DOCSLIB.ORG

Narcissistic Grandiosity and Vulnerability in Psychotherapy.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Narcissistic Grandiosity and Vulnerability in Psychotherapy.Pdf Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment © 2014 American Psychological Association 2014, Vol. 4, No. 4, 000 1949-2715/14/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/per0000031 Narcissistic Grandiosity and Narcissistic Vulnerability in Psychotherapy Aaron L. Pincus Nicole M. Cain Pennsylvania State University Long Island University–Brooklyn Aidan G. C. Wright University of Pittsburgh This article briefly summarizes the empirical and clinical literature underlying a contemporary clinical model of pathological narcissism. Unlike the DSM Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), this clinical model identifies and differentiates between two phenotypic themes of dysfunction—narcissistic grandi- osity and narcissistic vulnerability—that can be expressed both overtly and covertly in patients’ ways of thinking, feeling, behaving, and participating in treatment. Clinical recognition that narcissistic patients can and often do present for psychotherapy in vulnerable states of depression, anxiety, shame, and even suicidality increases the likelihood of accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning. This article provides case examples derived from psychotherapies with narcissistic patients to demonstrate how narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability concurrently present in patients who seek treatment. Keywords: narcissism, grandiosity, vulnerability, psychotherapy As a result of the multiplicity of meanings associated with Ansell, & Pincus, 2013). Thus, a clinician relying solely on DSM narcissism across psychology and psychiatry, there is no gold NPD diagnostic criteria may fail to recognize pathological narcis- standard with which to synthesize clinical observations and find- sism in a presenting patient. ings. Relying solely on the criteria for Narcissistic Personality Three suggestions for revising the DSM diagnosis of NPD have Disorder (NPD) found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of appeared in the literature. One suggestion is to revise the DSM Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5; APA, 2013) for diagnosis and treat- criteria to include features reflecting narcissistic vulnerability (e.g., ment planning is unsatisfactory for many reasons. These include Ronningstam, 2011). An alternative proposal would consider nar- NPD exhibiting the lowest prevalence rate of any of the DSM cissistic vulnerability a specifier for NPD diagnoses (e.g., NPD personality disorders, which is inconsistent with the frequency of with vulnerable features) similar to specifiers used for other diag- narcissistic diagnosis found in clinical practice (Cain, Pincus, & noses (Miller, Gentile, Wilson, & Campbell, 2013). A third alter- Ansell, 2008), the DSM criteria’s narrow emphasis on grandiosity native considers pathological narcissism a facet of general person- and its limited fidelity to actual clinical phenomenology (Pincus, ality pathology representing a core feature of all PDs rather than a 2011), and a lack of clinical utility and treatments for NPD specific PD diagnosis (Morey & Stagner, 2012). Research is (Dhawan, Kunik, Oldham, & Coverdale, 2010). required to resolve this nosological debate; and, all of these pro- Moving beyond NPD, reviews of the clinical, psychiatric, and posals require that diagnosticians and psychotherapists recognize social/personality psychology literature clearly paint a broader the clinical presentation of pathological narcissism in their pa- portrait of pathological narcissism encompassing two phenotypic tients. themes of dysfunction, narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic This article focuses on describing the clinical presentation of vulnerability (Cain et al., 2008; Pincus & Roche, 2011). The lack pathological narcissism. First, we briefly summarize the literature of sufficient vulnerable DSM NPD criteria is now a common supporting the broader conceptualization of pathological narcis- This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its alliedcriticism publishers. (Miller, Widiger, & Campbell, 2010; Ronningstam, sism, and then we present case examples drawn from psychother- This article is intended solely for the personal use of2009). the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. The overly narrow construct definition of pathological apies with narcissistic patients in a community mental health narcissism found in DSM NPD limits its clinical validity and outpatient clinic to demonstrate how narcissistic grandiosity and utility, as narcissistic patients are more likely to seek treatment narcissistic vulnerability concurrently present in patients seeking when they are in a vulnerable self-state (Ellison, Levy, Cain, treatment. Narcissistic Grandiosity and Narcissistic Vulnerability To the layperson, narcissism is most often associated with Aaron L. Pincus, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State Uni- arrogant, conceited, and domineering attitudes and behaviors, versity; Nicole M. Cain, Department of Psychology, Long Island Univer- sity— Brooklyn; Aidan G. C. Wright, Department of Psychology, Univer- which are captured by the term narcissistic grandiosity. This sity of Pittsburgh. accurately identifies some common expressions of maladaptive Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Aaron L. self-enhancement, disagreeableness, and lack of empathy associ- Pincus, Department of Psychology, 358 Moore Building, Pennsylvania ated with pathological narcissism. However, an emerging contem- State University, University Park, PA 16803. E-mail: [email protected] porary clinical model of pathological narcissism (Pincus & Lu- 1 2 PINCUS, CAIN, AND WRIGHT kowitsky, 2010; Roche, Pincus, Lukowitsky, Ménard, & Conroy, Conroy, 2010). Narcissistic