Geography and Geographers During World War II
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On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. -
Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Polen 1939 Bis 1945
1945 – Simon Lengemann (Hrsg.) Lengemann Simon / Dieter Bingen Dieter Dieter Bingen / Simon Lengemann (Hrsg.) Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Polen 1939 Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Polen 1939 – 1945 Eine Leerstelle deutscher Erinnerung? Band 10398 Dieter Bingen / Simon Lengemann (Hrsg.) Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Polen 1939 – 1945 Schriftenreihe Band 10398 Dieter Bingen / Simon Lengemann (Hrsg.) Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Polen 1939 – 1945 Eine Leerstelle deutscher Erinnerung? Diese Veröffentlichung stellt keine Meinungsäußerung der Bundeszentrale für politi- sche Bildung dar. Für die inhaltlichen Aussagen tragen die Autorinnen und Autoren die Verantwortung. Beachten Sie bitte auch unser weiteres Print- sowie unser On- line- und Veranstaltungsangebot. Dort finden sich weiterführende, ergänzende wie kontroverse Standpunkte zum Thema dieser Publikation. Die Inhalte der zitierten Internetlinks unterliegen der Verantwortung der jeweiligen Anbieter. Für eventuelle Schäden und Forderungen können die Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung sowie die Autorinnen und Autoren keine Haftung übernehmen. Bonn 2019 © Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung Adenauerallee 86, 53113 Bonn Projektleitung: Simon Lengemann, bpb Lektorat: Klara Fischer Umschlaggestaltung, Satzherstellung und Layout: Naumilkat – Agentur für Kommuni kation und Design, Düsseldorf Umschlagabbildung: © Muzeum Ziemi Wieluńskiej. Die Trümmer der Kleinstadt Wieluń nach der deutschen Bombardierung am frühen Morgen des 1. September 1939 Druck und Bindung: Druck- und Verlagshaus Zarbock -
Human Geographical Ideas of Eugeniusz Romer
FOLIA 155 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica V (2014) Witold Wilczyński Human geographical ideas of Eugeniusz Romer Abstract Eugeniusz Romer’s contribution to the development of Polish geography has been extensive- ly appreciated. Historians of geography emphasized however his contribution in the field of physical geography and map making. Meanwhile, Romer’s human geographical concepts seem to be no less original and valuable. One of the most popular ones is the geopolitical controversy between Romer and Wacław Nałkowski concerning the individual character of Polish lands. This broadly commented dispute has been showed as an example of logomachy. On the other hand, the geopolitical concept of Romer, despite the passage of 60 years since his death, should create the basis for a discussion concerning the international position of KeyPoland. words : Eugeniusz Romer; geopolitics; human geography; Poland Fot. 1. Eugeniusz Romer Source: own source [24] Witold Wilczyński Eugeniusz Romer (1871–1954) is believed to be the greatest personage in the entire history of Polish geography. A student of Eugen Oberhummer, Alfred Kirchhoff, Albrecht Penck, and Ferdinand von Richthofen, and professor at the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów from 1911, and at the Jagiellonian University from 1946. Romer was also the founder of the Cartographical Institute in Lwów and the author of many maps and atlases, which became the prototype for many authors, both Polish and foreign alike. Many of the cartographical conventions used to this day were thought of and developed by Romer and his co-workers. Romer also traveled extensively to the Far East and to the Cordilleras of North America. -
Compiègne 1940 Klęska Francji W Recepcji I Postawach Społeczeństwa Polskiego
Compiegne 1940 Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Narodowej w Krakowie Prace Monograficzne nr 567 Jacek Chrobaczyński Compiègne 1940 Klęska Francji w recepcji i postawach społeczeństwa polskiego Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego Kraków 2010 Recenzent prof, dr hab. Wojciech Rojek © Copyright by Jacek Chrobaczyński & Wydawnictwo Naukowe UP, Kraków 2010 redaktor Urszula Lisowska projekt okładki Marek Sajduk ISSN 0239-6025 ISBN 978-83-7271-616-3 Redakcja/Dział Promocji Wydawnictwo Naukowe UP 30-084 Kraków, ul. Podchorążych 2 tel./fax (12) 662-63-83, tel. (12) 662-67-56 e-mail: [email protected] Zapraszamy na stronę internetową: http://www.wydawnictwoup.pl druk i oprawa Zakład Poligraficzny UP, zam. 52/10 Żonie Wstęp Podobno u źródeł filozofii leżało zdziwienie. Myślę, że nie tylko „u źró deł filozofii”. Także i u źródeł tzw. momentu Compiegne 1940 roku w pew nym stopniu legło zdumienie. Zdumienie Europy, części jej państw i narodów, że oto najbardziej zwycięskie państwo w wielkiej