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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ Rising Above Commitment UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ Rising Above Commitment A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Linguistics by Deniz Rudin June 2018 The Dissertation of Deniz Rudin is approved: Associate Professor Pranav Anand, chair Professor Donka Farkas Professor Adrian Brasoveanu Associate Professor Cleo Condoravdi Assistant Professor Daniel Lassiter Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Deniz Rudin 2018 Contents Contents iii Acknowledgments viii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 BasicsofIntonationalPhonology. .... 4 1.2 TheTableModel ................................ 5 1.2.1 Background on Commitment-Based Discourse Models . .. 6 1.2.2 BasicComponentsoftheTableModel . 8 1.2.3 Asserting and Questioning in Farkas & Bruce (2010) . .... 11 1.2.4 SeparatingtheQUDfromtheTable. 13 1.2.5 Farkas & Roelofsen’s (2017) Utterance Function . .... 16 1.2.6 Addingintonationtotheutterancefunction . .... 19 1.3 Applicationtointerrogativesentences . ....... 21 1.3.1 RisingandFallingPolarInterrogatives . .... 21 1.3.2 RisingandFallingWh-Interrogatives . ... 24 1.3.3 Risingandfallingalternativequestions . ..... 27 2 Rising Declaratives 28 2.1 WhatisaRisingDeclarative?. .. 29 2.1.1 Assertivevs.InquisitiveRDs . 30 2.2 EmpiricalGeneralizations . ... 32 2.2.1 Non-assertiveness ........................... 33 2.2.2 Answersolicitation .......................... 34 2.2.3 Speakerepistemicbias .... .... .... .... .... .... 35 2.2.3.1 PositiveBias ........................ 36 2.2.3.2 NegativeBias ....................... 37 2.2.4 AnticipationofAddresseeCommitment . 39 2.2.5 Takeaways ............................... 44 2.3 PreviousAccounts ............................... 45 2.3.1 Decompositional accounts of intonational tunes . ...... 45 2.3.1.1 Pierrehumbert&Hirschberg(1990) . 46 2.3.1.2 Bartels(1999) ....................... 46 iii 2.3.1.3 Westera(2017)....................... 46 2.3.2 Metaspeechacts(Krifka,2015) . 47 2.3.3 Commitment-baseddiscoursemodels. 48 2.3.3.1 Gunlogson(2001) . 48 2.3.3.2 Truckenbrodt(2006) . 48 2.3.3.3 Gunlogson(2008) . 49 2.3.3.4 Malamud&Stephenson(2015) . 49 2.3.3.5 Farkas&Roelofsen(2017). 50 2.3.3.6 Jeong(2018) ........................ 51 2.3.4 SummaryandPreviewoftheAccount . 52 2.4 TheBasicProposal............................... 53 2.4.1 IntonationalTunesas CommitmentModulators . ... 53 2.4.2 Thebasicbehaviorofrisingdeclaratives . .... 54 2.4.3 Accountingforanswersolicitation . .. 55 2.5 Pragmatic competition between discourse move minimal pairs...... 57 2.5.1 Discoursemoveminimalpairs. 58 2.5.2 Griceanmaximsfordiscoursemoves . 60 2.5.2.1 QUALITY and QUANTITY forcommitments . 63 2.5.2.2 QUALITY and QUANTITY forprojection . 63 2.5.2.3 Adversarialcontextsandspeakerpretense . 65 2.6 Thepragmaticsofrisingdeclaratives . ..... 67 2.6.1 ThebasicpragmaticsofRDs. 68 2.6.2 Accounting for anticipation of addressee commitment ...... 69 2.6.3 Accountingforepistemicbias . 71 2.7 CommitmentModulationvs. Q-formingoperator . ..... 75 2.7.1 RDsasquotativecomplements . 76 2.7.2 RDsandNPIs ............................. 81 2.8 Conclusion ................................... 82 3 Rising Imperatives 84 3.1 TheoriesofImperatives .... .... .... .... .... .... ... 85 3.1.1 Kaufmann(2012a,2016). 85 3.1.2 Condoravdi&Lauer(2012,2017) . 89 3.1.3 Portner(2004) ............................. 92 3.1.4 Charlow(2014) ............................ 94 3.1.5 Starr(2017) .............................. 94 3.1.6 Summaryandapathforward . 95 3.2 RisingImperatives:theessentialdata . ...... 95 3.2.1 I insist .................................. 97 3.2.2 Contradictorysequences . 98 3.3 Arethesereallyimperatives? . ... 99 3.3.1 Risingimperativesinotherlanguages . 100 3.3.1.1 Hebrew ...........................100 iv 3.3.1.2 French............................100 3.3.1.3 Dutch ............................102 3.3.1.4 German ...........................102 3.3.2 English rising imperatives are (probably) imperatives ......105 3.3.2.1 RisingImperativesvsFragmentAnswers. 105 3.3.2.2 RisingImperativesvsLeft-EdgeEllipsis . 108 3.4 Whyarerisingimperativesaproblem? . 109 3.4.1 Portner(2015) .............................110 3.4.2 Kaufmann(2012a,2016). 113 3.4.3 Condoravdi&Lauer(2012,2017) . 114 3.4.4 Charlow(2014)andStarr(2017) . 116 3.5 Slicingupthemeaningofimperativeutterances . .......116 3.5.1 Bifurcatingthemodel. .119 3.5.2 Imperativedenotationsandclausetyping. 124 3.5.3 Howthemodelworks. .... .... .... .... .... ....127 3.6 Accountingforrisingimperatives . 130 3.6.1 Risingimperatives: thebasicpragmatics . 131 3.6.2 Rising imperatives: competition with falling imperatives . 135 3.6.3 Accountingforcontradictorysequences . 