.aco •• 'l'e.nner J Arthur F. Bruhn).

Head oompreeeed, raoe :nearly vertical. Median oarina high. Brown, nrying from yftllowish sand•oolor to deep dull red and blackish elate, sometime• unioolorou•• sometbtes -.culate. sometimes tritasciate with tuaooua.

Wings browaieh ble.oka with pale buff)" border.

Length of body, male 34-42• teiu.le 4r3•53J length of tegmina• male

28-34, female S6-43J length of' hind femoraa male 11•15, f'emle 15•!1.

It 11 doubtful it" any other Orthopte:ra of' America 1e more widely known, spoken or or written about. It is abtmdant i.n Utah and when nature r:r.quents roadways and '!:are iround bordering cultivated. field•• It oa.n be round in the proper see.son ot the year throuc}lout the entire state. Most dostruotion to vegetation of fields. pastures and crazing lands 1• don• by the immature tome. The species ha.a been commonly round on all grauhopper eurveya taken in the state. The di1tribution or the apeciea ta widespread trom the Atlantio to the Paoitio Coaata 11 .Because ot ita con•picuoua abe and ooloMtion it ia pro ba.bl.1 known to' more people than any other Orthoptera. • 115 Dia1oeteira •Ruroat~ saueaure 1884. Di1ao1teira spuroata Sau11ure. Prod.r. Oedip., 137.

Synonomyt D. obl1t•rata Thomae. Published reoordst- Thia species tirst appeared in publication tron the state when Bruner ~•ported 1, in 1891• .Additioml reoordat O'l'Afl('!Ol.J!ft'Y• Pro"Yo and enYi:rona (Wilmer w. Tanner, Lucile Maughan). Rimilar in tona to -D• oarolina, but e•ller and more slender. Variation in color and maculationa from light &rq to 11.tht brown, alm.o,t without pattern. varying to large blaold.sh spotted., Pronotum with the disk

spiouously and oblique4" out once about the end or the first third.1 lateral oa.r1nae fairly well marked• 1.'egm!na and winr,a much exceeding the, ebdomen.

Thie ia a deeert species and ia not ordinarily considered to be of eeonomio il'lportanoe, although it wae reported by Knowlton md Je..nes (1912) , as damaging fruit and truck oropa. Its diatributton in uteh 11 largely restricted to the northern pert ot the ,tate.

G,nua Spharageaon Soudder

Spharagoon equal• (Say) 1826.

G!7llu• equali• sq. Journ. Aoad. Nat. ~oi. Phil••• 4t!OT. ?ubliehed NOordu Hebard (1926h ICnowlton and Janes (1932), I Tinkham (1938) •

Additional record•• U'!AH OOmrrY, Cedar Valley (O. Wilford Olsen).

Large• grayish browns antennae very long• amoh exoeed.ing the h(ut.d and pronottUn together. Tegmina• irregularly trit&aoiate• gNatly exceeding the a.lxlomen. Posterior tibiae bright Ort\nge•yellow. 116

Length ot body, tale 28-2?, female 32-341 length ot tegmina, male 28, female 32-381 length or hind temon.1 me.le 14, temale,11-18.

Thia speoiea Jllll)I' be found plentifully 1n Utah in the Cache and

Salt Lake Valleys. Although it does occur in cultiva.ted .fields, it is probably not to be considered as one of the eoonom:iea.lly iJllportant grasahoppers.

Spharagem.onoollare (Sc~dder) 1812. Collared Loouat. ,. Oed.ib:"a oollatla Scudder, u.s. Geol. Surv., Nebn,eka., Fin. Rept •• pt. 3, P• 26 • SynonOWG"tOediJ>!da wyomingiana tho••• o. belhagii. stal; Spharagemo11oollare vara. aoictderl ancl '!l'omingianum Watae, 8. oriatatum soudder, !• oollare u.guatie!rm.e llorses olaaoaielra utahenai'i Tliomaa. Published reoorda1 'J.'holl!lls(1815) •• -D. utahenaiaJ Henderson (l924)J Knowlton and Janes (1932) •

.Additional reoordu MILLARDCOUl'ff, FU lit.ore ( Truman Swallow),

UTAHcoum-, Provo and environs (D. D• J'orgenaen, vasoo lf. Tanner, Anaon Call, Jr.).

Body modentely compressed. Uid-oarina ot pronotum oriatate. high on both protone and mt1ttazone, the notch oblique, the two lobes oftel\ a.lightly oYerlapping. prevailing color brown, aand-oolor or light red but sometimes oonsiderably i:nfusoa.ted. Disk ot wings pale yellowish, the transverse bl.Ack band broad• Rind ti bi•• and tarai bright red.

Thi• epecie• io most often oolleoted in oultinte

Genua Derotme• Soudder

Derotmema delioatulum Souddez- 1900.

Derotmema delioatulwn Scudder• Proc. Amer• .Aoad., 351388• 390.

Record•• MILLARDCOUNff• Garrison, July 1949 (vaaoo M. Tanner). Very pale; hind wing with narrow blaok band not reaching fore or hind marginJ median oarina and ridges on the pronotum very low.

This is an extreme desert specie• ot utah, Arizona and Nevada,, and 1a or no eoonosdo illportanoe. It has not been previously reported trora the state.

Derotmema h,al:'!e~~i .r.,ge;y:anumSaussure 1884. (Pl. III, Fi€;• 16) ,,

Derotmma :rilezan\ll!l Saussure,, Prodr. OediP•• P• 156.

PUbliehed rocorda, Scudder {l.900h)1 llend•rson (1934). Additional reoorda1 GARFIF.Lt>couvrr. Bryoe Oanyon (Vaaoo M. 'l'-.nner) and Widtsoe (Vasoo M. TMner h GRANDCOUN'l'Y • Wastwater., July 5, 1950

(Andr.-,, B. Barnum) and Ruby Canyon, August US, 1960 (Andrew a. ~rnumh

MII,URO C'.OUNff,,Garrhon. July 1949 (Vaaoo M. Tanner )l WASHIN'G'rollCOUJl'l'Y,,

Anderson•• Rmoh (Va ■ oo M. Tanner) and Mountain Meadow (Vaeco M. Tanner).

Browniah•gray with bluk punotationa. Antennae fusoo•annulate.

Pronotwn tuberoul.&te, pro1one oriatate• forming two prominent di.sjoined lobes. Wing• sligatly yellowish •1th narrow black arouan fascia median 1n. position, narrowed 1n tront, tip h:yaline. Posterior tibiae yellow.

This is a ra.oe of the Great B&.sin and Snake River regions and 11.1 found widely scattered throughout Utah. Specilaena have been collected during the grasshopper surveys in the state (Knowlton and Jftnes 1932J

Shotwell 1936), but the species is ot no econom1o isnportance. 118

J)erotmemahazdenii haydenii (Thoinae) 1872. Thie species has been reported. several tinies trOJ.1i.Utah (Scudder 1900s Henderson 1924; Scudd•r 19011 Rehn 1906• ae .!!• ou;e~dineum Scudder). ,. It ia a race or the Groat Plains with weei;ern limitc in eastern Colorado , am uyominc;, where it i.nt&rgrades with :riloyanum (Hel:ard 1915). It proba~ does not occur in Utah.

Genus rrepidulua UoU.Ul

Trepidulu• ro~aoeua (Soudder) 1900. Xe1tobree, roaaoea Scudder• Psyohe. 9191.

Synonomy t Ara.eo;ete:r:7::pen.elope Caudell. Publiahed recordat 131.11,et al (1942). There are no additional records in the mu oolleot1on. Pronotua aimilar to Derotme1na,. rut po11terior and anterior angles ct

lateral lobee toothed. Wing with rose•red disk, a cloudy band,. and the

apioal half tra.n1pare:rrt with black veins.

Length of body t ale 22. female 28-29.

A creosote zone species ot the southwest. it is typically foutld on

1-re rlata trom Arizona and Utah to Nevada and california (:Ball, et al, 1942).

Oenua Tra.ohyrhaohia Soudd.-

Traobfrachil k1owa kiowa (Thomas) 1872. {Pl• III, Fig. 15) Oedipoda kiowa Thomas, Pr-elia. Jept. u.s. Geol. Surv .. Montana and Terr., 6th Rept., P• 461.

Synonom;yI Meatobregma J?!lohella Brun.er.

PUbliahed reooztde I Utah was early iaolud.ed in the diatriwt1onal

range of th.is apeoiea (fltom.a l8T6).

Additional recorda1 CACHEOOU'Jr.rY,. Logan, July 21, 1924 (W4'W• 119

Renderaon)J UTAHCOUNTY,. Pro't'o and en'Yirona (0. Wilford Olsen), O1.ER ooum,. Hooper (Vaaco M. Tanner). Browniah•gra.y,, long and slender,, maculate above, yellowiah•gray

beneathJ ma.oula.tion forming a broad band on the vertex and continued o't'er

the pronotum,. aome specimens without definite pattern. Median carl.na sub•

oriste.te,. w1 th two transverse incisions., the seoond lobe shorter than the

firat lobe of the prozone. Tegmina. and wings very much exceeding the ab-

domen; wings pellucid with faint tinge ot yellowish on the baae and without tuaooua band.

18., fe•le 22•24J length ot hind femora, male 12., female 13-14. Thia apecies ia found plentifully all over the state of utah and

1a aometimes quite numerous 1n dry fields and pastures. It i8 often Ilia•

taken tor Canm.ula J?!lluoida. It ra~•• from Utah and northem Arizona to

Minnesota and Ctmada.

Genus Meetobregma Scudder

Meatobregma im.f!XUBl Rehn 1919. )(estobregma 1.mpe~ Rehn, Trana. Amer. Ent. soc., 46,239-242. Published reoorclat Rehn (1919), Henderaon (1924), Tinkham (1958).

j This species was deeoribed trom specimens collected by Hebard in 1909 at

Milford,. Deaver County, Utah.

Additional records• 10:LLARDCOUNff, Gandy, July and August l94r9 (Vasoo u. Tanner; Blaine l{oore). Specimens in the USACcollection are from Iron County.

Size medium, tom slender, te&111inaand wings much surpassing the

abdomen. Head largeJ antennae or male very long,. nearly tldoe as long d 120 the head a:nd pronotum. Light brown in colorJ wing disk either red or yellow, hind. tibiae butt. Length of body, male 18-19.S• female 26•32J length or tegmina, male 20-22, temale 23•27J length of hind fem.on c male lO•U, female 13-14.

This rare 11peoie111s foum on sage co·vere4 ridge• at approximately

5000 teet and on relatiTely bare slopes, ,fron Utah and Idaho to Arizona and California.

Jleatobregma plattei (Thoa111}1813.

Thie apeoies was reported 1n the grauhopper aurvq tor 1935 iJ:l

Utah, but is a species more ea.stem in di1tr1hlt1on and probably doea not get into Utah (Rehn 1919).

Genua Metator MoHeill

Metator i!!:dalinus (Saua1ure) 1884.

Pd.nidia J!l"dalina Sauaauro, Prodr. Oed.ip•• P• 162. Bynon~, u. maouloaa sau11ure.

Publiailed reoord•a Henderson (1924), JCnowlton and. Janes (1932). Additional reoor4e, GARFIELDcoUBTY. F,soalante River, mouth ot

Calf Cre~k, July 31,. 1939 (B. P. Chan.dler)J GIWrn COUJfff, Rul:tr Cal\Yo••

August 13 • 1950 (Andrn H. Barna). Eye1 smaller than usual, antennae very long, nea.rl7 twioe the lengtb ot the head and pronotum together. Pronotua slightly rugoae, median oar:t.M. or1ata'tte throughout with two deeply cut transverse 1nobions, angulate tlli tip, quite sharply in me.lea. Lateral oarinae diatinet on prosone and meta• zone. Hind angle ot latwal lobes reotangulate, al•ost toothed. Teg1l11.tla and wings much exceeding the abdomen: tegmina irregularly and densely maoule.te .. wing red on the disk with f'uaooua band. A conspicuous band ot 121 dark browniah ari••• on the Tertex and paases backward oYer the pronotua

and half-way OTer the dorsum or the tegmina.

Length of body• male 2 a, :fenalfl 341 length ot tegJ!lina t ma.le 24• :te•l• 52J length ot hind. t'eaon.a -.le 14• re:r.nale 18.

tn Arizona, this species ia illportant a.a e. range traaehopper and

1a sometimes injurious to wheat and other gn.in ol"opa ( :Blll, et al, 1942),

but has been ooll•oted only on one survey 1n Utah. the species 1e round . from Utah and .Arizona to Montana and Borth Dakota.

Genua Conosoa sauasur,

,. Conosoa nllula (Scudder) 1881.

Painidb. wallula Scudder• Rept. U.S. F.nt. Comm.., II, App., 27-28. Synono~, c. behrensi Saussure. Published reoord11- Hemeraon {1924), Knowlton and Janee (1932). a.a

C • behrenai •

- Additional recordat Speo1Dle11.a1n the US.ACoolleotion inolude <:ache

and Utah Counties, Henderson reported specimens from Millard• Sanpete and

Weber 0ount1u•

Antennae slightly longer than head and pronotum. Y.edian cad.na

JD.oderate on the meta.zone, with both transverse inoisions well markedJ disk

flattened and rugoseJ lateral oarinae sharp a.nd prom.1.nentJlateral lobes rugoee with dentioulation on lower margin near the posterior an{;le. Tegtnina

e.nd wings much exceeding the abdomen, wings greer.iiab.-yellow on the d1ek.

Hind ti bia.e bright red• Length ot bod71 male 20. female 26-28J length of tegmina.1 male

23• female 27•281 length ot hind te,iora, male 12, female 1s-11;;.

This epeoiea 1• round in desert places and b usually ot no eeoJlOmio importano•• Conozoa suloitrone {Scudder) 1816.

Painidia euloitrona Scudder, Ann. Rep. Chief Eng., 1816, 6125. Publiahed reoorde, Henderson (1924) from san.pete am. Sevier

Countie•J Blll, et al (19•2). Additional reooriu GARFIELDcomr.rr, Eecalante River, mouth ot Calt Creek, Auguet e, l9S9 (B. p. Chandler) and Ten Kile, E1calaute De1ert, June 19S6J GRANDcoum • Ruby CanJon, .Auguat 29, 1950 (.Andrfl' H. Blrnua)J IROI COU'Nff, Parowan (Vaeoo M. Tanner) 1 JUAB coum, Callao {Vasoo H. Tann.- ) ,

MII.LlRD COtmTY, Sinlta and DUnee aouth of lqnndyl (Vaeoo v. Tanner), SAlf

JUAN' comrrr, Blui'!' • San Juan Ri•ver (Vaaoo .M. Tanner h UIJffJJI COUNTY,Vernal,

WASHINGTONCOUNff, Zion Jlat1ol»ll Park {Vasoo M« Tanner, Arthur F • &-uhn), Springdale (Vuoo u. Tanner), 'l'oquerville (Vasoo ll. Tanner} and st. George,.

Kay and August (Vasoo Me TannerJ Andrew_l:t.Barnum).

Antennae long, in the male woh more than the head and pronotw».J median oarin&.e on metazone low, disk rugoae and lateral carina• oonapiououa. Tei)llina and wings muoh exoeeding the abdomen. Light gray in color with abdomen yellowiah and oonapiououe tegminal fascia. Diak of wings lemon• yellow.

Length ot body, -.le 26, teJnl\le s2. Henderaon (1924) reported this aped.ea aa apparently very aoaroe and of no eoonaio importance, wt they haTe since been collected in l•rge nwnbera, e1peoially in the southern portiona ot the atate. The diatribution inolud.es U'tah and Arizona to Oalitonda. oonozo& oonatriota Henderson 1924.

Conozoa oonatriota Henderson, Utah At• Exp. Sta. Teoh. 1h11. l9lr75-11'.

?Ubliahed reoordat Henderson (1924), Gart"1eld and Sevier Counties. Additional reoories U'VJi COUNTY,PrOTo and environs (D. D.

Jorgeueen, Vasco M. Tanner, D Eldon B&ck).

Grayiah-brown with maculations on teimina.. Lateral carinae wanting except as rugae on prozone; median oarina oristate. with two suloations. Wing disk greenish-yellow.

Length or body1 male 16-18, re-.le 24s length or tegm.im.1 male

18•20, feJnale 27J length of hind femora1 male 9•10, foal• 12.

Thia •peoiea differs t:rom c. aulo1tron1 ~ th• aoutellwa ot th• ------. vertex and the trontal oosta, oha.raoters given in the k•Y•• It 1• no~ commonly met with in the atate, which 1a the reetriotion ot its diltn~tioa.

Genus Trilllerotropia Stal

Trimerotroeia oriltata Mo:Melll 1900.

Trimerotropia orletata MoNeill• Payoh•• 9128• 36.

Published reoorda I Utah (Salt take Valley) was included in the original description of the species.

Additional records, SANJUAN COU!fl'?. Bluff, San Juan River {Vasco M. Tanner h UTAHcomm• Provo environs ( o. Wilford Olsen). SpeoiJllens 1n the USAOoollection extend the range to Duchesne County (these speoiJnBns are noticeably red on the body and fellOra). Median oarina Tery strongly oriatate and bilobedJ lateral oarinae preeent only on the front ot the meta1one, Wings tran■ parent and faintly tinged with yellow-green on the dbk: with a narrow ruaooua band. Hind

Length ot body, rem.le 26•29J length ot tegnina, f'e-.le 21•28, length or hind re11ora1 female lS-14.

Aooording to Hebard (l9S2b) th1• species ia known in the United 124.

States only tronl Ooronada, California. "The originally desoribed female, trom the Salt Lake Valley, Uta.h, repreaented bilobata Rehn and Hebard."

Thi ■ specinen has not been en.mined, wt other material extenaa the range tron Lower California and California to Nevada• Utah and Arizona.

Trimerotrop1• Grao1l1• grao111• (Thomae) l8Tl.

Oedipoda grad.lb Thomae, Prelim. Rept. U.S. Geol. Surv. l(orrtana 0 and Terr., 5th Rept., P• 461. Synono~• Derotmema liohenoaua Scudder.

Publiahed reoordst The original de1oription or this species (as well as the established synonym) included utah in the dietributim:1.

Additional reoorda t Thia speoiea ha.a not been reported trom the

atate, or 1• not represented in any of the colleotiona, m.nce the original deacription.

Color dull grayi ■ h•brownr aise medium or large. Median oarina

somewhat oriatate on the m.etazoneJ lateJ"al oarinae distinot., exoept between

the transTeree aulci. Wing d1•k faintly greenish-yellow with a dieoontiJt-,,

••• narrow tuacoua band. Poaterior tibie.e brown.

Length ot bod.yr male 21, female 24-I0J length or tegmina, ale

22, f81lale 25•30J length of' hind femora, male 10.5, teJna.le 12-14.

This speoiee ha.a a wide range ot terJ"itoey., but does not ooour in

large number• and 1• not widely known.

Trimerotroeis biloba.ta Rehn and Hebard 1906.

Trimerotropis bilobata Rehn and Rehlrd., Proo. Aoad. Nat. soi. Phila., 58 1:582-ffl.

Record• c IEAVER oomr.rr,Beaver (Vasco M. Tanner) J DUCHESNECOlJl'll' •

DUoheane, July 1926 {Vasoo M. Tanner) J GARFIELDCOUffl', Widteoe (Vasoo M.

Tanner) J RICH COUITY• Dear Lake Valley, Weat Side J SUMMITOOUNTY • Utah• 135

Wyoming line (Andrew a. BarllUll) I WAS"tlDIGTONCO'lJla'Y. Zion. a C4U>¥Ol1(Lee Jeppson).

Similar to f • oriatata.. but darker in oolor ud laoking the tooth on the lobe of the -pronotUJa.

Length of body I Mle 25, fenale 28.

This ia a rare speoies found in emall numbers through the 1tate and extending to .Ar1,ona. Colorado and Kan••••

Trimerotropia oaeruleipennia Bruner 1885. Trimerotro2i• oaerule1pen.nie ~uner, can. Ent., 11,10-12.

Published reoordst Bruner saw "epeoimens that were taken in Utah" J

Henderson (1924) reported specimens from l,eamington, Millard County, and

Salina, Sevier County. There are no specimen• 1n the BrU collection.

Median aarina distinot, :first lobe higher s.nd longer than the aeoond.Jon the meta.zone the median oarinA is low but distiMtJ lateral oarinae distinot at the point of the ahouldera and •light but evident on the h'ont mrgin of the prozone. Light grayiah appo.ranoe with indiat1not maoulationss tegmina exceeding the a.b:lom.4u1 by a fourth to a. third. theiJ' length, maoulate with ir.id.btinot tend.ency to banding. Wings pale blue, almoat pellucid" without the uaual trans-.erse bar.id. Hind tibiae glaucous or whitish yellow.

Length of body t •l• 20J length of tegmna I male 20-21, length or bind. fe11ora, ma.le lo. Thia apeoiea oooupi•• that portion ot the far western state• lying in and west of the Rocky Mountain• inoluding Santa catalba Island. The apeoies is N\rely se'ln and is therefore of no economic 1.Jnporta.noe. utah specimens were collected by Henderson in desert plao••• 126 Trimerotropi• oyaneipennis Bruner 1890. Trimerotrop1B oyaneipennia Bruner, Proo. u.s• Nat• MUa., 12 r68•69.

Synonomy 1 ! • oyanea Soudder.

Published reoordca Collected east 0£ Ogden by Bnlner and deeoribed trom those specimens.

Additional record.as GARFIL"LDcomM. Antimo~ (Vasoo M. Tanner);

MILLARDCOUNTY, Meadow (Vaaco M. Tanner) and Antelope Springs (D. E. Johnson), UTAHcomm, Provo (W. n. Stanton), WASHINGTONCOmrr?, Zion ltational Park

(Arthur F. BrUhnJ Gloria Tanne:rJ Vaaco M. Tanner) and st. George, August

1926 (Va100 M. Tanner).

Dull gray in color with incliatinot •culationa especially proarl.uen~

on head and pronotum. Median oari• low through.out, disk moderately smoothJ

lateral oaru.• so•ldult diatinot. Wing• deep blue on the disk with a

narrow but very marked f'uaoou1 band. Him tibiae deep blue•

Length of bod.ya ale 21•23 1 teale 26-28J length of tegmina a male 23-26, 1"8111lle30-311 length ot hind f'emora, male ll•l:3• female 14-15.

Thia apeoiea 1a found abundantly in utah• apeoim.ena coming :trom all parts of the state. It is alpine 111habit• and. is very seldom found ae low

as cultiTa.ted fields. The distribution extende .frOffl Utah to Arizona a.nd NewMexico.

Trimerotropie SJ'!:r•a (ThOMs) 1875. Oe41poda Sf!G:rsuaThomas, Rep. u.s. Geol. Surv. weat 100 Mer., 5t883. synonomy, T. aaureaoena Brunera !• eiirplexa BrUneri PaeudotrimerotropitJ Ciraotettix. ...

Published record ■ , Henderson (1924) •• !• aaure ■ cen■ • Additional records, GARFIELDCOUWff, Eaoalante Riftr • south ot

Calf Creek, August 1 1 1939 (B. P. Chandler), Iryoe Ca.n.yon(Vaeoo M. Tanner). 12'1 and Widtsoe (Gloria Tanner). GJWIDcou:wrr • Rub,y c~on (Andrew n. Barma);

JUAB COUNTY•Cherry Creek• July 1949 (Vuco K. 'l'a.nner) end Fish Springe

(D Elden B9ok)J TOOEIE COUNTY• Iba.pah, June 1928 (Vasoo M. 'l'anner); WASA'l"CB'.

COUNT!', SUMmit Daniel• s Canyon, July 1926 (Olarenoe Cottaa) 1 WAYB coum, Fruita, June 1936 (Wilmer w. Tanner). Color mottled grayiah•brown. Hind wing with disk pale blue with

the pale. narrow ruaoous hand often lacking exoept for solll$ blackened veina on the tront margin.

Length of body I ma.le 26, female 31-32 •

A very rare species found usually under desert cond1t1one in Utah,

Arizona and NeW Uexioo to Alberta., Canada.

TrimerotroEi• atrenua MaNeill 1900. Trimerotropis strenua YoNeill, Psyche 9t32.

Published records, MoNeill (1901), Rehn (1906}, Henderson (1924),

ICnowlton and Janes (1932) •

.Additional records t FBAVERCO~"n',. DHe:rt Range Experimental

Station, 60 milea we11t of ltilford (Va•oo M. Tannerh DA.VISCOUffl • Faming•

ton, Auguat 4, 1924 (W. w. B•nd•r•on), GARFlELllOOUffl.T • Antimollf (Vaaoo •• Tanner); GR.UmCOUffl• Ruby Canyon, July, August and September 1950 and

1951 (Andr..., H. Barnum and P. E. Full.Iler}, IROWcoum,. Parowan (Vaaco M.

Tanner )J Jta.B coum, lfephS.1 MILLARD COU1fl'Y• Delta• Auguat 1949 (Dorald •• Allred) am Gandy, July 1949 (Vasco M. Tanner). Brownieh-gray color with oonspicuou• maculationa on the long

tagJldna. A conspicuous tooth projects from the lower margin or the lateral

lobes. Median ca.rina low on pronotum. 'ffl.nf; disk greenish-yellow with

:rusoous btUl

Length of body, 11:1iale19-20, f'ema.le 23-281 length of te~: male 128 21-24• feUlle 26•30; length of' hind fem.ore., male lO•ll, female 11-15. This species olosely resembles -T. palli

The distribution includes Utah to Aril:ona, Ne'Vflda and Calif"ornia.

TrimerotroEi! oitrina Scudder 1876. Trimerotropia oitrina Scudder., Bull. u.s. Geol. Suro•, Terr,, II, 265. Published reoordei Mo•eill (1901); Henderson (1924) from Cache,

Juab and Sanpete Oountie•J Knowlton and Janes (1932) froa Tooele and Utah

Counties. lo additional gpeoiMns trorn the BfU oolleotion,

Color grayish-brown, aometimes with pinkish tinge, with large and. indiltinot maoulations • Hind tibiae conapiououa orange-yellow. Median o•rina elevatedJ lateral carinae di1tinot on the meta1one. Tegmina and winz• much exceeding the abdomen; tegmins. with three loose and indiatinot band11 wings with the disk light creenbh-yellow with broad fuscoua band.

Lent:th of body, ale 28•30, female 34-42r length of tegmina: ma.le 28-31, :reale 83-a7J leneth of hind femorat a-le 14-16, female 1s-20.

Thia specie, may be collected abundantly in the state in high dry fields tmd roothill1. It• d1$t:r1but1on includes the United States, Canada and. Mexioo, west to Utah in the Great Basin,

T,rimerotro,E,1•. t<eoa modeeta Bruner 1890.

'l'rinerotropi• 11odeata ll'une:r, Pl-oo. u.s. Bat. MU••• 11h12.

Reoords t GAHFIELD0011:tn.'Y • Bryce Cal\)"ort (Ola reno a Cott-u) •

Henderson oolleoted the erpeoiea 1n Idaho near the Utah line.

Dark-brownieh in oolor with maoulationa subdued in some specimens, 129 but plain in others. Tet,inina and wings iwoh exeeeding the abdomen, th,e wing d1ak greenish-yellow and fuaeoua 1».nd present. Hind tibiae coral re4.

Length of body, male 22, female 26•28; length of tegrninat male

25• female 28-29) length of hind femoraa male 12, female 12-1s. Thia species is or no ~rtioular illportance economically.

Trimerotropi• latite.soiata Scudder 1881. Trimerotroei~ latifasciata Scudder~ Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm., II, 26-21.

PUblished reoords t utah was eatabliahed as aJnOng the diatriwtion oi' the species at an early date a.rid has been included in more reoent literature. Henderson (1924) reported the speoiH from Cache and Sevier

Counties.

Additional record.a, GARFIELDcomm, 2!ryoe caz.t;yon (Va.soo M. Tanner) J SUMMITCOUN'l'f., U'tah•?l)rom.ing line, September 27 • 1950 (Andrew H. Barnum.). Reddish-gray to brown11h•gra7 with fairly distinot aoulationa. in

~ speoimeWI with the tnoe and pronotum. auoh whitened.. Median oarina high on the pro•n•• low but diRtinot on the metazone; lateral carinae ~ evident aa rounded shoulders whioh are sometimes oarinate. Bands on tegmina definite. Wings with the disk very light yellowish• the dark tul1g1• noua band ae wide as on .... third the length of the wing. Hind tibiae bright orange-yellow.

Length of body I male 27, female 34; length of teem,:Lnat male SO• fe•le 34: length or hind fem.ore.• male 141 female 11. This epacies tliee very rapidly and tor long distances and is very hard to oe.pture. The d11tribution includes Utah and Arizona to Texas and

Washington. lSO Trimerotropia latioinota Saussure 1884.

Trimerotrop_ia laticinota Saussure, Prodr. Oedip., P• 169. Synonomy, This speoiea has been placed into synon~ with -T. la tit'aaciata. Hebard (1925) stated, "we do not believe that the evidence giYen 1s at all oonclusivew· 1n eynonymi1ing the two species.