wojnie 1914-1918 i jego armia poniosły z rąk Trzeciej Rzeszy i jej sojuszników niebywałą, spektaku larną wręcz klęskę. I na dodatek państwo to podpisało upokarzający rozejm, by nie rzec, haniebny, w istocie akt kapitulacji1. A przecież wiosna 1940 roku w walczącej już z Hitlerem Europie miała być czasem wielce symptomatycz nym, czasem zwycięstwa. Po klęsce wrześniowej Polski, po uaktywnieniu się wojennym Związku Sowieckiego (Polska, Finlandia) wydawało się, i to z dużą dozą pewności społecznej, że to najlepszy moment, by demokracje zachodnie, sojusznicy przegranych, zmobilizowały wszystkie swe siły, by pokonać faszyzm i jego „czerwoną” odmianę - komunizm. Wszak od 3 września 1939 roku przy najmniej Anglia i Francja były już w stanie wojny z Trzecią Rzeszą. -
Geographia Polonica Vol. 88 No. 1 (2015), the Development Of
Antoni Jackows- Antoni Jackowski • ki • Małgorzata Małgorzata Taborska Taborska 2015 88 1 165 xxx 2014 xxx 2014 Geographia Polonica 2015, Volume 88, Issue 1, pp. 165-172 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL IDEAS IN POLAND: EXHIBITION AT THE JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY MUSEUM Antoni Jackowski1,2 • Małgorzata Taborska3 1 Institute of Geography and Spatial Management Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 7, 31-007 Krakow: Poland 2 Polish Geographical Society Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, 00-927 Warsaw: Poland e-mail: [email protected] 3 Jagiellonian University Museum Jagiellońska 15, 31-010 Krakow: Poland e-mail: [email protected] The exhibition entitled “The Development in 1934, were dedicated exclusively to achieve- of Geographical Ideas in Poland”, which ments in cartography. opened in Collegium Maius, accompanied the The ceremonial opening of the exhibition International Geographical Union (IGU) Re- was attended by several hundred geogra- gional Conference in Krakow (18-22 August phers from all over the world. Among the spe- 2014). The event is organised by the Jagiel- cial guests present at the opening there were lonian University Museum and Institute of Ge- also descendants of such distinguished Polish ography and Spatial Management, Jagiel- geographers as Wincenty Pol (great-grand- lonian University. Its authors are Prof. Antoni son Julian Pol and great great-granddaugh- Jackowski, Institute of Geography and Spatial er Barbara Pol-Jelonek), Stanisław Pawłowski Management, Jagiellonian University, and Mu- (son Zbigniew), Wiktor Ormicki (son Jacek), seum Curator Dr. Małgorzata Taborska from Antoni Wrzosek (daughter Justyna), Jan Flis the Jagiellonian University Museum. -
Geopolitical Essence of Central Europe in Writings of Eugeniusz Romer
CENTRAL EUROPE IN WRITINGS OF EUGENIUSZ ROMER 199 Dobiesław Jędrzejczyk GEOPOLITICAL ESSENCE OF CENTRAL EUROPE IN WRITINGS OF EUGENIUSZ ROMER Abstract: Eugeniusz Romer maintained that the notion of Central Europe, introduced at the end of the 19th century by German geographers was of a distinct geopolitical character. The thesis that Poland is situated in a transitional zone between the Western and the Eastern Europe denies Poland the right to an independent political existence. Romer’s opinion was that the location of Poland is characterised by its bridge-like situation between the Baltic and the Black Seas. This location determines the geopolitical identity of Poland as well as its rights to independence. Romer’s arguments, supported by cartographic, demographic and ethno- graphic research became the basis for the determination of the area and the borders of Poland at the peace conference in Paris (1919–1920). Key words: geopolitics, transitional situation, bridge-like situation, territorial expansion, natural and political borders. This year marks the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Eugeniusz Romer (1871–1954), one of the most outstanding Polish geographers of the 20th cen- tury. Studies and ideas in climatology, glaciology and cartography of the great Lvov geographer found their permanent place among the greatest achieve- ments of cartographical thought in the world. Studies in geopolitics, ever- present in the output of the author of the “Geographico-statistical Atlas of Poland”, were also an important part of Romer’s scientific work. Disputes about the place of the Polish lands in the geographical space of Europe were the starting point of these studies. -
The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: an International Legal Study, 45 Case W