grandiosity involves intensely felt 2013) combines grandiosity with clinically important regulatory needs for recognition and admiration giving rise to urgent motives impairments that lead to self, emotional, and behavioral dysregu- to seek out self-enhancement experiences. When this dominates lation in response to ego threats or self-enhancement failures (see the personality, the individual is concomitantly vulnerable to in- Figure 1). creased sensitivity to ego threat and subsequent self, emotion, and Needs for admiration and motives to self-enhance are normal behavioral dysregulation (i.e., narcissistic vulnerability). aspects of personality, but they become pathological when they are extreme and coupled with impaired regulatory capacities (Pincus, Overt and Covert Narcissism 2013). It is normal for individuals to strive to see themselves in a positive light and to seek experiences of self-enhancement, such as The terms overt and covert narcissism are frequently used in successful achievements and competitive victories. Most individ- the psychological literature. Unfortunately, many incorrectly uals manage these needs effectively, seek out their gratification in associate overt expressions of narcissism exclusively with gran- culturally and socially acceptable ways and contexts, and regulate diosity and covert expressions of narcissism exclusively with self-esteem, negative emotions, and interpersonal behavior when vulnerability. There is no empirical support for these linkages. disappointments are experienced. In contrast, pathological narcis- DSM NPD criteria as well as items on various self-reports, sism involves impairment in the ability to regulate the self, emo- interviews, and rating instruments assessing pathological nar- tions, and behavior in seeking to satisfy needs for recognition and cissism include a mix of overt elements (behaviors, expressed admiration. Put another way, narcissistic individuals have notable attitudes, and emotions) and covert experiences (cognitions, difficulties transforming narcissistic needs (recognition and admi- private feelings, motives, needs). Our clinical experience with ration) and impulses (self-enhancement motivation) into mature narcissistic patients indicates they virtually always exhibit both and socially appropriate ambitions and conduct (Roche et al., covert and overt grandiosity and covert and overt vulnerability. 2013). As we depict in Figure 1, the distinction between overt and In this model, grandiose symptoms consistent with DSM NPD covert expressions of narcissism is secondary to phenotypic exist in tandem with impaired regulation, or narcissistic vulnera- variation in grandiosity and vulnerability. bility, reflected in experiences of anger, envy, aggression, help- lessness, emptiness, low self-esteem, shame, social avoidance, and Case Examples even suicidality. Evidence for the two phenotypic themes of nar- 1 cissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability comes from the- In the following cases, we first provide an example of a patient ory and research in clinical psychology, psychiatry, and social/ meeting DSM NPD criteria and then provide two examples of personality psychology (Cain et al., 2008; Pincus & Roche, 2011); patients we diagnose as suffering from pathological narcissism, but and in recent years, recognition of both grandiose and vulnerable may not meet DSM criteria because of their pronounced vulnera- themes of narcissistic dysfunction has increasingly become the bility. In portraying these latter cases, we opted to present their norm (e.g., Kealy & Rasmussen, 2012; Ronningstam, 2011; Russ, vulnerable characteristics first, followed by their grandiose fea- Shedler, Westen, & Bradley, 2008; Wright, Lukowitsky, Pincus, & tures. We chose this approach because narcissistic patients who seek outpatient treatment in community mental health centers typically
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Subtypes, Dimensions, Levels, and Mental States in Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
    Subtypes, Dimensions, Levels, and Mental States in Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder Kenneth N. Levy Pennsylvania State University Various conceptualizations of subtypes, levels, and dimensions of narcissism and narcissistic person- ality disorder (NPD) are considered with a particular focus on overt grandiose presentations and covert vulnerable presentations. Evidence supporting this distinction and clinical vignettes to illustrate it are presented as well as their implications for clinical work with NPD patients. The research and clinical evidence points to the conclusion that these broad categorical subtypes are better conceptualized as dimensions on which individual patients vary on relative levels, thus suggesting that grandiose and vul- nerable presentations represent two sides of the same coin. A case example and clinical implications are provided and discussed. C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Clin. Psychol: In Session 00:1–12, 2012. Keywords: narcissism; narcissistic personality disorder; grandiose subtype; vulnerable subtype Beginning with its inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM; 1968, 1980, 1994, 2000), narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) has been conceptualized predominately by its overt grandiose features. However, the definition of NPD articulated in the DSM-III and its successors, DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, has been criticized for failing to fully capture the intended clinical phenomena (Cooper & Ronningstam, 1992; Gabbard, 1989; Gunderson et al., 1991). These authors have noted that the DSM criteria have focused narrowly on aspects of the conceptual approaches of Kernberg and Millon, emphasizing the more overt form of narcissism. However, theoretical and empirical work is now converging to suggest that NPD is not a homogenous disorder and subtypes likely exist within this group.