Publbhed reoorde1 Rehn (1906), BeaYer County, Shotwell (1936).

Additional reoord.11 MILLARDcomrrr. Delta, .Aqguat 1949 (Dorald 14.

Allred) am Gandy, July 1949 (Vasoo M. Tanner), UTAHcou~, Cedar Valley (o. Wilf'ord Olsen) and PrO"f'o EJ1Yirons (Vasco u. Tanner), WASHING!ONOO'l:Jffl, Zion :lational Park, Auguat 1926 {Vaaoo M. Tanner).

l,a.rge, romat, reddieh-brown in coloration. Tegm.ina long with

basal and median bandt wide. Wings with tuaoous band very bN>ad.1 about

one•third the length of' the 1fi.ng in width. Hind tibiae red.

Length ot body t female 33 I length or tegmina, female 34; length

ot hind f'emora I female 15 • The distribution ot this species is typically on the Groat Plains.

but i.t appear• o01111110nly,though not numerously,, 1n utah.

Trimerotropis agreeti• MaNeill 1900. Trimerotropi• agraatis UoNeill, Psyohe, 9132.

Published reoorda: Shotwell (1936).

Ac1.d1t1onal reoorda I SAN JUAlf COUffl', Blurt (James JCartohner).

Tegmina plain except tor a tn scattered apota. Wing disk yellow

with a narrow blaok band. Hind tibiae orange or red •.

Thi• exceedingly rare species oooura only on bare sand and :l8

e:xtreMly local. It ia ueually found in colonies or oonside:rt.ble size. lSl Triurotropia julillffll Soudder 1876.

Trilllerotroeia juliana Scudder, Ann. Rep. Chief Eng •• 18?6, P• 614. Synonomy, r. :fontana Thomas1 T. 01.eruleipes Scudder, r. caligiaoaa M0Neill1 !• teuelli'ta ioBelllJ !• teri'ugtnea ilclelil. - ?Ubliahed reoorda, Thomas (18?6) described!• tontana trom three

1peoimena collected by J • D. PUtn&Jnat Spring Lake• Utah. Utah has been listed in the literature as part ot the distribution sinoe that time. Ma.tJ:r or the synoeyltUI have been separately reported for the state.

Additional records, BRAVEROOU?f.fY, Beaver (Va.soo M. Tanner), CACHE

COUlrl.Y• Logan, Auguet 29. 1924 (W. w. Henderaon), SUMMITCOUffi', Park Oit)r (o. Wilford Olsen>, tJrAli comnt.,PrO'Yo and environs and Aapen Grow, mu

Campus, Timpanogos (Vasoo .If. Tanner), W.A811'CHCOUNff,. SUl!lld.t Daniel••

CaD¥on, July' 1926 (Clarence Cottam).

Aah•brown with dark f"tAeooua bands on tegmina1 median oarina d.11• tinot on prozcme but nearly obsolete on metazon&J lateral oarinae obsolete on the anterior lobes and subdistlnot on the posterior. Win.gs pale trans ... parent yellow with a narrow ruscoua 'bl.ml.

Length of bodya male 21-23,. tern.ale 28•80J length of tegmina, male

21-2s. female 28-30J length ot hind femora, n:ale 12•13,. f'emale lS-15.

Thia species 11 of no eoonomio btportanoe in the 11tate and is not commonly aeen.

Trimerotrofi• inoonspicua Bruner 1904.

Trimerotropia in;conspioua ~uner,. :au.l. Agr. Exp. Sta. Colorado. 94,59. Reoorda1 UTAHOOU'ffl.'f, Pt-ovo (Wilmer w. Tanner). Pronotua with diltinot but not elevated, median oarina. Color pale yellowieh•brOWll to dark grayiah•brown. Bande on tegmina irregular. Diak of wing yellow with narrow and incomplete blaok band. 132

Le:ngth of body, male 26, feale 30-32.

Helard (1929) believed that thia species had a wide distribution in the Great Blaine It is knmm trom Utah, A.ri10na. and Colorado where it 1• not common. i'rimerotropi• ~llidipemd.a ;e_allidiJ>!nni• ( Burmebter) 1838.

Oedipoda ;ell1dipenn1a airraetater • Hand b. Ent., II, p • 641. Synono,q, -f• ----vinoulata Soudder1 -T. aild.111 Soudder. Published reoorc:t. 1 Rem (1906), Jlenclerson (1924), Knowlton and Janes (l9S2)J Shotwell (l9S6)J ma.inly as -T. vinoulata. Additional reoord11 SpeoiJnena in the BrtT oolleotion represent nineteen counties 1n Utah.

Color gray marked with browni fore wings banded. Hitld. wings with

pale yellow disk and with narrow black band. Hind tibiae yellow.

Length or body, male 30-33, temale 40•43• Thu species ia one of the moat generally dietributed, being

oooasiona.lly abundant and quite deatrueti:vo. lt ia widespread 1n the western United Sta.tea and ranges south to Ohile,. south Azur1oa.

Trimerotropi• t1tus1 Caudell 1906.

rrimerotro21• t1tue1 oaud.ell. Proc. Ent. Soo. Wash., 71126•126.

Reoorda, GARFIELD coum. Deyoe Oany-on (Ve.eoo •• Tanner),

WASJII?llTOJOOtmff. St. George (And.rn B. &\MlUll). Closely resembling -r. strenue., this species 41fte:re aa followa 1 General coloration similar but the a1ze is amaller than in atrenua and the caudal tibiae are pale yellowish inatead of the coral :red as always round in 1tren1a. r. tituei also laoke the tooth on the p0eterior lateral lobe or the pronotum.- lSS

This •peoiea is exoaedingl3r rare in the state, having been reported only troffi the localities above. Ite distribution i• limited to Utah and

Arizona.

Trimerotropis oinct& (Thomas) 1810. OediJ'2":a cinota Tho1nas. Proo• Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, P• so.

Reoo:rda a GARFIELDCOUNTY, Bryce C~on (Vaaoo M. Tamier} J UILLAlID comrrr, Meadow (Ve.11100M. Tanner)J SUMMIT COU?fff, Park City (o. W1ltord

Olaen)J U!AlI coumr.. Springville and Spanish Fork (llndrew Ji. Bl.mum).

Dark brown, head 1 pronotwa and. tegmina with blaok band•• Wing d11k pale yellow with an indistinct band. the apex infumate. Hind tibiae u1uall7 pale bluish, but oooaaionally bl"Ownor readiah.

L~th of body, Mle 27-30, teale 38-40.

This rare species 1a widely distributed over Utah and northern

Trimerotropi• aurruaua Scud.d•r 18?6. Trimerotropia au:f'fuaua Scudder, D.111. tr.s. Geol. Sun. Terr., II, 266-266.

Synonomy: Circotettix.

PUblished reoorclst This species he.a bee~_reported from Utah as

Cirootettix eut!'Uaua and is referred to in the literature under that nam.e.

Additional reoord ■ r l&\VER COUNff,. Beaver (D. E. Jobnaon)J DUCHESNE coumr,, Sheep creek (Clarence Cottam), GARFIELDCOUIT'r • Steep Creek,. Boulder

Mountain, elevation 9500 feet, June 1936 (Va.100 M. Tanner} and ~o• Car;,;ron (Vaaoo u. TannerJ Anson Call• Jr.)1 RICHCOUlffY',. Lalota, Bn.r take,. June 1926 (Vaeoo M. Tanner>, SAN JUANcomr.rr,. Geyser Paaa • taSal llountai n•• elevation 10,000 feet (Vaseo M. Tanner) and a.ar Eara,. Elk Ridge (Vaeoo ••

Tanner J Inin Ras111U11en.)J SUMMITCOUffl • Park City ( O. Wilford Olsen) J 134

UTAHCOUN'l'Y, PrO"f'0 (W• D. Stanton) and A1pen Grove, B!U CUlpus, Tillpanogoa

(Vaaoo H. Tanner), WASATCHCO\J'Nff,. Uintah llountaine, Mirror and Tryol take•

(Vaeoo M. Tanner, !J"Wl'ltlnSwallowJ John o. Feohser) and Sl:IRnit Daniel•• Canyon, elevation 9600 feet, June 1936 (Vasoo M. tanner).

Color unitoni.ly blaokiah•brown to 't'ery dark ol1ve•brown. 'l'egmina relatively long and narrow; Wing disk yellow, wholly infusoated in the apical half. ll1nd tibiae greenish-gray.

Length ot body, •le 34-16 1 female 38•40.

This epeoies, which makes a loud crackling noise in flight, is widely distributed throughout the western United states and Clw.ada.

Trimerotropis arizonenais Tinkham 1941.

Trimerotrop1a arizonensis Tinkhatt 1941 • Amer. Midland !lat., 36 t 121-ao.

Published reoordat Tinkhatl (1947). lfo 1pecimens are found in the

BrU collection.

Clo1ely reeem.bling ! . opne1penniu trom wbiob it is distinguished by the mailer 8i&e and more acutely pointed faatigiwn ot the Yer1;ex. Diak or the wing green and not bluish aa in northern AriSJna and Utah apeoimen• of oyaneipe:rmb or Great Blain apeoimena of •~r•a, nor blubh ...green aa 1n southern Arizona specimens o~ cyaneipennis.

Length or body (type me.le), 1'7.6a length ot tegmine.1 20.2, length or him teaora, 9.8. Thia epeoiea was collected on a small gravelly knoll in Arizona

( Tinkha.m 194 'l ) •

T;iJnerotrop~s v1riditibial1• Henderson 1924. Trimerotropia viriditibialis Henderson. Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Btll., 1911104-106. 135

Publiahed reoordst Henderson (1924), Junotion and Nephi, Utah.

Additional records 1 )1!LLA.RDCOUlfl'Y • Antelope Springs (D. E.

Johnson).

Median carixla with first and last transverse inoisi

General ooloration light gray to browniah with darker oonapiououa acula• tionaJ • recldieh tinge in darker 1peoimen1.

Length ot bod.ya male 1a-21 • .f••le 22•28r length of tegm.ina, male 21•24, renal• 24-2?, length or hind temora, male lO•ll, few• 11.

The apeoitnens oollected by Henderson were found in the desert hills. This apeoies has been reported only .from trtah.

Genus Badrotettix Scudder

Hadrotettix tritaaoiatu1 (Say) 1826.

Gryllua trit"aaciatua Say, .Am.er. Entom., II, P• M.

Synononvt Oedipoda. pruinose. Thoi:vu1; 2.• ho.fi'manii Thomas.

PUbliahed reoordar First reported from Utah by Thol!laa (1811). It has not been found in the ete.te dnoe that date. Hebard (1925) eta.ted that

"Thomas• queried Ogden, Utah, record 1• oertalnly an error.•

Median oarina or pronotum represented. by a mere line or absent.

Teglllina and wings pau the abdomen by about oxu,•fourth their lengtb.1 tegmina with three broad solid. band•• hind wing with. yellow disk: and black band. The inner aurfaoe of the hind femora dark blu••

Length of body t male 36, female 41.

Thia species is widely distributed but not common throughout the 136 graa ■ land•• lfb.ere 1 t b :f'otmd on shallow• gra-velly soil with aparae graH •

The tood. oonsiats or various weed• (Dall• et al. 1942). 'l'he epeoiea ia dietributed widely throughout the west from Arizona and Mexico to Texas am Canada.

Genus Oirootettix soudder

Cirootettb: rabuh rabula Rehn and Hebard 1906.

Cireotettix rabu.la Rehn e.nd Hebe.rd. Proc • .Aoad. Nat. Sci. Phil.a •• 68139:5.

Puti.ilhed reoordst Rehn (1906). Prior to thia publication, this species in Utah had been referred inoorreotly to -c. undula.tua. Additional recordi. • m.AVERCOUlft'r • Bea:ver (Lee Jeppson), IJUCHESB

COUffl • Sheep Creek (Clarence Cottaaii Va. ■ co M. Tanner), GARFIELDCOUNTY•

Bryce Canyon {Anson C•ll. Jr., Vasoo M. tanner), RICH COUNTr.,·LaXota. S..r

Lake• June 1926 (Vaaco M. Tanner) 1 SAN JUAN OO'CJHff• lfatural !ridges Bational

Monument (Irvm Raamunen), SEVIER COUM'Y, Fish Lake, SUMMITooum,. Park

City (o. Wilford Olsen), UTAHcom,rr. Aspen Grove, JIU Campus, Ti11panogo1

(Vaaco H. 'l'anner1 A.neon Call• Jr., C. Lynn Hayward), PrOTo environs ( C •

~ BaynrdJ Vasco x. Tanner) and Spanish Fork (1Ioraoe Rardy)J WASATCH COUNTY,Uintah Mountains, Mirror Leike (vasoo M. Tanner).

Hedi.an oarim lows tegadna and wings extending well beyond the abdomen. Light brown to dark gray, with maculations ranging from. inoon• spiououa in some specimens to distinct in others (spotting has a tendency to be arranged in bands across the tegmim). i11'inga with diak: greenish- yellow with discontinuous tuscoue band J wing tip pellucid. in more than the last third. Hind tibie.e uniformly yellowish.

Length or oody 1 male 26-28, female :S0-33j length of tegmiua •l• 28-SO, female 30-3SJ length of hind re11oras •l• 12-11. female 14-15. 137

Thia race is found to be very naerous and widely distributed

throughout the ata.te and b found nioetly in mountainous seotions above

field•• They are very noisy in flight and are &.Jilongthe noisiest of th•

Orthoptera • They are or no eoonom.io importance to farm orope, but may cause dam.age to the range forage. The dietribution inoludes Utah and

Ariz.one. to Cnnad~.

Rehn (1921) made a study ot the genus and reoognhed rabula rabula and rabula altior as the two subapeoiea found in Utah.

Cirootettix ralMla altior 8.ehn 19~1.

Cireotettix rabula e.ltior Rehn, Trans. Aln.$r. Ent. soc., 41,183•186.

Published reoordae Rehn (1921). No specimens are found 1n the

aru 0011 eotion.

Color unitoMn light brown or ashy•gra.y; abiornen whitish. Wing bar

broken f\JJd incomplete, wea.kly defined• Avere.r,ing slill.ller than rabula.

fhia is a raoe of high altitudes, chie.fly above 9000 feet. of Utah,

Arizona, N'fm Mexico and Colorado.

Cirootetti.x rabula ~igrafaaoiatua Bea•r 1917.

Cirootettix nigrataacd.ata Be8l'ller, .Bull. Uid"f• Jtanea.111,Blol. Ser., l8tl2S.

:PUblbhed reoorda1 Heb1o•cl ( 1924), trom northern Utah. JfO apeoimena

in the BrU oolleotion.

rona d.milar to alt1or and rabula, wt dittering in the dark wing

bar which 11 usually ocmplete and solid.

!hia race i ■ raore eo.ate:rn in distribution. Hel:».rd•s record for the

state wa1 ade after the revie ion ot the genus by Rehn. Thia re.oe ~ be

tound in tff:'11• 138

Cirootettix verruoulata. (Xirby) 1831. S:nappine Locust; Black tocuat.

Loousta verruoulata Kirby, Fauna Bor.-Amer., Inueota, P• 250. Synonomy, ~• latipennia Harris, Oedipoda; Trimerotropia.

Published reoorda, Henderson (1924). No specimens are found in the HlU oolleotion.

Median carina low 'but distinct, lateral oarinae distinct on metazone, indicated on prozone and obsol~te on middle. Legs weak, the hind , femora noticeably small and dendor. General oolor dark slate or blaok• either solid or mottled on a white or aahy•gray ground, rarely with a brownish ca~t in life but frequently drying brownish. Hind tibiae yellori.ah• white., Diak ot wing• '"TY pale yellow, bounded qr a. blaok band or unequal width.

Length of bodye m&le 26•32, re-.le 30-3?J length of tegaim. c male 20-25, female 25•281 length ot hind temo~a, •l• ll•ll.5, female 13•14.

This •~oiea is questionable tor the ata.te. llebrask:a ••ems to be the nearest to th• Rooky Mountaina it has been collected, except for the

Utah reoordh Henderson (1931) atatedt "I ean £ind but scarce reterenoe to Cirootettix wrruoulatu, (Kirby) being found. anywhere in or west or the Rocky Mountaina.• He reported the species as being numerous over the high hills and mountain, through southern Idaho @.ndthat he had ~been able to oolleot it in 'Utah durlng the mid a.nd late suwner season. at high elevations and trom 1he northern to the southern lildts ot the stat•"'•

Genus Avoohoreutea Rehn

Aeroohor•ute• ~rlinianu1 atreEitua Rehn 1921.

J.eroohoreutea oarlin.ianua atreE1tua Rehn, Trana. Amer. Ent. soo •• 47 ,11~111. . "' .

Publilhed reoordsr Reha (1906• 1921). and other••· Additional records, GAP.FIELDcoum, Widtaoe (Gloria Tanner), JUABcomrrr. Callao (Vasoo M. Tanner). Grayiah-brown to light red.di1h•brown, the teg1d.na 1neon•p1cuoualy

banded in moat 1peoirnena • Th• wings eye.line with a broad blackish band oroeaing the ba.•••the black color being confined generally to the croa..,. veins and veins.

Thia 1peoiea he.a been coll coted in Utah ranging trom Logan in the north central part ot the atate to rfidteoe in the southem pa.rt of' the

atate, a.nil seeu to be aoaroe. It he.a not appeared in such numbers aa to

be of eoonOlllio importance. It is found in dry lands, approaching desert

oomitiona, and probably never enters the i'e.l"lll.8rs•fields (Rendersor. 1924) •

Genua Anaemia Scudder

Anoonia integ~a Scudder 1876. Alkali Grasshopper.

!Doon1a integra Scudder, J...nn. Rep. Chief Eng., 1816, P• 615.

Publ.iahed reoordu }?all, et al (1942). lfo speciune are found in the sru collection.

Green or gray, pronot\Utl aaddle•ahaped. am marked with pale yellow.

Tegmina with fa.i»t brOlf!l epota, hind wings tn.nape.rent or pale blue.

Length of body t ma.le 21-30 • female 40-42 •

Thia epeciea ia fairly commonin alkali area.a where it feeds on

plant• aaaoeiated with thia habitat (~ll• et al• 1942). The distribution

includes utah and Arisox.. to Nevada and California.

Genus Cibolaoris Hebarc.!

C1bolaorie ~'Vioepa arid.a { Bruner~ 1889. cream Gn.aahopper-.

Thrinaua (t) e.:ridua Bruner. Proc. u.s. Mat. :L~1s., 121'18. 140

Synononw t HeH.aatus J :xeracrie.

PUblished reoordsa Rehn (1906) and Henderson (1984), as!!.• ariduaJ Ball, et al (1942), as£• f!!rYio•E•aridus.

Adclit1onal reoordst BEAVERCOUNTY, Mil£ordJ CAIUl)?l COtmrY, Price (Anson Call. Jr.); ~y comm, Green River (Clarence Cotta1:1)J GARFIELD

OOUN'.l'T,steep creek,, Douldor Mountain, olevat1on 9600 feet,, June 1956

(Wilmer w. Tanner). Escalante {Vu:oo ll. Tanner) and Eeoalante River,- mouth of Calf Ci-eek, August s, 1939 (J:i. P. Chandler )J JUAB comr.rr,Deep Creek Mountains, June 1928 {Vaaoo M. ram.i.er), XA.lfEcoum-,. The Rall and Willow

Tanlt, Escalante Desert, JUne 19:56 (Vasco M. Tanner), WAYNE'coum, Fruita,

J\me 1938 (Wilnaer w. hnner) and Torrr• Color oream or gray, tore wings -.rked with brown, hind wings trana- parent or blue. Pronotua slightly aaddle•she.ped, With two small projeotiona on anterior argin. Bind tibiae white or pe.le blue.

Length or body, ma.le 15 11 feJDale 2'7t length of tegininai male 11. feJDllle 25J length ot hind f'emorac male 91 female 14.6. This apeoies has long been known as -He aridua BrUner., but Hebard (1931) showed that ari.dus "~s e. syno~m of!• ~r;rtoe;e~•

This 1s a wide)¥ diatributed, oomon species found from Utah and

Colorado to newlte:dco 11 Ari20 na and California,.

Genu1 Helia.stua Saussure

R•liaetua calitorn1oua (ThOM.a) 1814.

ute.h was included 1n the distribution ot thi• species when it waa ne.114d. Tho apeeiee 1a oont:S.ned to the Pacifio slope in 110uthern Oalifonda and northern Lower calirornia and waa proba.bq reported in error for the etate. 141

SUBFAMILYROMALEINAE

Lubber•

The oharaoter separating the 1peoiee ot this reoeatly ereeted •ub- taaily 1a the oonapiououa extvnal apine ot the hind tibia located. near t'he apex, giving the apparent appearance or three apioal 1pu:r1 {Pl. III, Pig. 17).

Thea• apeo1•• are very robust with a. flat, triangular vertex that i.1 llightly advanced in front ot the eyes. The median. oarina of' the 'fortex and the fOTeola.e a.re wanting. The e.ntennal aegmenta a.re very distinct. The tegmina and wing• are reduoed, except in trtthotzl!', -.culata, where th411 are well developed. Thi• subfaaily oontaina some ot them.oat injurious grasshoppers 1n the southern atates. It a limited to three species 1n U'tah 11 however• on• ot whioh 18 inerely hypothetical. lone ot them appear i». deatruotive numbers.

Genus ry-tthotyle Soudder

,ztthotyle rnaculata Bruner 1889. Jlalpais Lubber. Thrinous ( t) maoulatu• Bruner .. .-PJ-oc. u.s. Nat. Mus., 12179.

Reoo:rcla I Speoime:na in. the BrU oolleotion are trom Nen.da and

Arhona. Thia species ocoura at Littlefield, Aruona (Ball, et al. 1942), and i ■, therefor•• reported as hypothetioal for the atate of U'tah.

Bluish-gray 1n oolor with br01'D mottling, inner sides of bind tibiae bright pink. Underwinga clear except for irregular gray mArkings. This beautiful, long-vrinted species is slow in moYementand tries to escape capture by hiding. It occurs in the extreme desert or malpais region of western Arbona and is most 001nmon alone the edges of we.shes and 142

on rooky hilla. with ocoa ■ ional 1peoimena being found on nearby :rlat de1ert (Ball, et al. 1942).

Genus Phrynotettix saussure

i,uznotettix taohin.venais (Haldeman) 1862~ Toad Lubber.

Et>hi;?Pigera tschivavensis Hfil.ldeman.,Stansb. E:xpl. Utah, P• 371.

Synononw, E • verruculata Ohlei-1 p. magn,i fh.011uu,J Eremobia.J naldemanellaJ 1taldeilannia1 Hal&nella. -

Pu blilhed record.at First reported from U'b.h b,y Walker ( 1810) •

Additional reoord•t No Utah specimens are found in the BrU oolleo• tion.

Pronotum wry broad and flat, neal"l)' one-halt as long as body, coarsely rugose,. extending be.ck o•er the abdomen. Wings reduced to amall

oval pe.41. Red.d18h•brow:n.,gray or mottled~ Length ot ~• male 29•Sl, female 43-41. Thia lubber is toa.dlike in actions and ia general appearanoe. Xt

ia found most commonly on rocky ground where it is effectively concealed by

ita oolo:ration. It feeds largely on herba.oeous plants and is never veey

abundant. Specimens t•ken at high elevations ahow a great variation 1a aiae (Ball, et al. 1942).

Thi• species ia distribUted from utah and Arizona to l.w M9Xioo, Texa&, northern Mexico am California•

'l'anaooerus koebelei k:oebtlei Br\mer 1908. Long-home4 Lubber.

Tanaooerua koebel•1 Bruner, B1ol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., II, P• 192.

Publiehed record.at (Rehn 1948a). )Jo apeo1mens are tound in the

BfU oolleotion. 148

Antennae ot female slightly ahort•r tl\An body, of ma.le, longer thu body. Winga absent. Pale gray, lightly marked with f'uaooua and black.

Length ot bodyt me.le 18, teale 2a.

Thi ■ 1peoiea waa reported from Utah by Rehn (1948a), "tJtaha Roa4 oui,on, we,t dope of B&a,yer Dam Mount•1ns, Washington County, elevation

4100 feet, IX, 91 l926J (R & H)J 1 juv te•l•• Alluvial slope west ot

Beaver Dul Mountains, at state line, Washington County, elevation 2250 f'eet, IX, 9, 1926 (R • H)J 1 juvenile te•le.• This apeoies 1• distriblted in the desert areas of southwestern

'Utah, western Arizona, southern Nevada a.nd southern California.

SUBFAMILYCTRTACA.ln'RACRINAE (AcridiinaeJ Locustinae) Spine-Breasted Loousta

Th• species of this su'btaaily may be easily reoognbed. lfl' the presenoe ot a conical or oylindrieal ele-vation projecting from the pl'O- aternum, termed the proaterne.l apino {Pl. III, Fig. e). (The aigniticaace or uae of thi• structure to the inaeot has yet to be explained.) The face

11 usually Tertioal, the head decidedly rounded.• Th• tarsal pulvilli are exoeptione.lly large, a feature correlated with the oharaoteriatioally plant• loving habitats. These inseota are ouatomarily tound on vegetation, in sharp contra.at to the aoil-trequenting habits of the band•winged locusts. They are much less attraotiwly colored, although some are decidedly colorful. Thia oolora.t1on, generally protective. is mainly a ooui.bination or olivaoeous, yellow and rutous brown of varying shades with ornamental touches of bright red or dull blue or greenish.• These insects are easily reoognited, with the exception or the f'emales of Melanoplua, which are unqueationa.blf the moat difficult to discriminate of all locusts. owing to the variability of eveey available ohtt.raoter. The isnportant economic species which are round in cultivated areas and also ma.nywhich are important on the ranee are found in this group.

Hoit of the economio species belong to the genus }!elanoplua. Mal:lf are omnivorous., others are Hlective in i'ood habit•• feeding mostly on diooty- ledon•• oapeoially the composites.

Fitty•three apeoie• in aeven genera are reported from the atate.

Thia nUJnber includes six new records and one hypothetical speoiea • Three apeoiea ba:ve been reported erroneoualy for the atate. lepreeentativee ot five species in the subfamily were not available tor exudnation.

Genua Sohiatooeroa Stal

Sohiltooerca shoahone (Thoma.a) 1813. (Pl. IV. Fig. l)

Aoridium ahoahone Tho••• Proc. A.cad. Ne.t. soi. Phila • ., 1813• 296-291.

Synonomy I S. venuata Scudder J S • septentriona.lea and variety ahoahone (determinat'ion t;, Caudell of 1l"crspeouiins)J !• obl1guata Soudder.

Published. reoords I Specimens were collected qy Dr. Yarrow in southwestern Utah (Thom,.a 1813), Hehl.rd (1935a) liated i»x Elder, ca.ohe,

Davia, Duchesne• Emery, Grand., Iron, Millard, Salt tab, 11 Sevier, Tooele,

Washington, Wayne and Weber Countiea ( tro.111July 8 to Ootober 12). Man, other puhlioat ions refer to the ayno~• -S • venu.ta. from Utah.• Additional reoorde, :OOXELDER OOUlft'Y, Brighu City,, Septeaber 192'

(O. Wil.tord Oben)J GARFIELDCOUNTY, Eacalante Rb·er, lower part, Auguat

10. 1959 (H. p. Chandler), GRANDoomr.rr • Moab (o. Lynn Bayn.rd), MILLARD COUNT!'.,Sinks amt Dunes, aouth of" Lynndyl (Yasco M. Tanner), SALTLAD COUffl • Salt Lake City, Auguet 13, 1924 (w.• w. Rendereon)J UTAHcoum, 145 Provo (D 'Elden Becki vaaoo u. Tanner; Andrew B • .BllrnWR)and Spanish Fork

(Horace Ha.rq I John C • Feohaer), W.ASHINGTONCOUN'l'T, St• George, August 1925

(Vaaoo M. tanner, Arthur F.Bruhn), Zion. National Park (va,oo M. Tanner, lrthur F. Bruhn) and Burriea:ne.

Large, hee.vily built. Uniform deep green in color exoept the coral red hind tibiae.

Length of body, me.le 43-46, female 60-66. Thiaspeoies favor• rank vegetation andfrequents tall•growing ver,e- tation. ' It 1a found mostly in irrigated areaa or along streams and other places where the vegetation :La dense. It is numerous in the state and destructive to oropa and range forage, especially close to rooth1ll1. The apeoiea hi.a been collected during most or the economic surveys cond.uotetl 1n the atate.

Thia large grasshopper 11 distributed from Utah, Nenda and Colorado

1outh to Texas, Mesioo, California and Lower California.

Schiatooeroa alutaaea (Harri•) 1841. Ruaty Loou1t.

Aoridium alutacea Barria, Ins. Inj. Veg., 119.

Synonomy, !• rubi§inoeum SoudderJ !_• emar1ainatum Uhler.

PUbliahed reoorda I Scudder (1899b) J Thomas {1876) as !• emarginatum.

Additional records t GARFIELDCOUNTY, Calf Creek Crossing, Esoalante

River I September 29, 194'9J WASHINGTONCOUNTY, Hur rioane {Vasoo M• Tanner).

