Antoni Jackows- Antoni Jackowski • ki • Małgorzata Małgorzata Taborska Taborska 2015 88 1 165 xxx 2014 xxx 2014

Geographia Polonica 2015, Volume 88, Issue 1, pp. 165-172 

INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl

THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL IDEAS IN POLAND: EXHIBITION AT THE MUSEUM

Antoni Jackowski1,2 • Małgorzata Taborska3 1 Institute of Geography and Spatial Management Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 7, 31-007 Krakow: Poland

2 Polish Geographical Society Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, 00-927 : Poland e-mail: [email protected]

3 Jagiellonian University Museum Jagiellońska 15, 31-010 Krakow: Poland e-mail: [email protected]

The exhibition entitled “The Development in 1934, were dedicated exclusively to achieve- of Geographical Ideas in Poland”, which ments in cartography. opened in Collegium Maius, accompanied the The ceremonial opening of the exhibition International Geographical Union (IGU) Re- was attended by several hundred geogra- gional Conference in Krakow (18-22 August phers from all over the world. Among the spe- 2014). The event is organised by the Jagiel- cial guests present at the opening there were lonian University Museum and Institute of Ge- also descendants of such distinguished Polish ography and Spatial Management, Jagiel- geographers as Wincenty Pol (great-grand- lonian University. Its authors are Prof. Antoni son Julian Pol and great great-granddaugh- ­Jackowski, Institute of Geography and Spatial er ­Barbara Pol-Jelonek), Stanisław Pawłowski Management, Jagiellonian University, and Mu- (son Zbigniew), Wiktor Ormicki (son Jacek), seum Curator Dr. ­Małgorzata ­Taborska from Antoni Wrzosek (daughter Justyna), Jan Flis the Jagiellonian University Museum. The exhi- and Józef Szaflarski. The welcome speech- bition is the first on this topic in Poland. Pre- es were delivered by Prof. Krzysztof Stopka, vious exhibitions, for example, that accompa- Director of the Jagiellonian University Mu- nying the 14th IGU Congress held in Warsaw seum, Prof. Piotr Laidler, Vice-Rector of the

VARIA: CHRONICLE

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Jagiellonian University, Prof. Marek Degórski, is prepared by Prof. Jacek Kozak, Jagiellonian Chairman of the Steering Committee of the University together with Dr. Natalia Kolecka Conference, and Prof. Vladimir Kolossov, Presi- and Dominik Kaim. dent of the International Geographical Union. Room II is devoted to the origins of Polish Organising the exhibition was not easy geography and its development up to the es- and it took three years to prepare. The exhi- tablishment of the Commission of National bition features a number of valuable items: Education in 1773. Early chronicles describ- old prints, publications, maps, scientific ing our land and history are – next to works instruments, teaching aids, archival materi- on astronomy – the first signs of the develop- als. The exhibits come from numerous collec- ment of geography in Poland. Chorographia tions, including those of the Natural Sciences Regni Poloniae by Jan Długosz, who lived be- Library, Jagiellonian University, the Carto- tween the years 1415 and 1480 and was the graphic Collection of the Institute of Geogra- greatest Polish chronicler of all, is the earli- phy and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian est detailed description of Polish geography. University, the Jagiellonian Library, the Jagiel- In the Renaissance, knowledge of Polish ge- lonian University Archive, the National Library, ography was mainly popularised across Eu- the National Digital Archive, the National rope by the University of Krakow. The earli- Museum in Warsaw, the National Museum est geography lectures were held as early in Krakow, the Archive of Science of the Pol- as 1490. Among the lecturers were, amongst ish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and the Polish other scholars, the authors of the first geog- Academy of Arts and Sciences (PAU) in Kra- raphy textbooks: Jan of Głogów, Jan of Stob- kow, the Archive of PAN in Warsaw, Central nica, Miechowita. The earliest maps also go Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw, the back to that time. They are known as Tabu- Jagiellonian University Museum, the Archive la Sarmatiae (Krakow 1526-1528) and Map- of the Polish Geographical Society and other pa in qua illustrantur ditiones Regni Poloniae geographical institutions and individuals. Five ac Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae (Krakow 1526- exhibition rooms on the ground floor of the 1528), both by Bernard Wapowski, who lived Collegium Maius depict key developments between 1450 and 1535). Lecturers used in the history of Polish geography until 1945. globes as teaching aids some of which are Each room features a panel showing a time- on display, including the famous Jagiellon- line of the development of Polish geography ian Globe (1511), Martin­ Behaim’s terrestri- in the respective period and discussing the al globe (1492) and Gerardus Mercator’s ter- major breakthroughs. restrial globe (1541). The items displayed also Room I introduces the viewer to the over- include such instruments as the astrolabe all exhibition by depicting the map as a key owned by Jan Brożek, a Krakow Academy tool of a geographer’s work. The maps on dis- professor (ca. 1370), and a torquetum made play, some of them truly unique, are displayed for Marcin Bylica (1487). Other showcased together with a number of instruments, items include early textbooks on geogra- including an actinometer (1876), aspiration phy, still known at the time as cosmography. psychrometer by Assmann (1895), artificial The textbooks were written by Jan of Głogów horizon for hydrographic surveying (19th (1506) and Jan of Stobnica (1512). One high- century) and a mirror stereoscope (1930s). light is Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis (The By using the stereoscope, visitors can view Tretease on Two Sarmatias) (1517), a treatise an aerial photograph of Tyniec dating back by Maciej of Miechów (Miechowita), rector to 1975. In the room, visitors can also see of the Jagiellonian University, re-elected for a continuously-looped show entitled “Area several terms of office. The work was the first of Jaworki near Szczawnica on various carto- modern geographical study of the eastern graphic materials – A journey through the his- part of Europe and was translated into many tory of geography and GIS”. The presentation languages. Viewers can also admire Marcin