137 3.6.4 Accounting for I insist ........................139 3.7 Crosslinguistic Variation in the Meaning of L* H-H%: The Case of Hindi140 3.7.1 ReviewingtheEnglishpattern . 141 3.7.2 TheHindipattern ...........................144 3.7.3 HindiL*H-H%asasemanticoperator. 148 3.7.4 Whycan’t youturn imperativesintoquestions? . 149 3.7.5 Imperatives and Q inotheraccounts . 151 3.7.5.1 Non-propositionalaccounts . 151 3.7.5.2 Alternative-promotingaccounts . 151 3.7.5.3 Propositionalaccounts . 152 3.7.6 Summary................................154 4 Conclusion 155 A Alternative Formalization 158 References 163 v Abstract Deniz Rudin Rising Above Commitment This thesis develops a compositional account of the contribution of steeply, monotonically rising and steeply, monotonically falling intonational tunes to the utterances they accompany. I pursue an account couched within a restrictive implementation of the Table model in which falling intonation signals that the speaker is making a commitment by virtue of their utterance, and rising intonation signals that the speaker is making no commitments by virtue of their utterance. I propose a bifurcation of the Table model into a doxastic portion of the context and a teleological portion of the context, and propose that imperatives interact with the teleological portion of the context, whereas declaratives and interrogatives interact with the doxastic portion of the context. vi To Catherine Rudin, for shaping me in innumerable ways, large and small, subtle and not, and yet giving me the room to become who I am on my own terms. I like who I ended up being, and you’re the best imaginable mom for that guy to have. vii Acknowledgments This thesis is, in one sense, a product of the last month—the time in which it was written, in a wild rush. In another sense, it’s a product of the last year and a half— the time in which I’ve been thinking about the subject matter it addresses. But every dissertation is best viewed as the irreducible product of a grad school experience. This document would not exist were it not for the last five years of education, support, and camaraderie, and so I have five years worth of thanks to give. Bear with me. As they say, it takes a village. I came to grad school with every intention of becoming a hotshot theoretical pho- nologist. It was Pranav Anand’s first-year semantics class that rerouted me. I had some formal background coming in, but I had absolutely no idea what semanticists cared about or worked on. Pranav’s class filled in that knowledge gap with a series of freewheeling yet insanely detailed empirically-oriented conversations, and ambi- tious homework assignments in which that empirical spirit was supplemented with exercises in formal rigor. I was hooked, and by the end of the quarter I knew what I wanted to be. Meetings with Pranav have a tendency to zip off in unexpected di- rections, bringing up empirical observations and theoretical connections whose rele- vance to the subject at hand is not immediately obvious, but eventually is revealed to be deep and enlightening—a profound payoff that makes their infamously unbounded run- times worth every minute. Conversations in a non-professional setting have the same wideranging kineticism: you’re talking about Woody Allen, and then you’re talking viii about the historical recency of mimetic accuracy as a standard by which narrative art is evaluated, and then you’re talking about career prospects for professional dancers in their mid-40s, and then, for some reason—the link seemed logical at the time—you’re talking about savory pumpkin dishes. In his own dissertation acknowledgments, Pranav describes Barry Schein as “hallway-discussant extraordinaire.” Everyone at Santa Cruz would agree that Pranav has earned that mantle himself: as an interlocutor, Pranav is legendary. His knowledge base is both broad and deep (I’ve yet to encounter a topic he has nothing informed and interesting to say about), he has an incredible memory, and most importantly of all he has seemingly bottomless reserves of both energy and curiosity. I’ll miss the hallway-discussions (and their big brothers, party-discussions) dearly. Pranav has been my advisor since day one, and I’ve never completed a project that I didn’t talk to him about. I don’t take for granted his willingness to entertain my ideas; the open-minded, searching, never-fully-satisfied intellect he has put to work in pushing me to develop them is at least as responsible for whatever is good about the work I’ve done as anything I’ve put into it. The idea of not being able to walk down the hall and poke my head into Pranav’s office, hand him a nascent idea, and have him shape it and supplement it and hand it back to me is, frankly, terrifying. Few linguists have had as big an influence on my thinking as Donka Farkas. In both her papers and her teaching,
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