Faoe nearly vertical. Mid•carina distinct or obsolete, lateral oarinae absent. Teglllina lone;; wings long and transparent ore. little yellowish toward base. Lttrge, with robust thorax. i-rtioula:rly in the te• male. Tibiae with ooa.rae spinea and tarsi with very large pulvilli. Color uni~o"' rusty brown above or with the tegmina thiokly marked with slightly darker spots, beneath brownish yellow. Ground color above Y&rie1 from 146 reddish to yellowish 1n tint. A yellowish mid-dorsal 111tripe b rarely present. Spines ot the hind tibiae yellow with black tips. Length of body, male 33•39, female 44-54.J length of tegm.ina, ma.le

24-30. female 32-421 length ot hind rem.ore., male 18•20, female 21•2'1.

Thia apeoiea 1s not num.erous in Utah and. ia of no eoonoJnic illport• anoe.

Sohiatooeroa aloolineata Thomae 1815. l'fhite•lined bird loouet.

Thia dark greerdlh•brown species with the conspicuous dorsal stripe haa been reported from Utah (Henderaon 1924), but probably doea not get into Utah. According to Bkll, et al (1942) the distribution of the epeoiea

1a southeastern Arizona and northern Sonora, J.texioo.

Schietooeroa lineata SoUdder (1899).

Thia species, reported from Utah as having been collected during an eoonomio aur~•Y (Shotw~ll 1936); 11 more eastern in diatribution and pro ba. bly does not get weet of the Rocky l!ountains.

Genu, Aeloplu• Scudder

AeoloJ!lua tenuipennia Soud.der 1897. (Pl. IV, Fig. 2)

Aeoloetu• tenui~nnit Soudtler, Rev. Mel., 69, 10-11.

Synonomy, A. un.11'ormis Soudderr A. a.rl.ZQnenais Scudder; A. oooulatus ScUdders Aeoloplidea. - -

Published record• 1 Henderson (1941) lieted Beaver, BooeJ<:lder, Cache,

Carbon, Duchesne, Gran:l, Juab, Millard, Morgan, Sevier, Tooele, Utah and

Wayne Counties (June 10 to September 19)1 Shotwell (1936}.

Additional records • GRANDooum • Ru~ Canyon, Aucust 29, 1960

(Andrew lie Barnum), MII.,l,AJIDCOUNTY,, Gandy, July 1949 (Va.sco M. Tanner),

Deseret, August 1949 (Dorald M. Allred) and Ct&rriaon, July 1949 (Vasoo Me 147

'l'amier), SUMMITCOTJNTT • Utah-wyom.ing Lin•• September 29 • 1950 {Aadrew H.

Bt.mua)a W.M>llING'fONcomr.rr, Zion :National Fark., July 1961 (Arthur F. Bruhn). Predominant oolor light ~ray with yellowish or greenish-yellow tinge ( older speaimens a re darker and brownish)• A brown band begin.a as a narrow streak on the vertex of the head and continues ba.okwa.rd to the main oroaa•inoision of the pronotum. Thia brown band Widens backward and divides at the pronotum. to enclose a lie;hter streak whioh continues to the tip of the metazone. Hind remora oonspiouously oross•banded on the outer face and the upper margin. Hind tibiae pinki ■ h in young speoilnena and light brown with faint pinkish tinge in older apeoimens.

Length of body, lllllle 14-19., female 15-20J length of' tegminas male

9-15 1 female ll•l6J length of hind te1nora, male T•lO., fuale s-12. Thi• species is found on plants ot alkaline regions. ia eapeoially ooll\lllOnon Atriplex, and may be found in alfalfa fields adjoining these areas.

Aeoloplu1 cht11opodii (Bruner) 1894.

Pe1otettix ohe:nopodii Bruner, Insect Life, 1141-42. Synonomy, Aeoloplidea.

Published reocrdu Henderson (1941}. No specimens a.re found in the mu collection. Sr.iall in eizei, grayish-brown to yellow in oolor• often with a tinge of green. Wings vestigial. Color pattern obscure but sometimes may be pre1ent as inconspicuous blaokieh-brown dorsal line dividing on pronotwn to enclose a whitish atreakJ blackish blotch on sides or pronotum in som 1peeim.en1. Fem.ore with two oonspiouous croaa markings. Tibiae green or brown tinge. Length ot body, male 14-20, female l4-22J length of hind teaora, 148 U'lllle 1-10. female s-11.

The fir1t Uta.h specimens were collected by Renderaon in desert land.a ot clay and alkali and vegetated w1th shadacale. They may be found also on. sandy, rocky desert lands vegetated with aal"\lb aa.ge u.d. other deaert pl.ante.

I:k>th nymphs and adults feed on Atriplex.

The type locality- or this speciea is Grllnd J\lnotion. Oolorad.o, and in utah the ins eat 11 rHt rioted to the eaat • Carbon. Emery, Gar:field, Gn.nd and Uintah Counties •

.Aeoloflua tu:rnbulli turnbulli (Thomas) 1872.

Clllloptenua turnbulli Thoma.a, .Ann. Rep. u.s. Geol. Surv. Terr., 6:452. P\.lbliahed records, Henderson (1924); Shotwell (1936).

Addi tioml records, WASHINGTONCOUNTY, Hurricane (Vasoo lh Tanner)•

Hea.d varying from pallid to browntah testaaeoua J a. broad blackish

1tr1pe extend.1~ from front of fastigium aoroas the vertex and a be.nd extend• longitudinally behind the eyea. Pronotum varying from teataceoua to dark brownish•yellow, with a broad blackish stripe. 1'egmina brown, flecked with dull yellowish. ra.111ng d.iatinotly short of the tip of 1he abdomen.

Length or bodyt male 18. feale 23J length ot tegmiNl.t male 10. female 13; length of' hind temora, male 9 .5 • female 12.

Thia apeoies ia not oommonin Ute.h, even though it wae oolleoted during one eoonomic survey (Shotwell 1936).

Genus Oedaleonotua soudder

Oede.leonotua ~~i~ {Scudder) 18?6. Valley Grasshopper.

Pezotettix eniga Scudder, Ann• Rep. Chief Eng•• 1876• P• 505. 149

Published records: Henderson (1944) •

Additional reoordat Box Elder. Cache, Davia, Garfield, Juab, Millard, Salt Lake and Weber Counties, all from the USACoollection.

Color yellowish-brown or amber with darker i:iarkirlge on the tegmina, lec;s •nd body1 hind tibiae pale blue or bluiah•groen. TegmiM slightly longer than pronotum, fully half as long as abdomen, or longer than abdomen (rarely).,

Thi• apeoies, cloaely allied to Melanoplus, is sometimes deetruoti•• to dry-farm oropa in limited areaa 1n Utah.

Oedaleonotua boroki1 or1entis Hebard 1920.

Oed.aleonotua borokii or1entie Hebard, Trana. Amer. Ent. Soo., 461358-sUb.

Reoordat Beaver, Garfield, Iron, Juab, Xane, Mill•rd, Sevier,

Utah, and Wuhington Counties, all from the USACcolleotion (determination by Hebe.rd).

Sll'llll, grayish, with obscure color pattern except tor small black patoh on aide or pronotUJn. Prosternal spine hee:vy, blunt. Hind tibiae bluish-gray, with blaok-tipped spines.

Lenr;th of body s male l3.S-l6, female 16-201 length ot tegmix!At

1:aa:le2•3, female 2•4; length er hind femora, me.le 8•9, female 9•11. Thi• species 1• well distributed throughout the aouth-oentral and aouth•weatern portion, of ihe state.

Genu1 Heaperotett1x Soudder

H••e•rotettix •ir1d11 •1rid11 (Tho••) 1812.

Caloptenua •iridu■ Thomas, Ann. Rep. u.s. Geol. surv. Terr •• v. 450. 150 Synonomy, -J:I. f'esti vu ■ Scudder, (')llmat olarapis • PUbl.iahed recordat Reported f'rom the atate in nwaerous publioation.a.

Additional reoorde, ll ELDERcoma,-. Brigham City (o. Wilford Oleen)J CACJIEcomm• Logan. July l, 1924 (w. w. Rencleraon)J GARFIELD COUNTf•Steep Creek. Boulder Mountain, eleV1Ltion 9500 t•et• June 193&

(Vaaco M. Tanner) and Ten Mile, Escalante Desert, JUne 1936 (Vasco M. Tanner )J

GRANDCOUNTY,, Ruby Canyon, August 13• 1960 (Andrew H. Blrnumh lCAD comr.rr.

Xanab (Vaaoo M. Tanner), llILlARD comm, Meadow (Vasoo v. Tanner) and Fillmore (n. E. Johnaon)J UTAHcoum • Provo a.:nd environs, Spanish Fork

(Horace Hardy), and Dividend {W• D. Sta:nton}t WASHINGTONCOUNTY, St. George (Vaeoo M. Tanner) and Zion national Park, July 1932, July 1951 (Va.aoo 11.

Tanner, Arthur F. Bruhn)J WAYNECOUNTY• Noturn, June 1936 (Vasoo !!. Tanner).

Green, with pearly-white dorsal stripe on pronotum and pe.tohes of white on eidea or thoru and pronotum1 fore wi?lg• pale green with two

Length or body; male 19, f••l• 25.

Thie epeoiea was de•oribed originally fro• the weatern atatea and it1 synoJVlll described f'rom l male t,8.k:ea at "Lake Point, Salt Lake" lf' Packard in 18'15. Throughout the early literature this speoiea was reter:red to e.e virid.ia e.nd reativua, and 11.uchoonfua1on existed until the eynouo1111 was eatablilhed..

This striking insect is numerous in Utah on range lands where apec1ee of flnakewe8d ( Gutierrezia) e.re found and on many dry fe.rma where snakeweed.onoe grew, and ia present in irrigated areas up to. but ra.rely above 6000 feet. The e.dUlt• may be taken e.s early as June 13, but are in greatest numbers after nu.d-sunner. The apeoiea 18 e.b1uint from most of the desert portions of we1tern utah. 161

This ia a highly varu.ble species 1~ regards, to she, brilliancy and intensity of markings. It ueually resembles the plants upon whioh it lives. The species is one of the beneficial inaeots, as it feeds primarily on snakeweed., burrowweed and rabbit brush, three or the worst weeds of the range.

Heeperotettix T1rid1a 2raten1i1 Scudder 1891. Heaperotettix erateneia Scudder, Rev. U.l., 61, 64-66.

Published reoord1u Hebard (1931) eatabliahed this species ae a race ot viridia, and reported specimens rrom "Maple P-.lt• outlying Wasatch

Mountain■ baok or Salt Lake City, 6000 to 6600 teet, n:, 1, 1909 (Rehn and

Hebard, .2 males 4 females).•

Additional :reoordst CACHECOtJNff, LogM, August 20, 1924 (l'la W.

Hender ■ on) and August 1, 1936 (Viillia Nye )J SALT LAKE OOUN'l'Y, August 16, 1935 (W. w. Henderson), all apeciinens from the us,~ocolltt0tion.

More uniformly green exoept f'or a red stripe on doreum. of the pronotum; anterior and middle temora red, posterior temora with Nd band.

Hind tibiae green or ueeniah•blue.

Thia race 11 typical over wiae areas of the mid-west and e-.stern border of the great plains• but 18 often locally dist ri blted even there.

In Utah it ia atypic toward virldia viridie.

Hesperotettix viridia nevadenais Mor8e 1908.

Hesperotettix ne~enaia llors•• Payoh•• 10 1116.

Synonomy1 Hebard (1951) established !• gillettei BrUner as a aynoJVlll• The series recorded by l:Ie:nderaon (1942) u ourtiJi!!nnia also represents viridis ne,radenaia.

Published reoords1 Henderson (1942), and ethers. Additional records t KANEcoum, Tho Hall, Escalante Desert, Jun• 1936 (Vasoo M. Tanner), MILIARDCOUNTY• Delta, July 27, 1949 (Dorald M.

Allred), WA.SHI?nTONcoum • st. George (Vaaoo lf• Tanner). Wing•• f'e-.l•• tbree•fourths length ot abdoaenJ -.le, one-halt length ot abdomen. Veey similar to viridia viridis, tra whioh it may be distinguished by the smaller 11'• and ahorter winga. From tend.us it •Y be distinguished by the very pointed winga J in tend.us these are very ahort and truncate.

Wideepread and. often locally abundant in utah. this race often sup- plants viridit viridia where aridity is more decided, and is 1n tuns. sup- planted by the much more local u¥i leaa nwnerous termiue in the u:tenaive desert areas ot large western portions of the state. there 1a a g:ree.t variation in the degree of reduction ot wines in a aeries. It is ~ound in western Colorado, southern Idaho through Utah and Nevada, and ie very

1oaroe in Oregon and a ••ll adjaoent area in California. It ia prinoipe.lly f'ound on snalceweed ~

Reaperotettix Yi:rid.1a tendua B••rd 1918,

Heaperotettix viridb term.ius Hebard, Trane. Amer. F.nt. soc., 441163-166.

Published. reeorda t Henderson (1942 )J Heb&ri (1918) d.esoribecl the race based on a tn apeoi•n• taken in Utah a.tld Nevada. These specimens were from Milford at 4900 to 6000 f'eet (type locality). Pintura, Frisco at 6~00 teet, White Sage Valley a,6600 teet and ltflryavale, UtahJ also .from southern Nevada and California in limited area••

Additiona.l recorclat BEAVERooum, Milford• MILLARDCOUNTY', Garrison, July 1949 (Vasoo M. Tanner). Gandy, July 1949 (Vasoo M. Tanner}. and Meadow (Vaaoo )(. Tart.ner). 163

Sise 1mall. Tegmina slightly aborter than pronot\UllJ truncat:e. A brilliant green and a yellowish-brown phase or coloration are also tound. Thia raoe, present in the desert regions of the southern portion ot the etate• is ot no eoonomic im.portanoe.

H••perotettix cul"tif!nni~ Soudder 1897.

Heaperotett~ curtipennie Scudder, Rev. Mel., 57, 62•63. Synon~, !• colorad.ensia Bruner. Bright green, with d.oraal white, pink-margined etritMtJ lateral black stripes on pronotUll'ledged below with white. Wing• oval and widely aeparated. Legs and wing pada greenish.

Length or bod.ya •l• 16, female 22.

Thie 1peoie1, found in southwestern Colorado, northweetern Ntnr Mexioo and northern Arizona ha• been reported. many time• trom Utah in error.

It 1e allllOat oe~ain that this speoies will eventually be round in the n:• treme southeastern 1ectian of the state.

H••perotettix paoifio~ Soudder.

This speciea 1nu1 reported ~ Henderson ( 1942) erroneously. 1118 speoiw,ns were vir1dia tend.uo. !!,• P!':o1fiou.! is restricted to west ot the Sierra Uevadas.

Genus Melanoplua Stal

Jlelanoplua Mraha.111 arshe.l.11 ('l'hOll'l&s)1815.

Pe1otettix rnarshal11 Thomas, R•pt. Expl 111 Sut'v. West 100 Meriel•• v, P• ea§. Synono-.y, !• g11lettei Soudder • Reoord •, caoh•• Gartield • Iron, Swmnit and Utah Counties, USAC colleotion (determination Hebard) (Valcaroe 1961). 154 T•cmina about as long as pronotwn.. moderately distant. Bind tibiae dull greenish or yellow-brown. Ceroi rather broad, gently tapering in the l:a.sal half, beyond equal. apically rounded, nearly straight except for be• ing gently inour't'ecl, leu than three time• a, long aa the middle breadth.

Length ot body, mle 19, feniale 20J length ot tagJrl.inat male 4, female 5.6, lent;th or hind femorat mal• 10.5, female 11.6.

Thia 8p8Cies ia not common in Utah, the abo're being apparently the only record• tor the state.

Helanoplus Marshalli asoenaor (Scudder) 189?. (Pl. IV', Fig. 12) Podisma asoenaor soudder, Proo. u.s. Nat. ).{Us., 20alOT. Published reoordst Scudder {189'1) named th:t.s species from American

Fork Canyon (Wasa.toh Mountains), Utah •

.Additional reoordar Caohe, Carbon, DUohean.e and Utah Counties,

US.ACoolleotion, determination 1v'Hebard (Valoaroe 1961). Brownish teetaceoua abo't'e, dull testaoeous below. fegmina d1etinotly

(in male) or aoarcel7 ( 1n female) shorter than the pronotum, lateral, rather widely aepe.rated, brawniah fuaooua. Bind tibiae pale yellowish-red. Ceroi small, 1im.ple, a little oompreaaed, blunt•tipped or narrowly trunoat••

Length ot ~ t •le 17, te•l• 18.61 length ot tegmilUlt •l• 31 female 4.6; length ot hind temora, male 9.6, female 10.

Thie species, known from northern Utah, intergrad.es with typical l'llaraballi in northeastern utah and northwestern Colorado. It occurs largely at higher elevations, 6400 to 101000 feet.

Melanoplus ooc1dentalia oooidentalis (Thomas) 1872. (Pl. IV, :r~1g. 8) caloftenus oooidentalis Thomas, Ann. Rep. u.s. Gaol. surv. Terr., V, P• 46i". "

SynonoJIW1 .!• flabelliter Scudder. 165

Published records i Utah was listed 1n the original distribution of the species and has been reported from the state ma?J¥times sinoe this publication.

Additional reoo1-ds, GARFIEU>ooum-r • Bsoale.nte ( Bertrand narriaonh alao Cache and Grand Counties, detemination Hebard, from the USACoolleo- tion.

'l'egmiM exteru:ling beyond the tip ot the abdomen in •ll speoimens by 1.5 m. or more. Blackish-brown median stripe between ayH and con• tinuing backward over entire prozone. Pioeeua post ocular baad expanding poateriorly over the prozone. eeroi greatly expanded from base to lniddle and then sUddenly oontraoted. to the rowuted. apex.

Length of body, male 18-:-22, teal• 281 length or tegminaa ale 16-l?.5, female 20.5J length of hind femora, male 12-12.s, female 14.

This speoies,or no economic importance, is distributed from Utah . e.nd Arizona east to central Kansas, western Oklahom.a, and north to the southern prairie provinoea or Canada.

Mele.nof1:usoccidenta.lia _£,rffiR!nni~ Bruner 1904.

!lelanoplua brevipennis Bruner. ~ll. , •.gr. ~• Sta.. Col.o., 941$6•66,.

Records t SUMMITCOUNTY• Park City ( Oa Vfilt'ord Oleen) I UTAHOOU1iff •

A1pen Grove, BrU Cupus, 1'1mpanogos, and. Glacier Lake, Timpanogo• (Vasoo M.

Tanner). Color pred01ninently reddiah•brown or gray. Tegmina abbreviated..

Ceroi ot ale broad, expanding f'rom the baae and slightly taperirag 1n the baeal halt (similar to Pl. IV, Fig. 8), nuch leaa than twice as long •• the breadth in the middle.

Thia raoe, described from western Colorado• is here reported from. the etate tor the first tin. 156

Melanoplua ouneatus Soudder 1897. (Pl. IV, Fig. 9)

Melanoplua ouneatua Scudder, Proo• Amer. Phil. Soc., S6117 ,, 32.

Synonom;y• Thie species was established. as a synonym. by Hebard

(1926), but, aocording to Gu.rney (1949) the types show it to be diatinot,. Reoordst TOOEU:COtmff, Skull Valley, June 1950 (Vasoo M. Tanner).

Additiona.l apeeimens are in the USAC collection i'rom Emery, Garfield, tan• and Tooele Counties (determination by Gurney). Brownish testaceouo_ darker above. Tegm.ina surpe.aaing a little the hind femora. Hind tibiae gle.uooua. Subgenital plate o'f' male with only an obscure traoe of' e.pioal tubercle. Coroi twice as hroad in broadest as 1n narrowe11t portion, rapidly expanding trom the base toward the middle.

Length ot body, male 211 l1'ngth of tegminat male 16.5; length ot

Hind temon. 1 ule 12.

Thia a peoiea oooura in oent ral Utah, southward through muoh ot

Aritona and southwestern New Mexioo.

M!lano,Eltt1 rugglesi Gurney 1949. (Pl. IV. Fig. 10)

Uelanoplue ru§glesi Gurney, Proo. Ent. Boo. Wash., 51,281•272.

Publiehed reoordat Gurney (1949).

Additional reoord.a, IEAVERCOUNTY, !eaver (Vaaoo 'M. Tanner);

GARFIRLDCOUNTY. Bryoe Canyon {Vasoo M. Tanner). Specimen• in the USAC collection are from .Ibx E~der, Caohe, Kane and Millard Countie1, including l male, para.type. lane County. Utah, June 21,. 1937, W. w. Rendenon, determination A. B. Gurney.

General form as 1n oooidentalia, but differing W:S,threspeot to the genitalia of male. Cero1 broader than in oocidentali ■, the apex more qud• rate and leH ewnly rounded. General coloration re4diah•brown, blackish and pale area• notioeably oontraating1 hind tibiae lavender. Bead reddish, 157 a bl.a.ck post-ooulfi.r ba.r circling •aoh v:,e posteriorly and extending forward

Vfith interruptioua to i"astigit.Url. Tegmina gray with longitudina.l row ot oon1piououa black and pale fleck•• Both migratory and solitary pha1ea are represented in the tpec1ea, the solitary ph•••differing moat oonspiououaq in the reduction in the length ot the tegmina and Wings (tegmina or solitary ma.lea uaually extelld to the apex of abdo111enor ■lightly beyond• ocoaaionally ehorter th.an abdol'\9ttJ remalee with J110retegmiul reduot1on). In general• the body sbe ot both a.xes is le- ■ in the solitary pha•••though that ii not alway ■ true. Length or body, male 16.6-24• female 20.5-28.5J length ot tegmina1

Al though there ia no record ot ~r migration ooourr1ng., this species

1s found in Utah typioal ot the migratory conditions. It is a. oha:racteriat1c Great Bksin species or the oooidentalia complex.

Melanoplua herbaoeus .Bruner 1893. Arrowweed Graaehopper. (Pl. IV, Fig. 24)

Melanoplue herblleeus Bruner, HUll. Div. Ent. u.s. Dep. Agr1o •• 28125-26. Synonomra -:v. -----flaveaoena ScudderJ -M. brownii Caudell. Records, WASHIKtTONcoum,. St. George., Auguat 1926 (Vasoo •• Tanner).

Slen4•r• greeniahJ &ides ot the disk of the prozone with a distinet narrow yellow atri pe extending to the upper margin ot the eyes. Winge without apottingJ hind tibiae pe.le ~la•coua. FUroula very broad, narrowed be.f'ore apex, and widened. at ap.x. Ceroi rather small, rapidly narrowing on hleal halt• equal beyond • Length or bod.yr male 23, female 28.51 length of tegmina s male 21, ' female 23.5t length of hind femor•t male 12, female 14.5. 168

Thia species is al.moat strictly oontined to arrO'W11'8edalong the margins ot str ..nms in 'Utah and Ariaona, to Texas, Mexico and 06\litornia.

Melanoplus piotua Scudder 1897. (Pl. IV, Fig. 23)

Melanoplus £ictus Scudder, Proo. Alllf'r. Phil. soo•• 36rl8 1 32. Reoorda • MILLARDCOUNTY, Sand Dunes north. of Lynndyl, September 1926 (Vasoo M. Tanner) a WASHIJrGTOllcomm• St• George., August 1926 (Va.aeo M. Tanner) and Zion Uational Park: (Vaeoo M• Tanner). Sbdlar to herbaceous but rioher brCJlffl. Highly variegated, the lateral lobes of pronotum. oonspiououaly marked with an unequal bright tlaYOUB stripe next to the lateral oarinae. Hind tibiae deep blue. Oeroi moderately broad at baae, al.most inmed.iately tapering rapidly ~ the exoi1ion. of' the upper 1mrgin1, so that the distal thre:e•tourth• form.at. cc1npreued wbequal tinger1 slightly bent inward nu.r the Jldddl•• Length ot body, ml• 2'11 length ot tegmina, ma.le 24J length ot hind femra a ma.le 14.

Thia speoies ia rare in Utah and of no economic importance.,

Uelanoplus bowditohi bowditohl Soudder 1879. (Pl. 'IV, Fig. 21)

Melanoplue bowditohi Scudder• Proo. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist •• 20t'12. Records, BEAVERcomrrr, W.l!'orda uumn comm., Green P.iver, Jensen, July 1926 (Va.aoo M. Tant¥tr) • Sp&eimens in the USACcollection are trom B,x Elder, Garfield, Grand and San Juan Counties. General color g:Haeoua or grqiah•brown. l)isk of pronotum marked in longitudinal stripes with darker stripe in the middle and two lighter

stripes on the side near

expanded e.bove at the extreme base, beyond aoaroely tapering., bluntly and 159 roundly terminated.

Length or body 1 male 22•28; length of tegJllinaa male 18•2la length of hind femora1 male ll.5•14. Thi• species is reatrioted in distribution and has proved ot no importe.nos economically in the atate.

Melanoplua bowditoh1 oanus Reba.rd 1926.

Melanoplus bowditohi oanus Hebard, Proo. Aoad. :Nat,. Soi. Phile.., 11,120-121.

Reoordat Duchesn• County, Utah, USACCollection (Valoaroe 1951).

Thia race agrees with typioal bowditohi in e;eneral form and male genitalia, llUt differs in the average smaller site and gray and streaked coloration, bowditohi being much brighter Trith yellowe, broWWJ and almost innaculate gray tegmia. The only struotun.l difference, ho'ffflver, is the average larger ai&e.

Thia raoe ia normally found. in and about aage brush and i■ ot no eoonomie illporte.noe in the state.

Melanoplu1 flavidus flav1dua Soudder 1879. (Pl. IV, fig. 19)

Uelanoplus flf.vidua Scudder• Proo. Bost. soc. N~t. Rist., 20174:.

Synonomyt .!• incisua Soud.der. Additional reoordu GARFIELDCOUffl.'Y, Benreiv1lle (Vaaoo M. Tanner) and Escalante Ri~r, mouth or Calf Creek (D Elden Beok)J SEVIER COUNr!, Fish Lake (Vasco M. Tanner). General color brownish ~usoous with a slight greenish tinge, especially along the te 611lina,. Dark-brown postooular band extending a.oroae pronotum. Tegmna with a distinct bluish tinge in distal halt, ablostl 160 entirely tree from aey moul.ation. Ceroi with base broad, tria.nr;ular, the apical two-third.a slender, less than half as wide as base, inourved, the sides nearly parallel, tip bluntly rounded.

11•24, female 23•23.6J length ot hind femorar male ll.5•15, femue 14-16.

Thia speoiea has been reported trom only two counties in the southern part ot th• atate.

Melanoplus kennioott1 kennioott1 Scudder 1878. {Pl. IV, Fig. 11) Kelanoplua kemdoott11 Scudder, Proc. Bost. soo. Nat. Rist., l9s281•29d,

Reooroda, Sanpete and EMry Counties, tJSJ-C collection, determination by Gurney (Valoaroe 1951).

:&-owniah teataoeous, heavily mottled with fusooua. Hind tibiae pale or brown teataoeoua. Tegmina not reaching tip or a bdoJ1.en in male. Ceroi coa.rae, slightly upou"ed,, hardly twice as long as broad, the upper apioa.l portion strongly oompreased, tho apex rounded•

Length of body1 male 15• temale 22.5J length 0£ teglllim, ma.le ll, f&male 13; length of hind femora, male a, femllle 10.s.

Helanoplus bruner1 Scudder 1891. (Pl. IV. Fig ■• 6 a: 20) Melanoplua bruneri Scudder, Proo • .Amer. Phil. soo., 86119, 32.

Reoorde, UTAHcoum • Utah Lake, East Si.de ( o. Wilf'ord Oleea) J additional apeoimen• are 1n the USACcollection troa Daggett, Duoheane and San Pete Count1••• Sbe Mdium tor the genus, the sexes aubequal. Red.dish•bron a.bon, greeniah-yellmr beneath, occiput and d.iak ot proione duaky. La.tera.l loboa of prozone with a tuaooua or pioeoua patch. Tegmina pale reddish-brown, with • median row ot fuscoua spots whioh may be indistinct. Cerci broad, 181 nearly straight. al.moat flat plates. twioe as long as broad. the apioal halt slightly narrower than basal half.

Length or body, male 11>•25., temalea 22•23.51 length of tegminat lflale 16-20,. female 15-24; length of hind f'em.ora, ale ll.6-14• female 13-14:'.

This speo1ea ia reatrioted 1n the U:nited States to brushy forest undergrowth and in open grassy areas in the north.

Melanoplua mexioanus mexicanua (Saussure) 1861. Leaser Mig:ratory Grasshopper.

(Pl. IV• Figs. S & 15)

Pezotettix mexicanus Saussure. Rev. zool•• 131160.

SynonOXI\Vr caloptenu•. atlania Riley J ~•l~oElua intermediua SBudder.

PUblished reoordu Reported. from Utah by the early go'V'ermnental surveys•• well a, the more recent literature. Additional reoord.11 Thia· apeoiea has been reported and oolleoted in every oounty in t~e state. The :aruoolleotion oontaina apeoim.ena from nineteen counties ia Utah.