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Kromer’s work on Poland (1578), the first the public acquainted with Polish lands. This treatise on meteorology by Andrzej Mirow- facilitated the integration of who were ski (1596), and studies by Mikołaj Krzysztof deprived of their homeland and were living Radziwił (nicknamed the ‘Orphan’) from his in territories divided between three different pilgrimage to the Holy Land (1611), by Woj- countries. Geography books gave Poles the ciech Tylkowski about meteorology (1669), only opportunity to learn about Polish lands. by Gabriel Rzączyński about Poland (1721), At that time, geography started to con- as well as writings by Karol Wyrwicz, Fran- solidate its scholarly foundations and its sta- ciszek Siarczyński, Wawrzyniec Surowiecki, tus as an independent scientific discipline. Stanisław Staszic, and Hugo Kołłątaj. This In the mid-19th century it was recognised group of exhibits also include Jeografia, czy- as a separate subject for academic studies. li opisanie matematyczne i fizyczne Ziemi (Ge- Its paramount importance for patriotic edu- ography or Mathematical and Physical De- cation, especially of youth, was also noticed. scription of the Earth) by Jan Śniadecki (1804), Geography, in addition to history and Polish which significantly contributed to the promo- language, was one of the educational compo- tion of Polish geography. nents that were to prepare the future officials There is also a rich collection of maps: of an independent Poland. by Bernard Wapowski (1526-1528), Andrzej Considering the budding industry found Pograbka (1569), Gerardus Mercator (1578), in Polish lands and the expanding transport Wacław Grodecki (1587), Abraham Ortelius network, research was initiated on the natural (1645), Giovanni Antonio Rizzi-Zannoni (1772) resources of Poland. A large proportion of the and Stanisław Staszic (1815). The showcased studies in this area were applied research. instruments include an astrolabe (ca. 1370), School geography also evolved becoming a mechanical armillary sphere (1510-1540), a key aspect of patriotic education. The politi- telescopes, barometers (including a water- cal situation and the wiping of Poland off the based barometer purchased by Jan Śniadecki map of Europe caused education on historical in Paris in 1786), compasses, as well as draw- geography to become a central focus. ing and measuring tools. The development The development of science, including of geography owes much to the Commis- geography, depended on the policy of the par- sion of National Education (1773-1794) and titioning powers. The situation was the most Hugo Kołłątaj. In the first half of the 19th favourable under Austrian rule where Poles century, the earliest geography journals start- enjoyed a relatively high degree of auton- ed to appear: Dziennik Podróży Lądowych omy. The greatest restrictions could be felt i Morskich (Diary of Land and Sea Travels, in the Prussian territories. However, this did 1827), Kolumb (Columbus, 1828-1829) and not prevent geographical studies from being Nowy Kolumb (New Columbus, 1838-1840). published in the (e.g. thanks The origins of modern Polish geography to publishing houses in Poznań and Wrocław). are described in Room III. The exhibits shown Universities started to establish units special- here span the period between around the mid- ising in geography. The educational move- 19th century and 1918 when Poland regained ment of geography students was initiated independence. The three partitions of Poland in the late 19th century (Krakow 1881). in the late 18th century and loss of independ- This part of the exhibition begins with the ence highly restrained the freedom of science achievements of Wincenty Pol, who opened and education. This also affected geography. the first Geography Chair in Poland at the Yet, geographical studies and research did Jagiellonian University. This was the second not come to a halt. On the contrary, they such university unit in the world (after , were quite intensive, largely thanks to the 1820). Wincenty Pol introduced mandatory patriotic attitudes of Polish scientists. Geogra- field trips into the curriculum of geography phers treated their work as a mission to get studies. Yet, his academic activity did not last