    [Show full text]
  • Parallel Syndromes: Two Dimensions of Narcissism and the Facets of Psychopathic Personality in Criminally Involved Individuals
    Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment © 2011 American Psychological Association 2011, Vol. 2, No. 2, 113–127 1949-2715/11/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0021870 Parallel Syndromes: Two Dimensions of Narcissism and the Facets of Psychopathic Personality in Criminally Involved Individuals Michelle Schoenleber, Naomi Sadeh, and Edelyn Verona University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Little research has examined different dimensions of narcissism that may parallel psychopathy facets in criminally involved individuals. In this study, we examined the pattern of relationships between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, assessed using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory–16 and the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, respec- tively, and the four facets of psychopathy (interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and antisocial) assessed via the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. As predicted, grandiose and vulnerable narcissism showed differential relationships to psychopathy facets, with gran- diose narcissism relating positively to the interpersonal facet of psychopathy and vulnerable narcissism relating positively to the lifestyle facet of psychopathy. Paralleling existing psychopathy research, vulnerable narcissism showed stronger associations than grandiose narcissism to (a) other forms of psychopathology, including internalizing and substance use disorders, and (b) self- and other-directed aggression, measured with the Life History of Aggression and the Forms of Aggression Questionnaire. Grandiose narcissism was none- theless associated
    [Show full text]
  • Vulnerable Narcissism Is (Mostly) a Disorder of Neuroticism
    Journal of Personality 86:2, April 2018 VC 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Vulnerable Narcissism Is (Mostly) a DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12303 Disorder of Neuroticism Joshua D. Miller,1 Donald R. Lynam,2 Colin Vize,2 Michael Crowe,1 Chelsea Sleep,1 Jessica L. Maples-Keller,1 Lauren R. Few,1 and W. Keith Campbell1 1University of Georgia 2Purdue University Abstract Objective: Increasing attention has been paid to the distinction between the dimensions of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability. We examine the degree to which basic traits underlie vulnerable narcissism, with a particular emphasis on the importance of Neuroticism and Agreeableness. Method: Across four samples (undergraduate, online community, clinical-community), we conduct dominance analyses to partition the variance predicted in vulnerable narcissism by the Five-Factor Model personality domains, as well as compare the empirical profiles generated by vulnerable narcissism and Neuroticism. Results: These analyses demonstrate that the lion’s share of variance is explained by Neuroticism (65%) and Agreeableness (19%). Similarity analyses were also conducted in which the extent to which vulnerable narcissism and Neuroticism share similar empirical networks was tested using an array of criteria, including self-, informant, and thin slice ratings of personality; interview-based ratings of personality disorder and pathological traits; and self-ratings of adverse events and functional out- comes. The empirical correlates of vulnerable narcissism and Neuroticism were nearly identical (MrICC 5 .94). Partial analyses demonstrated that the variance in vulnerable narcissism not shared with Neuroticism is largely specific to disagreeableness- related traits such as distrustfulness and grandiosity. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the parsimony of using basic personality to study personality pathology and have implications for how vulnerable narcissism might be approached clinically.
