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A Thomism/Thomist(s), 10–12, 78, Adams, Dickinson W., 339, 304. See 83–84, 94, 96–97, 123, 136, also Jefferson, Thomas 139, 281, 367; Thomistic, 84, Adams, John, 304, 307, 308, 334, 94, 96–97 336, 338 Aristotle, 1, 79–80, 95, 126, 137, Adorno, Theodor W., 33, 36, 362 138, 145, 148, 159, 171, Aikenhead, Thomas, 3 202, 367. See also Ancient, Allen, Charlotte, 121 Greece/Greek(s), Philosophy/ Allen, Keith, 127 Philosopher(s) Allison, Dale C., 155, 350 Arius (of Alexandria), 98 Angell, Stephen W., 63, 187, 194 Arianism/Arian(s), 23, 98, 100, Annet, Peter, 265 117–118, 121, 155, 244, 296, Anselm, St. (of Canterbury), 88 299, 312, 315. See also Heresy/ Apollonius (of Tyana), 209 Heretic(s) and Orthodox/ Aquinas, St. Thomas, 10, 12, 24, 25, Orthodoxy 78–83, 87, 90, 95–96, 99, 102, Armenteros,Carolina, 53 122, 136–139, 141, 145, 148, Armstrong, David, 52 151, 160–161, 165, 171, 174, Asad, Talal, 283 209, 221, 280–283, 285–287, Assange, Julian Paul, 1, 2 295, 314–315, 319–320, 359, Astell, Mary, 54, 66, 184, 201, 202, 368. See also Ethics, Faith, 240, 242, 363 Medieval, Morality/Moral(s), Athanasius (of Alexandria), 208 Philosophy/Philosopher(s), Atherton, Jonathan, 310 Reason/Rational, Theology/ Attlee, Clement Richard, 71 Theologian(s)

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 449 J. C. P. Birch, Jesus in an Age of Enlightenment, Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51276-5 450 Author Index

Augustine, St., 20, 72, 80, 103, Biddle, John, 299, 315 104, 146, 147, 150, 159, 168, Bietenholz, Peter G., 13 204, 231, 233, 234, 259, 275, Birch, Jonathan C.P., 19, 112, 208, 280, 285–287, 322. See also 223 Heresy/Heretic(s), Orthodoxy/ Blackburn, Simon, 56, 79 Orthodox, Pelagius, Platonism/ Blair, Anthony Charles Linton, 352 Platonist(s), Theology/ Blanton, Ward, 114, 176, 178 Theologian(s) Bolingbroke, Lord Viscount (Henry Augustinian(s), 274, 204, 285, 295 St. John), 299, 335. See also Britain/British, England/English, Jefferson, Thomas, Miraculous/ B (s), Reason/Rational, Badiou, Alain, 17, 114 Scepticism/Sceptic(s) Baker, Keith, 53 Bonaventure, St. (Giovanni di Baker, Lynne Baker, 176 Fidanza), 73, 123 Bammel, Ernst, 239 Bradstock, Andrew, 62, 63, 187–189, Barclay, Robert, 195 240 Barth, Karl, 18, 24, 140 Bragg, Melvin, 176 Bauckham, Richard, 353 Brampton, Kenneth, 203 Bauer, Ferdinand Christian, 316 Brett, Annabel S., 11 Bayes, Thomas, 369 Broad,Jacqueline, 200 Bayle, Pierre, 17, 26, 48, 54, 59, 101, Brown, Colin, 6 102, 243, 246–247, 274–293, Brown, Peter L., 275 321. See also Calvinism/ Brown, Raymond E., 183, 340 Calvinist(s), Huguenot(s), Brown, Wendy, 283 France/French, Netherlands, Browning, Gary, 44 Philosophy/Philosopher(s), Buckley, Michael, 123 Scepticism/Sceptic(s), Bulman, William J., 39, 360 Toleration/Tolerance (religious), Bultmann, Rudolf Karl, 350 Theology/Theologian(s) Burke, Edmund, 32, 34 Bell, David A., 53, 360 Burke (Trist), Martha Jefferson, 339 Bellarmine, Robert, 281 Burleigh, Michael, 361 Benfatto, Miriam, 14 Burns, David, 239, 305 Bennett, Jonathan, 131 Bushell, T.L., 117 Benoist, Elie, 276 Bush, George W., 351, 352, 357 Bentham, Jeremy, 79, 92 Butler, Judith, 283 Berger, Peter, 370 Berkeley, George, 58 Berlin, Isaiah, 149 C Berman, David, 135 Callaghan, John O’, 79, 285 Berti, Silvia, 18 Calvin, Jean, 31, 86–88, 97, Bett, Richard, 48 140, 164, 173, 277–278, Author Index 451

314–315, 319–320. See also Conway, Lady Ann, 202 Ethics, Morality/Moral(s), Cooper, Brittney, 356 Protestantism/Protestant(s), Corbet, John, 297 Reformation, Theology/ Corbyn, Jeremy, 352 Theologian(s) Costa, Uriel Da, 236–238 Calvinism/Calvinist(s), 10, 23, 89, Coster, Robert, 189 101, 155, 172, 247, 249, 269, Cottingham, John, 10, 12, 45–47, 276, 277, 363 58, 87, 128, 131, 280. See also /Methodist(s), 64 Descartes, René Cameron, David William Donald, 311 Cottret, Bernard, 6 Camus, Albert, 125 Coyle, Sean, 97 Cantor, Geoffrey, 187, 241 Coyne, Jerry, 35 Carretta, Vincent, 64 Craig, William Lane, 138, 369 Carrier, Richard, 369 Critchley, Simon, 18 Carson, Clayborne, 355 Crocker, Lesley, 46 Castro, Fidel, 357 Cromwell, Oliver, 62, 189, 299, Cavanaugh, William T., 180 363. See also Britain/British, Chadwick, Henry, 13 England/English, Protestantism/ Chadwick, Owen, 31, 307 Protestants(s), Republicanism/ Champion, Justin, 36, 56, 143, 164, Republican(s), Revolution/ 174, 179, 181, 299 Revolutionary Chappell, Timothy, 87 New Model Army, 193 Chávez, Hugo Rafael Frías, 357, 358 Crossan, John Dominic, 112, 121, Cherbury, Lord Edward Herbert of, 163, 234, 348. See also Jesus 248, 255 Seminar, Liberal/Liberalism, Chinard, Gilbert, 333 Ethics Chisick, Harvey, 53, 61, 331 Crossley, James G., 234, 298, 349, Chomsky, Noam, 66, 67, 366, 367 352, 353 Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre, 18 Cudworth, Ralph, 54, 57, 89–90, Chubb, Thomas, 54, 91, 98–99, 93–94, 147, 202–203, 314, 117–122, 163, 226, 233, 367–368. See also England/ 244–245, 304, 350, 363, 373. See English, Orthodoxy/Orthodox, also Britain/British, Christology, Platonism/Platonist(s) Deism/Deist(s), England/ Cullen, Susannah, 64 English, Theology/Theologian(s) Culverwell, Nathaniel, 94, 95 Churchland, Patricia S., 52 Cupitt, Don, 142 Churchland, Paul M., 52 Curley, Edwin, 105, 134 Clarkson, Thomas, 64 Cmecu, Camelia, 361 Colley, Kenneth, 227. See also Monty D Python D’Alembert, Jean-Baptiste le Rond, Collins, Anthony, 4 11, 30, 47, 50 Cone, James, 371 Damm, Christian Tobias, 228, 229 452 Author Index

Damrosch, Leo, 185–186, 190–191, Dupré, Louis, 55, 72 193–195. See also Nayler, James, Dybikowski, James, 6, 36, 300, 313 and Quakerism/Quaker(s) Dandelion, Ben Pink, 63, 187, 194 Darnton, Robert, 38, 219 E Darwin, Charles, 207, 307 Eagleton, Terry, 18, 371 Darwinian, 2 Edelstein, Dan, 34 evolution by natural selection, 207, Edwards, Jonathan, 351 307 Edwards, Katie B., 372 Davies, Brian, 10, 81, 139 Eliot, George, 136, 181 Dawes, Gregory, 6, 45, 225 Elizabeth I (Queen), 279, 300. See also Dawkins, Richard, 3, 373 England/English, Toleration/ Dawson, Christopher, 55 Tolerance (religious) Day, Dorothy, 358 Elliot, Paul A., 36 Dea, Shannon, 48 Ellsberg, Robert, 2 Denne, Henry, 188 Ellul, Jacques, 358 Dennett, Daniel C., 52, 176 Ellwood, Thomas, 187 D’Entrèves, A.P., 96, 97 Empiricus, Sextus, 48 Descartes, René, 12, 45, 47, 48, 57, Enden, Franciscus van den, 14, 107 92, 107, 128–132, 144, 176– Equiano, Olaudah (Gustavus Vassa), 177, 203, 280. See also Dualism/ 63–65, 241, 356 Dualist(s), Roman Catholicism/ Erasmus, Desiderius, 12–13, 20, 24, Catholic(s), Philosophy/ 54, 85, 100–105, 115–116, Philosopher(s) 118–119, 123, 127, 248, 287, Cartesianism/Cartesian(s), 12, 45, 363. See also Roman Catholicism/ 47, 57, 58, 128–130, 195, 203, Catholic(s), Ethics, Freedom, 204, 280, 367 Morality/Moral(s), Reformation, De Vries, Hent, 16 Theology/Theologian(s) D’Holbach, Baron (Paul-Henri Thiry), Erasmian, 13, 101–102, 105, 116 19, 61, 122, 331, 363 Philosophia Christi, 100, 102, 103, Di Bella, Stefano, 127 105, 123, 248 Dickinson, W., 304 Erastus, Thomas, 164 Diderot, Denis, 11, 30, 47, 247, 363 Erastianism/Erastian, 164, 183 Dionysius (Pseudo/the Areopagite), Esposito, Roberto, 178 139 Eusebius, 164 Ditchfeld, Grayson, 310 Douglas, Gwyn, 196 D’Souza, Dinesh, 372 F Ducheyne, Steffen, 50 Fabricius, Johann Albert, 218–219. Duffy, Eamon, 30, 72, 373 See also Germany/German, and Dunn, John, 44, 262. See also Reimarus, Hermann Samuel Cambridge School (of historiog- Falsani, Cathleen, 357 raphy), and Locke, John Falwell, Jerry Jr., 356 Author Index 453

Faricius, Johann Albert, 218 Grayling, A.C., 165, 305 Featley, Daniel, 104 Grégoire, Henri Jean-Baptiste, 239, Feldman, Seymour, 249 246, 358, 360 Fell, Margaret, 54, 182, 198–201, 363 Gribben, Crawford, 163, 299 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 136, 142 Grotius, Hugo, 90, 92, 96–97, Finkelman, Paul, 303 99, 123, 150, 248, 367. See Fitzpatrick, Martin, 32, 300, 310 also Aquinas, Thomas, Ethics, Force, James, 57, 283 Morality/Moral(s), Philosophy/ Foucault, Michel, 33, 41–42, 66–67, Philosopher(s), Greece/Greek(s), 241, 366. See also Enlightenment, Philosophy/Philosopher(s) Ethics, Morality/Moral(s) Gullota, Daniel N., 369 Fox, George, 187, 191–193, 195, Gwyn, Douglas, 196–197 198, 363. See also Christology, Quakerism/Quaker(s) Fox, Richard Wrightman, 2 H Francis, Pope (Jorge Mario Bergoglio), Hammer, Olav, 2 358 Hampson, Norman, 31, 35 Francis, St., 72 Hannam, James, 11 Fraser, Giles, 18, 373 Harnack, Adolf von, 9, 77–78, 100, Fredriksen, Paula, 234 157, 323. See also Liberalism/ Freud, Sigmund, 74, 254, 230. See also Liberal(s), Protestantism/ Atheism/Atheist(s) Protestant(s), Theology/ Funk, Robert W., 163, 348–350. See Theologian(s) also Jesus Seminar Harris, Harriet A., 87 Furedi, Frank, 361 Hazard, Paul, 46, 272 Hedley, Douglass, 93 Hendrickx, Herman, 111 G Henry, John, 202 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 2, Heschel, Susannah, 13, 356, 372 358 Hickson, Michael, 247 Gay, Peter, 22, 36–37, 43, 45–46, Hill, Christopher, 126, 172, 185, 188, 49, 74, 163, 340. See also 363 Enlightenment Hillar, Marian, 296, 298. See also Gerson, Jean, 84, 85 Socinianism/Socinian(s) Gianluca, Mori, 277 Hitchens, Christopher, 372 Gillespie, Michael Allen, 55 Hobbes, Thomas, 8, 12, 17, 25–27, Goethe, Johan Wolfgang von, 226 47, 54, 59, 93, 95, 97, 105, 124, Goeze, Johann Melchior, 224, 229 125, 129–145, 147–164, 166– Gordon, Daniel, 15 184, 186, 188, 191, 196, 197, Goss, Robert, 163, 371 202–204, 207, 208, 215–218, Gove, Michael, 353 221, 234, 243, 251, 256, 257, Gray, John, 34, 42, 362 263, 292, 304, 314, 334, 350, 454 Author Index

356, 358–360, 364, 373. See also also Enlightenment, Materialism/ Atheism/Atheist(s), Christology, Materialist(s), Radicalism/ Heresy/Heretic(s), Materialism/ Radical(s), Revolution/ Materialist(s), Orthodoxy/ Revolutionary, and Spinoza, Orthodox, Political Theology, Benedict de (Baruch) Philosophy/Philosopher(s), Theology/Theologian(s) Cavendish Family (Hobbes’s J employers), 130 Jacob, Margaret C., 30, 39, 47–48, Hobbesian, 61, 270 50, 56–57, 59–60, 62, 272. See Kingdom of Darkness, 124, 139, also Enlightenment, Newton, 143, 216 Isaac, Radicalism/Radical(s), Hollinworth, Richard, 191, 192 Spinoza, Benedict, de (Baruch), Holloway, Richard, 9, 70 and /Pantheist(s) Hooker, Richard, 90, 95, 96, 123 Jaspers, Karl, 126 Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), Jefferson, Jane Randolph, 302 43 Jefferson, Peter, 302 Horkheimer, Max, 33, 36, 362 Jefferson, Thomas, 27, 54–55, 244, Houlden, Leslie, 7 246, 295, 301–308, 311, 312, Hume, David, 10, 35, 47, 50, 150, 324, 333–348, 350–351, 353, 259, 322, 362, 363 357, 363, 364, 373. See also Hunt, Lynn, 30–31, 38, 53, Heresy/Heretic(s), Unitarianism/ 66. See also Enlightenment, Unitarian(s), United States of France/French, Revolution/ America Revolutionary Jefferson Bible, 304–305, 339, 343 Hunter, Graeme, 14, 106, 189 Louisiana Purchase (1803), 301 Hunter, Michael, 3, 142 Monticello, Charlottesville, Hutcheson, Francis, 92 302–303 Hutton, Sarah, 57, 202, 204 Jekyll, Joseph, 117 Jennings, Theodore W.Jr., 371 Johnson, Kent Wright, 53 I Johnson, Luke Timothy, 360 Idziak, Janine, 84 Johnson, Samuel, 56, 204 Ingram, Robert G., 39 Jolley, Nicholas, 47, 181–182, 263 Inwagen, Peter van, 176, 342 Jones, Terry, 227 Irenaeus, St., 77 Israel, Jonathan I., 21, 26, 29–31, 34–37, 39, 42, 47–48, 50–54, K 59–62, 82, 105, 106, 114, 129, Kant, Immanuel, 10, 18, 24, 35, 133, 166, 220, 226, 230, 234, 39–41, 43, 79, 83, 91, 148, 230, 243–245, 247, 249, 259, 260, 304, 328, 370. See also Ethics, 271, 277, 279–281, 300, 326. See Germany/German, Liberal/ Author Index 455