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long. In 1852, he was relieved of his position Strzelecki, Ignacy Domeyko, Antoni Rehman, by the Austrian authorities for patriotic activ- Stefan Rogoziński, Benedykt Dybowski, Broni- ity. The Chair was only reactivated in 1877 sław Grąbczewski. (Franciszek Czerny-Schwarzenberg). In 1917, The period also saw the clear develop- it was taken over by Ludomir Sawicki who cre- ment of cartography. Some examples of the ated the modern Institute of Geography jointly rich output, shown at the exhibition, include with Jerzy Smoleński. The second Geography the so-called ‘quartermaster’s map’ (1839), Chair was founded in 1883 at Lvov Univer- maps produced by Stanisław Majerski, atlas- sity (Antoni Rehman, later Eugeniusz Romer). es by Józef Kolberg (1827), Wacław Nałkowski Geography was also flourishing in Warsaw and Andrzej Świętochowski (1895-1906), and (Wacław Nałkowski, Stanisław Lencewicz, Aleksander B. Maciesza (1907). Eugeniusz Antoni Sujkowski). In the years 1880-1914, Romer’s Geograficzno-statystyczny atlas Pol- the first extensive geographical lexicon enti- ski (Geographical and Statistical Atlas) was tled Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskie- the most important such publication (1916), go i innych krajów słowiańskich (Geographi- crucially important for the delimitation of the cal Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland Polish state border after 1918. Another high- and other Slavic Countries) was published light is the hand-drawn geomorphological (Sulimierski et al. 1880-1902). Years later, map of Poland by Ludomir Sawicki (1913). Bolesław Olszewicz referred to the publica- The first terrestrial globes with Polish names tion as a ‘crowning achievement’ of all Polish were made during partition times (1840-1860) geography writings to date. A bibliographi- by the Abel-Klinger shop in Nuremberg. Soon, cal curiosity displayed in this section is Józef new globes were produced, this time in the Piłsudski’s Geografia militarna Królestwa Pol- Czech town of Roztoky near Prague (beginning skiego (Military Geography of the Kingdom from 1872), and these were later approved of Poland), published by the author under his as a teaching aid for schools. Such globes only pen-name Mieczysławski (1910). The Polish started to be produced on Polish territory itself, Geographical Society was established in War- after the end of World War I. This room also saw towards the end of 1918, while on 1 April features a rich collection of instruments. the same year, the Geography Department The (1918-1939) was was inaugurated at the Philosophical Faculty a boom time for Polish geography (Room IV). of the University of Warsaw. In 1910, the Pol- Esteemed schools of geography were being ish Tourist Society started publishing the peri- formed during this period in such academ- odical Ziemia (Earth) which rendered great ic cities as Krakow (Ludomir Sawicki, Jerzy service to the popularisation of Polish geogra- Smoleński, Walenty Winid), Lvov (­Eugeniusz phy. In 1918, Eugeniusz Romer published the Romer, Henryk Arctowski), Warsaw (Stanisław first issue of the journal Prace Geograficzne Lencewicz, Bogdan Zaborski, Antoni Sujkowski, (Geographical Studies) in Lvov, while at the Stanisław Srokowski), Poznań (Stanisław Paw- turn of 1918/1919 the first issue of Przegląd łowski, Stanisław Nowakowski) and Vilnius Geograficzny (Geographical Review) came (Mieczysław Limanowski, Kazimierz Jantzen). out (ed. Ludomir Sawicki). New disciplines were evolving, clearly oriented Poles participated in geographical expe- to the application of geography (e.g. tourism ditions organised by various countries in the geography). Geographers were playing a cru- world, including the partitioning powers. cial role in urban and regional planning. The Our countrymen mainly made a name for exhibition featured some seminal works dat- themselves in the exploration of Siberia and ing back to that period. Apart from universi- other Asian territories, as well as Australia ties, scientific institutes also focused their at- and Oceania, South America and Antarctica. tention on geography, notably the Silesian The exhibition shows publications and maps Institute (Antoni Wrzosek, Stanisław Berezow- associated with the activity of Paweł Edmund ski), the Baltic Institute (many photographers),