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 | Issue 3 2012 The rC ime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Karol Karski, The Crime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study, 45 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 703 (2013) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol45/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 Spring 2013 Issue 3 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During WWII: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law·Vol. 45·2013 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski* The USSR’s genocidal activity against the Polish nation started before World War II. For instance, during the NKVD’s “Polish operation” of 1937 and 1938, the Communist regime exterminated about 85,000 Poles living at that time on the pre- war territory of the USSR. -
KRAKÓW, POLAND 6-8 AUGUST 2010 Kraków, Poland 6-8 August 2010 MESSAGE from JARKKO
KRAKÓW, POLAND 6-8 AUGUST 2010 Kraków, Poland 6-8 August 2010 MESSAGE FROM JARKKO DEAR FRIENDS, chains and limitations of the digital world. Instead of Leonard Cohen’s music and reading what’s written on the poetry have brought us from websites, typing our emails all over the world to the and Forum or Facebook wonderful city of Kraków. messages, gazing into the Here we will celebrate and little screen to find out what enjoy Our Man’s work and is said in cyberspace – now, spend some memorable we are going to experience times and moments much more in the Real Life. together. This is the seventh We are able to meet and international Leonard Cohen touch each other, to dine and Event, and many members drink together, to sing and here have participated in enjoy the life together! one or more of the previous gatherings. A special This is the third year in a welcome to those who join us row that we have had the now for the first time! privilege of seeing Leonard Cohen and his amazing band The immense growth of in concert. Before 2008, we Internet communication had often discussed how has enabled us to create wonderful it would have a magnificent worldwide been to follow a tour online network of information and in real time, but we found friendship. Our Leonard it unrealistic. After 15 years, Cohen Events give us a Leonard’s decision to go on chance to break the invisible tour again was a dream come Event true. The tour announcement Kraków, he is with us in spirit. -
1 Dieter Schenk Die Vernichtung Der Polnischen Intelligenz Als Eine Form Des Völkermords*) Der Urheber Des Begriffs Genozid
Dieter Schenk Die Vernichtung der polnischen Intelligenz als eine Form des Völkermords*) Der Urheber des Begriffs Genozid ist Raphael Lemkin, ein polnischer Jurist, der aus Polen über Schweden 1941 in die USA emigrierte. Als polnischer Emigrant beriet Lemkin seit 1944 das U.S. War Department und publizierte im gleichen Jahr das Buch „Axis Rule in Occupied Europe“.1 Er entwickelte den Begriff Genocid (von Griechisch Genos, Volk und Lateinisch caedere, töten) in Englisch Genocide. Die Definition wurde schnell gebräuchlich und bereits vor Kriegsende auf die Vernichtung der Juden in Auschwitz-Birkenau angewandt. Die Strafvorschrift basiert auf der von Lemkin entworfenen UN-Konvention über Verhütung und Bestrafung des Völkermords vom 9. Dezember 1948.2 Danach ist Völkermord die Leugnung des Existenzrechts einzelner Menschengruppen, wie Mord die Leugnung des Existenzrechts einzelner Menschen ist. Man sagt auch: Völkermord ist das nicht steigerungsfähige „Verbrechen aller Verbrechen“ (crime of crimes).3 Völkermord unterliegt dem Weltrechtsprinzip4 und ist unabhängig davon strafbar, ob Tatort und/oder Täter einen Bezug zum Inland aufweisen; Strafverfolgung und Strafvollstreckung verjähren nicht.5 Das zentrale Motiv einer solchen rechtsstaatswidrigen Politik ist die ideologisch begründete und auf Zukunft gerichtete Veränderung oder Umgestaltung einer Gesellschaft in kürzester Frist mit gewaltsamen Mitteln.6 Es gibt zahlreiche Quellen, dass die nationalsozialistischen Machthaber das Fernziel hatten, nach den Juden auch Teile des polnischen Volkes -
Never Heard of It… the Reasons Behind the Poor Knowledge of German Youth on Concentration Camps Author: JOANNA LUBECKA 03.03.2021
Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (source: Wikimedia Commons_Jonay CP_CC BY 2.0) ARTYKUŁ Auschwitz? Never heard of it… The reasons behind the poor knowledge of German youth on concentration camps Author: JOANNA LUBECKA 03.03.2021 To this day, the Germans and Austrians are not certain how to deal with the grim legacy of concentration camps. The trivialisation of memory adds to the lack of knowledge about the camps among the younger generations. Winston Churchill once said: “History will be kind to me, for I intend to write it”. States and nations fight for the chance to enforce the “monopoly on interpretation” on the world, ergo for “history to be kind to them”. For this reason, they attempt to popularise their own version of memory and historical narrative. Of course, this is largely due to the historical policies and expectations of