Liberalism, Moral/Moral(s), Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 119, Philosophy/Philosopher(s), 219–220, 223, 224, 226, 229, Theology/Theologian(s) 236, 293, 335. See also Germany/ /Kantian, 18 German(s), and Reimarus, Katz, David S., 105 Hermann Samuel, Theology/ Kay, Christian, 54 Theologian(s), Hobbes, Thomas, Keith, Chris, 349 and Political Theology Kent, John, 4, 7 Lessius, Leonard, 123 Kern, Susan, 302 Lester, Ruth W., 304, 338, 339, 343, Kerr, Fergus, 80, 90. See also Aquinas, 350 St. Thomas Levi, David, 334 Kierkharrd, Søren, 370 Lilla, Mark, 16–17, 25, 135–136, 139, Kilcullen, John, 275, 276 358–359 King, Martin Luther Jr., 355, 358 Lilti, Antoine, 60 King, Robert, 241 Limborch, Philippe van, 248 Klauber, Martin I., 248 Lincoln, Abraham, 241 Koch, Adrienne, 333 Locke, John, 12, 26, 46–47, 50, 54, Kors, Alan Charles, 6, 18, 19, 55 90, 95, 123, 171, 202, 228, Kretzmann, Norman, 90 243, 247, 262–275, 278, 286, Kukathas, Chandran, 275, 276 291–292, 312, 320, 346, 360, Kümmel, Werner George, 5 362, 369. See also England/ English, Orthodoxy/Orthodox, Philosophy/Philosopher(s), L Protestantism/Protestant(s), Labrousse, Elizabeth, 247 Theology/Theologian(s), La Mettrie, Julien Offray de, 52, 61, Toleration/Tolerance (religious) 235 Lockean, 270, 333 Lamirande, E., 275 Loewenstein, David, 19 Lay, Benjamin, 61, 240. See also Lombard, Peter, 84 Quakerism/Quaker(s), Lovas, Judith, 183 Radicalism/Radical(s), Slavery/ Lundberg, David, 49 Slave(s) Luther, Martin, 20, 23, 29–30, 85–86, Lechler, Gotthard Victor, 119 88, 97, 101, 103–104, 109, 114, LeClerc, Jean, 101, 248 116, 123, 147, 167, 172, 195, Le Donne, Anthony, 349 204, 211, 233, 314, 318–319, Legaspi, Michael L., 8 355. See also Ethics, Morality/ Lehner, Ulrich, 9, 246 Moral(s), Orthodoxy/Orthodox, Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 12, Protestantism/Protestant(s), 47, 92, 182, 280, 283 Reformation, Theology/ Leland, John, 97, 116 Theologian(s) Lennon, Thomas M., 247 Lutheranism/Lutheran(s), 23, 108, Leonard, Miriam, 74 147, 172, 219, 224, 234 Lyotard, Francoise, 33 456 Author Index

M McElvaine, Robert S., 352 MacCulloch, Diarmaid, 30–31, 88, McGrath, Alister, 6, 30, 211, 225. 90. See also Protestantism/ See also Christology, Theology/ Protestant(s), Reformation Theologian(s) (Protestant) McInerny, Ralph, 12, 79, 285 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 34, 66, 91, 94, McMullin, Ernan, 213 279. See also Ethics, Morality/ Meeks, Wayne A., 347 Moral(s), Philosophy/ Melanchthon, Philip, 43 Philosopher(s) Mellor, Ann K., 38 Enlightenment Project, 66, 91 Menozzi, Daniele, 7, 239, 308. See Magee, Bryan, 367 also France/French, Revolution/ Magnus, Valerianus, 282 Revolutionary Mahmood, Saba, 283 Merricks, Trenton, 176 , Moses, 236 Milbank, John, 72–73. See also Scotus, Malcolm, Noel, 130, 132–135, 137, John Duns, and Theology/ 142, 158, 162, 176. See also Theologian(s) Hobbes, Thomas Mill, John Stuart, 148 Malebranche, Nicolas, 47, 182, 280, Milton, John R., 88–89, 95, 181, 265, 283 266, 270. See also Locke, John Manning, Chelsea, 2 Milton, Philip, 265, 266, 270. See also Manning, Russell Re, 10 Locke, John Mansfeld, Bruce, 100–101. See also Monod, Paul Kléber, 362 Erasmus, Desiderius Moore, Rosemary, 186–187, 189– Marcion (of Sinope), 76–78, 100, 190, 192–193, 197, 359. See also 372. See also Ethics, Morality/ Quakerism/Quaker(s) Moral(s), Heresy/Heretic(s), and Morgan, Philip, 64 Hitchens, Christopher Moore, Stephen D., 359 Marcionism/Marcionite(s), 20, 23, More, Henry, 10, 25, 54, 57, 93, 100, 157, 162, 304, 323, 335, 144, 184, 202–216, 222, 228, 371; cultural Marcionite(s), 236, 242, 251, 314, 321. See 304, 372 also England/English, Dualism/ Marion, Jon Luc, 58 Dualist(s), Orthodoxy/Orthodox, Marshall, John, 19, 272 Platonism/Platonist(s), Spiritual/ Marx, Karl, 254, 331 Spirit(s) Marxism/Marxist(s), 126; Kingdom of Darkness, 216, 217 Historiography, 126 More, St. Thomas, 127 Mason, John M., 333 Morgan, Thomas, 54, 97–100, 157, Mason, Richard, 2, 107 244–245, 323, 350, 363, 373. Masuzawa, Tomoko, 5 See also Britain/British, Deism/ May, Henry F., 49 Deist(s), Heresy/Heretic(s), McCarthy, Joseph Raymond, 103 Marcion (of Sinope), Orthodoxy/ McCarthyism, 103 Orthodox, Wales/Welsh McCarthy, Vincent A., 18 Morrill, John, 126 Author Index 457

Mortimer, Sarah, 19 Paine, Thomas, 230, 306–307, 363. Moser, Paul K., 93, 112, 360 See also Radicalism/Radical(s), Moxnes, Halvor, 8, 308, 323–324, Revolution/Revolutionary, 371 Theology/Theologian(s), United Moyn, Samuel, 60 States of America Mulsow, Martin, 23, 219 Palmer, Robert R., 11 Pascal, Blaise, 132, 133, 230, 370 Paul, St. (of Tarsus), 17, 52, 71, N 76–78, 104, 106, 108–109, Nadler, Steven, 261 114, 136, 162, 167, 176, 188, Nagel, Thomas, 208 194, 199, 211, 213, 216, 232, Nayler, James, 25, 54–55, 185–186, 259, 319. See also Corinthians, 188, 192–198, 238, 242, Galatians, New Testament, 299, 309, 363, 368. See also Romans Dualism/Dualist(s), England/ Pauline, 77, 109, 147, 170, English, Quakerism/Quaker(s), 198–200. See also Colossians, Revolution/Revolutionary, Ephesians, Timothy, New Spiritual/Spirit(s) Testament Neelon, David, 192 Pelagius, 23, 103, 104. See also Neusner, Adam, 236 Freedom, Heresy/Heretic(s), Newlands, George, 70 Orthodoxy/Orthodox, Newman, John Henry, 94 Pelagianism/Pelagian(s) Newton, Isaac, 6, 30–31, 46, 50, 59, Pelikan, Jaroslav, 6, 9, 22, 69, 70, 61–62, 202–203, 213, 283 72, 90, 103–104, 156, 208, Newtonianism/Newtonian(s), 304, 357. See also Christianity, 50, 59–60, 244. See also Theology/Theologian(s) Enlightenment, Natural Penn, William, 195 Philosophy/Science Pinker, Steven, 35, 87, 176, 353, 365, Nickalls, John L., 187 372 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 34, 366 Pitassi, Maria-Cristina, 7 Plantinga, Alvin, 10 Plato, 24, 65, 74–75, 78, 82, 86–87, O 89, 126, 138, 209, 212, 214, Obama, Barack, 357 280, 285, 297, 324–325, Ockham, William of, 84, 203 327, 332, 336, 367. See also Oldenburg, Henry, 52, 109 Platonism/Platonist(s), Ethics, Origen, of Alexandria (Origenes Morality/Moral(s), Philosophy/ Adamantius), 13, 159 Philosopher(s) Euthyphro dilemma, 74, 79, 87–88, 128, 285 P Platonic, 56, 65, 140, 195, 216, Pagden, Anthony, 5, 11, 35, 62, 326, 298, 307, 336 372 Platonic , 72, 202 458 Author Index

Socrates, 65, 74, 76, 87, 312, Randall, Henry S., 339 324–332, 336, 340; Daemon Randolph, George Wythe, 333, 339 of Socrates, 326, 331 Rawls, John, 177, 362 Pockock, J.G.A., 39, 42, 44, 65 Rediker, Marcus, 61, 240 Ponchaud, Francois, 51 Redwood, John, 103 Popkin, Jeremy D., 53, 64, 239, Rees, B.R., 23, 104 246. See also Enlightenment, Reimarus, Elise, 78. See also German/ France/French, Revolution/ Germany, Lessing, G. E., and Revolutionary Reimarus, Hermann Samuel Popkin, Richard H., 48, 57, 237, Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, 4, 6, 239, 246–247, 283. See also 14, 19, 26, 45, 54, 112, 119, Scepticism/Sceptic(s) 163, 167, 184, 208, 217–237, Porter, Roy S., 36, 40–41, 49. See also 239, 242, 248, 251, 255, 258, Britain/British, Enlightenment 278, 291, 306, 323, 328, Priestley, Joseph, 10, 22, 27, 54, 350. See also Deism/Deist(s), 244, 246, 295, 300, 308–322, Dualism/Dualist(s), German/ 324–334, 336–337, 340, 350, Germany, Theology/Theologians, 353, 363, 369, 370, 373. See Radicalism/Radical(s) also Britain/British, Christology, Reimarus, Nicolaus (father of H. S. England/English, Heresy/ Reimarus), 215 Heretic(s), Materialism/ Renan, Ernest, 308, 331 Materialist(s), Natural Renton, David, 126 Philosophy/Science, Radicalism/ Reventlow, Henning Graf, 5, 70, 105 Radical(s), Unitarianism/ Riches, John K., 212 Unitarian(s), United States of Rich, Robert, 185 America Roach, Andrew P., 19 Priestley Riots, 309, 310 Robertson, John, 19, 36, 47 Proast, Jonas, 274 Rollin, Charles, 326 Prothero, Stephen, 2–4 Roper, Hugh Trevor, 5 Pufendorf, Samuel von, 96 Rorty, Richard, 18 Pullman, Philip, 226, 227 Rosenberg, Alex, 52, 176 Pyper, Hugh S., 195 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 18, 24, Pyrrho (of Elis), 48. See also 32–33, 61, 71, 192, 226, 227, Scepticism/Sceptic(s) 230, 305, 325, 329, 350. See also Dualism/Dualist(s), France/ French, Radicalism/Radical(s), Q Revolution/Revolutionary, Quinn, Philip L., 75 Socrates Rowland, Christopher, 183, 240 Rummell, Erika, 13 R Russell, Bertrand, 148 Ragosta, John, 302 Rust, George, 91 Author Index 459

S Sherwood, Yvonne, 25, 298, 300, Sade, Marquis de (Donatien Alphonse 351, 353. See also Bush, George Francois), 46, 61 W., Liberal/Liberalism Samuelson, Richard, 343 Shirley, Samuel, 52, 109. See also Sanders, E.P., 163, 350 Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch) Schaffer, Simon, 311 Smith, Morton, 163. See also Magic/ Schama, Simon, 31 Magician(s) Schei, Kenneth, 3 Siedentop, Larry, 55, 72 Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Simpson, James R., 19 Ernst, 323–324, 341. See also Skinner, Quentin, 44 German/Germany, Theology/ Smith, John, 92 Theologian(s) Smith, Jonathan Z., 5, 209, 297, Schmidt, James, 40 309. See also Jefferson, Thomas, Schmaltz, Tad M., 127 Priestley, Thomas, and Religion/ Schmidt, Johann Lorenz, 3, 88, Religious 223–224 Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, 5, 141. See Schofeld, Robert E., 310–311. See also Religion/Religious also Priestley, Joseph Snowden, Edward, 2 Schreiter, Robert, 2 Sobrino, Jon, 2 Schüssler Fiorenza, Elizabeth, 163 Socinus, Faustus, 296. See also Schweitzer, Albert, 6, 9, 14, 15, 72, Heresy/Heretic(s), Socinianism/ 121, 163, 225, 364 Socinian(s) Scotus, John Duns, 72–73, 84, Socinus, Laelius, 296. See also 138, 161. See also Medieval, Heresy/Heretic(s), Socinianism/ Philosophy/Philosopher(s), Socinian(s) Theology/Theologian(s) Socrates. See Plato, Priestley, Joseph, Scruton, Roger Vernon, 169 and Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Selden, John, 95, 236 Sorkin, David Jan, 5, 62, 188 Semler, Johann Salomo, 224, 226 Spalding, Almut, 78. See also Servetus, Michael, 3, 277, 296, 298 Reimarus, Elise, and Reimarus, Shaftsbury, 3rd Earl of (Anthony Hermann Samuel Ashley Cooper), 91, 263. See also Spalding, Paul, 88, 224 Ethics, Morality/Moral(s) Spencer, Carole Dale, 187, 194, 196 Shapin, Steven, 126, 176 Spencer, Nick, 357 Sheehan, Jonathan, 21, 228–229, 297. Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch), 2, 8, See also Bible, Enlightenment 12–14, 17, 20–21, 26, 46–60, Sheps, Arthur, 310, 316. See also 62, 105–116, 118, 123–124, Priestley, Joseph 133–134, 176, 184, 189, 201, Sheridan, Eugene, 304, 307–308, 207, 213, 226, 243, 247–250, 334–335, 339. See also Jefferson, 252–261, 263, 266–267, 269– Thomas 270, 272–273, 275, 282–283, 460 Author Index