Medium. •1••• the ale rather alenderr a littl• compressed.. Tegmina elongate, narrow, uauall7 exceeding the hind f'emora. by 2 to 8 •• Color dark oU.vaceoua o,. reddish•brown above. greenish-yellow to yellow beneath.

Hind ti bi.a• ed. often the under aide ot the hind femora red ( in other example• the hind tibiae are greenish, blue, or either ot these oolora at baae and reddish at tipJ males seem more variable than females). Ceroi broad, nearly straight, almost i'lat plates, twice as long as broad, the apical half but slightly narrower than the basal one, apex obliquely and broadly rounded.

Length ot body 1 •l• 20 .S-2'1, female 20-291 length ot tegmiu., male 15-21. f'eJll$.le 14,.5•22J length of hind remora, male 10-13 11 tema.le 10-14. Thia graaahcpper 11 previously known as -M. atlanis and. round over 'tih• 162

greater part ot the United States and llorth Amerioa. is the most :injurious

the Jl'lOGtdestruotive or inoat dominant in Utah.

Melanoflua mex1oanus •E•tua {Walah) 1866. Rocky Mountain Locuat. Caloptenus spretua Walsh, Praot. Ent•• II, P• le Synon0JI\Y1 £.• •Eretua oaenleipea Cockerell. PUblished reoord11 'O'tah was included in tu d1stribut1on of the original deaoription and has appeared in the literature ainoe that ti,ne.

In general appeara.noe thil apeoiee ia very muoh like me:dcanua.

This is the tarnous and dreaded Rooky Mountain Locust, the true migratory

grasshopper that did 10 much dQlage in the early history of the state.

This migratory form or m.exioanua has now ~pparently become extinct.

Melanopl~a mexicanus bilitura.tua (Walker) 18'70.

caloptenus bilituratus Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, 619.

PublishM reooi"'dsi Uehn and Hebard (1906); Henderson (1924) aa -M. bilituratus. lo additional records in the mu oollection. T•&min&generally surpassing ~he hind temora, brownish fuaooua,

variably moulate but generally rather heavily marked along the diaooidal

area, aom.etim.ea sprinkled with tusooua over a large part ot the tegrnina.

Hind tibiae bright red (by rare exception glaucoua). Cero1 nearl7 thr••

times as long a.a middle brMdth, oonabting ot a tee'bl.1' tapering basal

portion nearly twice as long •• broad, and an apical, aubequd portion, well rounded at tip. Length ot bodys male 21, female 26.61 length ot tegminat male

18.5 1 f'ema.le 20J length of hind t'emora1 male 13, fenut.le 14. This species has not b(ten found in the state since Rehn and Reba.rd

collected it in Salt Lake City. 'this •Y b(9 reported in error. 168

Melanoelua d&Tallltator Scudder 1878.

l(elanoplus devastator Scudder. Proc. Bost. Soc. Kat. Hist., 191285-281. Synonomy; !• virge.tua Scudder. PUblished reoord11 (Scudder 18801 Henderson 1924}

Varying trom dark brownish•fuscoua to ferrugineo-testaceoua.

Tegmina aurpassing the hind tem.o:re. at least in the male, tusooua. generally very dark .fusoous, the dbooidal area ma.cul.ate in a variable d•gr••• IIind tibiae either dark glauooua or red. Oerci small, slender, aube4ual but feebly tapering in baa•l halt, about f'otU' times as long•• broad, the tip well rounded.

Length of body, male 21, temale 24J length ot tegldna a male 16.5• female' 161 length ot hind f'eaora, male ll. female 12.

Thia apeoies has not been reported fro111.the atate in reoent suney1 and publioationa.

Melanoelua dawsoni (Scudder) 1875. (Pl. IV, Fig. 22) Pezotettix dawaon1 Scudder, Da.ws. Rept. Geel. Rec. 49th Par., P• M3. Synonomy-t -p. -----telluatria soud.derJ -P. alJiitu.m Dodge. Reoordsr ~x Slder, cache, Garfield and Weber Counties, all

specimens being found in the USACoolleotion. .,,

Size SXM.ll or medium, the se:ices aubequal. Above c,:-ayish- o:r olive-

brown, tinged with :ruaoous, beneath dull yellow. Tegmina.brownish .f'usooua,

more or leas feebly flecked with fusooua and either greatly surpa.esing the

hind femora, moderately broad and aubequal nearly to the well rounded tip,

or a little longer th.an the pronotum onlJ• Cerol a little exoaTe.ted. below

the apex, the apical third leas than halt the width of base• the tipa 164 Length of body, male 14-1'7, female 19-22; length or tegmina.1 •l• 5-7 • female 5-6, length ot hind remora, •l• 8 .6•9,. .re.,.le 10-10.s.

!hia speoies has been collected during the eoonomio surveys made in , the state. but i• not regarded as one of the injurious apeci•••

Melanoplu1 bohemani (Stal} 1818. (Pl. IV, Fig. 18)

Peaotettix bohemani sta.1, Bi.hang Sven1k. Aoad. Handl., V, P• 15. Synon0Dt7, !• alt itudinum (Scudder). Reoordu WASBINGTOllCOUNTY• Zion National Park:, September 1951

(Arthur F. Bruhn), 1peoi1.nens in the US.!.C collection from San Juan County.

Blackish griaeous, ferrugineo-teataoeous beneath. Tegndna sariewhat abbreviated, attaining about the middle of the hind femora, profuae~~ sprinkled with bl&okish fuaoous spots. Hind tibiae dark and generally bright red. Cerci slender and te.per1nr; rapidly on the basal fourth or third, gently incurved and faintly curved upward, apically rounded.

Length of body, male 20, female 28J length ot tegmina, ma.le 9.5, ferna.le 101 length ot hind .fellOrae male 11.5, te-.le lS.

Thia 11pt1tOiesha• been aolleoted only in the extreme southern portions of the state and. 1e of no eoonomio 111.ponano••

Melanoplu• aaltator Soudder 1898. Helanoplua ealtator,Scudd•r• Proc. u.s. Nat. Mus., 201261•282. Published reoord.s, Henderaon (1924).

T•t.mim shorter than the pronotum, slightl.1 overlapping 1n ».le, uniform. browniah f.'usc:,ous. Hind tibiae generally dull red. Ceroi le.rge and stout. elonte.ted.- compressed, tr.esially narrowed so that the a.pica.l portion ia eubape.tul.a.te, though not so broad as the base, the tip rounded. Length or body: me.le 20. remale 26.51 len&th or tegniine., ale s. 166 fe•l• s, length of hind fem.or•• Male 12, female 14.

This species• desoribed from Oregon, may be reported erroneously. He:nderaonta referenoe ia appe.rently the only record ot utah specimens.

Melanopl'U.11fasoiatus (F. Walker) 1870. ~tlded Looust. (Pl. IV, Fig. 16) Caloptenus fasoia.tue F. Walker, Cat. Derm. salt. Brit. Mus., rv. sao.

Synonom:yr M. alleni ScudderJ u. reotua soudder; M. ourtus souddeJ"J u. volatious soudder1 -Y. bi'.ooni MoNeilT1 :ficotettix boreaTis Souu3•r• PUbliahed record.at Henlerson 1924. No additional reoorda in tae mu oolleotion.

Color uaually a dark rutous brown abo••1 hiiul femora oonspiououaly banded with ru1cous at baae &nd thirda1 hind tibiae bright red. T•gm.im. abort,. usually extentiing on the hind femore. one-halt or two-thirds their length (rarely individual• are round with fully developed teglllim. and wing•). Ceroi or male straight• e.bout tour ti.Jiles as long as broad, middle third but slightly narrowf!d, apioal third concave or euloa.te. with tip rounded and incuned.

Length of' body r Jll,l,le 16-19, female 16.5-26.fiJ length of ter,ninar male 7.6-10.5• .femle 9-l!J length of hind .fe1nora.s male 9-ll, :f'emale ll•lS.

Thia species is widely distributed, comm.ononly locally and ie not of't(U.1found. It 1s easily recognized by the distinct shape or the male oero1.

Melanoplua borealia palaceua Fulton 1930. (Pl. IV, Fig. 14) )(el&102lu1 bol"tlalia palao•u• Fulton, Ann. Ent. Soo. Amer., 231619•620.

Reoorda 1 Beaver and Sevier Counties, determination b:, Gu~, all apeoimena being found in the USACoollection (Valoaroe 1951).

Color dark olive to olive-brown, a black bl.r extending from eye to 166 posterior aulous of lateral lobe, covering dorsal halt of lobe. Tegllina equal in lenr;th to the tip or the abdomen, W'lth a rfJ'fl of' obsoure spote in the middle ot the lateral field• Ceroi narrowing to apex, upper •rgin concave, lower slightly convex, apex obliquely truncated forming an acute but rounded angle with the upper me.rginJ basal width about twioe the pre• apical width.

Length of' body, mal• 19•21, female 26•30J length or tegmina, male 12 .5-15, female 1s.s-1a.&1 length ot hind temore., male u.s-12 .s, female 13.5-16.

Melanoplus borea.lis utahensis Scudder 1891. (:M.. r:v, Fig. 13)

Mela.noplua utahensia Scudder, Proo. Amer. Phil. &oo., 36 al9.

Published record.a• Speoiee originally deecr1 bed from Utah. Ad.ditional reoords in the USACoolleotion include Caahe and Salt Lake Counties (Valoaroe 1951).

Yellowbh•b:ron. Tegmin1t. aoaroely attaining the tip• of the hind f'emora, 'brolffliah testaoeoua without arldngs. Hind tibiae un1.torraly red.

Ceroi ooar ■ e and broad• feebly narrowing in the basal halt. very broadly rounded at apex. straight or feebly outotu•ved apioally •

Length of body• male 27 • f'emale 29; length ot tegmina I aale 18J length or him fem.ore.r •l• 14. fmal e 15. Thia species is not common in Utah an.4 is or no eoonOlldo 1.Jllportanoe.

Mala.noflua femur-rubrum fem.ur-rubl"um (lleGeer) 1773. Red-Legs;;ed Locust.

(Pl. IV, Figs. 5, T. & 17)

Ao~zlium femur•rubrum. t>eGeer_. :Mein• l•Rist. Nat. Ins., P• 498.

Synonofl\Yt G~llus erythropua GrnelinJ Ao:EJ-d1UJ1\femore.le Oli'Yier, u. devorator (Scudder, ii. sE!uriioien\ius (Provanciierh Jl. interior soudder,t !• coloradu11 caudellJ ,!•-plum us Dodges''caloptenus. - 16?'

P\lbliahed reoorda, Collltlonly referred to in the literature on Utah Orthoptera. Thie species ha.a been collected in every county in the state and is the most ntul18rous species in the mu oollection. Dark olivaoeous or ruaty•brown above. olive-green to yellow beneath; hind tibiae and under side or hind femora. ·bright red. tt.teral .tripe usue.lly distinct on head and procone but sometimes much broken up. A median line or du1ky 1pots is nearly always present on tegmina. but these are otten extremely taint. Tegmina elongate. narrow• palling hind temora and body usually by 2 or 3 ailliraetera. Oeroi of ma.le strongly narrowing on basal halt. at apical third leu than half' the width at ba••• Length or body, male 19•27.s. female 22-31; ltngth or tegmina, male 13•20• female l5.6-23J length of hind. femorat male 10-13• ~emale 11-15. Thia apeoiea 1• one of the moat deatruotive gra1shopper1 of the United States and Canada. It is quite variable in size and coloring. In

Utah it ia exceedingly numerous and ha.a been oolleoted on all economic surveys.

Melanoplua, oinereus Scudder 1878. (Pl. IV, 1'~1g. 28)

Uelanoplus oinereua Scudder• Proo. ~st. Nat. Hist., l9t268 1 290.

Published records t Utah was included in the diatri but1on when the original description wae me.de.

Additional reoorie, Specimens are found in the USACoolleotion troll

:aeaver 11 Cache, Davis,. Uintah and Wuhi:ngton Countiee.

Tegmina surpassing the hind tomora, generally to a considerable degree, brownish tueooua, finely speckled throughout with oinereoua and with a dend.er line of alternate pale and dark 'hara and dots. Hind tibiae pale blue. rarely with a brownish-yellow tinge. Body oin•H·eo-f'ueaot.us, the upper aurtaoe of head and pronotum frequently ruat•oolored. Ceroi moderately 168 narrow. hlsally tapering, abruptly bent inward at the middle and then bent at extreme tip backward ~gain.

Length or body, msle 23, female 26J length of teemfnaa male u~. female 20.5J length of hind femor~t male 12.6, feule 14.

Melanoplua oomplanatipes oompb.natipes Scudder 1898. Melanoplus o

Jlled.ially oontraoted, apically sp11.tulate, the apex as broad•• the be.ae.

Length of bod71 male 15, f'•e.le 23s length of teea,.iu 1 •l• 19• teale 20, length of hind feaora, male 11, female u. Thia 1peoiee 1.s widely d.htributed from Utah e.nd Arbona to Lower

California. and Mexioo.

Melanoplu1 complanat1P,!• oanonioue Scudder 1897. (Pl. r,, Fig•• 4 & 26)

Melano2lue canonicus Scudder. Proo. Amer. Phil. Soo., 36r26, 34. PUblished records, Henderson (1924)

Additional record.st BOXRLDER cotmn, Br1t;ham City {o. Wilford

Olsen); :MILURt) Oomrtf, Gandy, July 1949 (Vuco u. Tanner) and Meadw {Vasoo u. Tanner), W.Asnnmroncomrrr, Zion National Park, July 1949 (Vaeco M. Tanner).

'l'ee;mina a little surpassing the hind femore., moderately slender. gently tapering, brownish f'Wscous, sometimes with a ferrugino~• tinge, more or l•H feebly flecked with obscure maculationa. Hind tibiae very pale glaucous. c~rci slender, feebly compree,ed, ~arrowing on baaal third• 169 the middle third equal, then expanding to a nearly equal extent to fo:rm a

I compressed• spatulate, inc\U"'Yed.tip.

Length or bodyt male 25, female 28.s length of tegmina, male 19, female 2lJ length ot hind :f'eJAora, male 15• f'emale U,.

Thie apeoi••• described from the Grand Canyon, i1 commonin the

1agebru1h areas ot the Great Blain Desert.

Melanoplus dodge~ (Thou.a) l8Tl. (Pl. ff, Fig. 26)

CaloEtenua dod.ge1 Thomas, Oana.d. Ent., 3tl68. •

PUbl1shed record.a I Hend•rson (1924). Ne additional specimen• in the BrU or USACoollectiona from Utah. General color blackish gr1aeous, very obscurely mottled with testaoeous above.' Tegmina short, aoarooly longer than the pronotwa. Hind tibiae pale red.

Length of ~ 1 male 14, f'eanale 21 J length of tegld.na • n.le 4, female 6a length of hind te1110ra1 male a. female 9.

Thia species bas not been collected in Utah linoe Henderson reported it from the stat••

)(elanoplua angust1r!!ni• (Dodge) 18'1?. Drrow-winged Loou1t. (Pl. IV, Fig. 27) Caloptenus •5uat1peimi• Do4ge, oanad. Ent., 9 rlll .•

Synonom;r, !• oomptua Soudder J !!• ooooineiE~~- Scudder, ! • 11.ttinia BM.mer. Published reoord11 (Scudder (1891), Henderson (1924), as -u. affini•• Additional records a WASHINGTONCOUffl.'T, Zion National Park, July 9, 1926 (vasao 11. Tarmel"h additional specimens in the USACoollection fro,n Uintah County. Very aiDlil&r to mexioanus but smaller, more brownish and with subgenital plate leu produced. Dark t;re.yish- or fusoous-brown, often with a lTO reddish•bt'on tinge. Hind tibiae either pale greenish-blue or dull red.

Length or bod.ya male 19•22. female 2l-22t length or tegminaa male

16•17, fe•l• 16-18; length of hind femorac male 11-12, rem.a.le 12-1s.

This ~speoies is oo!lllllon on the pla.iM, but has been .f'ound in onfy two counties of Utah.

Jlelanoplue paokard1 Scudder 1878. (Pl. 'IV, Fig. 29)

Melanoflua P!;:ckardii Scudder, Proo. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 19128T. Publilhed reoorde, soudder (1878), Great Salt Lake, Utah; Reha

{1906) Deaver County, Henderaon (1924)1 Hebard (1925}1 alao reoent eoonomio survey-a tor utah •

.Additional reoorda 1 ooxEIDER comm, Brigham City (o. W1ltortl Olsen), Bf;AVERcomr.rr, Beaver Can;yon (Vasoo M. Tanner), MILLARDCOUffl,,

JloCorn1olc1 July 1. 1948 (Dore.ld :v• .Allred), UINT.UI COUJn.'f• Greenriver, Jensen, July 1926 (Vasoo M. Tanner); UTAHCOU?r.t'Y, Cedar Valley {O. Wilford

Olsen, Ana on B. call, Jr.) and Provo {Wilmer W. Tanner; .Mlaon B. Call, Jr.).

Varies considerably in general ground colors, varying from light yellow to dark brownish fuscouss with media-dorsal stripe 'ftrying both in intensity or oolor and in breadth. Hind remora faeciate above, hind tibiae blue or red. Cerci as in anguatipennia,

Length of body t male 28-30 • t.,.le Z6•36 J length of tegmina. t male

20-25• female 25-29J length of hind temoras •l• lS•lS, female 16•19.

Thia 1peoies 1• typically western Amerioan, having been found in. nearly all 1tate• west ot the M1Houri :River and ranging into Canada. It is numeroue in utah, eapeoially in oult1Yated field• am ha• been oolleeted on all graaahepper euneya conducted in the state. 111 Melanoplua toedus foedus Scudder 1819.

Melanoplus !'oedua Soudder. Proo. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist •• 20169.

Reoori1 t UTAHCOUffl' • Provo (Anaon B. Call, Jr.) J WASHINGTONeoum • st. George (Vaaoo 11. Tanner) and Zion National Park, July 9, 1925 (Vasoo 11. Tanner). General oolor dirty oinereou, above and dingy oley•yellow below.

Similar in size and struoture to eokarcl1. but with red hind tibia. Tegrnina extending beyond abdomen of male b,y at least 2 or 3 llllll. This speoies 11 larger and paler in oolor than 21;okardi and some specimens oan only be eeparated by study of the internal cenitalia. Oeroi simple and compressed, the basal three•tittha straight, taperinr; a little and direoted bl.om.rd and upward. the apioal two•tiftha also ■ traight, enlarging slightly. but bent a little inward, the outer surface a little hollowed. !.ength of body, male 24-!0J length ot' tegminaa male 2l•?.3J length of hind femora I male 14•15.

Thi• apeoies 11 oOWtJnonover muoh ot the United Stat••• from Utah and Arizona. south to Oal1t"om1a and Ten.a •nd north to Canada.

Kelanoplu• 1olitudini1 Hebard 1935. Kelanoplua solitudini• Hebard• Trans. Amer. Ent. Soo •• 60,364-58'7.

Publiahed reoord•t Hebard (19364) 1 type looalitya Bryoe,

Paunaac;unt Plateau, Ut•h• elevation 8200 feet• August :so. 1926 11 Rehn and

Hebe.rd.

Additional reoord.n t Garfield and Ircn Counties in the USAC oolleotion. Generr.lly dark brownJ e. very dark postocular ba.r present• caudal tibiae usually rioh glaucous, but may be pale glauoous or pink. Tegmina very short, slightly longer thin pronotUB1. Size and form medium, the size 17Z varying considerably in response to conditions or the immediate environment,, but not to altitude. (The size ~verage optimum is rB&ohed.at trom 9000 to l0,,400 feet. Serios trom lower elevations avere.r;e al!lll.ller. (Hobard l935d)) Ceroi short,, stout. proximal halt narrowing moderately due to the concave declivity of the doreal marginJ dietal halt enlarging to b&oomealmost as broad as 1:xuse. Length ot body, J118.le11•21,, temale l8-27J length ot tegmina, male 3-'1,, female 6-'11 length or hind feMrat al• 9.6•12,, female 10-11.

gunt and Paun■ agunt Plateau• 1n southern Utah.

Jlelanoplus alfiDUB Scudder 1897. Helanoplus alpinua Soudder,, Proo. Amer. Phil. Soc.,, 36128,, 36.

Published reoord•t Henderson {1924). Jfo specimens &r& found 1n the BfU oolleotion.

Size small,, brownish i'uscoua,. more or less ferrug1nous above,. with a distinct pioeous poatocular band. Xegrdna reaoh1ng the tips ot the hind femora• brownish fusooua. distinctly but not heavily maculate along the diaooidal area. Hind tibiae variable,, red,. yellow, or green, but alnya pe.le and rather dull in tint• Ceroi gently arouate inward• oonaieting ot a stout., very rapidly narrowing ba1al portion., a short, sub-oylindrioal• median portion and an apical portion that 1s turoate.

Length or body 1 -.le 2%• female 241 length ot tegmil'll\ t ale and feale 161 length or hind femora, ma.le ll. female 11.

Thie species ha• not been collected in the state in recent years.

Melanoplus 1nfantil1s Scudder 1819.

Melanoplua infant ilia Scudder• Pl"oc. Bost• Soc. Nat• Mist.• 20166-ST. 113

Published reoord•• Henderson (1924). Additional reoord11 Beaver. Duoheane, Emery, Garfield, Iron, ICe..n••

R1oh. Sevier. sununit, l~satoh, and Weber Counties, 8.11 speoimena being found in the US.ACcollection.

General oolor dark grileoua, the vertex of the head marked in black: and dull yellow. Tegmina oinoreous, with alternate minute blocks of yellow and blackish tusoous, attaining the tips of the hind femora. Ceroi thickened and tumid at base, i.mediately narrowing to halt the width and compressed, almost 1mtieG1atoly broadeninc again, and forkinf;.

Length o£ bodyt male 16.6, female 20J length of tegm.ina, ma.le l0.5, female 13J length ot hind temora, male 9, female l0.5. This ia one of the smallest, if not the very smallest, maoropteroua

1peoie1 of Melanoplu1 known. It ia diatriruted quite generally over the

1tate.

M'elano2lu1 contu,us Scudder 1892. (Pl. XV, Fig.!!) Kelanoplua oonf'\laua Soudder. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soo •• se,29. 35. SynonOII\Y, .!• mutatua CaudellJ Ca.loEenus minor Scudder. Published reoordu Scudder (1876), as .£• minor, Shotwell (1936).

Additional recorda r WASHINGTONCOUNTY• Zion National Park (Vasco

M. Tanner), WEBF.RCOUNTY, Riverdale, Weber River, June 1926 (Va.soo M.

Tanner). Additional specimen& in the USACcollection are from Box Elder.

Tooele, Uintah,. Utah, Washingto11 and Kaber Counties. . Ol1vaoeous or rutous brown above, yellowiah""White or pale yellow beneathJ dorsal part of head, pronotum, and all femora occasionally a bright red, sometimes pale tawny. Teg~ina spotted with .fuacous. Hind femora taaoiate on dorsal part ot external and internal faces, and clear yellow to 174 red boneath. Hind tibiae very variable, ranging from red to green or pftle

blue. Ceroi with basal portic,n atout, reotangular, apical portion nearly as long but narrower, bent slightly upward ami inward, its dorsal margin rounded and outer faoe ooncave, an inferior angle or proceee at point ot

bendJ apex broadly rounded.

Length of body1 n.le 15-19, female l9-24J length of tegmina, male 11•16, female 14-181 length of hind femoraa male l0-11, fPmale 12-14.

Thia •p~oies is abort-bodied in appearanoe because of the short tegmina and wings. It ranges from l1tah and Arizona to Texas and Alberta,

Cetnada.

Melanoplue keeler! luridue (Dodce) 1876. (Pl. IV, Fig. 51) Calop:tenus luridus Dodge, Canad. Ent., 8tll.

SynonoD\Yt !!• oollinus Scudder. Published reoordu Shotwell {1936) as 11.. keeler-1.

Additional :reoordru UTAHcormr • Provo ( o. Wilford Oben, D Elden

Beck) and Springville (O., Wilford Olien). Specimens 1n the USACcollection represent Bo~ Elder, Cache, Sanpete and Weber Countiea.

Dusky brown e.bove. ranging from ruroue to ol1vaeeoua, eOWttimee terruginoue, bright red on head and pronotum.. Beneath yellow or yellowiah• green. Lateral stripe usually distinct only in male on prozone, somotim.ea wanting. Te~mina.marked with fin• dusky flecks. Hind rem.ora fasoiate with dusky above, clear yellow beneath, hind tibiaft b:right red throughout.

Tegmina short, reaching only to about the end of the hind f'emora. Ceroi oonsieting of a straight basal piece• gently and slightly tapering. and a bif'uroate apical portion.

Length of body1 male 11•25, fetnAl• 2l-26J length or tegminas DlB.le ll•l'T, female l4-l9s length ot hind femora a male 10-US, female 12•15. 176 l,(elanoplus differentialia nig:ricans Cockerell 1911. (Pl. IV, Fig. 34) Uelanoplus differential.is nigriosne -Cockerell, Ent. Reo., 29t!41.

Published records: Reoorded t'rom ute.h on all eoonom1o surveys nade in the state. Add1tioMl records, GRANDCOUNTY. Ruby Canyon (Andrew H. atrnum)J WASHINGTONCOUNTY, St. Geort;e, Aur,ust 1926 (Ve.soo M. Tanner), Zion National

Park, September 1951 (Arthur F. Bruhn) and Burri.oane., October 9, 1946.

Ground color light 01" yellmriah•te1taoeou11 with darker testa.oeoua markings on taoe and pronotUJll, Yarying to brown and black (rare). Tegmina extending beyond tipa of hind femora in many ot f emalea • Ceroi roughly boot•ahaped, the e.pioal "toot" as long as the basal part.

Length ot body, :male 2'1•40, .female 29-46s length of tegmina, male 23-35, female 23-88J length of hind femora, mle 15•20, female 16-23.

Thia species is widely distrib.tted in the western United States and northern Mexioo. It is one ot the largest and most commonot the

Melanopli, highly injurious in limited areas along the Virgin River ill

Waehington County• at Ianab in Kane County, and 1n the southeastern counties or the state.

Melano:glus bivittatua (Say) 1825. Two-atrip4d. Loo~at. (Pl. IV, Fig. 33)

Gryllua biYittatua Say, Journ. Aoad. Nat. soi. Ph.1la., 4 1308. SynonOI\Yt Caloptenua t'emora.tus :Bimeitt•rJ M. llrl.lberti (Servill•h !• tla:,ov1tta.tus (Barrla)s !• ~ fiiuaaure)J !• rejeota (;. Walker).

Puhl iehed records , Rehn ( 1906), Henderson ( 1924 )J al so reported rrom the state in the econom1o surT•Y•• Additional reoords1 CACHEOOUITX'• Logan, July 11, 1924 (w. w.

Benderaon)J ORA.NDCOUNff, Ruby canyon (Andrew H. :aa.rnwn)t JOAB COtnft'Y•

Callao (Vaaco Ma Tanner)J MILLARDCOUN'f'f, Meadow {Va•oo M. Tanner) and 116

Antelope Spring, (D,. JS. Johnson), SALT LAKE COU'ffl'• salt I.alee City,, .Aueust

5, 1P24 (W. w. Renderacn)J SAWJUAN OOUlft'Y,W&mer Ranger station, ta.Sal

Yountt.ins, elevation 9000 feet (C • Lynn Hayward), Sl.114MITCOUlffY, utah•

Wyoming line (Andrew H. Btlmum)J UTAHooum, Cedar Valley (o. WS.U'ord Olsen),, Aspen Gro-re, B!'U Campus, TiBlpanogos (Vasco M. '.!.'annersc. Lynn

Hayward), south Fork., Provo Canyon (Vasoo lif. Tanner) and Provo and environs

(o. Wiltord OlaenJ Andrew n. Barnum). Specimens 1n the tJSACoolleetion repreuent 24 oountiea 1n the atate (Valoaroe 1961).

Color dull olive-brown to greenilsh•yellow above, yellow or yellowifh.• green beneath. lacking a.xv-ma.culation (in this respeot it is different from. all other apeoies of Melanoplus)r usually with a d1st1not pale stripe on each side of orown of head.,, continuing 1-clcn.rd along inner side ot poai• t1on ot lateral oarinae of pronotum and outer edge or dorsal field of tegmina. Hind tibiae bright red. The tegmina nay be either short ot or pan the hind temora in both sesH. Ceroi ver., broad, externally oome:x:, gently inau"ed. •

Length ot body, male 24-31, female 28•38; length ot tegmina t -.le

16-22. female 20•26t length ot hind remora., male 13•11. female 16-22.

