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The Effect of Dietary Fish Oil Replacement with Soybean Oil on Growth and Health of Dusky Kob, Argyrosomus Japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae)

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The Effect of Dietary Fish Oil Replacement with Soybean Oil on Growth and Health of Dusky Kob, Argyrosomus Japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae) CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) THE EFFECT OF DIETARY FISH OIL REPLACEMENT WITH SOYBEAN OIL ON GROWTH AND HEALTH OF DUSKY KOB, ARGYROSOMUS JAPONICUS (PISCES: SCIAENIDAE) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE of Rhodes University By Nani Adami Rossetti December 2011 “With Earth’s burgeoning population to feed we must turn to the sea with new understanding and new technology. We need to farm it as we farm the land" Jacques Cousteau, 1973 ii ABSTRACT Lipids are essential components for fish because they contain fatty acids that are vital for regular growth and health. Fish oil is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are essential fatty acids for carnivorous fish, and therefore this product has traditionally being used as the main source of lipids in fish feeds. However, with declining fisheries resources worldwide and the rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry pressuring this finite resource, such ingredients are becoming less available and more expensive. It is therefore necessary to explore the utilization of ingredients that are sustainable and competitive alternatives to fish oil in marine finfish feeds. This work investigated the effects of the substitution of fish oil with soybean oil on the growth performance, feed efficiency, fatty acid composition of the liver tissue and some health parameters in juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus; an increasingly popular sciaenid marine aquaculture species in South Africa. Six diets (18 % total lipid and 46 % protein) with increasing percentage substitution of fish oil with soybean oil (1, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 %) were fed to juvenile kob. After 84 days of feeding these diets to the fish, no significant differences in fish length and weight between treatments were observed. However, there was a significant trend of a decrease in specific growth rate, ranging from (± standard error) 0.87 ± 0.06 to 0.72 ± 0.04 % body weight day-1, and condition factor, ranging from 1.59 ± 0.03 to 1.54 ± 0.02, with increasing vegetable oil replacement in the diets between days 56 and 84. There were no differences in red blood cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration after 206 days of feeding. However, visceral fat index (VFI) increased significantly from 1.08 ± 0.17 % for fish fed diets with 28 % soybean oil, to 2.24 ± 0.15 % for fish fed diets with 70 % soybean oil. Similarly, hepatosomatic index (HSI) increased significantly from 0.84 ± 0.08 % to 1.80 ± 0.12 % in the control diet and the 56 % soybean oil diet, respectively. After 206 iii days of feeding, fish fed diets with 42 to 70 % soybean oil showed greater number of lipid vacuoles in the liver, which were also larger in size, and hepatocytes nuclei were displaced to the cell periphery. The fatty acid composition of the liver tissue strongly corresponded to the fatty acid composition of the diets. Linoleic acid accumulated in the liver of the fish fed increasing soybean oil in the diets. In contrast, EPA and DHA decreased from 13.63 to 1.97 %, and 14.34 to 3.28 %, respectively, in the liver tissue of fish fed diets with increasing soybean oil content; consequently the n-3/n-6 ratio was also significantly reduced with inclusion of vegetable oil in the diets. The trend of decreasing growth rate with increasing oil replacement towards the end of the trial corresponds with increases in VFI, HSI, as well as the fatty acid accumulation and lipid vacuoles in the liver. This suggests that dusky kob is less able to metabolise soybean oil at increased substitution levels which would account for the poorer growth at higher levels. The dependence of fish on dietary marine oil decreased significantly with each inclusion of soybean oil in the diets. Nonetheless, the calculations based on the nutrient ratio presented positive outcomes for all treatments, that is, values of marine oil dependency ratio were below one for all treatments. It is concluded that soybean oil can replace fish oil in formulated diets for dusky kob up to a level of 28 % of total dietary lipids, as evidenced by the good growth and feed efficiency, and no apparent negative health effects observed up to this level. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................ 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 Aquaculture in the world .................................................................................................... 1 Aquaculture and aquafeeds in South Africa ................................................................... 3 Dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, and a review of its culture ................................. 6 Lipids in fish nutrition.......................................................................................................... 8 Fish nutrition, fish oil and alternative feed ingredients ................................................ 10 Aim and objectives ........................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................. 14 GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF JUVENILE DUSKY KOB, ARGYROSOMUS JAPONICUS, FED DIETS WITH FISH OIL REPLACEMENT BY SOYBEAN OIL ..... 14 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 14 Material and methods ...................................................................................................... 16 Results ............................................................................................................................... 24 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 35 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................................. 42 THE EFFECT OF DIETARY FISH OIL REPLACEMENT BY SOYBEAN OIL ON THE HEALTH OF DUSKY KOB, ARGYROSOMUS JAPONICUS ........................................ 42 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 42 Material and methods ...................................................................................................... 47 Results ............................................................................................................................... 51 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 69 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 4 .............................................................................................................................. 81 GENERAL DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... 81 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 86 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to dedicate this thesis to the memory of my dear friend, Helena Both. This research was supported by funding from National Research Foundation (NRF-THRIP) and Marifeed. It would not have been possible without the industry partners who supported me wherever possible. Thanks to Espadon Marine Pty Ltd; who donated the fish used in my growth trials. I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr Cliff Jones and Prof. Peter Britz, for the guidance through this process. To both of you, thank you so much for the opportunity you gave me to come and study in South Africa. Cliff, you were a great motivator and an inspiration, and Pete, thank you for the flat in Port Alfred, it made my life so much easier. I would also like to thank those who helped me with my trials in the Port Alfred lab, especially Siviwe, Justin and Andre. Thanks for assisting with my project and helping when the generator stopped working. Thanks to my office buddies and Grahamstown friends, particularly Thethela, Matt and Wilbert; I really appreciate your camaraderie, chats and help with the spelling and statistics. Thank you to my Brazilian friends that, even not being here with me, always sent me their love and support. My special thanks go to Bia, Bob, Jota, Loli, Meco, Miloca, Moow, Paulete and Tulio. A great thank you is directed to Bruce Donovan for his help and patience during this work. Last but not least, my heartfelt thanks go to my family, Enio, Marinês and Êmili, for their unconditional love, support and words of encouragement. Thank you for always teaching me to be brave and believe in me. Sem o apoio de vocês, esse trabalho não teria sido possível. Muito obrigada! vi CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
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