291–292, 304, 313, 321–322, T 346, 358–360, 363, 366. See also Taliaferro, Charles, 90, 93, 95, 202. /Determinist(s), See also Platonism/Platonist(s) Heresy/Heretic(s), / Taylor, Charles, 16–17, 72–73, Monist(s), Judaism/Jewish, 123, 278, 300, 351. See also Netherlands, Philosophy/ Philosophy, Political Theology, Philosopher(s), Radicalism/ Secular/Secularist(s) Radical(s), Theology/ Teich, Mikulas, 49 Theologian(s), Toleration/ Teply, Alison Jane, 90, 93, 95, 202 Tolerance Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Spinozism/Spinozist(s), 18, 51, Tertullianus), 76, 100, 162, 295, 53, 60, 105, 107, 114, 116, 298. See also Heresy/Heretic(s), 189, 243, 247, 270. See also Materialism/Materialist(s), Atheism/Atheist(s), France/ Orthodoxy/Orthodox, French, Heresy/Heretic(s), Theology/Theologian(s) Materialism/Materialist(s), Thatcher, Margaret Hilda, 352, 357. Revolution/Revolutionary See also Britain/British Springborg, Patricia, 134 Thomas, Keith, 373 Spurlock, Roy Scott, 363 Toland, John, 22, 54, 56, 114–116, Stalin, Joseph, 244 118, 135, 205, 226, 296, 316, Stark, Rodney, 353, 372 319, 363. See also Christology, Starobinski, Jean, 33 Deism/Deists(s), England/ Stendahl, Krister, 167 English, Freedom, Heresy/ Sterry, Peter, 92 Heretic(s), Ireland/Irish, Stoneham, Tom, 127 Pantheism/Pantheist(s), Strauss, David Frederick, 45, 181, Radicalism/Radical(s) 225, 341 Tolstoy, Leo, 358 Strauss, Leo, 49, 106. See also Spinoza, Tombs, David, 371 Benedict de (Baruch) Tomlinson, William, 185 Stump, Eleonore, 90 Torrance, Thomas, 22 Suárez, Francisco, 90, 92, 95–96, Torres, Camilo, 358 123, 281, 367. See also Aquinas, Trump, Donald J., 356–357. See also St. Thomas, Ethics, Morality/ United States of America Moral(s), Philosophy/ Tuck, Richard, 146 Philosopher(s), Theology/ Turner, Denys, 145 Theologian(s) Tyrrell, George, 9 Sugirtharajah, R.S., 2 Sullivan, Lawrence E., 16 Summerville, Johanne, 61 V Swidler, Leonard, 371 Valsania, Maurizio, 301 Swinburne, Richard, 128, 369 Van Engen, John, 373 Vermes, Géza, 221 Author Index 461

Vervell, Nancy, 302 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 125 Vitoria, Francisco de, 11 Wolff, Christian Freiherr von, 47, 90 Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 6, Woods, Thomas E., 372 50, 220, 221, 230, 278, 308, Woolston, Thomas, 3–4, 84. See 350, 363 also Blasphemy/Blasphemous, Britain/British, Deism/Deist(s), England/English, Miraculous/ W Miracle(s) Wade, Ira O., 219 Wooton, David, 142 Waldron, Jeremy, 262, 272. See also Wright, N.T., 15, 16, 353, 369 Locke, John Walton, Heather, 177 Weigel, George, 361 X Weise, Johannes, 350 Xenophon, 325–327, 331, 332 Werkmeister, Benedict Maria Leonhard Von, 246 Whelan, Ruth, 276, 278. See also Y Bayle, Pierre, and France/French Yolton, John, 314 Whichcote, Benjamin, 92 Whiston, William, 22, 117 Widdecombe, Ann, 372 Z Wilberforce, William, 64 Zedong, Mao, 244. See also Atheism/ Wilbur, Earl Morse, 296 Atheist(s), China/Chinese, Williams, Rowan, 98 Toleration/Tolerance (religious), Winstanley, Gerrard, 188–189, 358, Totalitarianism/Totalitarian 365. See also Diggers, England/ Žižek, Slavoj, 2, 17 English, Equality, Quakerism/ Quaker(s), Revolution/ Revolutionary Subject Index

A Anarchist(s), 17. See also Acts of the Apostles, 52, 160, 188– Christoyannopoulos, 189, 199. See also Bible/Biblical, Alexandre, Day, Dorothy, Ellul, New Testament, Paul. St. (of Jacques, Jesus, and Tolstoy, Leo Tarsus) Ancient, 15, 17, 21, 26, 43, 76, 79, Aetherius Society, 2. See also 100, 107, 114, 160, 210, 218, Christology/Christological, 235–236, 260, 295, 306, 313, Heresy/Heretics(s), Orthodoxy/ 321, 323–325, 336, 338, 340, Orthodox 343, 359 Africa/African(s), 64, 246, 303. See antiquity, 126, 209, 213, 297, 307, also Abolition/Abolitionist(s), 312, 317, 332, 340 Enlightenment, Equiano, classical, 7, 43, 47, 93, 126, 138, Olaudah (Gustavus Vassa), 160, 230, 285, 367 Slavery/Slaves(s) /Anglican(s), 9, 64, 96, African Studies, 346 98, 159, 162, 201, 266, 311, , 64 313, 317, 373 perspectives on Jesus, 2 Church of England, 8, 23, 36, Alcohol, 149, 188 162, 188, 263, 266, 310; drinking culture, 149 Puritanism/Puritan(s), 263; drunk/drunkenness, 149–151 Thirty-Nine Articles, 23, 162, Anarchism (Religious/Christian), 18, 266 358 Apocalypticism/Apocalyptic, 34, 63, Anarchic, 368. See also Quakerism/ 112, 120–121, 163, 178, 183, Quaker(s), Ranters

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 463 J. C. P. Birch, Jesus in an Age of Enlightenment, Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51276-5 464 Subject Index

187, 225, 305, 331, 341, 346, 275, 278–281, 283, 285–286, 350–351, 362, 364 295–300, 304, 305, 319, 321, apocalypse, 69, 124, 183, 185, 198, 325, 331, 335, 339, 342–343, 359 347, 351–353, 356, 359, in North America, 165, 305, 347 363, 368, 370, 372–373. See parousia, 119 also Canon/Canonical, New Asia/Asian(s), 37 Testament, Old Testament/ perspectives on Jesus, 2 Hebrew Bible Enlightenment Atheism/Atheist(s), 3, 6, 19, 36, Abraham, 76, 82, 98–99, 132, 152, 50–51, 55–56, 59, 61–62, 298, 232, 340 103, 123–124, 132, 142, 149, Abrahamic, 154 153, 176, 181, 204, 208, 217, Adam, 70, 86, 112, 135, 147, 173, 222, 235, 244–247, 253, 263, 175, 192, 286, 340; Adamic, 271–272, 277, 306, 334, 362, 341 369, 373 Bethlehem, 340 atheistic/atheistical, 19, 51, 235, David (King of Israel), 223; Davidic 243, 245, 368 Messianic Tradition, 225 Authoritarianism/Authoritarian(s), Egypt/Egyptian(s), 75, 82, 171; 24, 25, 61, 146, 171, 190, Pharaoh, 75 216, 325, 359, 360. See also Elijah, 326 Enlightenment, Hobbes, Thomas, Eve, 199 Totalitarianism/Totalitarian(s) God’s Commandment(s), 81–82, Autonomy, 104, 123 88, 99, 107, 123; Ten Commandments, 75 Herod, Antipas, 342 B Herodian(s), 169 /Baptised, 104, 326, 344 Hosea, 82 baptising, 290 Isaac, 132 baptismal formulation(s), 208 Israel/Israelite(s), 74–75, 77, 82, BBC (British Broadcasting 107, 115, 147, 156, 166, Corporation), 1, 176, 367, 167, 171, 222–223, 234, 236, 372–373 260, 298, 324, 334, 345; Bible/Biblical, 2–3, 5–8, 13, 15, 21, prophet(s)/prophetic, 70, 85, 25, 26, 31, 41, 43, 49, 54, 56, 98–99, 107, 125, 154–157, 64–65, 67, 69–71, 73–76, 78, 163–164, 166, 168, 173, 175, 81–84, 87, 89–90, 92, 97–98, 192, 227, 231, 234, 238, 240, 100, 105, 109, 112, 115, 117, 255–257, 260, 318, 345, 364; 122, 129, 131–136, 138, 140, Twelve Tribes of, 155, 223 142, 144, 147, 152–154, 157, Jacob, 132 161, 169, 172, 174, 177–179, Jerusalem, 65, 74, 111, 162, 170, 181, 183, 188, 191–192, 199, 176, 184–185, 204, 295, 205, 217–219, 224, 225, 228, 298–299, 324, 335, 341 229, 231, 234, 250, 262, 271, John of Patmos, 184 Subject Index 465

Joseph (Father of Jesus), 340 Parable of the Wedding Feast, 344. Judah, 111 See also Jesus, Luke (Gospel of), Kingdom of God/Heaven, 63, Matthew (Gospel of) 70, 111, 120, 124–125, 132, Parable of the Widow’s Mite, 344. 155–156, 163, 166, 168, 171, See also Jesus, Luke (Gospel of), 175, 177, 179, 183, 185, 189, Mark (Gospel of) 196, 197, 217, 221, 238, 241, Patriarch(s), 99, 275. See also Old 256, 259, 346, 357, 364–366 Testament/Hebrew Bible King James Version, 31 Pentateuch, 133; Pharisaic, 238 Lazarus (Gospel of John), 232, 328, Sadducee(s), 232 332, 346 Saul (King), 166 Lord’s prayer, 121 Scribe(s) (Gospels), 167, 170 Mary (mother of Jesus), 70, 159, scripture/scriptural, 8, 13, 17, 62, 340 69, 77–78, 85, 88, 105, 111, Mary and Martha, 200 118, 124, 145, 147, 149, 155, Mary Magdalene, 200 159, 161, 168–170, 173–174, Moses, 3, 75, 107–108, 133, 136, 177, 183, 185, 191–192, 155–158, 167–168, 227, 231, 197–199, 205, 208, 216, 236, 238, 245, 255, 326, 372; 228–229, 237, 239, 250–251, Laws of, 168 253, 258, 264, 269, 278, 284, Noah, 236 287, 291, 293, 298–299, 305, Parable of the Faithful Servant, 344. 314, 317, 321, 335, 340, 348, See also Jesus, Luke (Gospel 363, 368–369. See also New of), Mark (Gospel of), Matthew Testament, Old Testament/ (Gospel of) Hebrew Bible, Sacred/Holy Parable of the Good Samaritan, 344. ; Apocrypha/Apocryphal, 69, See also Jesus, Luke (Gospel of) 218. See also Canon/ Parable of the Prodigal Son, 344. Canonical, Heresy/Heretics(s), See also Jesus, Luke (Gospel of) Orthodox/Orthodoxy Parable of the Sower, 344. See also ; Pseudepigrapha, 218 Jesus, Luke (Gospel of), Mark Sermon on the Mount, 75, 111, (Gospel of), Matthew (Gospel 121, 168, 195, 210, 227, of) 233, 341, 344. See also Jesus, Parable of the Talents, 344. See also Matthew (Gospel of) Jesus, Matthew (Gospel of) Sermon on the Plain, 344. See also Parable of the Tares, 344. See also Jesus, Luke (Gospel of) Jesus, Matthew (Gospel of) Ten Plagues, 75 Parable of the Ten Bridesmaids, Whig/Liberal, 298, 300 342. See also Jesus, Matthew Zion, 111 (Gospel of) Black Lives Matter, 356 Parable of the Unjust Steward, 344. Blasphemy/Blasphemous, 4, 88, 186, See also Jesus, Luke (Gospel of) 193–194, 222, 283, 368 466 Subject Index

blaspheming, 25 Hebrew Bible, Orthodoxy/ Blasphemy Act, 1650 (English Orthodox Law), 368 Non-Canonical, 218 Blasphemy Act, 1697 (English Capuchin(s), 282 Law), 309; 1813 Amendment, Causation/Cause(s), 7–8, 12, 40, 46, 309 64, 86, 97, 111, 114, 127, 134, in Scottish Law, 3 139–141, 152, 161, 174, 176, Britain/British, 6, 12, 32, 36, 40–41, 178, 185, 189, 195, 200, 228, 45–47, 57, 64, 89, 97, 104, 116, 261, 299, 334, 355 123, 126, 150, 161, 185, 188, causal, 52, 58 193, 201–202, 246, 262–263, Chalcedon (Church Council and 283, 299, 308–309, 314, 318, Creed), 23 322, 335, 337, 353, 362–363, Chalcedonian, 69 373 two Natures of Christ, 159–160 Attlee, Clement Richard (Prime Christianity/Christian(s), 2–5, 7–10, Minister), 71 12–24, 26, 31, 36, 43, 45, 47, Blair, Anthony Charles Lynton 52, 54–55, 70–71, 76–78, 94, (Prime Minister), 352 97, 106, 114, 115, 117–119, Cameron, David William Donald 121, 124, 136, 141, 142, 163, (Prime Minister), 353 167, 188, 190, 204, 205, 210, Charles I (King), 185, 188 217–219, 223, 226, 236, 239, Charles II (King), 137, 266 251, 258, 264, 265, 273, 278, Elizabeth I (Queen), 269 292, 297, 298, 304–306, 308, Gove, Michael (Secretary of State 309, 312–318, 323, 324, 334, for Education), 353 335, 341, 349, 350, 353, 358, Parliament (English/British), 89, 361, 369, 372 135, 143, 186, 196, 266; par- American, 2, 27, 356 liamentarians, 188, 262 anti-Clericalism/clerical, 26, 226; Thatcher, Margaret Hilda (Prime arts of the clergy, 160; decep- Minister), 352 tive priests, 205; meddlesome Buddhism/Buddhist, 271 priests, 178; oppressive priests, 200; priestcraft, 36; priestly corruption, 115 C Charismatic(s), 63, 183, 152, 190, Cambridge School (of historiography), 195 44. See also Dunn, John, Pockock, creed(s), 3, 69–70, 97, 156, 158, J. G. A, and Skinner, Quentin 162, 273, 292, 309 Canon/Canonical, 77, 120, 127, Evangelical (in the USA), 356 155, 167, 275, 297, 321, Humanism, 43, 371 331, 336, 360. See also Bible/ irenic/peaceful, 9, 116, 133, 175, Biblical, Heresy/Heretic(s), New 177, 184, 236, 248, 275, 360; Testament, Old Testament/ peaceable, 217 Subject Index 467

primitive (earliest years of the Christology/Christological, New Church), 8, 76, 105, 117, 163, Testament, Paul, St. (of Tarsus) 239, 273, 315, 318, 339 /Confucianist(s), 271 reformist/reformer(s), 14, 57 Conservative, 2 rationalism/rationalist(s), 90, 184, Conservative and Unionist Party 281–283, 289 (Britain), 372 reforming/reform(ers), 9, 12, 63, neo-conservatism, 284 101, 105, 123, 204, 229, 305, paleo-conservative, 284 317, 353, 369 Republican Party (USA), 284, 351 religious enthusiasm/enthusiast(s), Controversy (in Britain), 123 185, 191, 202, 205, 373 Corinthians (Paul’s Letters to), 71, Western Christendom/Christianity, 136, 194, 199, 211 8, 12, 30, 102, 146, 152, 156, Cosmological/Cosmos, 16, 113, 123, 283, 298, 349, 369 138, 206–207, 322 Christology/Christological, 25, frst cause argument(s), 138, 161, 88, 163, 177. See also Heresy/ 207, 322 Heretic(s), Jesus, Orthodoxy/ Council of Trent, 127, 147. See also Orthodoxy Reformation (Protestant), Roman feminism/feminist(s), 163 Catholicism/Catholic(s) fourth century debates, 208 Creation (Divine), 3, 16, 27, 36, German, 6 51–52, 55–57, 59, 60, 69, High(er), 183, 196, 208, 209; 71, 75, 80, 84, 94, 116, 118, Hypostasis/Hypostatic, 162, 122–124, 126, 136, 139, 155, 208 158–159, 161, 171, 181–183, immanent, 194 189, 191–194, 196–199, 201, low(er), 177, 323, 331 209, 212, 215, 217, 221, 222, political, 180 230, 231, 233, 242, 256, 280, Roman Catholic, 9 296, 313, 315, 318, 334 Civil War(s) (British/English), 57, 62, imago dei (image of God), 182, 89, 95, 131, 183, 188, 262, 362 192, 212, 365 Republicans and Royalists, 131 Critical/Critique, 5, 18, 19, 33, 35– Colombia/Colombian(s), 358 36, 41, 42, 44, 49, 53, 55–56, Colonialism, 5, 31, 263 58, 66, 70, 75–77, 90, 92–93, colonial, 190, 195, 359 101, 115, 119, 124, 131, 134, colonised, 359 158, 204, 213, 218, 220, 228, coloniser(s), 359 241, 283, 287, 297, 298, 329, colonising, 33 340–341, 347, 366, 371. See also European, 5, 31 Bible/Biblical, Enlightenment North American Colonies, 263 secular, 283 post-colonial (studies), 359 Cuba, 357 Colossians I, II (Paul’s Letter to), Castro, Fidel (President), 357 216. See also Bible/Biblical, 468 Subject Index

