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Indonesian Journal of Science and Education Orthosiphon Stamineus Benth

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Indonesian Journal of Science and Education Orthosiphon Stamineus Benth |26 Indonesian Journal of Science and Education Volume 3, Number 1, April 2019, pp: 26 ~ 33 p-ISSN: 2598-5213, e-ISSN: 2598-5205, DOI: 10.31002/ijose.v3i1.729 e-mail: [email protected], website: jurnal.untidar.ac.id/index.php/ijose Orthosiphon stamineus Benth (Uses and Bioactivities) Marina Silalahi Department of Biology Education, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] th th th Received: April 24 , 2018 R evised: October 23 , 2018 Accepted: April 11 , 2019 ABSTRACT Orthosiphon stamineus Benth., or kumis kucing is a the medicinal plants have been used as diuretic medicine. The utilization of medicinal plants associated to its secondary metabolite. This article aims to explain uses pf the O. stamineus and the its secondary metabolites. This article is based on literature offline and online media. Offline literature used the books, whereas online media used Web, Scopus, Pubmed, and scientific journals. Orthosiphon stamineus has two varieties called purple varieties (which have purple-colored flowers) and white varieties (which have white-colored flowers). Some of secondary metabolites in the O. stamineus are the terpenoids, phenols, isopimaran type ispenimoids, flavonoids, benzochromes, and organic acid derivatives. The traditional medicine of the Orthosiphon stamineus uses as the diuretic, hypertension, hepatitis, jaundice, and diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Orthosiphon stamineus, diuretics, diterpenoids, hypertension INTRODUCTION fence. Those resulted the O. stamineus easily found in yards. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth is a Based on the structure of flowers, O. species belonging of the Lamiaceae, that by stamineus is grouped into two varieties Indonesia local communities known kumis namely purple varieties (purple colored kucing (cat's whiskers). The name of a cat's flowers) and white varieties (white colored whiskers was related to the its flower flowers). The both varieties of O. stamineus structure, which has the stamens structure contain varies bioactive compounds, like to the cat's whiskers. Lamiaceae have whereas the purple varieties have higher about 200 genera and 3200 species bioactive content than the white varieties (Congruist, 1981). The Lamiaceae have 8 (Lee, 2004). In general the O. stamineus major genera i.e: Salvia (500 species), produces compounds such as terpenoids Hyptis (350 species), Scutellaria (200 and phenols (isopimaran, flavonoid, species), Coleus (200 species), Plectranthus benzochromen) and organic acid (200 species), Stachys (200 species), Nepeta derivatives. The characteristic of the (150 species), and Teucrium (100 species) dihydpenoid is isolated from O. staminieus (Congruist, 1981). have an isopimuric carbon skeleton The O. stamineus by local comprising three rings and contain many communities in Indonesia have been oxygen functional groups on C-1, 2, 3, and usedas diuretic or urinary remedy and to 7 carbon atoms. cure diabetes mellitus (Achmad et al., The secondary metabolites plants 2008). The O. stamineus also used as an associated to efficacy as drugs which uses ornamental plant because its have an flower as traditional medicine and modern structure attractive and have tight branching medicine. In traditional medicine the cat pattern, so that its suitable uses living whiskers are used as diuretic, and to cure the diabetes mellitus (Achmad et al., 2008), Indonesian Journal of Science and Education, Volume 3, Number 1 |27 anti hypertension (Manshor et al., 2013), Keng and Siong (2006) states that O. but discussion has not been done stamineus has two varieties based on its extensively. This article will be one of the flower color, purple variety and white sources of information on the relationship varieties. The purple variety has higher of utilization and the content of bioactive bioactive content than the white varieties compounds from the cat whiskers plant. (Lee, 2004), however in different lighting sometimes the color of both varieties is RESEARCH METHODS difficult to distinguish. Orthosiphon stamineus can grow about 1.2 m and its This paper is based on literature review leaves can be harvested within 2-3 months both online and offline. Offline is based on after planting (Abdullah et al., 2012). literature books such as and other books. Online media is based on Web, Scopus, Pubmed, and on-line media used for the publication of Scientific journals. DISCUSSION BOTANY OF Orthosiphon stamineus Benth Orthosiphon stamineus Benth sinonim C with Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.) Miq., Orthosiphon grandiflorus Bold., Orthosiphon spicatus (Jempol) Bak. is a species belonging of the Lamiaceae. Vernaculer name of the O. stamineus such