Thia large species is probably Utah•• most deetruot1Ye grasshopper next to Cannula pelluoida. It ranges on fa.rrns and in fields among the vegetation, and ia widespread over the western United Stet•••

Melanoplus rarr~ (Thoms) 1875. (Pl. IV, Fig. 30) Ca.loptenus ya.rrowi Thomas, Rep. U.s. Geol • surT. lYost lOO Yer•• V, P• 891-. Synonora, 1 -l.t ♦ olivaceous Scudder• Published reoords I Henderson (1924). 111

Addi t1onal reoorda a JUAB COUlr.l'Y• Callao (Va.100 M. Tanner )J MILLARD comrrr. Antelope Springe (Ih E. Johnson), tr.I'AHCOUffl.'f, Provo (o. Wilford

Olsen) J WASHINGTONoomr.rr, st. George, August 1926 (Vasco M. Te.nner) and

Zion National Park, September 1961 (Vaaoo Jl. Tanner: Arthur F. Bruhn).

Specim.ns 1n the USACcollection include Grand., Tooele and Washington

Counti••• Light brownish-yellow, somewhat o1nereoua, nearly unifona1 tegmina reaching the tip ot the hind temora, browniah teate.oeoua without marking•• Hind tibiae red. Oeroi broad, stout, faintly convex, considerably and regularly inourved., the baaal halt tapering gently, beyond the middle expanding considerably, more above than below, into a t'labellate pad, oon• dderably broader than long, bluntly rounded above and below with nearly straight and trunoate poaterio~ margin.

Length of body• male 26,. female 33J length of tegmina t ale 19,. temale 211 length of hind temora r male 14• female l'T •

Thia species normally inhabit• rich vegetation in we.shes from utah and Arizona west to California and east to New liexioo and Colorado.

Genue Pb.oetaliotee Scudder

Phoetaliotea nebraaoensia (Thomae) 1812. Peaotettix nebraaoenais Thomas, Ann. Rep. u.s. Geol. surv. Terr.,. V•• P• 4!5.

SynonomyI Melanotlua harris11 Moree, P. autwnnalil DodgeJ Cal.optenua aang,d,neooeplia us t.ai.fuiiyon, .!• phoe"tall'.itilform~• soudder. Publilhed reoordu Henderson (1945).

Addi tioml reoorde t GARFIRLDOOUlffY, Bryce C~on {Vaaco M. Tanner),

WASATCHcomr.rr, Uintah Mountains, Tryol Lake (Truman. swallowsvasco K.

Tanner),. Additional specimens from the USACcolleotion include Cache and

Utah Count1ea. l'f8

Dark graybh•brown, rather elongate in form, often with broad pronotal light bud extending over the headJ under pe.rts lighter and yellowiah in oolor. Tibiae dull bluish-green. Tegmina abbreviated, only one-fourth to one-third as long as the abdomen. Length of bodys male 18•25., female 2l-39J length of' tegm.inat male

4-9, female 5•101 length ot hind femon.1 male 11•14, female 13-18.

This genus contains a einr;le species limited to western North

America. The distribution is from southeastern Arizona and northern

:Mexico to western Texas and north to southern Qanada.

Genus &e.dynotes Scudder

Bradynotes kaibab Bebe.rd.1919. Brad~otes kaibab Bel.lard., Tranas. Amer. Ent. Soc., 4612'15•218.

Published records, Reba.rd (1919), type looality, Duok Lake., Cedar

Mountain,, Iron County., Utah., elevation 9000 feet, specimen labeled

"pa.ratype" in the USACoolleot1on dated July 14, 1917, and oolleoted. by

G. P. Englehardt.

Additional reoorchu GARFIELDcoum. Aquarius Plateau, ele.vation 9000-10,000 teet, June 1936 (Vaaco M. Tanner) and Steep Creek, Boulder

Mountain, elevation 9600 teet., JUne 19$ (Vasoo M. TtUmer). Specimens in the us.AC oolleot1on were obtained in Wayne County•

Robust. brownish; wings entirely lacking. Proaternal spine low•

pyl"Nlddal. Hind tibiae red.

Length of body, male 16-18, female 19-26; length of hind femora, male 10, female ll.5-12.

This species is found along open parts of trails and among sparse growth of graeaea on deyw sandy soil. 1'19

Bradn!ot'!.s obesa (Thomas) 1812111 Pe1otett ix o beea Thomas, Ann. Rep. U.s. Geo1. Surv. Terr•, V• 454-455.

Published records, Henderson (1924). .

Additional reoorda, One speoi•n 1a round in the US.AOoolleot1on from Logan, Caohe County, Utah, Kay 11. 1936 (Paul Hal"llon). General color blackish•griseou1, more or less tleoked with brownJ no great oontraat in color between upper and lower half ot lateral lobe1 ot pronotwn., the lower portion not being very lights dark oroea bands ot hind temora crossing only the inner halt ot the upper surtaoe, outer taoe al.moat unifonuy dark. Hind tibiae J"ed on apical halt. Ceroi straight, tapering regularly 1n the basal three-tittha, be7ond equal or subequal. blunt tipped 111

Length ot body, male 23, female 24J length or hind temoraa ma.le 12,. femt!lle 12.s.

Very few specimens have bl!ten found in Utah, all restricted to the northern part or the ,tate. PLATE TV Figures 1-34 180

FIG. 4 F'IG. I FIG. 2 FIG.3

FIG. 7 FIG . .5 FIG. I

~ \_/

FIG. 8 FIG. t FIG. II F"IG. 12 FIG. 10 0 FIG. 13 FIG. 14 FIG. 1.5 FIG. II FIG. 17

FIG. 21 FIG. 18 FIG. 19 FIG. 20 FIG. 22

FIG. 2& FIG. FIG.26 FIG. 27 FIG. 23 24

FIG. 28 FIG.29 FIG. 30

~ ~ ~· ~ FIG.34 FIG.31 FIG.32 FIG.33

Al-I.Barnum. PLATE IV FAMILY TEttIGONIIDAE Long•horned Grasshoppers, (atydida

Maey different and diatinot rorms can be found among the long• horned grasshoppers. They oan be distinguished, however, by the extremely long, finely tapering antennae, the four-segmented tarsi without pads between the claws, a compressed, blade-like ovipositor, organs or hearing situated on the front tibiae, and wing-oovers, or tegmina, with the larger part or their surface sloping at the aides ot the body. The tegznin.a of the male e.re modified. to torm a sounding-board for the stridula.ting apparatus• Thia ia located near the 1-se or the tegmina and consists of a transverme ridge bearing a eeriea or teeth which aot upon a stiffened edge on the outer tegmina, causing both to vibrate and produce a aoraping 11ound.

'I'hoae species which live on the ground, hide themselves among tallen leaves. bon•th atones, a.nd in holee, usually are or the same oolor ae their aurroundingeJ while those living among plants, are with tew exoeptiona of a si.Jnilar protective ooloration. !heeo insects are •inly herbivorous, but some apeoies will also devour animal substances. Few are abundant enough to be of' econolllio 1.Jnportanoe, although the Mormon Cricket 1s among the most destructive o� the Orthoptera.. Winter is passed in the ecg stage and hatching talces pl&oe in the spring. Growth is rapid and maturity reached in midalUllmer. The oY1pos1• tion of the females in early autumn ends the oyole. Som.e species (1•••• cave crickets) live over winter in the adult stage. 181 182 These insects are the most attraotiYe in appee.ranoe ot the entire order, and many or them have distinctive songs. Most speoies can be identified � their songs Md ay often be eaaily caught by following the sound at night• The f'Nllily is separated into a number ot subfamiliesa Pha.neropter• inae, Conooaphalinae, Tettigoniinae, Stenopel•tinae,14 and Rhaphidophor inae.14 There are 35 ,peole• 1n 19 genera found in UtahJ three ot these species a.re hypothetical tor the 1tate. line reoords are here established as oeourring in the state and ti"fe species have erroneously been reported. Nine species, Matly in the genue ceuthophilua where the type specimens , are, 1n ma.� oaaes, the only ones known, were not exuiined.

(ey to the Tettigoniidae of Ute.b

1. Wings present or represented by short pa.d&J f'ront tibie.e with an auditory organ (Pl. V, Fig. 5) •' •••••••••••• • • (2) Wings absent, front tibiae without e.uditoey organ. • • ••• • • (5) 2. Hostly long-winged• green speoiee1 first two tarrua.l segments without lateral grooves, ovipoeitor broad, flat, curved sharply upward (Pl. V • Fig. 1). (Sub.family Phaneropterinae). • ( 6) Mostly short-winged, tegmina as loll{; as wines, ovipositor long, narrow (Pl. v, Fig. 4)•••••••• • ••••• • ••• (3) s. Form slender, pronotum normal in siaej hind te.rs1 without plantula. (Subf'e.Jllily Conooephalinae). • •• • •• •. • • • • (4) Form robuat, pronotum large, produced. over lase of abdomen, often concealing rudlmentaey female tegmin&J hind tarlli with free plantula at base ot f'1:rst 11egraent (Pl. V, Fig. 2). {Subfamily Tettigoniinae)•• • • ••. • • • � ••• (ll) 4. Proaternal spines oyl1ndrioal• slender, body 18 mm. or longer, crripoeitor upcuned. ••••• • OroheUaum §ladiator Bt-un.1, Prosternal spines very short o� wantingJ '«>dy leu th.in ' lT mm., oTipositor nearly straightJ wings usually 1hort. • •••••••••• Conooephalus taaciatus vioinua (Moree)

1'Reoent authors ·have placed the Stenopelmat1na.e and Rh&phidophol'inae into• separate .family. the Geyllaorididae. 181

5. Head largeJ antennal bases widely separated, tar1i with pulv11U.. (Subfamily Stenopelme.tina•) •• Steno11lmatua fusc\UJ Hald. Head &mallerJ antcmnal bases very close toge~hert e.raI without pulvilli. (Subfamily Rhaphidophorlnae) •••• • • • • (25) 6. Size small• leea than 38 ... , tegm.ina narrow., hind margin ueually sinuate1 pronotwn saddle•ahaped •••••• • ••• •. (?) S11e large, more than 38 mlll•I pronotum not saddle-shaped, pronotum with hind margin broadly roWlded. • ••••••• • • (10) f • Com.para:tively robust speoiesr tegm.ina broad., frequently barred w1.th white I hind. wing• not over 7 mm.. longer than tegndna. (Genus tneara). • •••••• • •• • • •• • •••• (9) Extremely slender., long•l~gged species, wings, it present , uniformly eolored and teglnina 110re than 'T nm:i.shorter than hind wings. ( Genus Arethaea) • • • • • • • • ·• • • • • • • ( 8) s. Feml!lles with much longer ovipositor (6.2•5.4 mm.) which curves gradually upward. • ••• • •• • • • Aretha.ea e2t'.:otera Heb. Females with shorter ovipositor which 18 bent, aiici no~ 'ourvecl ' er•dually upward ••••••• Aretha•• §ra.oi,li,E!s e;raeiU.pea (Thom.)

9. Tegmina. light green with seven to eight bar.ids of white and a darker shade of green. • •• • •. Inaara ele,ana ele,•n• (Scudd.) Tegmina without oontrasting l:anda. Insara elegana oonauet e~(Soudd.) 10. Ter,mina long and rutrrow, bQt little wider at middle than at apexi tastigium between antennae little wider than first antennal segment •••••••• Soudderia turoata furoitera Soudd. Tegmina diat1notly wider at Bliddle th'an at apex; t'ast!glum much wider than ttret antenn.a.l aegaent. • ••• • ••••••• • • • • ••••••••••••• Miorooentrta rhomb1.fol1tun(Sause.)

11. Wings short, rarely longer than the pronotum and ot'ten, eapeotally in the fenale., rudimentary or wanting ••• • • • • • (12) Wings fully developed., extending tar beyond the tip ot the abdomen in both sexes. (Genus Capnobotes) ••• • ~ . . . • (13) 12. Pro1ternum armed with a pair ot indistinot spines, sharply triangular (Pl. v, Fig. S) ••••••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • EremoJ>.!e•~eph1E21atua eph1J!E~atus (Soudde) Prosternum unarmed.. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (15) 15. Larger, at leaat 60 mrn.J last dorsal segment ot abdomen deeply divided apically., the angles forming attenuated prolongations extending over the supra-anal plate, almost or quite reaching the tip; umer wings rather unif'orml.y and deeply filiginous. • • Capn.obotes t"uliginosus (Thom.) Smaller, under 50 ••• last dorsal sei';Jll8nt of abdomen less deeply divided apically, the flllEles torlning prolongations scarcely exceeding the middle of th• supra-anal plate; under wings generally less tuliginous in the posterior Field •• • •• (14) 184 lfr• General oolor brown or faun. • • • • Ca.eobotea oooidentalis (Thom.) General oolor green or greenish. Capnobotes oooRente.Ila virfclia Cook. 16. Pronotwn without indications or lateral earinae on the anterior halt or indicated only by oolor ••• • ••••• • • • (16) Pronotwn. with persistent lateral oarinae (except sometimes on the lateral fourth).• ••• • • •••• •. •. • • • {20) 16. Hind femora, e:xcept young specimens, less than twice at long as the pronotum. • • • • • • • • • • • • Anabrus simplex Bald. Hind femora more than tw1oe as long aa the pronotw1i. • • ~. · • • • (l"t) l?. 'l'egm.ina or t'emale not projecting beyond pronotW11, ot male re.rely projecting one-halt the length ot pronotum ••• • •. (18) Togmina. of female projecting somwhat beyond pronotun, of male projecting one•balf or more.than one-halt' the length of pronotum. {Genua Idil'.:latatue) ••• •. • •••• • • (19)

18. Sise large, pron.eta 12 •• or more in lengthJ pronotwn with distinct lateral and median oarinae on the posterior halt1 posterior femora less than two and one•half time• as long ae pronotumJ OYipositor ourved lightly upwaJ"d..Anabrua aimplex Hald. Size smaller. pronotum 8 m.. or leas in lengthJ pronotium without carinae on the posterior halt'; posterior femore JllOre than two and one-halt times as long as pronotum; ovipositor usually more notioeably ou"ed upward•••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • EreaoJ?!

19. Internt.l apical tooth or male oerous very long and slightly inouned, the tooth allllost the length or the cercus ••••• • ••••• • •••••••••••••• • ldiostatue hendersoni Beb. Internal tooth muoh shorter than the length o? t6e ceraus •••• • ••• • ••••• • •••••••••• Idioetatue variaga.ta ce.ud.

'20. Bind temora short, less than twice as long as pronotum; posterior tibiae with four apioal spines below. {Genus Plagiostira). ~. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. •. •. •. ••• • 2) Hind femora long. twice or more as long as pronotum. (!(M)1 21. Lateral lobes of,pronotum deolivant, slightly so in Steirw.:ya J posterior :te:m.ora three or more times as long as pronotum. much swollen in basal halt •••• • • •• • • • • {23} Lateral lobes ot pronotum perpendicular, or almost so; posterior femora little if ar.iy more than twice as long as pronotum. (Genus Plagiottira) ••••••• • ••• ••• • (22) 22. Pronotal disk distinctly :more tha.n one and one•haU time• aa long as its greatest width. the lateral oarinae parallel or scaroelr perceptibly bowed outward. the diak reotangular. • •• • ••• Pl:!iostira al bonotata albonotata Scudde Pronotal disk no more than one a one-Halltiiiiee as long as the greatest width. the lateral carinae distinotly bowed outward in the middle, the disk subonlte ••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Plagiostira gillettei caucl. 185 2s. Tegm.ina well developed, overlapping abo"V'eand projecting about one-half the length or pronotum in both sexes. •. • •• • •• • • • • • • • ••••••••••• Clinopleura melanopleura soudd. Tegmina of feJnfl.le forming slightly projecting lateral pads, widely separated above. (Genus SteU-oxya) ••••••• • ••• (24)

24. Apical tooth ot ma.le oer~u• abrupt, not broadly curved; tip or ovipositor roughened with minute serrations; abdonum sometimes with a oonapicuous series ot V•thaped black epote ••••••• • •••• • ••• Steir!!¥';• trilineatus (Thom.) Apical tooth of male oercua broadly ouned, Inner tooili .. snallJ ovipositor WJ.arm.edapically. Abi.omen not oru.mented with V-sha~ black spots. • • • • Steiro&• pallidi:palpus (Thom.) 26. All tarsi four-segmented ••••••••• • •••••••• • •• (28) front or tront and hi:nd tarsi three-segmented, the two proximal aegmenta being .fuaed. • •• • ,. ••• • • •• • ,. • • (27)

26. Doru.l surface of front t1bia unarmed except at apex. {Genus ceuthophilua) ••••••••••••••••• ,. ••••••• {29) .Doreal aurfaoe or front tibia with a stout aput slightly distad 01' middle ot front margin •• • • • Udeopsylla robnsta (Hald.)

27. Front tarsus e.lone three-segmented. • : • Daihiniodes he.st iferum 'Rehn Both front and hind tarsi three-eegmented~ • ,. • ••• • • •. • (28) 28. Dorsal ruargin or hind tibia with five relatively short., nry hea"'Y apUl"s (exclusive or QaloarsJ, theae rather widely separated.; large. robust, hea:viq aoleroti.zed. , (Pl. V, Fig. 6) ••• • • • • • • • •. • • Daihinia brevipes Hald. Dorsal mrgins or hind t1bie. with sev•n very long spva (exclusive ot caloars), closely crowded in distal half or t 1 bia (Pl. V, Fig• 7). • • • Ammobaenetes pbrb:aonemoid•• ( caud •)

29. Subgenital plate diYided into lateral halves by a oontinuoua median fold or euloua (Pl. v, Figs. 8 &llO) ••• • • (30) Subgenital plate undivided by a median sulc ua. but often separated by a elert or notoh at the apex {Pl. v. Fig. 9). •• ($5) so. Lobes or aubgenital plate with a anemhra.nous area bordering diatal portions or •dian sulcua •• • •••• ,. •••••••• (31) Lobes of subgenital plate entirely oorneous; distal portions ot median auloua not bordered by a distinot membranous area •••••••• • ••• • ••••• • ••••• {34) 31. Projection ot 10th tergite a narrow• aubtriMgular lob•• longer than proximal breadth. extending past mid•length ot oeroua • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ceutho~i.lua gertaohi Hu.bb. Projeotion ot 10th tergite eubquadrate• distally runcate ' or more or lees deeply emarginate, at leaat aa broad as long, and not extending to mid-length of cercus., ••••••• (52) 186 s2. Epiproot distinctly and rather narrowly notched at apex (Pl. v. Fig. 17). • • •••••••• ceuthophilua ari1onensie soudd. Epiproot aubtrunoat• or weakly and. broadly emarglnate at apex. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,, • • • , • • (33) 33. Both genioular lobes of hind femur normally dentioulate, coloration very pale. or dorsally reddish-brown. weakly transverse-banded. • • • • • • • • Ceuthophilua uiifuioulatus caudal genicular lobe of hind femur alone normallyaen!oufate, front lobe rarely with an inconspicuous denticle; coloration usually transversely band od, ciorsum pale to brownish ...ye llow • oooasio~..e.lly darker- •• • ••• •. • Ceutho;e!:ilua utaheneis Thom. 34• Aurioulae ot paeudosternite either small, flattened lobe:,. or flanges extending sonl.8 distance down sides of n.rn1 (Pl. V, Fig. ll) ••••• • •••• •. Ceuthophilue mormoniua HUbh. Aurioulae of paeudosternite either small lo&i sltuared. oloae together near median line, or veey large, oristate, strongly elevated lobes {Pl. V, Fig. 14) 11 • • • • • • • • • • • •. •. • •• •. •. • ••• • •• Ceuthofhilua wa.eatahenaia Hubb. ss. Cephalic car1na ot front femur ornamented with a row ot nodules or dentioula.tions in addition to the movAble distal spur,, these nodules usually numerous •••••••••• • • • • • • • ••••• • • • • • ..• • • • Ceuthofhilua toaaor Hubb. Cephalic oarina ot tront femur not noduloae •••• ~ •••••• (36) se. Ventral oarinae ot hind temur terminated just proxi-.d or baae of genicular lobes by deep incision of martin.• ••••• • • • • • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • • Ceutholhilu1 lamelli!?!a Rehn Ventral oarinae or hind temur not as in alte:rnat ve. ·•••••• (3?) S?. Ventral oarina ot hind tarsus armed with a row of short, bristle-like setae extending at least two•thirds or wa.y to apex. • • • • • • • • • • • • Ceuthol?P;ilus t'u.eif'ormis Soudd. Ventral oarina of hind taraue glabrous exoept'lor proximal group or setae •• • ••••• • ••••••••••• (38) 38. Upper sur.face or pseudoaternite furniGhed with a pai1• or dorso-lateral aurioulae {Pla V, Fig. 13). • •. •. • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • C♦uth.ophilus oaudelli liub'b. Upper surface or pseudosternite without dorsolateral aur1oulae, but with a low median rounded•tranaverae eminence (Pl. V, Fig. 12). • • • • • • • Ceuthophilua h•be.rdi Hubba 181

SUBFAMILYPRANE ROPTERIWAE Round•Beaded Katydids

Genus Inaara Walker

Inaara elegans elegans (Scudder) 1900. Mesquite Katydid.

Hormilia eleea,ns Scudder, Proo. Davenp. Aoad. Soi • ., 8196.

Reoorda I Thia species has ne.ver been collected 1n the state ot

O'tah~ but ha• been collected in Arizona at Littlefield (Ball, et al, 1942).

!egmina light green with seven to eight l:and• ot white and a darker shade ot green, abdomen with small lateral bla.ok: markings.

Length ot body1 male 14-16., female 16-l8J length of tegmina1 male 21•24., female 26•27 s length of hind re111oraa -.le 18•20, female u,-22. Thia species, hypothet1oal for the state, live, on Mesquite, oat• claw and other apiny shrubs and trees or the deserts ot the southwest. It• distribution 1a t"rom.Arizona to lfexioo, In lfexioo, and southwestern Tena, and may eventually be ro~nd in Utah.

Insara elegana oonsuetipes (Scudder) 1900. Arethaea oonseutif!• Scudder, Canad. Ent., 321332.

Records t Bypothetioe.l tor the atate of Utah, ha:Villl; been collected in Arizona at Littlefield (Blll, et al, 1942).

Pale brownish-yellow to green, resembling eleEan~ but laokillg the markings on the tegmine.e

Length or body, male 16•19, female 15-201 length ot tegmina1 male 23-26, feinale 26-28J length ot hind tel\Oraa •le 19-21, :female 20-25. This species is found on Tarious plants including me1quite, willow, arrcmreed, creoeote bUah and low coinpod tea (Ball, et al, 1942). The di•• tribution inolUdes Arizona to Oalitornia and Nevada. 188 Genu, .Aretha.ea Stal

Aretha.ea oe,;otero Hebard 1935.

Arethe.ea. ooyotero He bfl.rd• Trane. >.mer• Ent • Soo •, 611132 • Reoord1, H;ypothetioal f'or the state. having never been collected in Utah. Winge strongly oaudate in males, very- greatly- reduoed in females.

Females more rob\lat. Pronotwn with caudal margin of dbk broa.dl.r convex and male oeroi with in.bent apical portion formed by a rather slender tooth which is no wider proximad truui mesad. FEllllaleswith much longer ovipositor

(5.2•5•4 mm.) than 1n graeilipea, which curves gradually Ul'lf8.rd.

Length ot bodyt male 12•15, f'em.ale 15-18; length of' ter,mna, male

19•21,. romale 3-41 length ot hinfl remora, male 11•2511 rems.le 21-25. In diacussing the species Hebard (1936&) 1tatea that it ttmay eventually be found east as tar as extreme southwestern utah". It has,. •• yet, not been collected in the state.

Arethaea grao1lif!• graoillpea (Thomas) 1870. Ephippityt;ha gl"aollipes Thomas, Proo. Aoad. Nat. s01. Phi.la •• 1870, P• 18.

Synonozny 1 .Arethaea oonstricta soudder and Cockerell.

Record.a, GARFIELDCOU11'1'Y' • Escalante ii"fer, mouth of Calf Creek,

August 1, 1939 (It. P • Chandler} J WASllllDfOW COU'Nff, Zion National Park,

July 1, l925J August 1951 (Vaaoo M. Tanner, Arthur F. Bruhn). Size small1 tom very elongate. Tegmina about one and one-halt times the lex:igth of the body, appreciably narrower at the proximal third than at the distal fourth. Exposed portion of wings surpassing tegm:lna by about twice pronotal le:rtGth. Hind legs nearly .four tilles as long as body. General color or body uniform, ranging from greenish to brownish. 189

Length or bodyt ma.le 13•16, fe•l• 14-191 length of tegm.na, male

21•25, female 22-241 length ot hind fem.ore., male 23•28, felll&.le26-28.

This species is distributed from Utah and Colorado to Oklahoma,

Texas and New l!exioo.

Soudderia turoata turoit'era Scudder 1898. Fork-tailed Katydid.

Soudderia turoifera Soudder, Proo. Amer. Aoad. Arta. Soi., S3t282. Synono~, !• faaoiata aeutenmullerJ Spilaoria J1.taoulatua Rehn and Cooker$ll.

Published records I Rehn (1906}, Henderaon (1924).

Additional record.a I UTAHCO'Ulfff, (110 locality), Sep:tember 19$2

(Vasco K. Tanner} J WASHIWO!OJIcomrrr, Zion National Park:, July 10, .August

1951 (Vasoo tit. Tanner; Arthur F. Bruhn).

Pronotal dhk uniform. yellowiah•greenJ tegm.ina long and narrow, but

little broader at middle the.n apex. Forks or last abd01ninal segment spherioal, nearly as long as broad,.

Length of" body, both ma.le and female 43-46.

This apeoies is distributed through Utah, Arizona and Nevada to

southern California, and ee.st to Colorado and Texas.

Soudderia texena1s Sauaaure and Piotet 1897.

Thia apeoies was reported from. Utah~ Scudder, but the known dia•

tribution is trom Montana, Wyoming, Kansas and Texas east, to Jleine alld

Florida. Rehn and Hebard (19141b) reported of' the Utah record, "We feel

certain that it soud.der•s record tor t.he species from Ogden, Utah, is

oorreot, it is baaed upon an accidental importation or some sort.• 190 Genus Miorooentrum Scudder

Mio:rooentrum rhom.bitolium (&mssure) 1669. (Pl. V, Figa. l & 6)

1'vlloptera (Orophua) :rhombitolium Sauaaure., Re'V'e Mag. Zool., 1859., P• 204. Synonomy, -M. -----laurif oliwn Scudder, -M. att1J1atum soudder. Reoorda I JUAB coum, Eureka (W. D. Stanton), MILLARDCOUNTY, Fillmore ( TrUJ.1\8.nswallow); WASHINGTONcounr, St. George, September as, 19231 September 1961 (Vaaco u. Tanner; Arthur r. Bruhn) and z1on National

Park, August 19281 July 1951 (Vasco M. ,'anner, Arthur F. Bruhn).

Size large, tho sexes aubequal. Dark grass-green. ~ading to green• ish-yellow or dull olay-yellow. Tegmina broad., distinctly wider at middle than at extreme apex. Front margin of pronotum with a median tooth. Length ot bodys male 50, re-.le 63. This speo1es is widely distributed in the southern United states from the Paoitio Coast to the eastern United State• and north to Utah, Colorado and Ianaas.

SUB.FA.MILTCONOCEPHALIDE

Meadow Graashoppctra

Genus Conooepbalua Thunberg

• Conooephalus fasoiatus 'ri.cinus (Morse) 1901. (Pl. V, Fig. 4)

Xiphidium. vioinwn Morse, Oanad. Ent., 3St20S.

Synonoqr t !• vioinlD'll Eroduot~ M.orse • neooTds, GARFIELDCOtml'Y, Steep Creek• Boulder Mountain, elevation

9500 feet, June 1936 (Vasco M. Ta:nner)1 JllA.8 COUNTY,Eureka (W. n. Stanton) and Callao (Vasoo M. 1'1.rmer), UI:rr.t'AHCOUNff, Vernal (Rowland Rigb,y)J UTAH COUNTY,south Fork, Provo Canyon (Vasoo M. Tanner),. Provo and Environa 191

(o. Wilford Olsen), D1videtld (Vh D. Stanton). Aspen Grove, BrU Campus,

Tirnpanogoa (Vasoo M. Tanner), Spanish Fork (JJ. Elmo Hardy) and Springville1 WASHI?X¾TONcoum, st. Georee, August 19251 Uay1960 (Vaaoo M. Tanner,

Andrew H. Barnum), nurr1oane (Vasoo M. Tanner) and Zion National Park. July 1961 (Arthur F. Bruhn).

Color green, with a brown band extending baokn.rd trosa between the

compound eyes to the tip ot th• pronotum (thb band is narrow 1n tront. but widens ae it extends' backward). Tegllina reaching the tips or the hind temora or falling short of them as muoh as S ••

Length ot body t m.al• 16, female 25.

Th• habitat ot this species ii in very damp meadows. Its color is

an almost perteot protection. Instead of flying, it makes long quick jUlllpa into the tall grass to hide. These insects are often so nUl'llerouein the

meadowa of Utah as to be of' eoonornio importance 1n these areas. The dis• tribution includes the United states, west to the region of the Paoifio

Genus Orohelhlum. Senille

Orohelimwn gladiator Bruner 1891. OrcheliJI\\Ul'llgladiato~ Bruner, Canad. Ent., 23111. Synonomy1 .Q• manitobenae walker.