D 84, 86, 88–89, 93–94, 99, 107, Daniel (Book of), 189, 225. See also 109, 111, 113–116, 118–120, Apocalypticism/Apocalyptic, 123, 127–128, 133, 136, 139, Bible/Biblical, Old Testament/ 146, 154, 160–163, 166, 171, Hebrew Bible 173, 176–177, 183, 191–192, Deism/Deist(s), 6, 21, 36, 51, 54, 56, 194, 196, 198, 204, 208–209, 78, 97, 100, 113, 119, 123, 135, 211, 212, 215, 217, 221–222, 172, 184, 226–227, 229, 235, 233, 245, 248, 250, 255–259, 243, 247, 265, 281, 334. See 280, 282, 285, 288–289, 295, also Christology/Christological, 297, 299, 304, 313–315, Divine, God, Rationalism/ 317–318, 320, 323, 325–326, Rationalist(s), Theology/ 334, 335, 340, 364–365 Theologian(s) divinely ordained violence, 74 Anglophone deists, 21, 56, 113 eternity/eternal, 165, 203, 221, Christian, 98, 121, 334 364 deistic/deistical, 51, 98, 116, 221 everlasting, 166 English, 97, 100 goodness/benevolence, 16, 26, 35, Democracy/Democratic, 12, 21, 30, 60, 69, 71, 73–75, 79, 81–82, 34, 36–37, 39, 49, 51, 53–54, 87, 89, 94, 99, 122–123, 151, 59–61, 63, 134, 177, 184, 224, 207, 209, 230, 327, 363, 368 226, 243, 247, 259, 260, 283, immanence/immanent, 55–56, 62– 298, 301, 303, 305, 333, 351, 63, 194, 197, 242, 364–365 360 judgement(s), 111, 341, 350 , 352, 353 mercy/forgiveness, 77, 80, 88, 248, Determinism/Determinist(s), 92, 110, 252, 253, 305 116, 313 nature, 79, 87, 129, 137–139, 153, deterministic, 127 154, 161, 162, 174, 314, 364 necessitarianism/necessitarian(s), omnipotence/omnipotent, 84, 97, 110, 313 138, 203, 281, 322, 368 Deuteronomy (Book of), 74, 155, omnipresence/omnipresent, 56, 168. See also Bible/Biblical, 253–254 Judaism/Jewish, Old Testament/ omniscience/omniscient, 79 Hebrew Bible providence/providential, 17, 51, Diggers, 57, 62, 189, 242 54, 80, 88, 113–114, 118, 121, True Levellers, 189 204, 209, 214, 233, 244, 246, Dissent/Dissenter(s), 20, 50, 98, 191, 248, 279, 318, 321, 327, 340, 193, 238, 300, 310, 313, 316 364; providentialism, 318 Religious (Christian and/or Jewish), right of kings/rulers, 256, 259, 261 19, 98, 194, 238, 248, 263, transcendence/transcendent, 17, 273, 288, 295, 304–306, 309, 55, 56, 59 314 will, 84–87, 122, 123 Divine, 3, 16–17, 47, 53, 55, 56, 58, wisdom, 207, 317 62–63, 65, 75, 76, 78–79, 81, Subject Index 469

Dualism/Dualist(s), 24–26, 48, Bristol, 184, 185, 193–197. See also 57–58, 61, 92, 126, 128–129, Nayler, James, Quakerism/ 142, 176–177, 183, 194–195, Quaker(s) 200, 204–205, 218, 239, 242, Carlisle, 191. See also Fox, George, 306. See also Descartes, René, Quakerism/Quaker(s) Materialism/Materialist(s), Charles I, II (King), 137, 185 Monism/Monist(s) (metaphys- Derby, 191. See also Fox, George, ical/substance), Platonism/ Quakerism/Quaker(s) Platonist(s), Quakerism/ Edward VI (King), 269 Quaker(s), Reimarus, Hermann Elizabeth I (Queen), 269. See Samuel, and Rousseau, also Locke, John, Tolerance/ Jean-Jacques Tolerance (religious) Dutch Republic, 37, 238, 249, 363 English Language, 7, 39, 48, 56, Enlightenment, 37 202, 338 Rotterdam, 100 , 202 Henry VIII (King), 31, 269; Act of Supremacy, 31 E Lancaster, 191. See also Fox, Ecclesiastes (Book of), 145. See also George, Quakerism/Quaker(s) Bible/Biblical, Old Testament/ Launceston, 191. See also Fox, Hebrew Bible George, Quakerism/Quaker(s) Economics/Economy, 11, 37, 47, 66, Leicester, 191. See also Fox, George, 129, 187, 190, 193, 210, 240, Quakerism/Quaker(s) 302, 359, 362–363, 365–367 Lincolnshire, 202. See also More, Empiricism/Empiricist(s), 47, Henry, and Newton, Isaac 263–264, 319, 369 London, 1, 61, 117, 187, 308, 371; empirical, 129, 173–174, 208, 314, Ecuadorian Embassy, 1 320, 322 Mary I (Queen), 269 England/English, 7–8, 13, 19, 23, Nottingham, 191. See also Fox, 30, 36, 38, 45–46, 48, 50, 57, George, Quakerism/Quaker(s) 60, 62, 64–66, 72, 88, 90, 92, protestantism/protestant, 272 95, 97, 103, 118, 123, 126, 131, Puritanism/Puritan(s), 185, 142, 149, 154, 158–159, 162, 188–191, 263, 297 164, 181, 183, 185, 187, 188, revolution/revolutionary (republi- 190, 198, 201, 202, 204, 230, can/parliamentarian), 50, 57, 237, 238, 240, 260, 262–266, 126, 131, 188, 262 269, 271, 275, 297, 299, Somerset, 262. See also Locke, John 309–310, 314, 315, 335, 338, University of Cambridge, 89, 93, 343, 362, 368, 373 117, 202; Christ’s College, Act of Uniformity (1658), 266 202; Emmanuel College, 89, Appleby, 193. See also Nayler, James 92 Birmingham, 309, 310. See also University of Oxford, 72, 95, 130, Priestley, Joseph 132; Bodleian Library, 95; 470 Subject Index

Christ Church College, 95; Heresy/Heretic(s), Scepticism/ Magdalen College, 132 Sceptic(s) West Midlands, 310. See also critics of the Enlightenment, 15, Priestley, Joseph 32, 42, 66, 91, 360, 362. See Wiltshire, 130. See also Hobbes, also Burke, Edmund, Gray, Thomas John, MacIntyre, Alasdair, and Worchester, 191. See also Fox, Wright, N.T. George, Quakerism/Quaker(s) defenders of, 34 Yorkshire, 186, 193; Leeds, 310; dissenting, 295 Scarborough, 191. See also Fox, eighteenth century, 64, 331; repub- George, Quakerism/Quaker(s) lic of letters, 198 ; West Riding (of Yorkshire), 193, enlightened anti-Christs, 18 309. See also Nayler, James, and ethos, 15, 33, 41–42, 105, 372 Priestley, Joseph European, 3–4, 8, 35, 37, 43, 49, Enlightenment, 2–13, 15–17, 19–22, 95, 283, 292–293 26, 29–46, 48–49, 51, 55–59, French Anti-Christian, 308 63–67, 71, 78, 83, 88–92, 95, historiography on, 8, 29–67, 91, 100, 105, 116, 117, 123, 360, 362 129, 133–134, 141, 149, 165, Irenic/Peaceful, 9, 105, 116, 134, 175–177, 181, 182, 187–188, 152, 171, 175, 177, 184, 236, 192, 198, 201, 212, 217–218, 248, 358 221, 226, 228, 230, 239, 242– Jewish (), 13 245, 253, 261, 273_274, 283, kingdom of light, 124 293, 295, 303, 308–309, 311, liberal, 360 325–326, 348, 350–352, 356, Lumieres, 6–7, 9, 18, 41, 43, 60–61 358, 360–362, 365, 366, 370, luminosity, 43, 60, 63 372, 374. See also Britain/British, metaphysics of, 25, 328, 359 England/English, France/ moderate, 50, 54, 59, 61, 217 French, Germany/German, modern/modernity, 360, 361 Italy/Italian, Netherlands, North myth of origins, 372 America/American(s), Scotland/ nineteenth century, 8, 295–353 Scottish, Spain/Spanish philosophes, 33, 45, 50, 59, 64, 308 and antiquity, 22, 340 pluralism/pluralistic, 4, 8, 37, 42, and culture wars, 360 45, 360 anti-Jesus, 18 radical, 17, 31, 34–35, 39, 49–51, anti-religion/religious, 4, 360, 372 53, 62, 134, 201, 241–242, Aufklärung, 4, 5, 39, 43 244–245, 259, 277, 331, 360. authoritarianism/authoritarian(s), See also Bayle, Pierre, Hobbes, 59, 134, 177, 179 Thomas, Israel, Jonathan I. challenge to (Christian) theol- Jacob, Margaret C., Priestley, ogy, 4, 39, 70, 112, 123, Joseph, Spinoza, Benedict de 227, 307. See also Atheism/ (Baruch), Strauss, Leo Atheist(s), Deism/Deist(s), rationalism/rationalist(s), 35, 352 Subject Index 471

religious enlightenment(s), 5, 25, Eternity/Eternal, 69, 76, 78, 81, 62, 133, 188, 222, 295–352, 87, 93, 98, 106, 113, 120, 140, 359, 362, 370 145, 159–161, 165, 175, 178, secular enlightenment(s), 2, 16, 180–182, 185, 205, 208, 229, 39, 49, 63, 363. See also 230, 233, 241, 254, 255, 269, d’Holbach, Baron (Paul-Henri 280, 286, 322, 332, 352, 365. See Thiry), Diderot, Denis, Israel, also Christology/Christological, Jonathan I., Jacob, Margaret C. Divine, Ethics, Eschatology/ secularism/secularist(s), 372 Eschatological, God, Morality/ in the seventeenth century, 7, Moral(s) 10–11, 26, 45–46, 49, 52, 60, Ethics, 2, 14, 15, 24–26, 45, 48, 52, 66, 95, 101–102, 123, 133, 58, 66, 70, 71, 75, 76, 79–82, 181, 192, 362, 372 88, 91, 93, 95, 105, 107–110, Thomism/Thomist, 11 112, 113, 122, 207, 230, 235, Transatlantic, 364–365 249, 250, 254, 371. See also Epistemology/Epistemological, 33, Morality/Moral(s), Philosophy/ 47, 48, 129, 131, 141, 152, 168, Philosopher(s), Theology/ 173–174, 176, 178–179, 203, Theologian(s) 205, 215, 259, 262, 264, 265, egoism, 110 278, 290, 314, 319, 322. See happy/happiness, 37, 79–81, 94, also Empiricism/Empiricist(s), 95, 111, 122, 124, 214, 217, Rationalism/Rationalist(s) 230, 285, 368; eudamonia Equality, 15, 38, 53, 61, 64–65, (εὐδαιμονία), 80, 230; other 171, 177, 182, 200, 240, 262, worldly, 81, 95, 122, 119, 217, 271–272, 365 245, 300 egalitarianism/egalitarian(s), 57, 59, Europe/European, 26, 31, 40, 92, 184, 189, 193, 307, 331, 350 260, 262, 276, 283, 308, 331, Erastianism/Erastian, 164, 183 341, 352, 356, 363 Eschatology/Eschatological, 55, 57, Christian culture, 72, 74 62, 120–121, 165, 185, 189, civilisation, 9, 38 226, 235, 331, 341, 342, 345, continental, 96, 324 346, 350, 364 culture, 33, 35 eschatologies, 185 early modern, 249 eternal happiness, 217 Eastern, 37, 296 eternal/everlasting life, 121, 127, European nationalism, 8 235, 336 intellectual history/history of ideas, eternal peace, 364 370. See also Enlightenment everlasting life, 235 political thought, 17, 358 predestination/predestined, 86, Post-Reformation, 315 88, 101, 163, 166; election/ religious persecution, 20 elect, 132, 146, 163, 173, 179; religious sectarianism, 250 predestinationist, 173; repro- Southern, 296 bate, 173 472 Subject Index

Evidence, 52, 74, 84, 104, 112, 120, Abrahamic, 154 121, 142, 144, 148, 159, 187, fdeism/fdeist(s), 247, 279; fdeis- 191, 195, 203, 224, 237, 264, tic, 35, 247, 281 280, 287, 289, 303, 308, 314, Feminism/Feminist(s), 33, 38, 66, 318, 320, 321, 323, 325, 327, 163, 200, 240, 371. See also 339–341, 343, 369, 372, 373. See Christology/Christological, also Empiricism/Empiricists(s), Gender, Women’s rights and Epistemology/Epistemological, freedoms Faith, Rationalism/Rationalist(s) Fifth Monarchists, 189. See also Evidential/Evidentialist(s), 264, Apocalypticism/Apocalyptic, 265, 335, 369. See also Craig, British/British, England/English William Lane, Jefferson, Fragmentenstreit (fragments contro- Thomas, Locke, John, Priestley, versy), 4, 219, 220, 223. See also Joseph, and Wright, N.T. Germany/German, Reimarus, Evil, 71, 93–94, 97, 109, 147–148, Herman Samuel, and Lessing, 150, 152, 178, 196, 208, G.E. 228, 284, 368. See also Ethics, Fragments(s) (Wolfenbüttel), 4, 26, Morality/Moral(s), Satan/the 119, 220–227, 229, 231, 236 Devil, Sin France/French, 6–7, 11, 15, 31–32, Exodus (Book of), 75, 81–82, 136, 34, 36–38, 45–47, 49, 51, 53, 171. See also Bible, Judaism/ 55, 60, 62, 86, 128–129, 131, Jewish, Old Testament/Hebrew 133–134, 239, 246, 260, 272, Bible 276–277, 308, 310, 316, 326, 343, 362 absolutism, 60–61, 131 F Académie de Sedan, 276 Faith (religious), 8, 12, 18, 24, 35, Declaration of the Rights of Man 43, 50, 55, 62, 64, 69–70, 77, and of the Citizen (1789), 97 80, 85, 98, 104, 107, 109–110, Edict of Nantes, 31, 276 117, 119, 132–133, 135, 138, Enlightenment, 45 154, 167, 168, 172–177, 179, Henry IV (King), 276 180, 190, 192, 194, 205, 208, Huguenot(s), 234, 276–277, 290 210–212, 219, 227–228, 233, King Henry IV; Edict of Nantes, 237, 245, 249–256, 258–259, 276 263–265, 272–274, 278–279, La Haye, 130. See also Descartes, 282–283, 285–286, 295, 299– René 300, 306, 309, 315, 319–321, Louis XIV (King), 276 323, 328, 334, 338, 351, 357, Louis XVI (King), 53 362–363, 368–369, 372. See Paris, 19, 72, 84, 117, 132 also Christianity/Christian(s), revolution/revolutionary, 31, 246, Rationalism/Rationalist(s), 310; great terror, 34; Storming Theology/Theologian(s) of the , 30, 310 Subject Index 473