as misai kucing (Malaysia), kumis kucing (Indonesia), and java tea (Europe), is native in South East Asian (Indubala and Ng, Figure 1. Differences of leaves morphological 2000). The Benth Orthosiphon genus structure of O. stamineus (A) top consists of 40 species spread across tropical surface and (B) bottom surface. Left over purple varieties while upper right and subtropical Asia including South Africa of white varieties, (C) flowering (Keng and Madagascar (Sadashiva et al., 2013). and Siong 2006). The genera Orthosiphon is derived from two ortho words (straight), while siphon The two varieties of cats whiskers are (tube or cylindrical). Both words when morphologically difficult to distinguish combined mean a straight tube like a flower (Keng and Siong, 2006), but when viewed produced by species in the genus more detai there are differences in the Orthosiphon. The characteristic of this morphology of leaves and flowers. The straight tube is considered to be one of the color of the bones of the leaves and flowers main characteristics of the Labiatae or shows its varieties, so that the whiskers Lamiaceae family (Keng and Siong, 2006). plant of purple flowering cats are called Some species in the genus Orthosiphon are purple varieties and the white flowering used as medicaments such as O. aristatus, ones are called white varieties. The purple O. pallidus, O. thymiflorus, O. stamineus variety has an ovate shaped leaf shape and a especially in traditional medicine to prevent purple leaf vein, and yellowish spots are it different diseases such as diabetes spreaded unevenly on the lower surface as mellitus, kidney stones, edema, well as the top surface of the leaves. White rheumatism, hepatitis, hypertension and varieties have a rhomboid leaf shape with jaundice (Singh et al., 2015). no spot, a obtuse-like basal section, while the apex is acuminate, with a bright green Indonesian Journal of Science and Education, Volume 3, Number 1 |28 colored vein (Figure 1). The most striking middle-income countries (IDF, 2014; Wild difference in the two varieties of cat's et al., 2004). whiskers is the color of the petals and the The diabetes mellitus caused by crown of flowers. The purple variety has a disolder of glucose metabolism in the blood lobe color on both lips of bright purple does not work well so that blood sugar corolla lips while white varieties have levels are higher than normal conditions maroon color. Leaf microstructure, anther, (hyperglycemia). Anti-hyperglycemic stigma and pollen grains are the same in agents are agents that can lower blood both varieties (Keng and Siong, 2006). glucose levels but do not go beyond fasting levels, whereas hypoglycemic agents are THE USES OF THE O. stamineus compounds capable of reducing blood World health organization (WHO) glucose levels to below fasting levels. stated that 80% of people living in Metformin compound is a commercial anti- developing countries generally use hyperglycemic agent while glibenclamide is traditional medicine to maintain their a hypoglycemic agent (Mohamed et al., health. Utilization of plants as ingredients 2013). Glibenclamide acts by stimulating in both the form of crude extracts and insulin release from pancreatic β cells simplicia increasing, associated with the (Mariam et al., 1996). Another action that tendency of back to nature. This resulted in may cause hypoglycemic effects of the documentation and research of glibenclamide is the suppression of medicinal plants as a drug increasingly, glucagons release (Joel and Lee, 2001). In especially in the tropics such as Indonesia. normal circumstances fasting glucose The research objectives varies are <100mg / dL and glucose levels after 2 documenting of the local knowledge of hours of eating <140mg / dL. In people tribe (ethnomedicine), isolation of with diabetes mellitua blood glucose> 126 bioactivity compounds, bioassays, and mg / dL or glucose> 200 mg / dL at 2 hours bioprospection. after eating (Munin and Hanani, 2011). Orthosiphon stamineus has long been Plants that can be used as drug diabetes used either as a traditional medicine or mellitus is plant that maintain blood glucose herbal medicine. The empirically of local levels at normal levels. Provision of oral people uses the cats whiskers as medicine leaves extract of oral plants of 1 g/kg, in of kidney disease. Nevertheless, studies mice able to reduce normal glucose levels have shown more widespread cats whiskers, of mice below the level of fasting such as hypertension (Manshor et al., concentration (Mariam et al., 1996). The 2013), hepatitis, jaundice (Alshawsh et al., mechanisms of herbal medicine in 2011), and diabetes mellitus (Mohamed et controlling blood glucose levels are (1) al. 2013; Amer et al 2015). inhibiting the hydrolysis of carbohydrates into glucose in the gastrointestinal tract, Anti Diabetes Mellitus resulting in reduced amount of glucose Diabetes
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