Reoorda, CACHECOU1fl't,. Loga.n. August 9, 1922, August 7, 1942

(B. e. Whitu:er, George Fa Knowlton), Welln1.lle, September 13, 19!4 {w.w. Henderson) and Lewiston, Aug\Ult 22, 1921 (G. E. King), all speoblens being found in the USACoolleotion.

Pale transparent grass~green throughout with dark brown markings on

the oooiput and disk of pronotum. Oviposi tor of female robust with a straight dorsal outline. 192

Length or bodyt male 11, female 18-201 length of tegminaa male

19-23, female 19•211 length ot hind femoraa male 12-14, female 15.5•11. Thie species is distribl.lted oYer the northern United state, and

Southern canada fran Montreal to Maine and Maaaaohusettes, west to Washing• ton and California•

SUBFAMILYTETTIGONIINAE (Dectioinae)

Shield-Dearer■

Genus capnobotes Scudder ca;enobotea tuliGinoaua (!hotnas) 1812. Loousta fuliginoee. Thoma.a,Ann. Rept. u.s • Geol. Sun. Terr., 51443.

Publ18htd reoorda t Tinkham (1944) •

Additional Reoorde t GRANDcoum, AJ'ahes National MonWll8nt, July 15, 1950 (Doral.d M. Allred), KANEcoum-., fhe Hall, Escalante r>esert. June 1936 (Vaeco •• tanner )J WASBilnTOJfCOU'ffl', Zion National Park, August 1951 (Vasoo M. Tanner, Arthur p. Bruhn).

Body and fore wings mottled crayJ hind wings sooty. Ceroi long and narrow wtth two apical internal hooks• Ovipoeitor d1etinotly ahorter than hind fem.ore..

Length of bod.ya male 51, female 63.

This th8Jllnophilous speoiea appears to be atriotly nocturnal in habitJ the host plant varies aoeording to the desert habitat. When annoyed it raises its tegmina and wings over its laok 1n a defiant attitude.

The distribution is trorn Utah and .Arisona to Nevada, Oalitornia and

Me:doo. 193 Cannobotes ooci.dent&lis (Thomaa) 1872. toouata oooidentalis Thomas, Ann. Rept. u.s. Geol. Surv. Terr., 61444.

PUbliehed record.st Soudder (189T) and m.aey more reoent publioationa.

Additional reoorda i IEAVER COUN'n',. Milt"ord, June J JUAB couwrr•

Fieh Springs (D Elden Beok)J UTAHCOUffl' 11 Provo, September (Vaaoo M. Tanner),

WASHING~ONCOtmrr• Zion National Park, July 1961 {Arthur F. Bruhn). Gray, mottled with flecks or white, especially on the tegmina.

Differs from fuliginosua by lacking black wings, muoh smaller si%e and longer ovipoeitor in the f'eale. Th• male oe:rous ia apically armed with a short internal spine with proximally a large subapioal internal prong.

Length of bodyt both male e.nd fem.ale 50-55.

?hie is a Great J3lsin speoittS round in the desert and juniper- pinon areas of Utah, northern Arizona, .Nevada, Oalito:rn1a, '.NewMexico and southern Ida.ho.

Capnobote~ oco1dental1a v1ridis Cockerell 1904. Thi• ia merely the green-winged phase of the preoeding specie• &nd should not be considered as a separate race, as reported previously for the

1tate (Henderaon 1924).

Genus Plagiostira Scudder

Plagioatira albonotata albonotata Scudder 1876.

Plagiostira. e.lbonotate. Scudder• Ann. Rept. Chief Img., P• 501.

Published reoordu Tinkham (1944).

Additional record.a a JUAB COUNTt, Callao, June 1928 (Vaaeo M. TtlnnEll"),

D••P Creek Mountains, June 1928 (Vasoo JJ. Tanner), a.nd Trout Creek ( Blaine Moore). 194

Body oolor grayisb•greenJ legs and ovipositor pale green, head pale green with a white streak just below the eye and the lower margin of the gen.a.a and. with two white stripes on oooiput. Lateral keel• of pronotum prominent. Length or bod.ya male 26, female 50. This thamnophilous &peoies live& in bushes on the eastern section of the Great ~sin Desert• It is nocturnal and found o:tten on ra. bbit brush, sacebrush e.:rd snakeweed. Its distribution inoludes utah, Arizona., Colorado and New Mexico.

Plagioati~ gillettei Caudell 1901. Pl~iostira gillette~ Caudell, Proo. u.s. kt. Mus., 32,892. Publiehed records, Tinkha.111.{1944).

Additional record.ea BF.AVERCOUlft'!', M1ltoNiJ GARFIELD COlJITr • fen Mile and The Hall, Escalante Desen, June 1936 (Vaaoo u. Tannerh MD...LARD county, Deeeret and Delta, August 194.9 (Dora.ld M. Allred.),, Garrlson, July 1949 (Vasco M. Tanner) and Marjum Pass., July 31, 1948 (Dorald M. Allred)J WASHUIJTO!lcoum. Zion National Park (ArthUT F .·'Bruhn). Coloration yellow-brown with eunken area of pronot'Ull\ greenish aui posterior margins of abdom.inal segments edged with round black spot,.

Easily distinguished from al bonotata by its larger si&e and m.uoh broader and almost square pronotum..

Thia species 18 nocturnal e.nd thutnophilous and 1a tound in aage• brush and rabbit brush from extreme wegtern Colorado (the type looality ia

Grand Junction)., through Utah am into :trevada.

Genus Ana br.- Ba ldelDtlll

Ana brus s impla: Haldeman 1852. Rocky Kountain or MormonCricket• 195

(Pl. V, F1g. 2) Anabrue simplex Haldeman., stansb. Expl. Utah, P• 3?2.

Published reoords, Sinoe Hald8Wlnt1 original description of this speoiee 11 it hu appeared in publication more than any other apeciea ot Orthoptera found in the atate. tt has been oolleoted in the following oountiee (Sorenson and Thornley l988J Sorenson and Jeppson 1940)1 Box

Elder, Cache, Iron, Juab., Millard, Rich, Sanpete, Sevier. Tooele, and

Uintah. There are no additional county reoorde in the BYUcollection.

Dark brown, blaok or green: body very stout,. wings absent. OV1• podtor curTed upward and about the ume length a.a the hind femora.

Length of body, male 26 11 female 39. Thil species, appearing periodically ,u one or the most injurious of the Orthoptera in the state, teed.a on low suooulent vegetation and macy other plants as well as on other insects and dead an.1iaals. The distribution is widespread in the noJ-thern :RockyMountain ,tates, north to Canada.

Anabrus e Sm.plex ooloradua 'f'homae • This species waa reported by Henderson {1924) as -Ju coloradue, from the state. !he distribution ia mostly in Colorado but extends into New

Mexioo and Texas. Henderson's record tor the state ia probably 1n error •

.Anabrue purpurescens Uhler.

Thil species., flleo reported by Henderson (1924) 1a probably er:10neoua.

•• the 1naeot is reatrioted to east o~ the Rocky Mountains trom Montana.. Dakota and Manitoba, over the prairies and plains as tar as Kansas.

Genus Eremopec:les Scudder

~,!em.opedes ephippie.t,us eph1pEiatus (Scudder) 1899. (Pl. V, Fig. 3) 196

~aoo2teria ephippiata. Scudder. Proo. runer. Aoad. Arts Soi •• 35188•91. ; Synonom,1 -E. un1color Scudder. Records a ll:AVERCOUNTY,. .Beaver (Vasoo u. Tant1.er); CARllJNCOU'ffl' •

Prioe {Vasoo M. Tanner) J GARFIPlLDCOUNTY, .Rryoe Canyon ( Je.mes Y..artohner) f

GRANDCOUffl', Arches National Monument,. .August 10, 1940 (I>o:rald it. Allredh

KAME COtm'.l'Y.",Willow Tank:, Escalante Desert• Jtlne 1986 (Vasoo it. Ttumer )J

WASHING'l'ONCOUNTY, Vii.on National Park• Jttll" 1932.J July 1951 {Va.soo )(. Tanner;

Arthur F'. Bruhn).

Uniform reddiah•brow» 1n colors tegmina solid black with the post• er1or llltrgin edged with but.f1ahi oeroi broad with the outer margin slightly convex.

Length or body, JnAle 25• female 59•

Thia nocturnal spec 1es 1a pro be.hly thamnophiloua as well as being a scavenger on bits o.f organio matter (Tinkham 1944).

Genus Idio~tatus Piotet

Idiostatus hendersoni Hebard 1959.

Idioatatua hendersoni, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 65s173e

.Published records I Reba.rd (1939)1 '.l'inlchalll (1~44) • Type locality* Leamington, Utah. ?lo speoilnens a.re foUXld in the mu collection.

Medium to large in sbe a.nd rather robust in tom, recognized from other spe

Length ot body; 20•24J length ot tegmina1 4-4.SJ length or hind

Thia species inhabits the Great Salt Lake Valley region ot the 19'1

Great Blain desert, Its lite hirtory is not known.

Idiostatue variega~a Caudell 1907. ldiostatua 'Yarie!lata Caudell, Proc. u.s. 'Nat. Mu•.,S2 ,~B? • Reoorda • UiliTMl COUffl', Jensen, July 9, 1932 (0. J. Sorenson), 1n the USACcollection.

Color usually gre.yishJ cloeely related to hen.deraon1 1 inner margin of cerous gently oonoave to apex of the internal tooth, which is apioalJ apu: of oerous obliquely trunoat••

The range of this .-peeies is in southern Idaho (type locality,

Pooatello) and north•rn trtl.h on the northern edge ot the Great ~sin desert.

Genus Clinopleura Somder

Clinopleun. melan02leura (Scudder) 1894,

Steiro5'.:s melanopleura Scudder, Ann. Rep, Chief Eng., 18?&, p. 500.

Published. reoords t In the o:rig1u.l d1atr1but1on of the species., southern Cnlitornia and Utah were incluchld.. Jro specinene are tound in the

BfU oollection.

Color light yello'W'iah•'brown,. or by "Yariation.. dark brown. Abdomen and outer race of hind femora dightly darkened on eides. t.a.t•ral lobes ot pronotum deeply intueoated, except the lower and posterior ma.rgina which are always clear yellowish. Cerci of male with black ap1eel portion. nearly on~ha.lf as long as the main body, bent 1l'lffll.:rd.sa.nd e~t recurved. OVi• po■ itor straight,. ooneiderably less than posterior femore. in length, with smooth abruptly pointed apex. Length of pronotum, male s.5 ..7., tooiale 6.5-1 .6; length of hind remora, ll!ale 23 ...as, female 24-28; l~ngth or tegmneu hl&.le 3.• 5-4,. female 2.5-4J length of ovipositor, female 19-28. 198

Genus Steiroxys Hennan

Steiroxt~ P!1llidipa.lpus (Thom.as)1818. Deotious pa.llidi~lEs Thomas,. Ann. Rep. u.s. Geol. Su:rv. Terr • ., 5 ,4'2-44! • SynonomyI -S • henderaoni Caudell (Hebard 1934) • Published reoord•• Soudder (l894)J the ayno~, -s. hendersoni, waa deaoribed from Utah. Additional recorda1 CACHEcomr.rr, Logan CUJ¥on, Tol'l1'' Ranger Station, June 1926 (Vaaco •• fanner)r. BUMIIITCOUNff • Park City (O. Wilford Olsen). Color yellowish or light brown. posterior raora mottled more or leae with fusooua, lateral lobe• of pronotum in male •lightly intusoated posteriorly and with a yellow margin abO'flJthe sinua,. in temale leas die• tinot. Odpo1itor dark reddieh-brown, long, slightly cunred. upward a.ncl unarmed apically.

Length ot pronotum, male and female 11 length ot posterior remorat male 18.5-24.5,. female 19-201 length ot tegmina, ma.le 3.5., female l• length or ovipositor, female 1s.s-22. This 1peoie1 is widely distributed over the northern part of the state.

Steiroxy~ tr1lineatus (fllomaa) 1810.,

Thamnotrison tr1lineatua Thomae• Proa. Aoad • Bat• Soi. Phila •• l8TO• P• 76•

SynonomyI Deaticua.

Published. reoorda1 soudder (1894)1 Henderson (1924).

Additional reoorda1 OOXELDER COUffl'• Raft Ri"Nr .Mountains., eleva• tion 10.000 feet (Vasoo •• tanner)J CACHECOUlffY, Logan Canyon, Tony'• 199 Ranger Station, June 1926 (Vasoo M. tanner), SUMMITCOUlft'?, Park City (o.

Wilford Olsen), U'rAH COUffl' (no looality), WASATCHCOUlff'Y • Hirror Lake,

Uintah Mountain• (Vasoo M. Tanner).

Color dark bl-own or yellowish, usually with some lighter markings down dorawn, sometunes with a row or conapiououe V•she.ped. black marke down the top or the abdomen and a rC1fifof oblique dashes along the sides. Lateral lobes or pronotum generally bordered below and behind with yellowish. OV1• poaitor about as long as hind temora and curved upward, the tip abruptly tapering to a point and roughened by minute serration.a.

Length of pronotumt male 5.5-6, female 4.5•6s length or hind femora, male 18•19, female 16.5•19J length or tegmina., male 2-3, temale .s-1, length ot ov1pos1tor, female 16•~•• !hie apeoiee oocure over the allJllerange as the preceding epeoiea.

SUIPAMILY STE:NOPELMATIHAE Sam Crickets

Genus Stenopelmatua airm.eiater

Stenopelmatue tusoua Haldeman 1852.

Stenopelmatu11 fusous Haldeman. stanab. EXpl • Utah, P• 312.

SynonoDW, S. oe;ehalotee Walker J S. faso iatus Thomae; S. ocula tue SoudderJ !• ezdrocepha!ue :Erun.erJ !• oomanohua Saussure and Piotet.

Published :records I This species was originally described .from Utah as the synoeym -s. fuoiatus. In addition,. Henderson (1924) reported the synonym S • oculatua from 'Utah f'rom inf'omation derived from earlier publica- tiona. -

Additional records I lEAVER COUNTY,.Milford (D Eld.en Beok1 V•soo M•'

• y Tanner), GARFIELDCOU'ffl',. Eaoalante (Wilmer w. Tanner) J GRANDcomrrr, Moab 200

(D Elden Beck); IU1E COUNTY,Navajo Welle, September 6• 1961• from the nest or the desert pa.okrat (Meotoma lepid.a) (D Elden Beokh HIIUJU> coum, Sand

Dunes, north of I.ymldyl (Andrew H. Barnum.) and De10:rt Range Experi:rnent

Station (D Elden Beak), SAN JUANCOUffl', Natural .Bridges National Monument

(Vaeoo M. Tanner} and. Boar Ea.r1, Elk Ridge (Irvin RaauasenJ Vaaoo M.

Tanner) J SAN PE1'E COUffl.'Y',Ephrd.JDJ UINTAH COUlff • Vernal (Howard Cottam),

UTAHCOUNTY, '.PrOTO (W• D• Stanton), Vineyard (Va ■ co M. Tanner), Spanieh

Fork (Agnes Hardy) and Lehi (Va.Seo M. Tanner)J WASRINGTON'coum, Zion National Perk (Vasoo M. TannerJ Al"thur F. ~J .Andrew H. ~rnum), st. George (Vaaco x:. Tanner), and Enterprise (Andrew n. Bl.rn'Wll).

Yellowi1h and blaok in color, robuat and a111bard in appearanoe1 tegmina and wings abaent.

Length or body, both male atd fe•l• 37-43. Thie speoies, nocturnal and 1ubterre.nean 1n ha.bits, is found in eand.y areas over the state, It is wideapread 1n the western United stet es east to tansa11.

SUBFAMitrRB'.APHIDOfflORIKAE

cave or Camel Criokete

Genu■ Daihin1a Haldeman

Daihinia brnig~•. Haldeman 1850. (Pl. V, Fig. 6)

Pbalangof118 brevi;e!• Haldeman• Pt"oc • .Atner. Aun. Adv. S'-'1•• 24 Meet•• p. 346.

Reoord.11 DD COUlft't• Willow Taruc:,Eaoalante Desert, June 19:56 (Vaeoo u. Tanner)r WAYWECOUllff, Hanksville. May13. 1947 (Cn:wtord).

Large and :robust; males with re•rkably heavy posterior .femon.. which are aa broad as or broader than the pronotal length, tapering but veey 201 moderately at eithex- end and armed benoth on the apioal half ot the outer oarina with three or tour heavy spines, the inner carina with several small tubercles. Posterior tarsua with only three distinct segments.

Thia inaeot ocoura tro11 Louisiana (the type locality), north to

Wyoming and Worth Dakota and west to Utah.

Genus Da1hin1odea Hebe.rd

Daihiniodes hastiterum (Rehn) 1902.

Phrixoonemia haatit'erus Rehn., Ent. ?fews, 13&241.

Synonomyt Rhaohoonemia.

Record.ea KANECOUNTY, The Hall., Escalante Desert, Jun• 1956 (Vasoo M. Tanner), MILLARDoomr.rr, Delta, August 1949 (Dorald u. Allred). Front tar1i three-segmented.a hincl taraal segment, pl"Olonged post., eriorly beneath a1 very long acute angles,. OVipoaitor Yery ,hort and stout. doreal valveu abruptly truncate, with angle slightly upturned. and brie.f'ly aouminate. Bind tem.ora ot me.le very deep, with large heavy 11pine juat diatad of middle ot tront oarina. followed by smaller teeth. The distribution ot this apeoiea includes Utah, Arif:om, New l{ex1oo and Colorado.

Genus .Ammobaenetes Hubbell

.Arnrnoba.eneteaJ?!:!rixa.onemoides (Caudell) 1~07. (Pl, V, Fig. 7)

De.ihinia J?:lrixaonemoides Caudell, Ent. News., 18:ll•lS.

Reoo:rda • iEAVER COUNTY• Milford. ( D Elden Beok h D.lm COUNTY• '?he Hall, Escalante Desert, June 1936 (Vaaoo M. Tanner).

Front and hind tarsi three-seg11ente4. Donal margin• of hind tibiae with ueven very long apura, exclusive of oaloars, these olosely orowded. in 201

distal half of tih1a• the two proximal apurs rather widely separated, the four or five dhta.l spurs separated by intervals not or but little greater than the breadth or one or the spurs• Heditm to large, moderately eolerot• ieed. Generally unioolorou•• pallid to blaok.

Speoimena were round 1n a sandy ar• about three inches under the

sand. Onl7 one specimen ns found in eaoh hole. one-qut'U"t•r inch in dia• meter at the surface, which marked the position or the in.aect (D Eld.en Beok field notes).

rhe insect is fotm.d oYer the arid region• of the southwest from trtah and Arizona west to Oa.l.1.tornia and east to western Oklahoma and T••••

G&nue Udeope7lla Scudder

Udeopeflla rowata (Haldeman) 1650.

·· Phalangopsis {Daihinia) robuata. Haldelllan• Proo. Amer~ Assn. Adv. Soi., 2d ileit., P• 346.

Synon

Published reoorda, Fir11t reported tl'om utah by Thomae (18'1), Henderson (1924). Jro additional trtah records in the sru oolleation. Dorsal surface ot f'ront tibia with a ,tout apu:r slightly distad ot

ID.iddle ot front margins hind tibia armed with five to nine spura 1n addition to the apical pair. Large. rol:liat and heavily sole:rotbed. General oolor 1-·\=i_··:,(· ranging from dark brown to medium reddirb.•brown, aoatbw1 notioeably marked with blaold.ah.

Thia speoie1 is diatributed wer, th•:•prairie a.nd Great Plains. weat to the Rooq Mountain ate.tea. 203 Genus Ceuthophilus Soudder

Ceuthophilus utahensia Thomas 1816. (Pl. V, Fit• 8)

Ceuthophilus ut11hensis, Proc. na.venp. Aoa.d. Nat. soi., lt264. Synono~, £.• uni!'onnis Scudder, £.• valgus Scudder.

Publ1ahed reoord11 Deeoribed by Thomas from apeoimene collected hi Utah.

Addit ion.al reoorda, CAROONCOUffl';, Prioe (Va1100 M. Tanner-) J GARFIELD

COUNff, .Aquarius Plateau, eleYa.tion 9000-10.,000 feet., June ).936 (Vaaoo ». Tanner) and Escalante River, mouth of Calf Creek, July 1939 (H.P. Chandler),

!CABECOUNff, Kanab (D Elden Beok), $.AH PETE COUlff, Wt. Pleasant (D Elden

Baokh UtAli COURff, Soldier Summit., Pro'Vo (D. E. John11on1 Andrew H. Blm'Um.)., Sp&nbh Fork (Boraoe Bardy), All18r1can Fork canron, september 25, 1951 (D Elden Baolc), and Aspen Gro·Ye, BrU Campus, Timpanogaa (Vaaoo M. Tannor1 c.

Lynn Hayward), WASHINGTONcomr.rr, Zion National Park, August 1926s July

1951 (Vasoo M. TannerJ Arthur F• .BrUhn). The holotype of this species 1'11lsone male fron Mt. Nebo, Jua.b county, colleoted in Auguat by J. »• P'Utnu1. Thia is believed to have been destroyed and Hubbell (1936) designated a neot;ype, •we, Ji.epen Grove, sunm1er campus or :Br1t;he.m.Young University., Mt. 1'impm ogoa, Utah co., utah, Alt. approx. 8,000 ft., v. M. Tanner••

Diat1nguiahable from all near relatives by the small, doraolateral e.urioula.e, a.nd the oYipoeitor. Ind1Tidue.l variation in d.se and degree ot armament ot the hind temore. ooours • ll'oderately ro hist, legs moderately long, rather stout. Dorsal aurtace subglabroua, sparsely covered with erect setae on abdomen, weakly polished. General impression yellowish•brOWJl with weakly contrasted pattern on pronotwn and transverse-banded abdomen

{itt some individuals the pattern praotioally disappears). 204

Length of body, 12. the female abd.lar to the ale. This ie one or the moat widely distributed and most primitive epeoiea 1n the genus and ii found in Utah, Colorado, Arirona and Idaho. ceuthophilus mormon1uaHubbell l9S6. (Pl. V, Figs lO & ll) ceuthophilus mormonius Hubbell, u. Fla. J>Ubl•• Biol. Boie Ser •• II, P• 89•90. l'Ublished records, Hubbell (1936). nolotype• male,. stookton•

Tooele Cotm'f.'J,, Utah, July 19141 Allot)'pe, female, same locality, August

1914. All s~oimens exrunined by Hubbell 'W8re !'rom tho same looality. No epeoi•ns a.re tound in th• MU collection.

Size rather am.all, body length 12 •• Dorsal surf-.oe Sl!tOoth, moderately ..poliahed, subgla brous. Femalea ebdlat- to males• Coloration without well-defined pattern of darker markings.

This speoies is known only from the type looality in Utah. ceuthoJ:hilu• naatohenais Hubbell 1936. (Pl. v, Fig. 14:) Ceutho~ilue wasatchenais Rubbell. u. Fla. Publ., Biol. Soi. Ser., Il, P• lo!•mi• PUbl.1shed records: HUbbell (1956). Holotype, male• Provo, uta.h

County, Utah, Vaeoo M. Tanner. The female ot the ,peoies is unknown. No speoimens are found 1n the :srucollection. Coloration deetroyed 1n the type specimen through preservation in alcohol. The species probably occurs 1n rocky eanyone am e.apen-oonifer forests 0£ th,e Wasatch Mountaina,. east or Provo (Hubbell 1936). The only

Cetithophilue unguioulatua Hubbell 1936. Ceutho2hilua, unguiculatua }!Ubball. tt. Fla. PUbl., Biol. Sci. Ser., II, P• 2il•!4!':. 205

Published records I li'Ubbell (1936). Bolotype, tuflle, Stockton, Tooele County, utah, October, allotype. female, Salt Lake City, Utah, JUne

16, 1914, L. P. Rookwood. Vo epecimene are found 1n the l3f1J oolleotio:n.

Rather small and robust, legs short and stoutJ coloration very pale with indbtinat brownish mottlings on surf"aoe ot pronotu111 and on

abdominal tergitea. Female more Blander, lees rowat than male. Length or body, male 12, fem.ale 10. This species inhabits th• arid basin ot the Great Salt Lake, the

body tom indicating a burrowing he.blt. '!'he speciea problbl.y occupies the

zone between the forested mountPin dopes and the extreme desert (Hubbell

1936).

CeuthoJ!hilua a.rizonensia Souddei- 1894. (Pl. V,, Fig. 17)

. . Ceuthophilus al"i :onensil soudder, .Proo. ND.er. Aoad. Arts sci•• 30t52•53.

Published reoords t Scudder (1894). St. George, Washington County•

April 1•12, l female listed as paratype. Hubbell (1936) questioned this determination. No specimens t.re found in the BYUoolleotion.

Mee.rly uniform cinnU1on rutou1, with parts or body end legs slightq

pe.ler, w1th darker brownish markings on body. rhh small species is closely

related to gertechi, dit:fering :from it in the featurtt1 of the ml• genitalia. The female ot gertach1. though unknown. probably closely resembles ariaonenais,

but can be separated b:, the muoh longer, more slender ca.udef·ttbial spur1 11

longer m.etataraue, and shorter second and longer fourth hind tarsal segment ■•

Length or body, male 8, female 10. The f'emale agrees with the

ma.le, wt with shorter, more slender lege.

The dietr1rut1on of this species is liJ!lited to Arirona and New

Me~ico. rut •Y also include Utah and Nevada if the published records nre

correct. 206

Ceuthophilua gertaoM Hubbell 1936. (Pl. V, Pig. 16) Ceuthothilus §ertaoh1 Hubbell, u. Fla. Publ., Biol. Soi. Ser., II, PP• !So-25 • Published records, Hubbell {1936}. nolotype, male,. Bluff, San

Juan County, Utah. April 16, 1928, W. J • Gertsch,. No 111:pecilllens a.re found in the BrU ooll•ot1on.

closely allied to but differs from e.rir.onensil'J by the nUll& g;enitali.a, as given in the key. It agrees with this species in sue and form, colon.• tion, elongate spurs and claws and in other features.

Onl;y one specimen is known, which Gertaoh tound in 1rripted. la.nd near Blurt. ceuthophilue t'\\aiformis Soudder 1894.

Ceuthophilus .fusiformis f:cudder,. Proo. Amer. Acad •. o1us. Soi • ., 30162-63. Published reoorclat Hubbell (1936),

Additional records , '!'O()'p:l.ECOlJffl.T • Stockton, .AUguat 19151 VIE!ER COUffl', Ogden, April 7, 1915 (w:. w. Henderson) (determinations made 1" Hubbell).

Small .. co111paot and robust with very short, stout l•t:•• Coloration brownish-yellow, usually l:ie.ndedwith darker brown along the terg1tes, varying from pale to extensively infuaoatedJ legs pale even in the most deeply colored individual••

This epeoies is widely d'istributed and variable in its n.nce .from the prairie region west to Northern Utah.

Ceuthophil~a caudell1 Hubbell {1936). {Pl. V, Fige.9 & 13) Ceutho£hilua oaudelli Hubbell, u. Fla. l'Ubl., Biol. Soi. Ser., 11, PP at-us. 20'1

Publiehed reoords, Hubbell (1936). Holotype. male, Weber canyon, Morgan County, Utah, April 8, 1928, w. J. GerteohJ allotype, feale with the same data.

Ji,dd.itional reoorcle • ,n ELDER OOUffl', Ra.ft River l{ounte.ins, elevation 10,000 teet, June 1928 (D Elden Beok)J CAOHBCOUN'l'Y, Summit, Logan Caeyon, June 1926 (Va.aoo M. !ann•rh JUAB COUlffY, Eureka (w. n. Stanton) and.

Deep Creek Mountain•• JUl'J.e1928 (Vasoo H. 'l'anner) J UTAHcomnr, P.rOYo Bench

(Vaeoo M. Tanner) J WASATCHCOUllff I Uintah Mountains, Mirror Lake (Va.soo M.

Tanner). 'l"heBe speoilllens, determined ~ Hubbell., are snarked as para.types.

Small, pale, robu,t and with very short legs. Very much like hebardl in appearance, the feme.les or the two being probably almoat insepar- able, though the males are easily distinguished by the very different pseudosternites (Hubbell 1936). The distribution ia restricted to the region north and east of the

Salt Lake Blain, to l'fyoming and Idaho.

Ceuthophilua hebl.rdi Hubbell 1936. (Pl. V, Fig• 12)

Ceuthophilua heba.rdi Hubbell, tJ. FlA., Publ., Biol. Soi. Ser., II 11 pp 451-i!b.

Published reoorde1 Hubbell (193&). Holotype, male, the Mainmoth. top of Parowan Mountain1 1 Iron County, Utah, 101 000 teet, July 1921 (Knaus.

Nininger, and Hoover)J female not described. lo speoiltl4ltu, a.re f'ound in the

B'fU collection.

Almost 1dent1oal to oaudelli, but distinguished by the tom ot the pseudostern.ites as e:iven in the key. 'rhe similarity of the males makes it probable that the temales will be ver-y hard to distinguish. rhoee !'ema.les i'rom the Tooele Valley and f:rOll'l '.Fhu•ekawere pboed with cttudelli ~ IIubbell

"after r,1uch hesitation"• 208 Thia apeoies oooupiee a discontinuous range extending from the salt

Lake Buin to southern Nevada.