Toulouse (Jesuit College), 276. See Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, also Bayle, Pierre Paul, St. (of Tarsus) University of Paris, 72, 84 Gender, 38, 61, 240, 356, 371. See Freedom, 20, 25, 84, 85, 105, also Christology/Christological, 108–110, 112, 114, 188, 189, Feminism/Feminist(s), Women’s 194, 243, 249, 353, 363 rights and freedoms autonomy/autonomous, 21, 23, Genesis (Book of), 74, 76, 82, 111, 104, 123 182, 189, 317, 365. See also divine, 79, 84, 85, 94, 138. See also Bible/Biblical, Creation (Divine), Divine, God God, Judaism/Jewish human, 20, 25–26, 40, 49, 53, 100, Germany/German, 4, 6, 9, 36, 39, 109–110, 116, 127, 138, 149, 45–46, 78, 88, 96, 100, 125, 177, 179, 194, 197, 214, 238, 172, 185, 217, 219–220, 223, 241, 243, 245, 249, 260, 266, 224, 226, 228, 246, 264, 324, 268, 272, 276, 291–293, 302, 356 324, 339, 346, 359–361, 371– Aufklärung (Enlightenment), 4–5, 373; civil, 178; conscience, 25, 39, 41, 43, 220 183, 212–215, 242; emanci- Berlin, 9, 14, 39 pation/emancipatory, 26, 36, Göttingen, 224 201, 212, 213, 242, 249; free Hamburg, 78, 218, 224, 234, will, 92, 103–104, 110, 123, 237, 248. See also Reimarus, 127, 254, 287; intellectual/ Hermann Samuel of thought, 133, 218; positive Heidelberg, 236 liberty/freedom, 149, 197; Prussia/Prussian(s), 41 liberty, 7, 11, 35, 37–38, 51, University of Berlin, 9, 14 64, 87, 94, 103, 116, 149–151, University of Jena, 218 172, 178, 180, 198, 205, 214– University of Wittenberg, 43, 218 215, 234, 242, 263, 265, 267, Wittenberg, 30; Castle Church, 30 359, 364; religious liberty/ Wolfenbüttel, 4, 220, 223 freedom of worship, 172, 178, God, 2, 10–11, 15–16, 18, 20, 23, 35, 188–189, 198, 200, 214–215, 39, 51–52, 56, 59, 65, 69–89, 218, 220, 239; of women, 182, 91–92, 94–100, 104–105, 107– 198–200, 240, 330, 360–361; 109, 111, 113–114, 116, 118– of speech/expression, 49, 53, 123, 126–127, 129, 131–133, 247, 257, 268, 289 135–140, 142, 143, 145–147, 152–154, 157–162, 165, 166, 168–169, 171, 173–175, 179, G 181–183, 191–192, 194–195, Galatians (Paul’s Letter to), 210, 199, 201–209, 211, 214–217, 212, 273. See also Bible/Biblical, 219, 221–222, 227–229, Christology/Christological, 232–236, 245, 246, 250–256, Judaism/Jewish, New Testament, 258–359, 261, 267, 268, 474 Subject Index

270–271, 278–281, 283–288, Athens, 65, 74, 162, 204, 295, 299, 290, 292, 298–299, 305–307, 324, 326, 336 311, 314–322, 326–329, 331– Athens and Jerusalem juxtaposition. 332, 334, 340, 346, 351, 353, See Jerusalem 357–358, 360, 363, 365, 368– Corinth, 194. See also Corinthians I, 369, 373. See also Christology/ II (Paul’s Letters to) Christological, Desist/Deist(s), Greco-Roman, 72, 78, 209, 297, Divine, Materialism/Materialist(s) 317 corporeal/corporeality, 23, 52, 132, Hellenes contrasted with Hebrews, 158–160; physical, 52, 58, 160, 74 194 Hellenism/Hellenistic, 78, 126, Absconditus, 152, 153 204, 304 Deus sive Natura, 52, 58, 108, 243, 256. See also More, Henry, Monism/Monist(s), H Pantheism/Pantheist(s), and Heaven, 6, 35, 60, 61, 70, 115, 120, Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch) 160, 195, 217, 221, 233, 290, /Holy Ghost, 155–157, 358, 368. See also Eschatology/ 299, 314, 319, 344 Eschatological, God Holy Trinity, 69, 98, 129, 136, 138, Hebrew, 78, 93, 99, 100, 157, 257, 154, 156–159, 191, 205, 208, 260 298, 299, 307, 310, 312, 317, Biblical ethnic/religious group, 320, 333; triune, 16, 316 74, 99, 100, 254, 257. See also Incarnate/Incarnation, 70, 73, Bible/Biblical, Judaism/Jewish, 75, 89, 159, 160, 192, 194, Old Testament/Hebrew Bible 195, 208, 242, 319, 332, 369; Hebraist, 89 Incarnational, 22, 196, 265, Hebrews contrasted with Hellenes, 298, 323 74 personal nature of, 75 Hebrews (Letter to), 271. See also unity of, 295, 296, 298, 313, 316, Bible/Biblical, New Testament 318, 334 Hell/Hellfre, 184, 230, 232, 254, Word of, 73, 105, 153, 154, 159, 261, 350, 351 173, 174, 194, 267, 319, 332 Damnation, 113, 230 Grace (merciful Divine gift), 20–22, Hades, 346 77, 85, 104, 127–129, 145–146, Heresy/Heretic(s), 2–3, 13, 18–24, 173, 178, 212, 253, 255, 287, 27, 76, 78, 98, 100, 103–104, 314, 319, 320 125, 143, 156, 158, 162, Greece/Greek(s), 17, 21, 43, 48, 74, 164, 172, 203, 217, 235, 265, 77, 93, 126, 153, 162, 183, 204, 276–277, 286, 299, 304, 309, 230, 285, 298, 300, 304, 312, 363, 370, 372, 373 330, 338, 343, 349, 359, 369. anti-Trinitarianism/Trinitarian(s), See also Ancient 20, 22, 236, 296, 304 Subject Index 475

Doceitist, 162 Immortality/Immortal, 26, 116, 128, Ebionite/Nazarene, 316, 317 135, 144–145, 159, 166, 183, /Gnostic(s), 76, 162 204–205, 231–232, 242, 260, Heretical, 2, 13, 20, 23, 27, 69, 78, 328 104, 143, 156, 172, 203, 265, future state (post-mortem), 185, 269, 277, 302, 359, 370 321, 327–328 Heterodoxy/Heterodox, 4, 6, 13, Industrial Revolution, 31. See also 19, 142–143, 153, 156, 178, Britain/British, England/ 181, 373 England, Enlightenment, Science Manicheanism/Manichean(s), 247 Ipsos MORI, 373 non-Trinitarian, 296, 299, 309 Ireland/Irish, 5–6, 9, 104, 114, 123, unorthodox, 117 272. See also Burke, Edmund, Hermeneutic(s)/Hermeneutical, 67, Civil Wars (British/English), 222, 281, 285, 341 Enlightenment, and Toland, John adaptionist, 250 Isaiah (Book of), 111, 152, 199. See critical, 228 also Biblical/Biblical, Judaism/ ethical/moral, 70, 73, 279, 284 Jewish, Old Testament/Hebrew hermeneutica profana, 217 Bible hermeneutica sacra, 291 Islam, 2, 45, 214, 236, 319 literal/historical, 3, 278 Muhammad, 3 modern, 70 Muslim(s), 142, 235, 271 philosophical, 287 Perspectives on Jesus, 2 rationalist/rationalistic, 279, 280, Italy/Italian, 7, 36–36, 296 283 Enlightenment, 36 Hinduism, 271 Holocaust, 360. See also German/ Germany, Judaism/Jewish, J Racism/Racist(s) James (Letter of), 109, 252, 271. Holowchak, M. Andrew, 305 See also Bible/Biblical, Luther, Martin, New Testament, and Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch) I Jansenism/Jansenist(s), 11. See also Iberian Peninsula, 37. See also Salvation, Sin Portugal/Portuguese, Spain/ Jeremiah (Book of), 199. See also Spanish Biblical/Biblical, Judaism/Jewish, Idealism/Idealist(s) (metaphysical/ Old Testament/Hebrew Bible epistemological), 18, 58, 125, Jerusalem, 65, 74, 162, 170, 176, 316. See also Berkeley, George, 184, 185, 295, 298, 299, 324, Britain/British, German/ 335, 341 Germany, Hegel, G. W. Jerusalem juxtaposed with Athens, Idolatry, 208 295. See also Greece, Faith, Imago Dei. See Creation (Divine) Philosophy/Philosopher(s), 476 Subject Index

Theology/Theologian(s), liberal, 295, 298, 300, 305 Rationalism/Rationalist(s) Lordship/Lord, 82, 121, 166, Jesuit(s), 9, 11, 14, 123, 276, 282. 170–171, 180, 182, 191, 197, See also Aquinas, St. Thomas, 199, 201, 299, 364 Education, Philosophy/ magician, 163 Philosopher(s), Theology/ Messiah, 69, 73, 120, 125, 164, Theologian(s) 175, 208, 221, 227, 234, 315, Jesus, 1–3, 5–8, 13, 15, 18, 21, 69, 318, 332, 334, 340, 355; 71–72, 78, 83, 88, 89, 103, 105– Messiahship, 164, 221, 264, 108, 111, 112, 166–167, 169, 265; Messianism/Messianic, 184, 208, 209, 218, 220–223, 184, 185, 208, 223, 235 225–228, 243, 258, 287, 290, moral/wisdom teacher, 2, 15, 16, 308, 312, 315, 318, 323, 325, 21, 22, 24, 67, 69, 76, 89, 328, 330, 355, 357 105, 107, 110–113, 115, apocalyptic/eschatological prophet, 120–123, 163, 229, 255, 257, 112, 120, 163, 342, 346, 350 288, 289, 292, 304, 324, 330, authoritarian, 153, 171, 356, 360, 343, 350, 360, 364, 368, 371 364 philosopher, 107, 351, 357 Christ, 3, 7, 9, 15, 18, 22, 26, 63– philosophy of, 340 65, 70–73, 75, 77, 83, 97–98, political/social revolutionary, 7, 103, 108, 111, 114–117, 120– 120, 163, 189, 358 121, 123–125, 127, 129, 133, prophet (non-apocalyptic), 16, 27, 149, 155–156, 162, 165–166, 70, 107, 364 168, 178, 180–181, 184, 186, radicalism/dissent, 2, 18, 122, 163, 189–192, 194–197, 199–200, 289, 305, 358, 371 208–213, 222, 226, 231, 238, saviour, 2, 4, 21, 22, 71, 108, 113, 242, 253, 255, 257–258, 267, 114, 118–120, 155–157, 273–274, 289, 291–293, 304, 167–169, 172–173, 179, 194, 351, 365, 368 210, 226, 299, 320, 325, 332, crucifxion as sexual violence, 371 352, 357; redeemer, 164–165, eternal King, 165, 185, 364; perpet- 364 ual King, 299 seditious, 239 heteronormativity, 163 socialism/socialist, 357 historical, 2, 6, 9, 14–15, 26, Son of God, 2, 20, 118, 159, 182, 72–73, 112, 119–121, 181, 192, 195, 199, 205, 208, 296, 221–222, 226, 233, 234, 240, 299, 315, 332, 340 332, 336–338, 341, 343, 345, Son of Man, 121, 156, 341, 342, 347–350, 369 364 impostor, 3, 141, 223 Jesus Seminar, 348–350, 353. See also King of the Jews, 170, 184, 222, Crossan, J. D., Funk, Robert W., 258 Liberal/Liberalism law abiding, 167 Subject Index 477

Job (Book of), 64. See also Bible/ Judges (Book of), 147. See also Bible/ Biblical, Judaism/Jewish, Old Biblical, Judaism/Jewish, Old Testament/Hebrew Bible Testament/Hebrew Bible John (Gospel of), 125, 159, 164, Justice (moral/socio-political), 25, 57, 167, 171, 175, 180–183, 186, 60, 65–66, 81, 116, 122, 253. 196, 211, 216, 242, 252, See also Ethics, Morality/Moral, 256, 298, 331–332, 341–342, Philosophy/Philosopher(s) 344–346, 362, 367, 372. See Divine, 57, 60, 62, 76, 80, 88, 91, also Bible/Biblical, Christology/ 117, 165, 172, 197, 346. See Christological, Enlightenment, also Bible/Biblical, Judaism/ New Testament, Theology/ Jewish, Ethics, Morality/ Theologian(s), Philosophy/ Moral,Old Testament/Hebrew Philosopher(s) Bible, Political Theology, Prologue, 298 Theology/Theologians John I, II, III (Letters of), 125, 183, 191, 211, 294. See also Bible/Biblical, Christology/ K Christological, Enlightenment, Ku Klux Klan, 356 New Testament, Theology/ White Camelia Knights of, 356 Theologian(s), Philosophy/ Philosopher(s) Joshua (Book of), 74. See also Bible/ L Biblical, Judaism/Jewish, Old Labour Party (British), 71, 352. See Testament/Hebrew Bible also Attlee, Clement Richard, and Judaism/Jewish, 13, 20–21, 26, 45, Blair, Anthony Charles Linton 65, 73, 74, 76–78, 83, 98, 105– Latin (language), 14, 43, 132–133, 107, 112, 116, 124, 156, 160, 141, 158, 338 163, 167, 170, 182, 213–214, Latin America/American(s), 2, 218, 221, 225, 227, 234–237, 37, 357, 358, 367. See also 246, 251, 304, 307, 318–319, Colombia/Colombian(s), Cuba/ 322–323, 329, 332, 334–336, Cuban(s), Mexico/Mexican(s), 338, 340–342, 344–345, Peru/Peruvian(s), Venezuela/ 349–350, 353, 359, 365. See also Venezuelan(s) Bible/Biblical, Jesus, Judaism/ Perspectives on Jesus, 2, 357–358. Jewish, Old Testament/Hebrew See also Castro, Fidel, Chávez, Bible, Paul, St. (of Tarsus) Hugo Raphael, Gutiérrez, Irenic/Peaceful, 108, 152, 227, Gustavo, Liberation Theology, 236, 251 Torres, Camilo Jew(s), 120, 142, 156, 167–168, Law(s), 35, 71, 76, 78, 81–83, 85, 235, 319, 334 86, 90, 93, 95–98, 108, 109, Mesianism/Messianic, 98, 120, 123, 130, 133, 134, 146, 149, 207, 222, 225, 227 151, 166–168, 171, 172, 186, Shema, 298 188, 203, 214, 235–237, 245, 478 Subject Index