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and the Institute for Ethnic Studies (Wiktor Or- by distinguished geographers (Jakub Stefan micki, ­Bogdan Zaborski). A separate exhibi- Cezak, Aniela Chałubińska, Michał Janiszew- tion panel is dedicated to Wojskowy Instytut ski, Wacław Nałkowski, Stanisław Pawłow- Geograficzny (the Military Geographical In- ski, Maria Polaczkówna, Eugeniusz Romer, stitute), which was a unique institution. The Ludomir Sawicki, Jerzy Smoleński). Examples exhibits in the room include publications as- of basic teaching aids are also showcased sociated with the 2nd Convention of Slavic Ge- here. A noteworthy item from 1935 is a hand- ographers and Ethnographers, held in Poland drawn map produced by Wiktor Ormicki and in 1927, and the 14th Congress of the Inter- entitled Rzeczywisty przyrost ludności w latach national Geographical Union (Warsaw 1934). 1921-1931. Polskie województwa południowe A number of periodicals came into existence (Real population growth in 1921-1931. Polish at that time, including Czasopismo Geograficz- southern voivodships), which was produced ne (Geographical Journal, 1923-1939), Wia- in the Cartographic Studio of the Institute for domości Geograficzne (Geographical News, Ethnic Studies in Warsaw. Finally, visitors may 1923-1939), Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny view a presentation entitled “Polish Explorers” (Polish Cartographic Review, 1923-1934), Wia- which was prepared by Antoni Jackowski and domości Służby Geograficznej (News of the Małgorzata Taborska. Geographical Service, 1927-1938), Turyzm Pol- In addition, the part of the exhibition end- ski (Polish Tourism, 1938-1939). At the time, ing in 1945 features 9 outdoor thematic pan- the coordination of scientific research was en- els displayed in the ‘Professors’ Garden’. They trusted to the Polish Geographical Society. include: A crucial role in the promotion of geography • Polish Geography before World War II, was played by two private publishing houses • The International Geographical Union, – ORBIS in Krakow, owned by Ludomir Sawic- • The 14th IGU Congress, Warsaw 1934, ki (taken over by his wife Maria after his death • The Polish Geographical Society, in 1928), and Książnica-Atlas in Lvov, owned • The Military Geographical Institute, by Eugeniusz Romer. • Geographers’ Science Clubs, The exhibition in the room ends with geo- • Ne Cedat Academia! No Surrender by Aca- graphical works published abroad during demia! [clandestine teaching, geographers World War Two (e.g. by Stanisław Pawłowski, in the underground during World War II], Michał Janiszewski) or in the underground (the • And if need be – they will give their lives, Biblioteka Ziem Zachodnich series, 1942-1943: one after the other. Like stones thrown Jan Dylik, Maria Czekańska, Antoni Wrzosek). by God upon a great rampart! [persecu- Viewers are touched to see instruments (incli- tion of geographers during World War II], nometer and altemeter dating from the early • It takes a soldier to understand the mis- 20th century) owned by Prof. Jerzy Smoleński ery of marching and fighting without who was murdered by the Germans in the maps [this quote from General Władysław Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1940. Anders was the motto of the panel illus- The room features two drawings by Mieczy- trating post-war map production in Poland sław Wątorski from 1956: “The arresting and abroad]. of Jagiellonian University Professors” (Novem- The outdoor panels were prepared by the ber 1939) and “Sachsenhausen”. authors of the exhibition in collaboration with Given the importance of geography Jacek Kumański and Maciej Kluza from the teaching for civic education, separate space Jagiellonian University Museum. (Room V) is dedicated to school geography. The post-1945 period is depicted by 6 pan- The items include works by leading Polish edu- els exhibited in ‘Estreicher’s Yard’. They pre- cationalists and methodologists (Stanisława sent modern geographical institutions in Po- Niemcówna, Michał Mścisz, Maria Czekańska, land and the creators of the Polish school Wiktor Ormicki), and school textbooks written of thought in physical geography, cartography