Ceuthoehilu~ toesor Hubbell 1936. Ceuthophilus tossor HUbbell, U. Fla. Publ., Biol. Soi. Ser., II• PP• 484-'48U. ' Publiahed reoord11 Hubbell (1936). One male recorded from Beaver

Dam• Utah, aa oalif'o:rniall'U8 by Scudder in 1894, 'n.8 re.tarred to thb species

~ Hubbell.

Additional reoorda t W.ASHINOTOJ!COtJm', Gratton, April 5, 1961

( D. Elden Blok and 0. Lynn Ba~rd} and !eaTer nama lope am ••h near

T•rl"Y's Ranch, April 11-18, 1962 (Wilmer W'. tanner, .Andrew H. Barn'Wll). Dra. Beck and Hayward found one male and one female at night on a ll8Jlllll8.ltrap

.feeding on the oatmeal used to bait the trap, a second female was taken from inside a rodent htrrow. Specimens trom the :Beaver Damslope were found under rock•• Coloration nearly unitonn ohamoia, honey yellow or oohraoeoua butt with the oaudal margins of the tergites rather broadly but very faintly darkened (Hubbell 1936).

The distribution ot thia species is Arizona, Nevada. cali!'ornia and southwestern Utah• in those areas previoualy reported tor oe.U.fornianus •

Ceuthophilus lamell1pe• Rehn 190'1.

ceuthophilus lamellipes Rehn» Proo. A.oad. N•t. Soi. Phila.., 59178•80• Published reoord11 Hubbell (1916). Morris, Tooele county. Utah.

4350 feet. S•pt•ber 10, 1928 11 Be bard. 2 ma.lea 11l female, and 22 juveniles.

10 apeoiHn• are found in the BrU 0011-,.ctlon. Size llOderate to small, moderateq robust, thorax slightly depresaedJ legs rather short. hind temora with ventral ca:rinae greatly flattened.. 209

Coloration yellowish, marked with brownish stripes and ma.oulation•• Female agree• •1th male except ror being smaller and leas robust. Length of body, male 14.5. female 15.

This species inhabits desert situations in a dieoontinuoua range through Utah and Ar11ona.

Ceuthophilua oalitornie.nua soudder.

Previously reported from Utah (Scudder 1894) • this species is con-- fined m.ore to the west. These specimens are assigned by HUbbell (1936) to foaaor.

Ceuthophilus ~lid~~ Thomas.

Reported. from Utah lw' Henderson (1924), wt does not occur in the west (Hubbell 1936) • one aouthweetern phase occurs in Colorado, New Mexico and Arilona, but doee not get into Utah.

Ceuthopbilua vinoulat~• Scudder.

A northern speoies • occupying almost the tull extent of the northern

Roeky Mountain region and extending eastward in the northern Great Plaina.

The range 11 not defined west of Colorado and the species probably doe■ not ooour in the atate ot Utah (Hubbell 1986). •• has been reported.. PLAIB V Figuressl-17 210

FIG. 2 . . . . ·. ,, ..... ,-,..

,: . ...•· FIG.3 FIG. I :::,·-:siTusn~k~•ti.~g,~.\!:&r~ FIG. 4

f'IG. 5

FIG. 7 FIG. e

FIG. 8 FIG. 9 FIG. 10

FIG. 13 FIG. 14 FIG. 11 FIG. 12

FIG. 15 FIG. 18 FIG. 17

------PL ATE V ____ ...;A;;.;.;,.H.B;;,;;4 ;;.;.;;rnu,n~...... J FAYILYGRYLLIDAE (Geyllulidae1 Achetidae)

Crickets

The erickets have long, delicately tapering antennae and 1utditor,y organs on the front tibiae. Th• •l•• ha•• atridulatory organ• on the tegmina. Criolcet• differ troin 'the Long•horned Grasshoppers in having three-

segmented tarsi, an awl•lilce or needle-like ovipositor, and tegmina which a.re tlat abOve and bent sharply downward at the aides of the body. They a:re ••••ntially nooturnal, but are alao active to a considerable extent during the day. some a.re among the commonest insects e.nd are widely diatributed.J others are rare and ney local in distribution. Oriok•ta are less strictly vegetarian than locusts and will eat animal substances, especially other ineeota; the tree-crickets, pe.rtioul.arly, feod l.arcely upon aphids. Field oriokets may beo®ie of major eoonomio importance.

In lite history, crickets agree, with few exceptions, with the majority ot the orthoptera in hatching from the egg early in the see.son a.DI developing to l!lllturity during the swmner. The egga ot 1"1eld crickets are deposited in the soilJ those or tree-orioket8 are placed. in the ba.rk or pithy stems or the plants among whioh they lin, in holes drilled by the fe•le,. !he stridulation ot these insects ia one ot the well•known fonna or inaeot sonif1oat1on. sowid-produo1:ng orgu1 are located on the tegmi:na. of the male Uld the hearing orgftns are on the front tibiae.

The family is divided into the following sub.families• as represented 211 212 by Utah apeoiest Gryllinae, Jfemobiinae, Mogopliatinae, Jlyrmeoophilinae and Oeca.nthinae.

Twelve species 1n six genera are found, or probably found in the state (one 1a hypothetical). One species was not available tor examination. Four speoies are reported from the state for the first time.

ICey to the Gryllidae or Utah

1. Hil:Jdtibiae armed with rowa ot long spin••• •••••• • • •• • (2) Hind tibiae without rowa of long spines, but with row■ of short teethJ body covered with scales. (Subfamily Mogopli•tinae) ••• • ••• groloptiliUlll oomprehandens interior Heb.

2. Form rowsti brown or blaokJ head ••rtioal •• • ••••••• • • (S} Fonn slender, greenishJ hind tibiae armed with long• delicate spines with minute teeth betweenJ head horizontal. (Subfamily Oeoanth1nae, Genue Oecanthue) •••••••••• • • (6) 3. Wi?lgless1 hind temora enormously enlargedr eyes smllJ Jninute she. Inhabitants of ants• neata. (.subfamily M,yrmeooph1linae)•••••••••••• M,yrmeoophilamarmi Sohimmer Winged at least 1n the adult maleJ medium to large size, spines ot hind tibiae without small teethJ free li'ring species •••••••••••••••••••••• (4) •• Hind tibiae arm.eelwith fixed long spines; no large bristles on body or leg•J medium to large size, 12•22 mm. (Subtamily Gryllinae). • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (5) Hind tibiae armed with long, movable 11pines1 maey brietlea on body and legs; size smaller. (Subfamily NemobiinaeJ Genus Nemobius) •• • • ••••••• • •••••••• • • •• (10) 5. Tegmina or me.le with three to six transverse veinsJ large in size, very comm.on;hind tibiae with five to eight spines on eaoh upper margin. • ••••• G~llul'l.lu aaa111111s (Fab.) Te¢na or male with two transverse veins, me urn eiteJ rather rare; hind tibiae with four to six spines on upper lllllrgin ••••••• • ••••• • W.o§ryllus lineatua (Soudd.}

6. First and seoond antennal segrnente ea.oh with a single round or o'\"al blaek spot. • • •. • • •••• • • Oeoanthua niveu1 (PeG.) Fi.rat and second antennal aegments either without bl•ok markings or with more than a single round. black spot. • • • • • {T} 213

1. Front side or first a.ntennal segment never ornuiented with more than a na.rrow black line along inner edgeJ subgenital plate ot .feme.le with a notch half as broad as the widest part of the plate ••••••• • •••••• • ••••••• , (8) Front side o:r f'irst two antennal segments o:rnamented with more than a narrow line along inner edceJ feJl'.\tl.lesubgenital plate with a narrow notoh. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (9) s. !egmina ot male plainlr colored. Very oommon•••••• • ••• • • • • • • • • • • ••• O.oanthus oalif'ornious oaliform.oua Sauaa. Tegmina of male strikingly o'o!orea'. viltfi: 6r01'lnalong· \:lie principal oblique veina. • Oecanthus calU'ornious EictiEennia Heb.

9. Fil"'st two antennal segments ea.oh w1th two blaok inari:a J rirat segment with black line and dot wb.1.ohare narrow and well separat.«S. • • Oeoanthus nigriaornis quadriptu1otatus :eeut. Marking• on first two antennal seg•nts heavier an.a usually touohing. • •• ·• • Oeoantbus nigrioornis argentinus Saues.

10. Ovipositor straight or nearly 10. at leaat as long as. or barely shorter than hind temora. Bemobiua-rasoiatus tasciatua (neG.) OVipoeitor evidently. but not strongly curve3, about two- thirds a.a long as hind temora. • •••••••• • ••••• • (ll) ll. Tegmina ot female nearly or quite aa long as the abdomen, wings generally twice as long as teg,nina. • ••• , • ••• • • • • • ••• • • •• • • • • • Nemobius carolinua neomexioanus ~udd. Tegmina of teinale much shorter tfiaii a1i:tomen1wlngs a'Sseiit • ••••• , • , • ••••••••• , •• Nemobiua mormonius Soudd.

Field Crickets

Genus Gryllulus trvarov

oryllulua assbdlie (Fabriciua) 1776, Field Cricket. Aoheta au1Jnil.is Fa.bricius. Sept. Ent.• P• zao.

SynonomyI Ot'er 46 eynonyma are known tor this epeeiea, some or the more comm.onbeing, G7llua abbreTiatua SerT1lle1 G. luctuoaua Serville, G. Eennazlvanieue Dlrme!a!fler1 G. 1u·•tua Saudder. -Th• genua "-ryllulue was proposed Sy Uvar

Publbhed records t this apeo:lee hAB been reported from Utah \md.er

lllllny ot the est a.blished synoeylU e.s well as the recognbed name• Additional record.as The species is locally abundant in all oountiea 214 of the state and. specimens are in th• BfU oolleotion trom nearly all counties. Color blaok, shining, usually with at leaet the inner side or the baae or the hind feJl\ora yellowiah-brown, ter;mina often pale brown and. the larger part of the legs yellowish- brown. The speoies varies • ., much 1n lize; proportions, wing•length, and oolor that numerous species have been described• 1-sed on these variatioru,. Length or body, ma.le 13-22, temale l2•22J length of hind fe1n0n.1 male 8•13, female s-14. Critical etudiee reveal that aside from the introduced EUropean house or1oket which has never been reported trom the etate, otuy one valid species of the genus exiata in America. Several well-marked raoea are reoognizable, but the nrianta show complete gradation from one to another.

In general, tield oriokete inhe.b1t1ng oold, dark and wet places and f"rom the north are slntlller and blaokerJ and those from open sunny areas on looae eoil ar• larger. with pale tegmina and longer ovipositors.

Th11 species is an omnivorous feeder, eathlg almost any substance,

~nimal or Yegetabl•• and is even oannibe.listio when confined with its own kind,

Genus W.ogryllus Saussure

J!iogeyllus lineatus (Scudder) 1816. G!Yllodee lineatua Soudder, Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 1816• p. 499. Synono~, Nemobius piotua SoudderJ K. oapitatua Scudder, M. aioarius Soudder......

Published. reaordar Scudder (1876). between Virgin R1Yer and Fort Mojave, Arizona. Tanner (1921).

Additional reoords t WASHitfGTONcomr.rr, st. George, May27, 1950 215 (Vaaoo u. Tanner; !ndrew H. B&rntUU). Pale. yellowish-brown, with darker markings, head and pronotwrt with yellowi1h•brown longitudinal marks. Bind tibiae not more than two-thirds the length of the hind f'emora, and armed. above with tour to six spine• on ee.oh lnllrgtn. In general appearanoe like a small field or1oket.

' This species b widely distributed throughout the southwest, but eeema to be Yery rare. It is f'ound. 1n dry deaerts and f'oothills.

SUBFAMILYNEMOBIIHAE '

Ground Oricketa

Genus Nemobiu1 Audinet-Serville

Vemobius fasoiatus fasoiatus (DeGeer) 1773. Striped Orase Criok.et. qryllus rasoiatus neoeer, Mem. 11111st. Nat. Ins., p. 522.

Synono,q1 Acheta. hospes Pg\brioiua, A. seM'ilis Ha:rrisJ tr. exiguus Scudder1 -N. ----vitta.tua Soulder1 -it. utahenais Soud!er. ' - Pttbliehed. reooriu Scudder (1896) named the syno~ ». utaheneia t'rom apeoimene oollected. in Utah. -

Additional reoortla t UTAHCOUffl' • Pro..-o and En'f'irona ( o. Wilford. Olsen; Andrew H. Blrnum).

Small black field orioketa. females with oTipositor straight, dis•

tinotl:y longer than hind femon.. tip serrate or denta.te. Lower pair ot

apioal spurs ot hind tibiae unequal in length, the inner one muoh the

longer. Length ot bodya '1•11.5 ••

Wemobius oarolinus neomexioanus Scudder 1896.

Nemobiua neomexioa.nua Scudder, Jotarn. N.Y. Ent. Soc•• 4:104.

Records I UTAHcomrrt,. Spanish Fork (Horace Hardy). 216 regmina or female about•• long a, abdomen; hind wings long, usualq tw1oe 1u long as tegld.na. OVipoaitor dhtinotly ahorter than hind f'emora. usually arouate. A rather uncommonspecies or Mexico. southern California, Arizona, Utah and NewMexico.

Nemobius aomonius Scudder 1896.

Nemobiua monnoniue Scudder. Journ. N.r. Ent. Soo • ., 41101, 108.

Published reoords I Described by soudder from two tellll!lles and one jttVenile taken at st. George, Utah, by E. Palmer.

Additional reoordaa D!ERY COUN'ff, Green Ri'ftr (Vaeoo M. Tanner),

UTAHcotnrrY,. PrO'f'o and Environs (O. Wilf'ord Olsen, Andrft' H. Illnna)J WASHIMGTOHcomrrr .. Magatau (Vaaoo M. Tanner),Zion Jational Park (Vaaoo M. Tanner), st. George (Vaaoo M. Tanner), Leeda (Vasoo M. Tanner) and LaVerkin,

April 6 1 1951 (Andrc,w H. DarnU11).

Tegmina much shorter than bodyf hind wings absent• OVipositor ot female barely arouate.

Thia species is found along strea.Jns and other damp plaoes and ia especially common in damp grass, from southern Arizona, east to Texas and north to Nevada. utah and Colorado.

Evidence !'Urnished lq Fulton (1931) of speoi.t'io ohare.otors in the male genitalia ohangee the status from that or a subspecies of cubens11 to a distinct species. 21,

SUBFAMILYl!OOOPLISTINAE

Wingless Bush Cricket ■

Genus Cycloptilum Soudder

Cyoloptilum oODtprehendensinterior Heblrd. 1931. C~cloptil'UJI\ oonprehendens interior Hebard• Trans • .Amer. Ent. soc., 57il6l•lr.

PUblished reoordst Hebard. . (1931). Typer Leeds, Washington County, the BYUcollection.

Projection• of the female subgenite.1 plate no longer tha.n wide.

Rind. tibiae without rows or long apin••• l:Alt with rows ot ehort 'teeth, body

oo~ered with aoal•••

Length of boctr, male s.t-6.f II female ?-81 length ot hind tenon•

Thie 1peciea was described frOll apeoimene taken in U'bah and the northern edge of the Mojave Desert in Calirornia. It has also been collected. at L1ttlet1eld, Arisona.

SUBFAMILYMYRMECOPHILIN'AI Ant-LoTing Criolcets

Genus }trrJ!leoophila Latreille

!t;rtneoophile. manni Sohimlner 1911.

itrmeoo;ehil.a rnanni Sohimm.er, Deutsoh. Ent. Ze1tsohr.,. 1911, P• 443. Record.a, KANECOUNTY, Clear Creek Ranch, 5 1111•• east ct east

entranoe or Zion National park, elnat1on 6000 teat, May 18• 19511 .April 19•

1952 (Andrw H. Barnum and Arthur F. Bruhn.1 Blaine Moore; Lenord o. Moore). 218 Colora.tion ainnaJD.On.wtt exoept the eyes which a.re blacldsh-broe and the distal portion ot the ov1positor whioh 11 shining, dark reddish• brown. Some specimens are notably light. Length ot body, male 2.3-3• female 1.9-SJ length ot hind feJnora, male l.4-1.T, female 1-1.e, width ·of body's male 1.s-z. female 1.2-2.s.

These speoimen.e were oollected :trom the nest ot the ant, !t;nd.o~ amerioana, unc:leJ" boards and other debrls in moist dtuatione.

Thil species is typically an inh&bi tent of the semi-a.rid and arid regions or the western United Sta.tee, ranging from southern Washington to the Mexican Border.

SUBFAMILYOECAN"l'HIHAE

Tree...Crioketa

Genus oeoanthus Audinet-serville

Oeoanthus niveus (l)eGeer) 1773. Snowy Tree-Criokn.

Geyllua niveue t»Geer, Mem.l•Hist. Nat. Ins., P• 522.

Publhhed reoordas Rehn (1906}, Henderson (1924).

Additional record•• MILLARDcoum,. Fillmore ('tt"l.lllM Swallew)J

UT.AHCOUNTY, ProTo and Environs and Spri.ngT1lle • Pa.le greenish-white in lite, drying in cabinet 1pecimens to pale ivory, forehead and basal segment of e:tennae orange-yellow. A e.nnll round blaok spot on the under side ot the first and second segments ot the antennae. Ovipositor brown, tipped with black. Length or bod.yr male 16-18, female l&-l'fJ length of tegminat male 12.6-13, fem11tle11.5-12; length of hind femoraa male 8.5•9• remale 9.

This species is readily reoognbed by the antennal nark1ngs and the oharaoteristic song or the male. Many or the references in eoonomio 219 literature to this apeoiea apply to others either in part or wholl7, as it

1a veey aeoretive and is less likely to be seen and. captured than others ot the genus. The snowy tree-orioket is tound over J:10st of the United States and Central America.

Oeoanthu11oal1torn1cua oalifornioua SauHure 1874.

Oeoanthus oe.lifornicus Saussure. Mi••• Soient. Mex., Reoh. Zool., VI. P• 462.

Reoorda t IRON COUNTY•Pt.ro-.n (Vasoo M. te.nner) J UTAHCOU'ffl' 11

Spanish Fork (Horace Hardy) and Pro"f'o and environs, WASRIJOTONOOUN'l'T• Z.1o:n.

National Park (Vaeoo M. Tanner).

Often quite brownJ tir1t antennal ser;ment plain or markecl only with

• blaolc lines wings ot male and notch in subgenital plate or rewa.le Yeey wide.

Thia speoiea is widespread 1n the western United States.

Oeoanthua oalitornioua piotipennia Hebard 1935. · Oeoanthua californioua pictipenni1 Hebard, Proo. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila., 87:45•82.

Published reoords, Hel:ard (19350). No additional Utah records in the l1fU colleotion.

Easily recognized. by the oonspiououa brown markings along the wing veins.

Thie epeoie1 1e oomni.onon juniper tree• but iB also found on other plants in the juniper•pinon belt from NewMexico, Colorado and Utah to Mexioo. 2!0

Oeoanthus nigrioorni~ quadr1punotatua Beutenm.uller 1894.

Oeoa.nthus ~uedriEunotatus Beutemnuller• a.Ill. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist •• 61211.

Record•, MILLARD coum • Gandy,, July 1941 (Vasco M. Tanner) J UTAH

COtnt.rl'., Provo e.nd Environ1111 WABBIWTONCOU?ffY., St• George, Auguet 1926

(Va.100 M. Tanner) and Zion National Park, September 1951 (Arthur Fe Bruhn).

:Palo., greeniah•white, becoming yellowish when dried. First am aeoond antennal ••tments ea.ch with two blaok mark• on under aide, the inner mark on the tirat eegment linear, straight• its distal end sometimes curving outward toward the outer spot• whioh may be either small and :round or triangular and. prolonged obliquely outward.

Length ot bod.yt male 12-16 1 telTllle l4-18J length ot teglfd.na t •l• 10-12, female 9.5-llJ length o!' hind fernora, inale 7.5-8.5, .fema.le 7.5-a.5.

Thil species is widely distributed in Utah and the United States.

Oeoanthue nigr1oorni1 ar2entin~~ Saussure 1891. Dusky free•Orioket. Oeoanthus arGentinua Saussure, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Orth., PP• 253•!54. Published recordsa Tanner (1927) ••,2• n!§rioorni•.•

Additional reoorde t GRA.NDOOUllTY,. RuJ:v Ca131on, August 13, 1960

{!ndr• H.. Barnum.), MILLA.ROCOUffl, Delta., August 2, 194.8, trom alfalta.

(Dore.ld M. Allred), UTAHCOUNff, Spanieh Fork. (De Elmo Hardy), WASHIJOTOlr ooum, Zion National Park, July 7, 1925 (Vasoo M. Tanner), Springdale, July 8, 1925 (Vaaoo M. Tanner), and st. G•orga, August 1926 (Vaaoo M. Tanner). Body entirely pale or with fine me.rkings on the abdoru.en. This ia probably the most cow.nonspecies of tree-cricket in the lower oultinted areas and is especially common in altalta fields. It is widespread in the western United States, but less commonat hif;her eleTationa. 1. During the years ot 1950-1952 • atudy was undertaken ot the Orthoptera of Utah• ae repNsented in the entomological oolleot1on or the

Brigham Young University am. as reported by previous oollectors am writers.

2. The object of thia study Ml& to deterrdne which speoies occur

1n Utah and to provide taxonomic keys tor their olaesifioation and to give the known distribution ot the species tor the state.

3. Th• entomological oolleotion ot the Brigha Young University wa a studied and all orthoptera from the etate not previously determined were clanified. The entire oolleotion ot OJ'thopt♦ra was rearruged in pbylogenetio 1equenoe. The entomologioal oollect1on at the Utah Stnte Agri• oul tural College waa also examined and 21 epeoiH not found in the Brigham

Young Uniwraity oolleotion were studied.

4. During the course ot thie •tudy the writer collected orthopter• 1n the state am. was fortunate to oolleot 101 apeoiea, some of whioh were new record• tor the state.

5. Aa a result ot th1a study 199 species ot Utah Orthoptera •re reported. ot this nUt1ber• 152 species are found in the oollection of the

Ba-ighf.UllYoung University and an additional ?.3 apeoiea were available in the colleot1on of the Utah State Agrioul tural Collee;e • Twen1;y-four, species were not available for examination, but have been oolleoted. and reported from the etate by previous writer■•

6. JJine additional species have not been found within the state of

Utah and e.re included in the keys aa ltTpothetioal. These apeoies have been

221 222 oollected in Arizona near the Ute.h border and may be found in Utah owing to the absence ot ecological barriers.

1. Thirty•1even apeoie1 are here eatabliahed a.a new reoorde ror the state.

8. Fifteen apeoi•• reported by earlier worker• are not included 1Jl the 11.t beoauae the ••ilable data is 1nsutt1oient to eatablish them.•• belonging to the orthopteran. tauna or utah. 9 • It 18 hoped that thia oontr1 bUtion will add to the knowledge ot the Utah Orthoptera and that the taxonomic keye. aynonomy and oondensed data will be of benefit to Mure workers 1n the field ot Utah Ortbopterology. 16 APPENDIX I. GLOSSARt. aouminate, tapering to a long point. aoute. pointed.1 terrnine.ting in or forming leaa than a right angle. a3ventive, accidentals applied to exotioa. a.ngulite, forming an angl•J when two margin• or lines meet in an angle. annulate, ringedJ 1urrounded by a ring of a different color; formed in ring- ~1lce segments, ring-like. annulus, a ring eno1roling a joint, segment, spot or mark. anterior, in front, before. aE_ex, that part or any joint or segment opposite the base by which it ill attached; tba t point ot a. wing t'urthest removed from base or at the · end of the ooatal area. apical, e.t, near or pertaining to the apex of aey structure. a,Eterous • without wines J wingless• arboreal, living in, on, or among trees. aroU&.te, aroheda bow-like. arenlco'lous, frequenting or living in sandy area.a. arollua, tli'e terminal cushion-like pad between the clawa of the tarai. attenuate, gradually tapering apically, drawn out, slendsr. aur!cul• (aurioulae), an appendage resembling a little ear.

1-.aal, at or pertaining to the baae or point of attaohm~nt to or nearest tl:.e main body. base, that part of any appendage or structure that 1s nearest the body. liiluroate. divided pe.rtly, or forked into two. Dilobate, divided into two lobe ■• 6lainuate, with two einuationa or inoieiona. liraoeypterous, with short or abbreviated wings. oaloar, • 11\0Teable epur or apine•like prooes•J speoifioally the spines at the apex of the tibia. oe.lloeity, a thiok ewollen lump, harder than its surroundings, callus; also a rather flattened elevation not neoesaarily harder than the surrounding tissue. oanthua, the chitinous prooesa more or less completely dividing the eyes or some inaeots into an upper and lower halt. oarina (oe.rime), an eleYated ridge or keel, not neoessarily high or acute. oarinate, keeled; having keel& or oar1naer with a. or eeveral. longitudinal narrow raised lines. oastaneous. chestnut brown; bright red-brown. caudad, toward or in the direction of the tail end of the insect body along the median line.

15 From. Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la, ! Glo::,Z 2.£.Entomolog, The Soience Presa Printing eo •• Lancaster, Pennsyl a. 221 224 caudal, of or pertaining to the oa.uda or to the anal end of the insect body. oaudate, with tail•like extensions or processes. oephallo, belonguig to or attached to the headJ directed toward the head. o!nereous, aeh-ooloreds gray tinged with blaokish. olava.:ee, 0lubbed1 thickening gradually toward the tip. compressed, flattened by lateral pressures flattened laterally as acQ1nst f'!attened vertioally or depresaed. concave, hollowed out 1 the interior of' a sphere as opposed to the outer or convex aurfaoe. ooncolot"Oua, of a unifonn color, one part with another. corifluent, running togfltheri aa of two maeula 'Whenunited in one outline. convex, the outer oul"'V'ed surt'aoe of a aegment or a aphere, opposed to concave. oorneoua, of a hol'JV' or oh1tinous subetanoeJ resembling horn 111texture. orenulate, with small eoallopa, evenly rounded and rather deeply ourTecl. orest, a proainent, long1tttd1nal eari.Da on the upper surfaoe of any part ot the head or body. orietate, with a prominent oarina or crest on the upper aurfaoea created. ouraor!a1. adapted tor running. a.a legs. deolivent, eloping gradually downward. dentate, toothedJ with tooth-like prominenoea; with acute teeth, the sides of whieh are equal and the tip ia above the middle of base. dent1torm, formed or appearing like a tooth. depress.a, flattened down as if preaaed.J often used in opposition to oompreaaed. dese:rtioolous, inhabiting deserts. diohromat!am, the possession of two oolor varieties. niinorphlc, occurring in two dietinot forms. a!aooida!, relating to the diak, or middleJ shaped like a round plate. disk, or disc, the oentral upper surt'ace of aey parti all the area within a - mare1n, the central area of a wings the obliquely ridged outer surface ot the hind femur. distad• toward the distal end. diataI. near or toward the tree end of any appendage J that pa.rt of • segment tartheat from the body. d1ver§1~ (divergent). spreading out trom. a oomm.onbe.a•• doraa, n the direction of the doraum or baok of an insect. dor1at. of or belonging to the upper aurfa.ce. eod~aia, the proceaa ot casting the sk:l.n.Jaoulting. ens form, sword•ahapedJ two•ed.ged. large at base and tapering to the point. •elproct, eupra•anal plateJ the dorsal part ot the eleventh segment in in■ eota. exeerted, protrudedJ projeoting beyond the body or over a given point. fascia, a tramverae band or broad line, especially when it om11ea both tegmina or fem.ore.. faso1at•• with a broMl transverse stripe or band. tlilfonn, thread-likes Blender and ot equal diameter. i'labei!ate, fRn-ahaped; with loDg thin prooeaaes lying flat on each other 1Dcethe folds of a ran. tlavous, pure, clear yellow. 225 tleok•• spots or dots. rui!g{nous. sooty or smoq brown. tulvous, tawny, dull yellow • .furoate. forked. l'u1coue, dark brown, approaching blaokr a plain mixture of black and red. tiislfona. spindle•shapedJ broad at the middle and narrowing toward the mds. genioular. a curved dark marking on the posterior knee•joint. glabroua, smooth, hairleea and without punctures or struoturea. glaucous, aea•green, pale bluish-green. §lob<>se. tpher ioa.lr perteotly round in all directions. graniiiate. covered with small grain•• granulos~, roughened with granules or made up of distinct grains. grlseoua, light gray. habitat, 1n ecology, the area within which an orga.nietn is found, the natural · region which an organism inhabits or where it was found or taken. &-line, transparent or partly so, wa.terl1ke in color, glassy. inoraeaate, thiokenedi rather suddenly swollen at some one point• especially near tip. infra•• Latin pretixJ below or beneathJ opposed to suprtt. !nhimat e • smoke-colored., o louded • as w1th annolce. futu1cat"e, 1J110ky gre.J•brown. with a blaoki&h tinge. inserted, having the base ot one part set into another. interocular, between the eyes. !nterapeae. • deep incision or suloue on the posterior margin ot the meta• 1tel"111.U11. keel. an aleTated ridge or oarina.