251, 255–257, 260, 261, 265, 279–281, 284, 286–289, 293, 267, 270, 274, 276, 284–286, 310, 313, 325, 362, 368, 374. 346, 360, 367, 368, 372. See also See also Enlightenment, Jesus, Ethics, Morality/Moral, Judaism/ John (Gospel of), John I, II, III Jewish, Justice, Political Theology (Letters of) Plato, Philosophy/ censorship, 88, 134, 188; censor(s), Philosopher(s), Theology/ 20 Theologian(s) Divine (biblical), 76–78, 81, 85, Quaker Doctrine, 63, 190–191, 108, 114, 115, 127, 146, 147, 195–200 165, 167, 172, 173, 180, 199, Love, 11, 15, 70, 77, 80, 90, 95, 107, 210, 233, 251, 286, 288. See 111, 121, 122, 126, 140, 141, also God, Jesus, Judaism/ 148, 191, 200, 201, 210, 211, Jewish, New Testament, Old 215, 227–229, 235, 236, 251, Testament/Hebrew Bible 253, 264, 273, 276, 304, 341, laws of nature/physics, 94, 128, 342, 344, 358, 360, 364, 368, 150, 221, 259, 322. See also 369. See also Ethics, Morality/ Science/Natural Philosophy Moral, Jesus, John (Gospel of), natural law (moral theology), 78, John I, II, III (Letters of) 81, 90, 94–97, 99, 122–124, Luke (Gospel of), 2, 77, 149, 168– 133, 146, 149–152, 154, 172, 169, 193, 196, 232, 239, 273– 175, 178, 214, 216, 233, 263, 275, 277, 285, 287, 289, 291, 279, 284–286, 293. See also 326, 329, 331, 332, 340–347, Aquinas, St. Thomas, Aristotle, 364, 365. See also Bible/Biblical, Ethics, Morality/Moral, Jesus, New Testament Scholasticism/Scholastic(s) Parable of the Great Banquet, Levellers, 57, 189. See also England/ 274, 277, 287–291. See also English, Radicalism/Radical(s) Augustine, St. (of Hippo), Liberal/Liberalism (socio-political), Bayle, Pierre, Locke, John, 2, 9, 24, 35, 36, 44, 50, 55, 60, Toleration/Tolerance 70, 179, 214, 226, 261, 263, (religious) 271, 272, 298, 300, 305, 350, 351, 353, 361, 362, 374. See also Christianity/Christian(s), M Jefferson, Thomas, Locke, John, Magic/Magician, 56–57, 62, 163, Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch), 209, 373. See also Jesus, Moses, Theology/Theologian(s) Egypt/Egyptian Light (intellectual/moral/spiritual magical Neo-Platonism, 56–57, metaphor), 25–26, 46, 63, 64, 162–163 75, 93, 94, 102, 109, 140, Mark (Gospel of), 2, 169, 193, 196, 159, 174, 181–183, 186, 187, 200, 238, 298, 326, 331–332, 189–192, 194–198, 206, 214, 341–342, 344–345, 359, 365, 215, 217, 221, 224, 232, 257, 367. See also Bible/Biblical, Subject Index 479

Christological/.Christological See also Aquinas, St. Thomas, Jesus, New Testament Philosophy/Philosopher(s), Materialism/Materialist(s) (metaphys- Scholasticism/Scholastic(s), ical/ontological), 19, 25–27, Theology/Theologian(s) 50–53, 57–58, 61–63, 92, 114, Metaphysical Poets, 204 124, 126, 132, 134, 142, 143, Metaphysics/Metaphysical, 10, 13, 145, 152, 157, 162, 176, 177, 19, 24–27, 48, 55, 58–60, 82, 181, 183, 190, 194, 207, 218, 107, 113, 124–126, 131, 134, 222, 234, 235, 241, 243, 244, 138, 143–144, 176, 184, 191, 263, 304–306, 313, 314, 328, 194, 196, 202, 204, 217, 218, 346, 364, 369. See also Dualism/ 222, 233, 241–244, 246, 247, Dualist(s), Hobbes, Thomas, 250, 256, 262, 263, 279, 280, Israel, Jonathan I., Jefferson, 306, 313, 314, 322, 328. See also Thomas, Monism/Monist(s), Dualism/Dualist(s), Materialism/ Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch) Materialist(s), Ontology/ corporeal/corporeality, 52, 135, Ontological, Philosophy/ 144–145, 159, 161–162 Philosopher(s), Theology/ eliminativism, 52 Theologian(s) hard problem of consciousness, 52 authoritarian/hierarchical metaphys- material/matter, 125, 194, 202, ic(s), 60 203, 206, 313, 364, 370 Christian, 123 matter in motion, 114, 127 democratic/egalitarian metaphys- mind/mentality, 58 ic(s), 59, 60 physical/natural(s), 110 rationalist metaphysician(s), 90 physicalism/physicalist(s), 52, 176 retreat from/rejection of in moder- physical processors, 58 nity, 125 /reductionist(s), 58, substance(s), 26, 48, 53, 58–60, 62, 128 92, 107, 122, 128, 129, 132, reducible/reduced, 52, 58, 144 142, 144, 151, 156–158, 160– Matthew (Gospel of), 1, 2, 111, 121, 162, 189, 204, 218, 222, 233, 136, 155, 169, 170, 184, 185, 243, 313, 315; divine, 58, 113, 189, 193, 195, 196, 210, 222, 158, 162; extension/extended, 238, 258, 271, 274, 326, 331, 52; material, 313; mental, 327; 332, 340–342, 344–347, 355, spiritual/immaterial, 128, 183, 364, 365, 370, 372. See also 222; Univocity of Being, 161. Biblical/Biblical, Christology/ See also Scotus, John Duns Christological Jesus, New Methodism/Methodist(s), 64–65. Testament See also Equiano, Olaudah Medicine/Medical, 98, 262, 296 (Gustavus Vassa), Protestantism/ Medieval, 7, 11–13, 19, 25, 46, 70, Protestant(s) 72, 73, 78, 79, 84, 88, 91, 119, MeToo (#MeToo), 371 122, 137, 145, 148, 203, 373. 480 Subject Index

Millenarianism/Millenarian, 57, 65–67, 70, 71, 73–100, 102, 62, 105, 183, 185, 198, 105, 107–109, 112–116, 118, 301, 319, 370, 362. See also 119, 121–124, 126, 127, 141, Apocalypticism/Apocalyptic 146, 148, 150, 152, 163, 173, Restored Israel, 319 178, 180, 184, 187, 197, 210, Miraculous/Miracle(s), 51, 83, 99, 213, 217, 220, 225, 226, 228– 129, 154, 166, 168, 174, 191, 231, 235, 245, 246, 248, 251, 208, 209, 223, 229, 258, 259, 259–261, 263, 272, 277, 279, 264, 289, 292, 293, 321, 322, 281, 283, 284, 286–290, 293, 332, 333, 335, 338, 340, 343, 301, 303–305, 307, 308, 314, 369. See also Supernaturalism/ 317, 321, 323–329, 332, 334– Supernatural, Hume, David, 338, 340, 343–347, 351, 352, Priestley, Joseph, Spinoza, 360, 362–365, 367, 368, 370, Benedict de (Baruch) 371, 373, 374. See also Ethics, Misogynist/Misogynistic, 199, 360 Philosophy/Philosopher(s), Modern/Modernity, 1, 3–7, 9–16, Theology/Theologian(s) 18–19, 22, 24–27, 29–39, 43–46, deontology/deontological, 91, 148. 48, 50, 53–55, 57–60, 63, 66, See also Kant, Immanuel 67, 69–73, 75, 79, 83, 87, realism/realist(s), 24, 66–67, 87, 90–92, 97, 100, 105, 112, 119, 152, 284, 363, 365, 367; 121–125, 127, 131, 133, 134, rationalism/rationalist(s), 74, 140, 142, 151, 154, 161, 163, 78, 97, 122 166, 167, 171, 172, 175–181, secular, 22, 34, 67, 73, 96, 151, 183, 184, 187, 188, 191, 200, 179, 259, 372 203, 204, 215, 218, 226, 228, theological voluntarism/volun- 230, 235, 239, 241, 243, 244, tarist(s), 73, 75, 82, 84–86, 246, 247, 249, 254, 256, 259, 89–91, 93, 98; Divine com- 260, 265, 270–272, 275, 278, mand ethics/morality, 74–75, 280, 283–285, 292, 295–298, 79, 81–82, 84, 86, 93–94, 285; 300, 304–307, 313, 323, 332, voluntaristic, 82 333, 335, 342, 343, 351, 353, utilitarianism/utilitarian(s), 79, 91, 356, 358, 359, 361, 365, 148. See also Bentham, Jeremy, 369–374. See also Enlightenment, and Mill, John Stuart Postmodernism/Postmodernist(s) vice(s), 79, 118, 141, 149, 151, Monism/Monist(s) (metaphysical/ 188, 212–213, 254, 328, 330 ontological), 24–25, 48, 51, 53, virtue(s), 21, 105, 209–212, 222, 58–60, 62, 107, 129, 134, 184, 228, 230, 245, 289. See also 189, 243, 244, 247, 306 Aquinas, St. Thomas, Aristotle, Monty Python, 226 Plato Morality/Moral, 2, 3, 11, 13–16, 18–21, 24, 26, 34, 35, 48, 59, Subject Index 481

N Dutch, 105 Natural Philosophy/Science(s), 7, 11, House of Orange, 249 30, 36, 48, 57, 59, 60, 129, 131, Rotterdam, 277 132, 134, 176, 202–204, 213, New Testament, 100, 183, 189, 211, 240, 300 221, 225, 228, 239. See also Aristotelian, 129 Bible/Biblical, Canon/Canonical, mechanical philosophy, 92, 127; Christology/Christological, Jesus mechanism/mechanistic, 126, Nicene-Constantinopolitan (Church 129, 162 Councils and Creeds), 13, 23, 69, natural philosopher(s)/scientist(s), 156, 158, 298. See also Heresy/ 213 Heretic(s), Orthodoxy/Orthodox Revolution, 31, 48, 283 Nihilism, 51, 235 scientifc, 6, 31, 36, 39, 45, 48, 126 Nominalism/Nominalist, 25, 73, 84, Royal Society, 187, 241 91, 122, 139, 203. See also Ethics, Nature/Natural, 3, 4, 6, 10, 16, Medieval, Morality/Moral, 17, 27, 34, 46, 48, 52, 57, 59, Philosophy/Philosopher(s) 60, 74, 78, 79, 81, 85, 88, Theology/Theologian(s) 94–99, 106, 107, 109, 110, North America/American(s), 2, 4, 8, 113, 118, 121–123, 125–129, 31, 36–37, 49, 125–126, 190, 131–135, 138–141, 144–152, 301, 352, 363, 370. See also 154, 161, 168, 171, 173, 174, Enlightenment, United States of 176, 178, 203, 204, 207, 209, America 212, 214–217, 220, 226, 228, African, 303 231, 233–235, 241, 243, 245, culture, 347 247, 250, 254, 256, 257, 259, intellectual history, 19, 126, 295, 261, 262, 268, 269, 279–281, 370 283–291, 293, 303, 306, 307, Native/Indigenous people, 301, 310, 313, 314, 318, 322, 325, 338; Indian(s), 338 327, 328, 335, 340, 360, 363, 365, 367–369 Divine nature, 176. See also Divine, O God Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, 22, human, 20, 72, 81, 95, 108, 116, 76–78, 100, 115, 157, 175, 123, 127, 128, 137, 145–147, 207, 220. See also Bible/Biblical, 177, 192, 211, 265, 285, 313, Canon/Canonical, Hitchens, 328, 363, 365, 366 Christopher, Jefferson, Thomas, Netherlands, 277, 283, 371. See Judaism/Jewish, Morgan, also Bayle, Pierre, Erasmus, Thomas, Marcion (of Sinope) Desiderius, Dutch Republic, and , 352, 371 Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch) Ontology/Ontological, 126–127, Amsterdam, 236, 249 129, 132, 168, 183, 195, 200, Amsterdam Synagogue, 249 203, 206, 217, 259, 262, 322, 482 Subject Index

366. See also Dualism/Dualist(s), Pew Research Centre, 373 Materialism/Materialist(s), Philosophia Christi. See Erasmus, Metaphysics/Metaphysical, Desiderius Monism/Monist(s), Philosopher/ Philosophy/Philosophers, 8, 10–12, Philosopher(s) 17, 18, 21–27, 29, 31–34, 36, , 206 38, 40–42, 45–48, 50, 52, 55–57, Orthodoxy/Orthodox, 4, 6, 13, 19, 59–61, 64, 65, 67, 70, 73, 23, 73, 76, 78, 89, 101, 112, 75, 79, 84, 87, 89–92, 95, 96, 121, 132, 135, 143, 155–158, 98–100, 102, 106–108, 112–114, 160, 162, 164, 269, 298, 117, 123, 125–132, 134, 138, 306, 307, 312, 313, 315–320, 142, 144, 145, 148, 150, 161, 335, 359, 363, 372–373. See 162, 164, 176, 178, 201–204, also Christianity/Christian(s). 207, 209, 213, 216–219, 230, Christology/Christological, 231, 234, 236, 244, 247, Heresy/Heretic(s), Theology/ 249–251, 254, 260–263, 271, Theologian(s) 276, 279–283, 285, 288, 292, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306, 307, 310–313, 316, 317, 322, 324, P 325, 327, 333–344, 346, 347, Paganism/Pagan(s), 101, 116, 297, 349, 350, 352, 353, 358, 364, 298, 317 367, 370, 373 heathenism/heathen(s), 298, 317, ancient, 336. See also Greece/ 325, 329, 332, 335 Greek(s), Rome/Roman(s) Pagano-Christianism, 297–298, 324 Anglo-American analytic tradition, Pantheism/Pantheist(s), 39, 56–59, 125 62, 63 classical, 322, 333. See also Aristotle, pantheistic, 62 Plato Parliament (English/British). See continental tradition, 125 Britain/British, England/English /Existentialist(s), 247 Pelagianism/Pelagian(s), 20, 23, infdel, 292. See also Bayle, Pierre, 103–104, 123, 172, 195, 265, Hobbes, Thomas, Jefferson, 286, 304, 371 Thomas, and Spinoza, Benedict anti-Pelagianism/Pelagian(s), 103, de (Baruch) 104 linguistic turn, 125 early, 104 modern/modernity, 31, 45, 46, modern, 23, 112. See also 57, 112. See also Bayle, Pierre, Augustine, St. (of Hippo), Descartes, René, Hobbes, Deism/ Deist(s), Erasmus, Thomas, Jefferson, Thomas, Desiderius Freedom, Heresy/ Kant, Immanuel, Locke, Heretic(s), Luther, Martin, John, Platonism/Platonist(s), Orthodoxy/Orthodox Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch) Semi-Pelagian(s), 104 Subject Index 483