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in Narcissistic Presentation in Abused and Non- Abused Children and Adolescents
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Summer 8-2014 Differences in Narcissistic Presentation in Abused and Non- Abused Children and Adolescents Mallory Laine Malkin University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Applied Behavior Analysis Commons, Child Psychology Commons, Clinical Psychology Commons, School Psychology Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Malkin, Mallory Laine, "Differences in Narcissistic Presentation in Abused and Non-Abused Children and Adolescents" (2014). Dissertations. 274. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/274 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi DIFFERENCES IN NARCISSISTIC PRESENTATION IN ABUSED AND NON-ABUSED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS by Mallory Laine Malkin Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2014 ABSTRACT DIFFERENCES IN NARCISSISTIC PRESENTATION IN ABUSED AND NON-ABUSED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS by Mallory Laine Malkin August 2014 The present study examined whether children and adolescents who have been victims of sexual or physical abuse report higher levels of narcissistic tendencies than children and adolescents who have not been victims of abuse. Inaddition to narcissism, internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and risky behaviors were evaluated, as such issues have been associated with both maltreatment (Baer & Maschi, 2003) and narcissism (Barry & Malkin, 2010; Bushman & Baumeister, 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • The Association Between Vulnerable/Grandiose Narcissism and Emotion Regulation
    fpsyg-11-519330 October 9, 2020 Time: 14:52 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 15 October 2020 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.519330 The Association Between Vulnerable/Grandiose Narcissism and Emotion Regulation Leonie A. K. Loeffler1*, Anna K. Huebben1, Sina Radke1,2, Ute Habel1,2,3 and Birgit Derntl4,5,6* 1 Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, 2 JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship, Research Center Jülich, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, 3 Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany, 4 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, 5 Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, 6 LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Narcissism has been widely discussed in the context of career success and leadership. Besides several adaptive traits, narcissism has been characterized by difficulties in emotion regulation. However, despite its essential role in mental health, there is little research on emotion regulation processes in narcissism. Specifically, the investigation Edited by: Jiajin Yuan, of not only the habitual use of specific regulation strategies but also the actual ability Southwest University, China to regulate is needed due to diverging implications for treatment approaches. Thereby Reviewed by: it is important to differentiate between vulnerable and grandiose narcissism as these Stefan Sütterlin, Østfold University College, Norway two phenotypes might be related differently to regulation deficits. The aim of this study Radosław Rogoza, was to examine the association between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski´ University, emotion regulation in healthy individuals (30f/30m) focusing on the strategy reappraisal.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism on Donation Intentions: the Moderating Role of Donation Information Openness
    sustainability Article Effects of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism on Donation Intentions: The Moderating Role of Donation Information Openness Hyeyeon Yuk 1, Tony C. Garrett 1,* and Euejung Hwang 2 1 School of Business, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Marketing, Otago Business School, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-3290-2833 Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between two subtypes of narcissism (grandiose vs. vulnerable) and donation intentions, while considering the moderating effects of donation information openness. The results of an experimental survey of 359 undergraduate students showed that individuals who scored high on grandiose narcissism showed greater donation intentions when the donor’s behavior was public, while they showed lower donation intentions when it was not. In addition, individuals who scored high on vulnerable narcissism showed lower donation intentions when the donor’s behavior was not public. This study contributes to narcissism and the donation behavior literature and proposes theoretical and practical implications as per narcissistic individual differences. Future research possibilities are also discussed. Keywords: narcissism; grandiose narcissism; vulnerable narcissism; donation intentions; donation Citation: Yuk, H.; Garrett, T.C.; information openness Hwang, E. Effects of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism on Donation Intentions: The Moderating Role of Donation Information Openness. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7280. 1. Introduction https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137280 Nowadays, it is not only a firm’s social responsibility but also an individual’s proso- cial behavior that is crucial to the sustainable development of society [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Running Heading: NARCISSISM and INTERPERSONAL SITUATIONS