-laterad. toward the aide and any f'r0111the median line. lateral. relating, pertaining, or attached. to the side. linear. straights in the form. of a straight line. luteous. olay-oolorJ browniah•yellow-1 deep yellow with a tint of red. macropteroua,, long or large winged. macuiatlon, the ornamentation or pattern of markings. medial, referring to, or at the middle. mesad,. tOWB.rdor in the direotion of the median plane or the insect bod.y. nocturnal, of the night; applied to 1neeots that fly or are aotive at night. nodulose, knotty; having sll!All knots or swellincs, as in a eurtaoe sculpture. obtuse, not pointedJ at an angle greater than a right angle; opposed to acute. oli'nl.oeous. olive ereeni the oolo~ of green olives. omnl-voroua. reeding generally on anilnal or vegetable tood.• or on both. ootheoa, tho covering or case over an egg m.aSB. ovate, egg•shaped in outline. pallid, pale or very pale. paplilotorm, formed like a. butterfly wing• 226 pellucid. transparent, whether clear or colored. porcurr•nt, running through the entire length.1 continuous. p1oeous, pitchy black, black with a reddish tinge. p!lose," oovared with so:f't down or short hairs.1 covered with long distinct flexible hairaa with long sparse hair. plantub., a lobe of the divided tarsal pulvillus, one of the soles or climbing cuahiona ot the foot. plumbeoue, lead•oolored.J the blue-grey of lead. ~•terlor, hinder or hindJnOatJ oppoaed to anterior. postooular, ba.ok of or behind the eyes• preaploal, before the ape~. pregenioular, anterior to the kne•J the part ot the femur proximad to the knee, proeternal spine, the cone or tubercle between the fore-legs. prox!iid, toward the proximal mid. proximal, that part or an appendage nee.:reat the bo~. paeudosternite, a sclerite in the floor or the genital chamber proximal to the 'ii'.ee ot the phallus; epiphallus. pubescent, dmimy; clothed with sett, 1hort, tine, closely set hair. ~ctate, aet with impreHed points or punctures. wrlron, pear-shaped. quadrate, aqua.re or nearly so. ramua (rU1.i), a branoh•l~e division of any structure or appendage. re.ttorial, adapted for aei£ing preyJ predaoious. re !ou!i.tie, covered with a net-work ot linesJ meahedJ netted. ruga (rugae), a wrinkle. rugose, wrinkled.. rugulosc, minutely wrinkled. se.lta.torial, adapted for leaping; havi.i:lg the power of ·leaping• scabrous, roughJ 1rregularl.7 &lld roughly rugo1e1 rugged. se!Iate, 1addle-1haped. serrate, saw-likeJ with notobed edgea like the teeth of a saw. serru!ate, fim11ly eerratedJ with minute teEtth or notoh••• setae, al ender hair-1 ike appenda.gea.• shoulder, the lateral angle• ot the metasone ut the pronotwa. slnuate, out into sinuseaJ wa.,·,specifically, ot edge• or margb11. sinus,• more or less protoum ounilinear indentations an excavation aa it" soooped out, a ou"ed break in an othe'rldae straight margin. toni.f'ioat1on, the produotion of sound; atridulat1on. spatulate, round.ed and broad at the top, attenuate at base. strldulaiion, in insects, the sound produced. by rubbing one aurfaoe or one etruoture upon or against another, both being suitably roughened, the aot or stridulating or lllllking o:reaking sounds. 1ub-,. a Latin prefix meaning under, alightly less thanJ or not quite so. i'ulioriatate, with a moderately elevated ridge or keel on the pronottull. auliuiate, awl•ahapedJ linear at base, attenuate at tip. auloate, deeply furrowed or grooved J with deep grooves. aulcui"(suloi), a furrow or groove, a groove-like excavation. aupra.•, a Latin pretixs above, overs beyond. 221 taeni•• a broad longitudinal stripe. ~-•_!!ll_•a browniah-;yellow, like the oolo:r ot a tanned hide. tiiuoeous. bite.ring a test or hard coverings brownish-yellow. thaamoiL!!ous,living in thickets or dense shrubbery. tr!oa.r nate. with three oa.rinae or keels. trU'aaolite, with three fascia or bands of col.or. truncate, out ott squarely at tip. tubercuiate, covered o~ f'umiahed With tubercles, formed lU::e a tubercle. tUJnid, ewollenJ enlarged J puffed up. undulate, ••"Yi obtusely waved in segmente or ciroles. ventrad, toward the venterJ in the direction ot' the vmter. ventral, portaining to the und1tr aurtace of the abdomen, vest!eial, small or degenerate, the relllaina of a previously functional part or organ, like remnants or vestigesJ in prooeaa of disappea.ri~. vitreous, gla&fl)"J transpa.rent. vltta, a broad longitudinal stripe. Alexander, Gordon. 1933, Some relations between altitude and the di1tribution ot Aorididae in Oolorado. Ann, Jmt, Soc, Amer., 261586-590+ 1931. Morphological variations in A.crididae oorrelated with altitude. {Abstraot). Journ. Colo.-wyom. Aoad, So1. 2,46. 1941, Keya for the 1dentif1oat1on or Colorado Orthoptera, Univ. Colo. Studi••• Ser. n., lrl.29-164, ·

Ball, E. D. 1916. Bow to control the graashoppers. Utah Agr. Coll, Exp• Sta., BUll. l38t79-ll6. 1936• Food plants or some Arizona grasshoppers, Journ, Eoon. Ent•• 291619-684. 1938. Probic ot the Range Gre.eahopper. Journ. Roon. Ent,. SOt904-9lO,

Ball, E. n., Tinkham, E+ n., Flock, Robert, and Vorhies, c. T, 1942. The grasshoppers and other Orthoptera of Ari£ona., Univ, Ariz,, Teoh, BUll. 931265-373 •

.Beamer, Raymond, 1911, The grasshoppers of Kanaaa. Part Ili The Oedipodine.e of Kansas, Bull. Univ. Kansas, Biol• Ser., l8t5l•l26.

Blatohley • W• S • l920• Orthoptera ot Northeastern Amerioa, Nature PUblishing Com~. 784 pp.

Brue a, C. T, • and Melander• A• L. 1915. ltey to the Families of North American Ineeots. Published by the authors. 1932 • Olauitioation or Insects. 1).111, Mui. Comp. Zool. Htu."vard, 11,612 PP• Caudell, A, M, 1903, 'l'h• Phasm.dae, o:t-walking•stiok•, or the United states. Pr'oo. u.s. Nat. Mus., 261863-885~ 1906. lfotea on U'Aited States Orthoptera.., with the description ot one nMr apeoies. Proo, Rnt, Soo. Wash., 81133•186, 1907. The Deotiob•• (a group ot Orthoptera.) ot Horth Mterioa. Proo. u.s, Nat. Mus., 32t!86•410. 1913. totes on nearotio orthopterous ineeota. I. Non•aaltatorial forms, Proo, U.S. Nat. Mus,, 44,695•614, 1916. Jote ■ on some United states grasshoppers or the famil)" Aorididae. Proc. u.s. Nat~ MU••• 49125•31.

228 229 Caudell, A• N. (cont'd) 1916. The genera of the Tettigoniid insects of the su'bfa.llily Rhaphidophorinae round in America. North of' Uexioo. Proo. u.s. Nat. uus., 491665-690. Claasaen, P. w. 191 T. 'l'he Grasshoppers ot Kansas. Part It The Melanopli ot Kansas. UniT. Ka.naaa, D~pt. Ent. :aill. 1115-50.

Comstock, J. B., and Cometooi:, A. B. 1896. A manual for the study of Insects. Comstock Publishing Co., Itheoa, New York. 101 PP•

Davi ■ ,. A, C., and SJYdth, Le lf. 1926. Jlotee on the cenus Stenopel.Mtu1 with dP-Hription of a new apeoies. pan. Pao. F.nt., 21174-181. Easig, E. o. 1926. Inaeota ot Western North .Amerioa. The Macmillan compaD1• 1015 PP• J"Ulton, B. :a. 1931. A study ot the genus lfetu:>biue. Ann. Ent. soc. Amer,., 24,206-237.

Gillette, Clarenoe Pa 1904. An annotated list of Colorado Orthoptora. Colo • .Agri. F.:xp. Sta., ail-1. 94111•56.

Gurney, Ashley B. 1940& A revision of the grasshoppers of the genus orphulellt. Giglio•toa. from A.lnerioam:iorth of Mexico. l'.nt. Am.er., 20186-168. 1940b Notea on oertain genen ot North Amerl.oan gra.aahoppers of the subfqily Oed1pod1:nae, with the deeoription or a n• genus and 11peciee. Proc. Ent. Soc. wash •• 42,1-15. 1949. Melanoplu1 rulglesi, a rnigratoey grasshopper from the Great Bu!n ol' iortLu,rioa. Proc. 'lint. soo. Wash •• 51126'1•212. 1950. Praying Mntids ot the United states r nat1Ye and int,-oduoed. Smithsonian Report tor 1960t389-362.

Haldeman, S • s. 1862. .Appendix C. Inseota, in Stansl:ul')', Howard, Exploration and su"ey of the valley of the Groat salt Lake o~ U'tah, inolud• ing a reoonnoiaanoe of a new route through the Rocky !fountain•• Washington. pp 866•379. Hancock, J. L. 1902. Th• Tettigidae of Borth Amerioa. R• R. Donnelley and Sona eompe.rq. Chioago. 188 PP• Hebard, Morgan 1913. A revision ot the genus Nemobiua found in North .Amerioa north ot the Isthmus or Panama. Proo. Aoad. Nat. Soi. Phila., 65,346•492. 1915. The .Amerioan speaies of the genus Miogryllus. Journ. B.Y. Ent. soo., 23tl01•181. U~la. A study or the species ot the genus Stenopelmatus found 1n the United states. Journ. N.Y. Ent. soc., 24r70-86. 1917. Th• Blattidae ot Borth America, north of the Mexican Bound.aey. Mem.Amer. r-:xtt. soc •• 21 284 PP• 1918. New genera and species of Melanopli found within the United States. Trans. AmP.l"• Ent. Soc•• 44 tl4l•l69. 1920& A revision ot the North American species of the genus ~oophila. Trans. .Alnt'tre Ent. soc., 46191-lll. 1920b nevidonaty studies in the ganua Arenivaga. Trans. AlIH!lre Ent. Soo., 461197-217. 19200 New tenera and species of l1elanopl1 :found wi th1n the United State,. Pe.rt III. Trans • .Amer. &it. soc •• 461355-403. 1925. The Orthoptera of South Deltota. Proo, load. Nat. Soi. Phila., 77133-156. 1926. A key' to the North American gflnera o~ the Aoridinae which ooour north ot Mexico. Trans. Amer. int. Soo., 52:47•59. 1929. The Orthoptera of Colorado, Proo • .Aoad, Nat. Soi. Phila., 811303-416. 1931a Studies in Lower California Orthopten • Trane. Amer. Ent• Soo., 571113-128. 1931b Th• Mogoplbti:nae of' the united States. Trana. Amer. Ent. Soc., 57 tl36•l60. l9S2a The orthoptera of Minneaota. UniY. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 85. 1932b tfsw epeoies and reoorda ot Mexican Orthoptera. Trana. Amer. Ent. Soo., 681201-371. 1934a The Dennaptera and Orthoptera of' Illinois. Ill. state Nat, Hist. Surv. atll. 201125-2?9. 1934b Studies 1n Orthoptera which ooou~ in North Amerioa north of the Mexican Boundary. !f•V. Trans• Amer• Ent• soo •• · 401281-293. 1936a Studies in the Orthopte~a of Arizona. Part I. Jew genera, species., and geographical races, '!'rans. Amer. Ent. Soo., 6ltlll-l53. l935b Studies in the Orthoptera or Arizona. P&.rt II. A list or the Dermaptera and Orthoptera with new records and oorreo- tions ot the literature subsequent to 1900. Trans. Axrutr. Ent. Soo., 611269•316• 19360 Notes on the group Com.phooeri and a key to its r;enera, including one new genus. Ent. News, 461184-188,. 204-208. 1936d Orthoptera of the Upper Rio Grande Valley and the adjacent :mountains in northern NewMexico. Proo+ load. Nat. Soi. Phil••• 87,45-82. 1936• Botos on Acrydium and the actual status of three supposedly American species. Ent. N'ne 46r23l-235. l936t Mewgenera and species of the Melanopl1 found within the United. stat es and Canada• Part V end VI• Trana • Amer. Ent. Soc • ., 60,337•390. 231

Hebard• uorc;an (oont•d) l935g Studies in Orthoptera whioh ooour in Horth America Borth of the Mexican Boundary• Part III. Tr ans • AJner. Ent • soc• • 60131-55. 1935h Studies in Orthoptera which occur in North >..merioa North ot the Mexioa.n Boundary. Parts IV and v. !rans. Amer. Ent. Soo •• 60r28l•2B4. 1936a Studies in Orthoptera whioh ooour in Korth America Borth o£ the l(exioan Boundary. VI. A regis1on or the genus Aretha•• Trana. Aller. Ent. Soo., 62:231•268. 1936b Notes on North American Orthoptera. of the Arotio•Alpine Zone. Ent. New•• ,,,1s-1s. 1931a NP genera and species ot Melanopl1 found within the United States and Canada. Trana. >.mer.'Ent. Soc •• 63114/7•1?3. l9S7b studies :in Orthoptera. which occur in North America north ot the Mexican boundary. Yll• VIII, IX. Trana. Ainer. Ent. Soo., 681147•3?9. 1939. studies in Orthoptere. whioh ocour in North America north ot the Mexican Boundary. x. New and or1t1oal notes on previously known 'l'ett1goni1dae. XI. New genera and speo1e• or, and critical notes on previously known; Oryllaorid1dae. Trana. Amer. Ent. Soo., 65,161•191. 1945. The epecies and ra.oea ot Besperotettix in Utah. Ent• News, 5GalT5-l78. Henderson. W. W • 1924. A taxonotiie and eoologioal study of the speoiea of the subfamily Oedipodinae round in Utah. Utah Agr. Exp. sta., Teoh. Bull, l9lil50 PP• 1931. Crickets 1md. grasshoppers in Utah. Utah Jigr• Exp. Ste.•• Ciro. 96 tl•38. 1938. Gra.111hopper control in Utah. Utah ""r. Elcp. Sta.• Leaflet 611-2. 1941. Th• genus Aeoloplides ill trtah. Proc. utah. J..oacl. Soi. Art• Lett•• l8a83-8f. 1942 • The genus Hesperotettix in Utah. Th• Great Basin llaturali•t• St9•21. 1943& The genus Ph041t&l1otea in Utah. Proo., Utah Acad. So1. Art• Lett •• l9a93•97. 1943b The genus Sohi■tocerca in Utah• Proo• Utah Ao&d • Soi. Arts Lett•• 20.99•100. 1944. Four devastat� Melanopli round in Utah. The Great �•in Naturalist, 5al•22. Hendereon, w. w. and Gardner, Eldon. 1935. Grasshopper Egg-Deposition survey or Utah, 1934. Proo. Utah Aoad. Sci. Arts Lett. l2r229-232. Henderson, w. w. and LeT1, Alexander. 1938. Walld.ng•stioka round in Utah. Proo. trtah Aoad. Soi. Artas Lett.. 15193•97• llubbell 1 T. If. 1936. A monographio revision ot the genus Oeuthophilua. Uni"f. Fla. 13101. Soi. ser•• 2il•551. lirby. w. Ji'. 1904:-1910. SynoZJl)n1c catalog or Orthoptera. Brit. MU•• lat• H.iet • 11 1904.J 2 1 l906J 3, 1910. lnowlton, George F. 1939. GraSBhoppef' control in Uta.b-•1938. Proo• Utah. Aoad. Sei. Arts Lett•• l6a43•47. 1943• Mona.oh Cricket control in Utah. Proc. Utah Ace.d. Soi. Arts Lett•• 19 t89.

Knowlton1 George F • .nd Janee, Y, J. 1932. Th• 1931 gruahopper outbreak in Utah. Proo. Utah .Aoad. Soi •• 91105•108.

Knowlton, George F., and Smith,. c. F. l9S8. Utah gr1.eshopper111 of 1937. Proc. Utah Aoad. Soi. Arts Lett., l5c8l•87. La Rivers. Ira. 1948. A 1ynopai1 of Nev•da Orthoptera. Ames-• Midland N11t., �91652-120.

Molleill 1 Jerome. 1891. Revision or tbe Trwcal1nae of Jforth America. Proa. nu·enp. Aoad. Bat. sci., 61179•274. 1901. Rnbion or the orthopteran genus !ri.merotropis. Proo. u.s. Nat. Mus., 231393•449. Morse, A. P. 1896. Rendon or th• species of Spharagemon. Psyche, 71287•299. 1920. Ka.nual or the Orthoptera of New England. Proo. lbat • Soo. Nat. Hist., 351191•656. Olaen, o. Wilrord 1929. }totes on the Tetrig1n1l.e of Utah. Pan-Pao. Ent., 5slSl•l82. Rehn, Ja.1nes A• G • 1906. Some Uteh Orthoptera. Ent. ?Tews, 17,284-288. 190'1. Notes on Orthoptera from southern Arizona, with desoription.• ot new apeo1•�·. Proo • .Aoa.d• Na.t. Eoi. Phila., 59 124-81 • 1919& Deaoriptiona of new and oritieal notes upon previously known· forms of Borth Alnerioan 04tdipodinae, Trane. Amer. Ent. Soc., 46 1229-265 • 1919b A study ot the orthopterous genus 119rmir1a Stal. Proo. Aoad. Nat. Soi. Phil••• ?1155-120. 1921. Deaor1ption1 of new am oritioal notes upon prniouely known toms of North Am.erioe.n Oedipadina•• Trans • .Arner. F.nt. Soo., 471171-197. 1923. Horth American Aoridid.ae. A study ot the L1gurotettigi. Trans• lifn.•r• Ent. Soo., 4914a-fJ2 • Rehn, James A. G• ( oont 'd) 192'1. On new and certain previously known American gener• of the Aorididae with specific ooments and deecriptiona. Trana. AJner• Ent• soc., 5312lS•2. 19S1. A new aub8pecie11 ot Peoloeua delioatula. Tran•• lulter. Ent. Seo., 6Ss!26•3S2. 1942. On the looust genua P,ioloeua. Trane. Amer. Ent. soc., 68116?•21'1. 1944. On the dgnirioanoe ot localbed coloration in the Creoao'ie Buah locust (Bootettix). Ent. Mewe, 661168-164. 1948& The loouat genus Tanaoaerue •• round 1n the United. Statea, and the description of a :related new genus. Proo. Aoad. Nat. Soi. Phila., 10011•22. 1948b The Aoridoid fully EUIIU!.stioidae. A review of' our knowledge or its components, teaturftt and. aystem.atios, with a suggeated. new olauifiedion ot its major groups. Proo. Aoad. Rat. Sci. Phila., l00t77•139e 19480 ReplaoeJnent of two preoooupied naJ11esor Tetr1gidae. Ent. In•• 69sl54-l55.

R•hn• Je.mea A. G., and Hebard, Morgan. 1906& A contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Montana. Yellowstone Pl\rk, Utah Md Colorado. Proo,. Aoad,. Jlat. Soi. Ihila •• 58s3v8-4l.8. 1906b orthopte:rous inseats or southwestern United States. Proc. Aoad • Nat• Soi. !bib .• ., 58. 1908. An orthopterologioal reoon.naieaanae of the aouthwesten1 United Ste.tee. Part It Arisone.. Proc. Aead,. Nat. Soi. Fhila., 60t365-2. 1909. An orthopterologioal reoonnaieaanoe or the aouthwestern United States. III. California and Nevada. Proo. >:cad. lat. Soi. Phil••• 611409•483. 191v. A reviaion of the orthopteroua genus Inaara. Trana. km.ere Ent• Soc., a:S1•l84. 1914b Studies in Amoriot'.n Tettigoniide.e. t and II. t. A BJnOpaia ot the epeoiee of the genus Soudderia. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soo., 401271•314. 1916& The genus Geyllua as found in America. Proo. A.cad. !fat. Sci. Phila •• 6?t293-~22. 1915b Studies in A..tnerioan 'J.'ett1gon11dae. IV• A eynopsis or the epeoies or the genua orchelimum. Trans. Am.er. Ent. Soc•• 4hll•83. lil5o · Studiea in Ameriean 'J.'ett1gol111d••. V• A aynopds ot 11he apeoiea or the genus Oonooephalue round in North America. north of Mexico. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc•• 4ltl56-P.24. ' Rehn, Jam.ea A.. G •• and Rehn, John W. a. 1942. A review or the New Woi-ld Eumastaoirut.e•••Part II. Proc. Aoad. l~t. Soi. ltlila,., 96:1•88.

Rehn, John W• R. 1950. A key to the genera ot North American Blattaria, including established adventives. Ent. News, 6lt84-61. 234

Riley, C • T •, Thomas, C •, and Packard, A. S • 1878. First Annual Report of the united States Entomological Commiadon for the year 181T relating to the Rocky Mountain Looust. W..shington. 772 PP• Roberts, H• Radolytte. 1941. A oompa::rt\tive study of the subfamilies of the Aorid1daa primarily on the 1-aie · ot their phallic st ruetures • Proo• Aoad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 93t20l•246. 1942• T'rrosubspecies or MelMoilus ditferentialis and related nW' species from Mexico, w!t discussion of their variation. Tra:mJ. Amer. El:l.t. Soo.,,. 68tl6l-l66.

Scudder, s.inuel H. 1876& tilt or the Orthoptera collected by Dr• A. S. Packard in Colorado and the neie}lboring territories, during the swrmer of 1875 • BUll. U.S • Oeol. SU1"'9'• Terr•, II• 1876b Report upon the Orthoptera oollected by the expedition tor geographical surveys west ot the l0Obh meridian during field. eeaaon of 18?6., Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler in Charge. Ann. Rept. u.s. Geog. sur·v. went l00th Meriel., Appendix JJ. 1880. Lilt ot the Orthoptera oolleoted by Dr. A. s. Packard in the Western United States in the sunner or l8T'1. Seoond Report ot the u.s. Ent. conn. 1892. The Orthopteran genus Hippisoua. Psyche, &,2n., 336. 1896& Ind.ex to the Me.ntidae ot Worth America, Horth ot Mexico. Can. Ent •• 28r208-215. 1896b 'the North American apeeiea ot ltemobius. Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soo., 4t99•l07 • 1891a A preliminary olaasifioation or the Tryxalinae or the United States and Canada. Psyche, 8s231•239. 189'1b Revision ot the orthopteran group Melanopl1 with special· reteronoe to Horth American forms. Proo. u.s. Nat. uua., 2011•421. 1898. The alpine Ortboptara of North Amerio-. Appalachia 81 299-319. 1899a The North American species or Orphulella. can. Ent., 3lt 177-188. l899b The orthoptera.n t;enus Schistocerca. Proo. Amer. Ac&d. Arts Soi., 34&441-476. 1900a. Catalogue of the deaor1bed 0rthoptera ot the United Statea and Canada. Proo. Davenp. Aoad. Nat. soi., 8al•lOl. 1900b The clear•winged species of the Oedipod.ine genua Meeto'bregm,-. PS)'ohe, 9,90-93. 1900c irote on the orthopten.n genus t.eprua Sauaaure. Psyche, Pt'1'5•76. 1900d. Th• speoiea or Oirootettix, a Borth A.rnerioan genus ot Oedipodina.e. Peyohe, 91115-141. 1900• 'fh• apeo1ea ot ltadrotetth:, a genus ot Oedipodina.e. Psyche, 916'1""69. l900t th• speoiea of the Oed1podine genus Beliaatua Sauaa., ooou:rring in the United Stat••• Psyche, 9145•4?. 1900g The epeoiee ot the oriihopteran genus Derotmema. Proo. Amer. Aoad. Arts soi., 851388, 392. Scudder. Samuel H. {oont•d) 1901a Alphabetical index to Borth American. Orthoptera. Boat. Soc. !fat. Bi.st., Oooas. Pap•u••• e. 436 PP• l90lb Miogeyllu• and its epeoies in the United State1, Psyche, 91268•268. 19010 Th• species ot Diapherom.era found 1n the United States and Canada. Psyche,. 9rlBT•l89. Shotwell, R. L• 1936. !he species and dietrirution ot grasshoppers in the 1956 outbreak. Insect Peat :SUM"ey :auu. lf sl31-1S9. Sorenson, c. J. and Jappaon, Lee R. 1940• Some inaeot pests of rearm oropa in the juniper-pinon belt ot utah t 'l'be Mormon Cricket,. Anabrua sim;elex Hald. Proo. utah Aoad. Soi.• Arts Lett•, 17 t4ti•Si. "

Sorenson, C • J. and Knowlton, George P'. 1936. Grasshopper survey in Utah, l92U5. Proc. Utah Aoad. Soi. Arte Lett., 131233-236. 1931 • Grasshopper survey in Utah,. 1936. Proo• utah Aoad. Soi. Arts Lett., 141111-lff. Sorenson, O. J. and Thornley, a. F • 1938. MormonCrickets and their contNJl in Utah since 1925. Proo. Utah Aead. Soi. Arts Lett •• 15163•10. !armer, Vaaco •• 1927. Jote1 on Orthoptera and Dennapten from. lrtah. Pan-Pao. Ent., 51178•179. Tanner. Vaaoo u., and Olsen, o. Wil.fori 1929. Studi•• in Utah orthoptera. Proc. Utah Aoad. Sci., 6130-31.

Thom.a, Oyru1 1872. Preliminaey report ot the u.s. Geological survey ot Montana and ?Ortiona of adjacent territories, being a Fifth Annual report ot progNH by f. V• Hayden. Pa.rt IV. Chapter IV. Xotea on the saltatorial Orthoptera of the Rocky Mountain Regions. Washington. pp 423-465. 1811. Descriptions of new apeoiee of Orthoptera collected in Nevada• Utah, and Arizona, 'by the expedition under Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler. Proo. Aoad. Nat. Soi. Ph11a., 25. 1876. Report upon the oolleotion or Orthoptera ma.de in portions or Nevada, t1fam., California, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, during the years 1871 1 1872,. 1813 and 1874. Report upon Geog. and Geol. Explor. and aur-v.west or the One Hundrddth Meridian, in charge· of first Lieut• Geo. M. V/heeler. Vol. v. Zoology,, Chapter XIII, pp 843•908. 1816. A 11st ot·Orthoptere., oolleoted by J. DUnoan Putnam; or Davenport• Iowa, during the surmners of 1672-3-4 & 5, ohief'ly in Colorado• Utah and w:yordng Territories. Proo. Da.venp. Acad• Nat. Soi., l,249•266. 236

Tinkham., E • R. 1938. Western Orthoptera attraoted to lights. Journ. N.t. Ent. Soo •• 46r339•358. 1944. Biological. Taxonomic and Fe:.un1stie studies on the Shield• back Katydida of the North All\erioan Deae:rta. Amer• Midland Nat •• 31 t25T-328. ". · 1941,. Nft apeoiea, rG

Torre•B\leno • 3 • Jt. de la 19!'1. A Glos,a17 ot :sntOJnology. Tb.• Soienoe PNH Printing co•• l,anoaster, Penna. lJ'v'•roT• B. P • 1928. Loouata IU1dgraaahoppera, a handbook tor ,heir study anAl oontrol. London, bip. Btu-. Int•• 362 PP• Valoaroe, Arland o. 1961. A. taxonomic and distributional stttdy of the r;enu• *le.noplua 1n Utah. Utah State Agrioultura.l College. Ma.ater•s Thesis. THE i'AXOWOMrOF UT.AHOlll'HOPTERA

Wiffl lfOffS 01 DISTRIBUTION'

Abstract ot

A '1'heab submitted to the Department ot Zoology and Entomology ot Brigham Young University'

In partial fult1l1Mnt ot the requirement I tor the degree ot

Me.ster ot Arts

June 1952 During the years ot 1950-1952 • study was undertakon ot the Orthopter1 ot Utah to provide taxonoJD.ickeys tor their cle.Hif'ioation and to give the known distribution ot the species tor the state. The entomological colleotions ot the Brigham Young University and

the U'tah state Agricultural College were used as the be.sis ot this work., and.

taxonomic keya were made for all speoies found in th••• oolleotiona as llltll

•• those species reported from the state in previous literature which were not available tor etudy.

It was found that 199 epeo1ea of Orth~ptera are tound in Utah~ Nine additional species are reported•• hypothetical. these epeoies have

not been found Within the boundarin of the state, but •Y eTentually be

found in utah Ol'fi.ng to the abaenoe of eoologioal barriers along the Utah•

Ari1ona border •. Thirty-seven speoiea are established aa new Noorda tor the state• Fifteen additional species ha••been reported. by earlier work•r• but are not figured in the present list because the a..,..ilable data is 1n-

suffio1ent to establish them as belonging to the orthoptenn fauna of Utah.