political, 125, 131, 134, 164, 169, Post Modern/Modernity, 33. See also 171. See also Aquinas, St. Enlightenment, Foucault, Michel, Thomas, Bayle, Pierre, Hobbes, Modern/Modernity Thomas, Jefferson, Thomas, Power/Powerful (socio-political), 1, 2, Locke, John, Spinoza, Benedict 8, 11, 12, 18, 23, 25, 26, 30, 33, de (Baruch) 34, 45, 46, 60, 66, 67, 84, 85, pre-modern, 112, 138 93, 97, 99, 100, 105, 108, 110– Platonism/Platonist(s), 57, 72, 90, 112, 116, 118, 120, 137, 138, 94, 128, 138, 152, 162, 202, 140, 146, 147, 150, 152, 153, 205, 297 163, 167, 169–171, 175, 177, Cambridge Platonism/Platonist(s), 178, 182, 184, 185, 190–192, 92–95, 123, 202, 251, 304, 197, 199–201, 205, 207, 209, 363, 367, 368. See also Conway, 210, 212–215, 223, 238, 240, Lady Ann, Cudworth, Ralph, 243, 256–261, 267–271, 277, Culverwell, Nathaniel, More, 280, 281, 284, 287, 292, 306, Henry, Whichcote, Benjamin 317, 320, 322–324, 327, 336, Christian, 93, 202, 295 340, 356, 358–361, 364–367 magical Neo-Platonism/Platonist(s), divine, 26–27, 60, 93 56 religious (Christian/Jewish), 4, 8–9, Neo-Platonism/Platonist(s), 57, 26–27 212, 368; neo-Platonic, 56, Progress/Progressive (moral/ 203, 295 socio-political), 4, 9, 25, 27, Pluralism/Pluralistic (cultural and 35, 39, 47, 55, 63, 66, 73, 90, religious), 1, 3, 5, 8, 30, 45, 69, 124, 129, 133, 213, 217, 241, 178, 234, 306, 312, 333. See 246, 300, 317, 318, 323, 324, also Enlightenment, Modern/ 327, 331, 335, 361, 362, 371. Modernity See also Enlightenment, Liberal/ plurality, 1 Liberalism, Reform/Reforming Poland. See Socinianism/Socinian(s) Project Guttenberg, 156, 367 Political Theology, 3, 14, 16–17, 25, Protestantism/Protestant(s), 6, 8, 9, 26, 62, 163, 178, 234, 245, 247, 20, 21, 29, 30, 43, 65, 66, 71, 248, 253, 255, 256, 258, 268, 90, 91, 96, 97, 100, 101, 115, 271, 272, 284, 292, 331. See 139, 140, 146, 155, 159, 166, also Bayle, Pierre, Christianity/ 172, 211, 217, 248, 260, 268, Christian(s), Enlightenment, 272, 276–278, 280, 281, 283, Hobbes, Thomas, Locke, John, 297, 298, 316, 320, 363. See Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch), also Calvin, Jean, Huguenot(s), and Taylor, Charles Luther, Martin, Reformation, Poor/Poverty (economic), 111, 130, Theology 275, 346, 357, 364. See also Arminianism/Arminian(s), 269. See Equality also Calvinism/Calvinist(s) Post-colonial (studies), 359 484 Subject Index

Dissenting/Dissenter(s), 98, 266. 365, 368. See also Fox, George, See also Biddle, John, Morgan, Nayler, James, Radicalism/ Thomas, Jefferson, Thomas, Radical(s) Priestley, Joseph Socinianism/ /Abolitionist(s) Socinian(s), Unitarianism/ (anti-slavery), 61, 65, 240 Unitarian(s) American Friends Service Eastern European, 296 Committee, 61 non-conformism/conformist(s), Cater, Samuel, 186 296 Children of the Light, 186, 193 Presbyterianism/Presbyterian(s), Crab, Robert, 186 132, 191, 266, 373 Erbery, Dorcas, 186 Puritanism/Puritan(s), 188–191; Friends Service Council (London), Revolution (Republican/ 61 Parliamentary), 188 Nobel Peace Prize (1947), 61 radical(s), 298, 363; Anabaptists, pacifsm/peacemaking, 61, 184, 57; Mennonites, 57 192, 193, 240 Reformed/Reformer(s), 89, 101, Simmonds, Martha, 186 188, 297, 319, 334. See slave owners, 241 also Calvinism/Calvinist(s), Society for Effecting the Abolition Hobbes, Thomas of the Slave Trade, 63 Remonstrant(s), 101, 249. See also Stranger, Hannah, 186 Dutch Republic, Grotius, Hugo Stranger, John, 186 worship, 22, 190, 208, 260 Wedlock, Timothy, 186 Proverbs (Book of), 1, 142, 149. See also Bible/Biblical, Judaism/ Jewish, Old Testament/Hebrew R Bible Race/Racial, 37–38, 114, 119, 240, Psalms (Book of), 136, 147, 199. See 246, 255, 263, 293, 302, 335, also Bible/Biblical, Judaism/ 356, 361, 371–372 Jewish, Old Testament/Hebrew racial appropriations, 356 Bible racialisation of Jesus, 356 Psychology/Psychologist(s), 35, 45, racial tension (USA), 356 54, 99, 110, 113, 131, 134, racism/racist, 33, 263, 360, 362; 176, 191, 232, 321, 367. See Ku Klux Klan, 356 also Freud, Sigmund, and Pinker, white supremacy, 356 Steven Radicalism/Radical(s) (philosophi- psychological, 54, 99, 113, 191, cal/socio-political/religious), 2, 232 12, 14, 17, 19–22, 25, 26, 29, 31–32, 34, 36, 39, 46–54, 56–66, 77, 97, 107, 112, 114, 123–124, Q 126, 134, 136, 148, 161, 166– Quakerism/Quaker(s), 25, 61–63, 65, 167, 173, 176, 183, 187–189, 142, 182, 184–200, 211, 222, 193, 197, 200–201, 219–220, 240–242, 271, 307, 309, 363, 222–233, 239–241, 243–245, Subject Index 485

247, 249, 253, 258, 261, 271– 293, 295, 299, 303, 314, 315, 272, 277, 279–281, 283–284, 323–328, 333, 335, 337, 348, 293, 296, 298–299, 305–306, 353, 363, 368–372 309, 318–319, 331, 346, 347, rationalistic, 11, 90, 123, 183, 222, 352, 358–359, 362–365, 367. 265 See also Anarchism (Religious/ rationality, 20, 33, 91, 215, 219, Christian), Bayle, Pierre, Diggers, 263–264, 279, 293, 307, Grégoire, Henri Jean-Baptiste, 365, 368. See also Aquinas, St. Enlightenment, Hobbes, Thomas, Thomas, Augustine, St. (of Jefferson, Thomas, Jesus, Hippo), Bayle, Pierre, Grotius, Nayler, James, Priestley, Joseph, Criag, William Lane, Hugo, Quaker/Quaker(s), Ranters, Hobbes, Thomas, Locke, John, Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch), Priestley, Joseph, and Suárez, Revolution/Revolutionary, Francisco Winstanley, Gerrard Reform/Reforming (political/soci- Ranter(s), 62, 189 etal), 5, 9, 11, 36, 42, 49, 57, Rationalism/Rationalist(s), 11, 25, 63, 71, 106, 116, 187, 241, 32, 35, 47, 74, 78, 90, 92, 97, 293, 305, 310, 353, 369. See 122, 174, 176, 184, 195, 201, also Enlightenment, Progress/ 205, 208, 221, 237, 242, 247, Progressive 320, 363, 369. See also Descartes, Reformation (Protestant), 3, 5, 7–8, René, Epistemology, Leibniz, 20, 24, 29–31, 43, 71, 74, 85, Gottfried Wilhelm, Plato, and 88, 91, 101, 102, 104, 116, Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch) 119, 122–123, 127, 141–142, Christian, 90 153, 173, 188, 229, 273, 283, continental, 32, 218, 363–364 297–298, 318, 358, 361–362. doctrine of innate ideas, 47, 367 See also Calvin, Jean, Europe, infdel(s), 279, 292. See also Bayle, Christianity/Christian(s), Pierre, Jefferson, Thomas, and Luther, Martin, Protestantism/ Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch) Protestant(s) irreligious, 50–51, 264 post-Reformation, 24, 126, 141, modern, 25, 92, 279; reason/rea- 315 sonable, 3, 12, 20, 32–35, 41, Religion(s)/Religious, 2, 5–7, 10, 45, 46, 59, 66, 70, 71, 79–81, 11, 14–17, 19, 20, 22–27, 30, 88, 91, 95–99, 107, 109, 110, 32, 34–36, 39, 43–45, 49, 50, 112, 113, 115–116, 118, 122, 53–56, 58–63, 65–66, 71–73, 123, 128, 129, 134, 138–141, 77–78, 89–91, 93, 98, 100–107, 147, 149–151, 153, 154, 161, 109, 113, 115–116, 118, 162, 169, 171, 173, 174, 119, 123–124, 126, 128–129, 179–180, 198, 201–202, 205, 133–136, 138, 141–143, 162, 206, 209, 214, 226, 227, 229, 164, 166–168, 170–171, 231, 233, 242, 243, 245, 264, 173–180, 182–183, 185–189, 267, 275, 279–283, 285–290, 192–194, 197, 200–201, 486 Subject Index

204–205, 207–209, 213–216, Christian(s), Deism/Deist(s), 218–220, 222–239, 243–246, Judaism/Jewish, Theology/ 248–263, 265–279, 283, 285, Theologian(s) 289–293, 297–300, 302, 304, utopianism/utopian(s), 47, 177, 306–315, 317, 321–323, 330, 192, 362 333–335, 337, 340, 342, 343, wars of, 65, 88, 90, 126, 188, 345, 351, 352, 355, 356, 216, 271. See also Britain/ 360–365, 367, 370–373. See also British, European, Reformation Anarchism (Religious/Christian), (Protestant) Christianity/Christian(s), Renaissance, 7–8, 31, 71, 74, 361 Judaism/Jewish, Secular/ Humanism/Humanist(s), 12–13, Secularists(s) 31, 43, 66, 71, 102, 105, 127, dissent/dissenter(s), 19, 192, 234, 218, 371 250, 275, 291, 309–313, Republicanism/Republican(s), 50, 51, 316. See also Christianity/ 60, 131, 310 Christian(s), Protestantism/ Resurrection, 128, 145, 159, 176, Protestant(s) 234, 342, 369 enthusiasm/enthusiast(s), 185, General, 145, 159, 165, 185, 204, 191, 205, 245, 271. See also 342; restoration, 328 Christianity/Christian(s), of Jesus, 70, 77, 109, 119, 132, Protestantism/Protestant(s) 165, 176, 182, 199, 200, 208, fanaticism/fanatic(s), 51, 216, 210, 221, 319, 321, 323, 333, 222, 235, 238, 360; fanat- 369 ical, 51, 226–227. See also Revelation (Divine), 16, 17, 49, 62, Apocalypticism/Apocalyptic, 76, 78, 84, 89, 98, 107, 109, Radicalism/Radical, 114, 120, 124, 132, 152–154, Revolution/Revolutionary 156, 162, 172, 183–185, 191, ; messianism/messianic, 227 199, 201–202, 208, 214, 221, imposture/impostor(s), 3, 19, 141, 235, 243, 247, 248, 250, 255, 223, 335 258–261, 268, 269, 273, 279, natural, 6, 98, 140, 220, 228, 231, 281, 286, 290, 295, 306–307, 234, 235, 288, 289, 291, 328 314–317, 325–328, 334–336, radicalism/radical(s), 13–14, 19–20, 360. See also Biblical/Biblical, 26–28, 31, 39, 49–54, 56, Divine, Jesus, God 60–62, 123, 187–188, 258, Revelation (Book of), 183–184, 197, 272, 280, 309, 331, 358, 364, 199. See also Apocalypticism/ 365 Apocalyptic, Biblical/Biblical, rationalism/rationalist(s), 25, 32, Jesus, New Testament 35, 48, 74, 90, 92, 122, 208, Revolution/Revolutionary, 7, 18, 19, 238, 242, 247, 264, 265, 21, 29–32, 34, 36, 38–39, 42, 279–281, 283, 306, 352, 45–46, 49–51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 363. See also Christianity/ 61, 63–64, 126, 163, 182, 184, Subject Index 487

188, 197–198, 234, 239, 240, Jesus, Paul, St. (of Taurus), New 244, 263, 272, 308, 310, 337, Testament 358–359, 362–363, 371. See also Rome/Roman(s), 10, 17, 23, 72, 78, North American/American(s), 95, 103, 108, 120, 126, 136, British/British, China/Chinese, 152, 167, 169–170, 218, 234, England/English, France/ 238, 271, 272, 275, 276, 280, French, Industrial, Natural 312, 315, 329, 356, 358, 359, Philosophy/Science, Russia/ 362 Russian(s) Bishop of, 23, 358. See also Roman Richard Dawkins Foundation, 373 Catholicism/Catholic(s) Roman Catholicism/Catholic(s), 3, Caesar(s)/Emperor(s), 197, 8–10, 12–14, 23, 30, 47, 65, 76, 257, 356, 359 88, 100, 105, 115, 139, 147, Empire, 169, 259, 261, 296, 313, 172, 214, 237, 252, 267, 271– 360 272, 276, 277, 280–281, 297, Greco-Roman, 72, 78, 209, 297, 312, 316, 358, 363, 372–373 317. See also Greece/Greek(s) anti-Catholicism/Catholic(s), 88, Palestine, 171, 234, 238. See also 139, 297, 315; popery/paga- Bible/Biblical, Jesus, Judaism/ no-papism, 297, 318; Council Jewish of Trent, 127, 147 Russian/Russian(s), 30. See also Counter Reformation, 29, 127, Atheism/Atheist(s), Revolution/ 147, 362. See also Jesuits Revolutionary, Stalin, Jose Enlightenment, 4, 9, 11–13, 47, Orthodox Church, 260 65, 88, 147, 246. See also Prussia/Prussian(s), 41. See also Enlightenment, Erasmus, Kant, Immanuel Desiderius ; Revolution, 29–30 Pope Francis, 358 rationalism/rationalist(s), 26, 90, 175, 281. See also Aquinas, S St. Thomas, Augustine, St. Sacred/Holy, 7, 8, 17, 25–26, 27, 35, (of Hippo), Descartes, René, 58, 62, 69, 74, 83, 99, 102, 127, Scholasticism/Scholastic(s), 136–137, 142, 149, 160, 172, Suárez, Francisco 185, 201, 235, 247, 260, 265, reform/reformer(s), 8, 12–13, 29, 282–283, 351, 358, Divine, God 101, 103, 105, 123, 363. See Salvation, 16, 20–22, 70, 72, 85, also Enlightenment, Erasmus, 104, 108–109, 113–114, 116, Desiderius 118–119, 123–124, 155, 166, ; reformist, 10 172–173, 175, 178, 179, 190, Romans (Paul’s Letter to), 78, 194–195, 210, 226, 230–233, 108–109, 136, 147, 152, 259, 236, 239, 250–252, 254, 267, 319, 356. See also Bible/Biblical, 268, 270, 273, 290, 292, 299, Christology/Christological, 319–320, 332, 346. See also 488 Subject Index