    Running Heading: NARCISSISM AND INTERPERSONAL SITUATIONS Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissistic States in Interpersonal Situations Elizabeth A. Edershile Aidan G.C. Wright University of Pittsburgh This manuscript is currently under review, and therefore should not be treated as the final report. The authors would appreciate critical feedback and suggestions for how to improve the study or its writeup. Word Count: 5,356 Aidan Wright’s effort on this project was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (L30 MH101760). The opinions expressed are solely those of the authors and not those of the funding source. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth Edershile, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3213 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260. E-mail: [email protected] NARCISSISM AND INTERPERSONAL SITUATIONS Abstract Clinicians have noted that narcissistic individuals fluctuate over time in their levels of grandiosity and vulnerability. However, these fluctuations remain poorly understood from an empirical perspective. Interpersonal theory asserts that interpersonal situations are central to the expression of personality and psychopathology, and therefore are a key context in which to understand state narcissism’s dynamic processes. The present study is the first to examine state narcissism assessed during interpersonal situations. Specifically, perceptions of others’ warmth and dominance, momentary grandiosity and vulnerability, and one’s own warm and dominant behavior were assessed across situations in daily life in a large sample (person N=286; occasion N=6,837). Results revealed that more grandiose individuals perceived others as colder and behaved in a more dominant and cold fashion, on average. But in the moment, relatively higher grandiosity was associated with perceiving others as warmer and more submissive and resulted in more dominant and warm behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Narcissism, Confidence, and Risk Attitude
    Journal of Behavioral Decision Making J. Behav. Dec. Making, 17: 297–311 (2004) DOI: 10.1002/bdm.475 Narcissism, Confidence, and Risk Attitude W. KEITH CAMPBELL*, ADAM S. GOODIE and JOSHUA D. FOSTER University of Georgia, USA ABSTRACT The present research addresses whether narcissists are more overconfident than others and whether this overconfidence leads to deficits in decision making. In Study 1, nar- cissism predicted overconfidence. This was attributable to narcissists’ greater confi- dence despite no greater accuracy. In Study 2, participants were offered fair bets on their answers. Narcissists lost significantly more points in this betting task than non- narcissists, due both to their greater overconfidence and greater willingness to bet. Finally, in Study 3, narcissists’ predictions of future performance were based on per- formance expectations rather than actual performance. This research extends the litera- ture on betting on knowledge to the important personality dimension of narcissism. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words risk taking; overconfidence; decision making; narcissism; personality; adults Individual differences matter in decision making. Gigerenzer and Hoffrage (1995), among many others, have pointed out that average decision strategies can be misleading, as they may reflect decision strategies that no single decision-maker employs. It is often better to explore the decisions that individuals reach. Furthermore, reliable differences in which kinds of people make which kind of decisions are important. Stanovich and West (2000), for example, have defended the reality of various cognitive illusions by demonstrating that people who violate conventionally defined norms tend to be those who perform less well in other domains. Looking at the same base of data, Funder (2000) argued that the observed correlation constitutes standard validation of the test items, and that the ability of some people to solve the problems correctly indicates an absence of systematic irrationality.
    [Show full text]
  • Relationships Between the Dark Triad Personality Traits and Affective Experience During the Day: a Day Reconstruction Study
    RESEARCH ARTICLE As cold as a fish? Relationships between the Dark Triad personality traits and affective experience during the day: A day reconstruction study Irena PilchID* Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 The Dark Triad of personality is a cluster of three socially aversive personality traits: Machia- a1111111111 a1111111111 vellianism, narcissism and psychopathy. These traits are associated with a selfish, aggres- sive and exploitative interpersonal strategy. The objective of the current study was to establish relationships between the Dark Triad traits (and their dimensions) and momentary affect. Machiavellianism, grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism and the dimensions of the Triarchic model of psychopathy (namely, boldness, meanness and disinhibition) were OPEN ACCESS examined. We used the Day Reconstruction Method, which is based on reconstructing Citation: Pilch I (2020) As cold as a fish? affective states experienced during the previous day. The final sample consisted of 270 uni- Relationships between the Dark Triad personality traits and affective experience during the day: A day versity students providing affective ratings of 3047 diary episodes. Analyses using multilevel reconstruction study. PLoS ONE 15(2): e0229625. modelling showed that only boldness had a positive association with positive affective states https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229625 and affect balance, and a negative association with negative affective states. Grandiose Editor: Peter Karl Jonason, Univeristy of Padova, narcissism and its sub-dimensions had no relationship with momentary affect. The other ITALY dark traits were related to negative momentary affect and/or inversely related to positive Received: November 6, 2019 momentary affect and affect balance.
