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Vývoj Elektronických Plateb Development of Electronic Payments

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Vývoj Elektronických Plateb Development of Electronic Payments Masarykova univerzita Ekonomicko-správní fakulta Studijní obor: Finance Vývoj elektronických plateb Development of Electronic Payments Diplomová práce Vedoucí diplomové práce: Autor: prof. Ing. Jiří DVOŘÁK, DrSc. Mgr. Bc. Lucia MOŤKOVÁ Brno, 2017 Jméno autora: Lucia Moťková Název diplomové práce: Vývoj elektronických plateb Název práce v angličtině: Development of Electronic Payments Katedra: Katedra financí Vedoucí diplomové práce: prof. Ing. Jiří Dvořák, DrSc. Rok obhajoby: 2017 Anotace Diplomová práce klasifikuje peníze a elektronické (digitální) peníze, mezi které řadí i pohledávky z vkladů na bankovních účtech a soukromé elektronické peníze, včetně kryptoměn (bitcoin). Popisuje aspekty elektronických peněz a různých způsobů provádění elektronických plateb i jejich současnou právní regulaci v České republice, s cílem vytvoření modelů vývoje elektronických peněz a elektronických plateb a modelu elektronického bankovnictví. Autorka dále uvádí některá doporučení: doporučení retailovým klientům bank ve vztahu k realizaci elektronických plateb, doporučení státu ve vztahu k zajištění možnosti sledování peněžních toků a konečně doporučení bankám ve vztahu k vylepšení stávajících produktů, zejména v souvislosti s autentizací elektronických plateb. Annotation The diploma thesis classifies money and electronic (digital) money, among which claims on deposit bank accounts and private electronic money, including cryptocurrencies (bitcoin), are also classified. The features of electronic money and various methods of the realization of electronic payments along with their current legal regulation in the Czech Republic are described, with the aim of creating the models of electronic money and electronic payments development as well as the model of electronic banking. Furthemore, the author introduces some recommendations: firstly, for bank retail clients in relation to electronic payments realization, secondly, recommendations for the government in relation to securing the possibility of monitoring cash flows, and finally, recommendations for banks regarding the improvement of existing products, especially in the connection with the electronic payment authentication. Klíčová slova elektronické (digitální) peníze, bezhotovostní platby, virtuální měny, kryptoměny, šifrování, bitcoin, platební karty, bankovní účet, elektronická peněženka, chytrý telefon, aplikace (klient), nositelná elektronika, mobilní bankovnictví, anonymita, pseudonymita, bankovní tajemství, praní špinavých peněz Keywords electronic (digital) money, cashless payments, virtual currency, cryptocurrency, cryptography, bitcoin, payment cards, bank account, electronic wallet, smartphone, application (client), wearables, mobile banking, anonymity, pseudonymity, bank secret, money laundering JEL klasifikace/JEL classification: E42, E52, E58 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma Vývoj elektronických plateb vypracovala samostatně pod vedením prof. Ing. Jiřího Dvořáka, DrSc. a uvedla v ní všechny použité literární a jiné odborné zdroje v souladu s právními předpisy, vnitřními předpisy Masarykovy univerzity a vnitřními akty řízení Masarykovy univerzity a Ekonomicko-správní fakulty MU. V Brně dne 9. 2. 2017 …….………………………….. vlastnoruční podpis autora Poděkování Děkuji vedoucímu práce prof. Ing. Jiřímu Dvořákovi, DrSc. za odborné zajištění a připomínky k textu diplomové práce. Dále bych chtěla poděkovat všem blízkým, zejména mému manželovi, za jejich povzbuzení a podporu při psaní této práce i při dosavadním studiu. OBSAH ÚVOD ............................................................................................................................................................... 8 1. Elektronické (digitální) peníze ............................................................................................................... 11 2. Zákonné elektronické peníze ................................................................................................................. 13 3. Virtuální měny (soukromé elektronické peníze) .................................................................................... 15 3.1. Lokální virtuální měny ......................................................................................................................... 16 3.2. Kryptoměny ......................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.1. Způsoby kryptování ........................................................................................................................ 21 3.2.2. Nejznámější kryptoměny ............................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3. Kryptoměny a funkce peněz .......................................................................................................... 24 3.3. Speciální virtuální měny ...................................................................................................................... 26 3.4. Konvertibilita virtuálních měn ............................................................................................................. 26 4. Uchovávání elektronických peněz ......................................................................................................... 29 4.1. Bankovní účty ...................................................................................................................................... 29 4.2. Elektronické peněženky ....................................................................................................................... 29 4.3. Kryptoměnové peněženky ................................................................................................................... 33 4.3.1. Druhy kryptoměnových peněženek ............................................................................................... 33 4.3.2. Zálohování kryptoměnových peněženek ....................................................................................... 39 4.3.3. Kryptoměnové „bankomaty“ ......................................................................................................... 40 5. Platební systémy ................................................................................................................................... 42 5.1. Znaky platebního systému .................................................................................................................. 43 5.2. Vybraná právní regulace platebního systému elektronických plateb v ČR ......................................... 44 5.2.1. Omezení hotovostních plateb ........................................................................................................ 44 5.2.2. Potírání praní špinavých peněz ...................................................................................................... 45 5.2.3. Nová směrnice o platebních službách (PSD 2) ............................................................................... 46 5.2.4. Elektronická evidence tržeb, online platby a kryptoměny ............................................................. 48 6. Současný stav elektronického bankovnictví v ČR ................................................................................... 50 6.1. C2B v kamenných obchodech.............................................................................................................. 50 6.1.1. Platební karty ................................................................................................................................. 51 6.1.2. NFC a HCE platby mobilem ............................................................................................................ 56 6.2. C2B v e-shopech .................................................................................................................................. 61 6.2.1. Platební brány ................................................................................................................................ 61 6.3. Příkaz k převodu mezi účty v elektronickém bankovnictví .................................................................. 63 6.3.1. Poplatky za bankovní převody ....................................................................................................... 64 6.3.2. Rychlost bankovních převodů ........................................................................................................ 65 7. Současný stav využití platebního systému Bitcoin v ČR ......................................................................... 66 7.1. Poplatky v platebním systému Bitcoin ................................................................................................ 66 8. Trendy ve vývoji elektronických plateb ................................................................................................. 68 8.1. Bezpečnost platby ............................................................................................................................... 68 8.2. Pseudonymita a anonymita elektronických plateb ............................................................................. 70 8.3. Nástroje zvyšující anonymitu kryptoměnových plateb ....................................................................... 71 8.3.1. Mixovací služby .............................................................................................................................. 72 8.3.2. TOR ................................................................................................................................................
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