Eschatology/Eschatological, 36–37, 39, 43, 49, 53, 60, God, Heaven, Hobbes, Thomas, 66, 127, 310, 348, 350, 353, Locke, John, Reimarus, Hermann 373; political, 11, 16–17, 25, Samuel, and Spinoza, Benedict de 44–45, 95–96, 123, 131–139, (Baruch) 146–158, 164, 169, 171, Satan/the Devil, 184, 230, 249. See 177–180, 184, 240, 243–244, also Evil, Hell 246–251, 253, 257, 261–264, Scepticism/Sceptic(s), 22, 48, 49, 58, 301, 310, 333, 358–359, 362, 60, 105, 121, 123, 128–129, 364, 366–367. See also Aquinas, 133, 135–136, 139–140, 147, St. Thomas, Descartes, René, 159, 176, 192, 222–224, 237, Economics/Economy, Hobbes, 247, 259, 279, 287, 307, 332, Thomas, Locke, John Medieval, 335, 348, 350, 353. See also Modern/Modernity, Spinoza, Bayle, Pierre, Descartes, René, Benedict de (Baruch), and Erasmus, Desiderius, Hobbes, Suárez, Francisco, Rawls, John Thomas, and Spinoza, Benedict ; social/sociological, 16, 372–373. de (Baruch) See also Ipsos MORI, Marx, Phyrronism/Pyrrhonist, 48 Karl, Pew Research Centre sceptical, 4, 13, 48, 84, 88, 142, Scotland/Scottish, 3, 47, 57, 156, 182, 219, 230, 327, 332, 366 195. See also Aikenhead, Thomas, Sextus Empiricus, 48 Barclay, Robert, Enlightenment, Scholasticism/Scholastic(s), 11, 24, Hume, David, Protestantism/ 47, 74, 84, 90, 96–97, 102, Protestants(s), Robertson, John 122, 128, 129, 138, 144, 145, Charles I (King), 185 148, 159, 172, 174, 202, 204, Edinburgh, 3 208, 280, 281, 285, 368. See also Privy Council, 3 Aquinas, St. Thomas, Descartes, , 3 René, Erasmus, Desiderius, University of Glasgow, 54 Faith (religious), Hobbes, Secular/Secularising, 2, 16, 25, 34, Thomas, Medieval, Rationalism/ 49, 63, 66–67, 70, 72–73, 96, Rationalist(s), Spinoza, Benedict 123, 151, 169, 180, 200–201, de (Baruch), and Suárez, 249, 260, 261, 270, 283, 297, Francisco 300, 311, 351–353, 363, 366, School of Salamanca, 11 372. See also Bayle, Pierre, Science, 7, 25, 35, 47, 51, 52, 59, Enlightenment, Hobbes, Thomas, 141, 146, 187, 241, 282, 306, Locke, John Spinoza, Benedict de 311, 330 Humanist(s), 20, 42, 135 political, 129 proto-secular, 20, 279 Scientia (organised knowledge), secularism/secularist(s), 16, 34, 11, 16, 29, 129, 137, 162, 39, 62, 253. See also Diderot, 174, 212, 287; historical/his- Denis, d’Holbach, Baron (Paul- toriography, 5, 8, 10, 25–30, Henri-Thiry) Israel, Jonathan Subject Index 489

I., Jacob, Margaret C., Taylor, Dualist(s), Hobbes, Thomas Charles Materialism/Materialist(s), Sin/Sinner(s), 77, 86, 104–105, Monism/Monist(s), Platonism/ 108–109, 112, 116, 118, 123, Platonist(s), Spiritual/Spirit(s) 129, 146–147, 165, 175, 182, of non-human animals, 203 190, 192, 196–197, 210, 286, Spain/Spanish, 37, 60, 249, 272. 287, 292–293, 305, 314, 319 See also Roman Catholicism/ fallen (human nature), 112, 114, Catholic(s), Scholasticism/ 127, 135 Scholastic(s) of Adam, 112, 147, 175, 192, 286 Enlightenment, 60 original, 86, 104, 112, 123, 147, Spiritual/Spirit(s), 2, 7, 10, 13, 18– 173, 192, 287, 314 26, 43, 56, 58, 77, 81, 85, 90, Slavery/Slave(s), 63–65, 116, 240, 101, 109, 125, 127, 145, 152, 241, 246, 263, 301–303 155–157, 159, 162, 164, 169, Abolitionism/Abolitionist(s), 172, 174–176, 178, 181–184, 61–62, 64, 240. See also 187, 189–194, 197, 199–200, Equiano, Olaudah, Quakerism/ 202–204, 209–210, 212, 217, Quaker(s), Jefferson, Thomas 221, 229, 233–234, 238–242, ; anti-slavery, 64, 356 246, 249, 253, 255–257, 270, The Abolition Project, 65 273, 277, 278, 287, 291, 293, Manumission, 241 299, 307, 313, 316, 319–321, Society for Effecting the Abolition 323, 332, 337, 338, 340, 344, of the Slave Trade, 63 352, 355–356, 361, 363–364, Socialism/Socialist(s), 331, 357. 368–371, 373. See also Descartes, See also Equality, Labour René, Dualism/Dualist(s), Party (British), Theology/ Hobbes, Thomas, Materialism/ Theologian(s) Materialist(s), Quakerism/ Socinianism/Socinian(s), 23, 56, Quaker(s), Soul 142, 155, 247, 265, 281, idealism/idealist(s), 18, 58, 125, 296, 298–300, 371. See also 316 Heresy/Heretic(s), Orthodoxy/ incorporeality/incorporeal, 128, Orthodox, Socinius, Faustus, and 132, 144, 160, 178, 192 Socinius, Laelius mind/mentality, 52, 58, 140, 145, Polish Brethren, 296 207, 327 Racovian Catechism, 296 unclean spirits, 258 Soul, 26, 59, 63–64, 73, 85, 100, 104, /Stoic(s), 110, 207, 306. 113, 116, 127–129, 144–146, See also Ancient, Greece/Greek, 159, 182–183, 201, 204–205, Jefferson, Thomas, More, Henry, 210, 212, 218, 230–234, 242, Philosophy/Philosopher(s), 245, 267–269, 273, 284, 289, Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch) 292, 297, 328, 346, 363. See Supernaturalism/Supernatural, 56, also Descartes, René, Dualism/ 59, 63, 109, 123, 154, 200, 490 Subject Index

207, 221, 254, 293, 304, 315, 200–203, 205, 208, 211, 221, 333–335, 348, 362, 369. See 225–226, 229–230, 234–235, also Hobbes, Thomas, Jefferson, 240, 248, 250–251, 262, 265, Thomas, More, Henry, Priestley, 272, 279–283, 295–296, 299, Joseph, Quakerism/Quaker(s), 300, 304–306, 314–318, 320, Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch) 326, 334, 341, 350, 363–364, Supersessionism /Supersessionist(s), 368–370 100, 106. See also Christianity/ apophatic/negative, 133, 139–140, Christian(s), Judaism/Jewish, 153; negation, 138 Marcion (of Sinope), Morgan, Atonement, 88, 119, 164; Christus Thomas, Spinoza, Benedict de Victor, 165; Satisfaction, 165 (Baruch) book of nature (only), 306. See also Superstitious/Superstition(s), 25, Natural Philosophy/Science, 115–116, 134, 176, 217, 254, Philosopher/Philosopher(s), 278, 335, 360. See also Bayle, Rationalism/Rationalist(s) Pierre, Hobbes, Thomas, book of scripture (only), 283. Jefferson, Thomas, More, Henry, See also Bible/Biblical, Faith Spinoza, Benedict de (religious) book of scripture and book of nature, 177, 208, 283, 295, T 299, 363, 368. See also Greece/ Taxation/Tax(es), 169–170, 176, Greek, Jerusalem (Athens 190, 343. See also Economics/ juxtaposed with Jerusalem) Economy, Jefferson, Thomas, Scholasticism/Scholastic(s) United States of America cataphatic/positive, 139, 153; affr- tithes (to the established Church), mation, 138 190 Christian rationalism/rationalist(s), Teleology/Teleological, 113, 127, 184, 242, 282, 283, 289. See 207, 322 also Aquinas, St. Thomas, design argument, 207, 334. See also Astell, Mary, Bayle, Pierre More, Henry, Kant, Immanuel, More, Henry, Platonism/ Darwin, Charles, Priestley, Platonist(s), Scholasticism/ Joseph, Reimarus, Hermann Scholastic(s), Priestley, Joseph Samuel ; rationalistic, 222; rationality, 215 Theology/Theologian(s), 4, 9–10, Christocentric, 89, 123, 292, 319, 13–14, 16–18, 21, 23–27, 34, 41, 363 47, 55, 59, 70, 72–73, 77, 80, Christopresentist, 194 82, 85, 89, 97, 101–102, 104, /Patristic, 13, 21, 107–109, 114, 117, 121–123, 102, 159, 162, 227, 283 132–135, 138, 140, 142, 146, classical /Theist(s), 74 153, 156, 159, 161–166, 174, dispensationalism/dispensa- 177–178, 181–182, 195–197, tionalist(s), 165, 196, 364; Subject Index 491

dispensational, 165; dispensa- 163, 239, 273, 315–316. tion, 191, 239, 255; new, 255 See also Heresy/Heretic(s), Jewish rationalism/rationalist(s), Orthodoxy/Orthodox 237 rationalism/rationalist(s), 74, 90, liberal, 9, 24, 50, 55, 70, 214, 226, 122, 132, 174, 280, 335. See 298, 300, 305, 350–351 also Aquinas, St. Thomas, liberation, 65, 109–110, 239, Deism/Deist(s). Descartes, 358–360, 367, 371. See also René, Leibniz, Gottfried Erasmus, Desiderius, Jefferson, Wilhelm, Jefferson, Thomas, Thomas Kant, Immanuel, Platonism/Platonist(s), Paine, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Thomas, Priestley, Joseph, logos, 153, 181, 182, 208 Rationalism/Rationalist(s), medieval, 13, 70, 72–73, 78–79, Scholasticism/Scholastic(s) 84, 88, 91, 97, 102, 119, 123, ; rationalisation, 86; rationalise, 122 137, 145, 148, 174, 203, 373 scriptural/biblical, 62, 77–78, 85, modern, 18, 70, 81, 119, 166, 184, 88, 145, 153–154, 168–169, 239, 259, 305, 313, 323 175, 177, 191–192, 208, monotheism/monotheist(s), 56, 247–248, 251, 253, 258, 269, 209, 214, 299, 323, 325, 281–283, 287, 295, 297–299, 334–335, 340, 351, 362; mon- 314, 363, 368. See also Bible/ otheistic, 56, 62, 214, 325 Biblical, Faith, Calvin, Jean, moral, 59, 77, 88, 90, 97, 98, 123, Hobbes, Thomas, Luther, 251 Martin, Spinoza, Benedict de natural/philosophical, 10, 17, (Baruch) 48, 80–82, 98, 108, 122, soteriology/soteriological, 3, 96, 133–134, 138, 140, 162, 207, 139, 190. See also Eschatology/ 222, 248, 287, 293, 306, Eschatological, Heaven, 314, 320, 335, 370. See also Salvation Aquinas, St. Thomas, Astell, speculative, 109 Mary, Bayle, Pierre, Cudworth, theodicy, 88. See also Cudworth, Ralph, Pierre, More, Henry, Ralph, Leibniz, Gottfried Platonism/Platonist(s), Wilhelm, Milton, John, Scholasticism/Scholastics(s) Platonism/Platonist(s) ; naturalistic, 62, 109, 270, 320 Trinitarianism/Trinitarian(s), 22, of the Word, 153 158, 208, 265, 298–299, 315, performance, 196. See also Nayler, 318, 324, 334, 338, 358. See James also Christianity/Christian(s), /polytheist(s), 214, 253, Heresy/Heretic(s), 259, 325; polytheistic, 317, Orthodoxy/Orthodox 326 Theses of this Book, 24 primitive (earliest years of the Thirty Years’ War, 31, 90, Church), 8, 76, 105, 117, 96. See also Christianity/ 492 Subject Index

Christian(s), Europe/European, Transatlantic, 18, 61, 165, 295, 311, Protestantism/Protestant(s), 372–373 Roman Catholicism/Catholic(s) Anglo-American, 27, 125 Peace of Westphalia, 31 Atlantic, 308, 360. See also Britain/ Thomas (Gospel of), 348. See also British, Europe/European, Canon/Canonical, Christology/ North America/American(s), Christological, Heresy/ United States of America Heretic(s), Orthodoxy/Orthodox Transylvania, 296 Timothy I, II (Paul’s Letters to), 199, Turkey/Turkish, 269. See also 232. See also Bible/Biblical, New Christianity/Christian(s), Testament Heresy/Heretic(s), Islam/ Toleration/Tolerance (religious), 20, Islamic, Orthodoxy/Orthodox 26, 53, 134, 175, 183, 215, 220, Constantinople, 23, 236, 269, 298 235–236, 239, 243–245, 249, Turks, 65 260, 265–267, 270, 272–275, 279, 282–284, 289, 291–293, 299, 309, 312, 334, 360. See also U Bayle, Pierre, Enlightenment, Unitarianism/Unitarian(s), 23, Hobbes, Thomas, Locke, John, 246, 296, 299, 309–311, 315, Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch) 317–318, 320, 329, 334, Act of Toleration (England, 1689), 371. See also Biddle, John, 214, 266 Christology/Christological, Bill No. 82: A Bill For Establishing Heresy/Heretic(s), Orthodoxy/ Religious Freedom (Virginia Orthodox, Priestley, Joseph General Assembly, 1786), 302 United States of America, 36, 73, censorious, 200 103, 300–301, 312, 333, 348, censorship/censor(s), 20, 88, 134, 352, 356. See also Enlightenment, 188 North America/America(s), coercion/coercive, 245, 260, 268, Priestley, Thomas 274, 275, 277, 291 Adams, John (President), 304, Edict of Nantes (1598), 31, 276 308–309, 336, 338 intolerance/intolerant, 20, 60, America/American(s), 364, 373 236, 237, 267, 272, 278, 286, America Exceptionalism, 284 289–290, 360, 362 American leaders, 352 non-coercive, 292 Civil rights, 355 tolerant, 101, 184, 248, 285, 307 constitution, 360 Totalitarianism/Totalitarian(s), 36, Declaration of Independence 136, 149, 362. See also author- (1776), 30–31, 96, 301 itarianism/authoritarian(s), founding father(s), 308 China/Chinese, Christianity/ Lincoln, Abraham (President), 241 Christian(s), Russia/Russian modern American Culture, 3 Subject Index 493

nationalism, 356; nationalist/ W nationalistic, 356 Wisdom, 16, 43, 95, 102, 108, Obama, Barack (President), 357 114–115, 126, 136, 142, 150, Philadelphia, 61, 195, 308 162, 207, 212, 213, 217, 229, Philosophical Society, 301 242, 255, 306, 324, 325, 327, radical tradition of thought, 239. 333, 338–340, 371. See also See also Enlightenment, Israel, Christology/Christological, Jonathan I., Jefferson, Thomas, Enlightenment, Greece/Greek, Paine, Thomas, Priestley, Jesus, Philosophy/Philosopher(s), Joseph Theology/Theologian(s) Republican party, 351 Witchcraft/Witch(es), 25, 26 revolution/revolutionary, 343. See Women’s rights and freedoms, 38, also Enlightenment, France/ 198–200, 240, 360, 362. See French, Israel, Jonathan I., also Astell, Mary, Christology/ North America/America(s), Christological, Equality, Fell, Paine, Thomas Margaret, Feminism/Feminist(s), Texas, 356 Freedom Gender, Jesus Trump, Donald J., 356–357 anti-materialist theology, 202, 240 Virginia, 301, 302; General education, 200–201 Assembly of, 302; University of religious, 182, 198, 200–201, 240 Virginia, 301, 311, 339

Z V Zechariah (Book of), 170. See also Venezuela Bible/Biblical, Judaism/Jewish, Chávez Frías, Hugo Raphael Old Testament/Hebrew Bible (President), 357 Zoroastrianism/Zoroastrian(s), 214. Virgin Birth, 70, 208–210, 332, 340 See also Religions(s), Religious, chastity, 209 Theology/Theologian(s), Tolerance/Toleration (religious)