    [Show full text]
  • How Does Psychopathy Relate to Humor and Laughter? Dispositions Toward Ridicule and Being Laughed At, the Sense of Humor, and Psychopathic Personality Traits
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2012 How does psychopathy relate to humor and laughter? Dispositions toward ridicule and being laughed at, the sense of humor, and psychopathic personality traits Proyer, Rene T ; Flisch, Rahel ; Tschupp, Stefanie ; Platt, Tracey ; Ruch, Willibald Abstract: This scoping study examines the relation of the sense of humor and three dispositions toward ridicule and being laughed at to psychopathic personality traits. Based on self-reports from 233 adults, psychopathic personality traits were robustly related to enjoying laughing at others, which most strongly related to a manipulative/impulsive lifestyle and callousness. Higher psychopathic traits correlated with bad mood and it existed independently from the ability of laughing at oneself. While overall psychopathic personality traits existed independently from the sense of humor, the facet of superficial charm yielded a robust positive relation. Higher joy in being laughed at also correlated with higher expressions in superficial charm and grandiosity while fearing to be laughed at went along with higher expressions in a manipulative life-style. Thus, the psychopathic personality trait could be well described in its relation to humor and laughter. Implications of the findings are highlighted and discussed with respect to the current literature. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.04.007 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-62966 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Proyer, Rene T; Flisch, Rahel; Tschupp, Stefanie; Platt, Tracey; Ruch, Willibald (2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Emotional Intelligence Is Used by Dark Personalities to Emotionally Manipulate Others ⇑ ⇑ Ursa K.J
    Personality and Individual Differences xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Personality and Individual Differences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Is there a ‘‘dark intelligence’’? Emotional intelligence is used by dark personalities to emotionally manipulate others ⇑ ⇑ Ursa K.J. Nagler a, ,1, Katharina J. Reiter a, ,1, Marco R. Furtner a, John F. Rauthmann b a Institute of Psychology, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Austria b Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany article info abstract Article history: Potential ‘‘darker sides’’ of socio-emotional intelligence (SEI) have been repeatedly noted. We examine Available online xxxx whether SEI is associated with emotional manipulation of others when used by dark personalities (Dark Triad: narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy). In N = 594 participants, narcissism was positively, Keywords: Machiavellianism negatively, and psychopathy positively and negatively associated with SEI. Moreover, Emotional manipulation narcissism and psychopathy moderated links between facets of emotional intelligence and emotional Dark Triad manipulation. Findings are discussed in context of a ‘‘dark intelligence’’ used for malicious intents. Narcissism Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Machiavellianism Psychopathy Emotional intelligence Social intelligence 1. Introduction & Sachse, 2010), including communication competence (e.g., Diez, 1984), social intelligence (e.g., Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987; Gardner, Are social and emotional skills always used for good intentions? 1993; Guilford, 1967; Thorndike, 1920), and emotional intelligence Potential ‘‘dark sides’’ of socio-emotional intelligence (SEI), such as (e.g., Mayer & Salovey, 1997; Salovey & Mayer, 1990). Not only the emotional manipulation of others (Austin, Farrelly, Black, & interpersonal (e.g., encoding and decoding social information) Moore, 2007), have garnered interest during the last years.
    [Show full text]
  • Narcissistic Personality Disorder – Has It Become an Epidemic? 3 CE Hours
    Chapter 7: Narcissistic Personality Disorder – Has It Become an Epidemic? 3 CE Hours By: Kathryn Brohl, MA, LMFT Learning objectives Upon completion of this course, the learner should be able to: Describe at least three relationship characteristics of individuals Define narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) as it relates to the with NPD. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, Identify at least five diagnostic criteria for NPD as they relate to Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (2013). the DSM-5. Identify personality disorder as it relates to the DSM-5. Recognize challenges to treating individuals with NPD. Compare NPD to other Cluster B Personality Disorders, outlined Describe treatment for individuals with NPD. in the Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, Fifth Edition, Compare and describe ICD Revision 10 personality disorder (2013). criteria to DSM-5 personality disorder criteria. Explain the male and female prevalence of NPD. Explain how NPD affects relationships. Introduction Narcissism has been examined by mental health professionals for years, society is more accepting of persons with NPD, or does the trend in and yet something has occurred recently within our society that seems to cultivating entitlement as it relates to expressing one’s opinions and have blurred narcissism traits with the clinical diagnosis of narcissistic behaviors more loudly simply mean that people are feeling more personality disorder (NPD) and accepted societal behavior. Recently, a empowered? And as a result, are people becoming desensitized to the shift has occurred in shared cultural values toward narcissism and self- feelings of others? Furthermore, are mental health professionals seeing admiration and some of these traits have become social norms.
    [Show full text]