societies to paint their countries in the best possible light at the international scene. The Polish, German and Austrian experiences of the Second World War are so drastically different that to find a unified interpretation of some events seems almost impossible, while the clash of some historical narratives is sometimes painful. However, we could assume that the concentration and death camps in the Third Reich and in the territories it occupied should never be an element of political games and manipulations. Independently of their location, they should remain as proof of the crime and, at the same time, a kind of memento for humanity. It is worth taking a closer look at how the “policy” of commemorating these places is carried out and, first and foremost, what is the general knowledge and memory of the younger generations on concentration camps. -
Dorota Celinska Janowicz Res
The City and Complexity – Life, Design and Commerce in the Built Environment • Paper / Proposal Title: Resilience of the High Street and its public space • Author(s) Name: Dorota Celinska-Janowicz • University or Company Affiliation: University of Oxford, Said Business School University of Warsaw, Centre for European Regional and Local Studies (EUROREG) • Abstract (300 words): For centuries urban retail and services have played a pivotal role in creating city centre’s vitality and viability, determining not only its economic development, but also creating spaces for social interaction, local community building, or political manifestation (Sennet, 1992). In the last few decades this role of retail and services has been heavily transformed, first by the proliferation of new large-scale shopping formats, and recently by the emergence and rapid expansion of e-commerce. The High Street (City Centre) is under pressure from two sides: in economic terms competition of e-commerce and shops in managed shopping centres affects retailers, especially of some types, causing increasing vacancy rates and shopping environment decline, while managed shopping centres additionally compete with shopping streets in terms of attractive shopping environment, designed in order to create a convenient retail public space aimed at increasing profits rather than providing valuable and inclusive communal environment. The results of this competitive impact depends on the High Street’s resilience. It can be defined as a dynamic and evolutionary process of adaptation to changes, crises or shocks without failing to perform hitherto functions in a sustainable way. For traditional urban retail and service area (High Street) particularly relevant in this respect is its public space that can be one of the key factors of competitive advantage over e-commerce and managed shopping centres. -
Działania Eugeniusza Romera W Sprawie Powrotu Polski Na Mapę Polityczną Europy Eugeniusz Romer’S Actions Regarding Poland’S Return to the Political Map of Europe
Przegląd Geograficzny 2018, 90, 4, s. 615–633 https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.4.5 https://www.igipz.pan.pl/przeglad-geograficzny.html Działania Eugeniusza Romera w sprawie powrotu Polski na mapę polityczną Europy Eugeniusz Romer’s actions regarding Poland’s return to the political map of Europe Krystyna A. Harasimiuk Wyższa Szkoła Społeczno-Przyrodnicza im. Wincentego Pola ul. Choiny 2, 20-816 Lublin [email protected] Zarys treści. W artykule zaprezentowano działalność patriotyczną jednego z najwybitniejszych geo- grafów polskich XX w. profesora Eugeniusza Romera Omówiono jego koncepcję geopolityczną, pu- blikacje oraz dorobek kartograficzny służące polskiej sprawie narodowej. Powstawały one w okresie autonomii galicyjskiej i w czasie I wojny światowej. Swoistym ukoronowaniem działań Profesora na rzecz powrotu Polski na mapę polityczną Europy był jego udział jako eksperta w konferencjach pokojowych w Paryżu i w Rydze. Słowa kluczowe: Eugeniusz Romer, granice Polski, odzyskanie niepodległości, konferencja pokojo- wa w Paryżu, konferencja pokojowa w Rydze. Wstęp W dniu 10 listopada 1918 r. na dworcu w Warszawie, dzień przed zawieszeniem broni na froncie zachodnim, Józef Piłsudski, wracając z więzienia w Magdebur- gu, „oznajmił światu, że powstaje państwo polskie z woli całego narodu” (Za- moyski, 2011, s. 412). To historyczne wydarzenie, miało wówczas wagę symbolu. Było zwiastunem odrodzonej ojczyzny, na której granice Polacy musieli jeszcze czekać do 1921 r., walcząc i wykrwawiając się na wielu frontach lokalnych wojen i powstań. N. Davies (1991, s. 492), doskonały znawca dziejów Polski i Europy, napisał: „W gruncie rzeczy mianowanie Piłsudskiego Naczelnikiem Państwa nie było ani „legalne” ani też „nielegalne”. Przyjechał do Warszawy powracając z więzienia i wygnania i nie wiedząc dokładnie, czego ma tam oczekiwać.