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and socio-economic geography. The out- Collegium Maius, Krakow 18-22 sierpnia door display is also dedicated to geograph- 2014 (The Development of Geographical ical journals and field stations in Poland and Ideas in Poland. Catalog of the exhibition the polar regions. The panels were prepared accompanying the International Geographi- by Elżbieta Bilska-Wodecka, Justyna Liro and cal Union’s Regional Conference, Collegium Izabela Sołjan of the Institute of Geogra- Maius, Krakow, 18-22 August 2014. phy and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian The catalogue contains ‘Forewords’ by University. Krzysztof Stopka, Director of the Jagielloni- As part of the exhibition, the organisers an University Museum and Marek Degórski, also offer museum geography classes for pri- Chairman of the Steering Committee of the mary, lower- and higher-secondary schools. Conference, chapters on the “History of Polish The subjects include: Geography before 1945” (pp. 14-145) by An- • The map as a geographer’s working toni Jackowski, “Evolution of instruments, ap- method, paratus and measurements” (pp. 146-247) • Weather v. climate, by Małgorzata Taborska, A list of exhib- • Land relief and how to read it on a topo- its (pp. 255-279), and illustrations of select- graphic map, ed items (pp. 281-343). The book comes with • History of geography and the geographi- a CD containing a “Bibliography of the histo- cal sciences. ry of Polish geography (a selection)” by Antoni The classes are taught by doctoral students Jackowski and the panels displayed in the ‘Pro- of the Institute of Geography and Spatial fessors’ Garden’, ‘Estreicher’s Yard’ and exhi- Management, Jagiellonian University. They bition rooms. are held in separate Collegium Maius rooms, The Exhibition, held between 19 August usually after the students have visited the 2014 and 22 January 2015, attracted 10,085 exhibition. visitors including many foreigners. The exhibition is accompanied by a cata- logue (Jackowski & Taborska 2014) entitled Editors’ note: Rozwoj mysli geograficznej w Polsce: Katalog Unless otherwise stated, the sources of tables and wstawy towarzyszacej Konferencji Regional- figures are the authors’ on the basis of their own nej Miedzynarodowej Unii Geograficznej research.

References Romer E., 1916. Geograficzno-statystyczny atlas Polski. Warszawa-Krakow: Gebethner i Wolff. Jackowski A., Taborska M., 2014. Rozwoj mysli geo- graficznej w Polsce: Katalog wstawy towarzyszacej Sulimierski F., Chlebowski B., Walewski W., Konferencji Regionalnej Miedzynarodowej 1880-1902. Słownik geograficzny Krolestwa Pol- Unii Geograficznej Collegium Maius, Krakow skiego i innych krajow słowianskich. Warszawa: 18-22 sierpnia 2014. Krakow: Instytut Geografii nakładem Filipa Sulimierskiego i Władsława i Gospodarki Przestrzennej UJ, Muzeum Uniwer- Walewskiego. sytetu Jagiellońskiego. Śniadecki J., 1804. Jeografia, czyli opisanie mate- matyczne i fizyczne Ziemi. Warszawa. Piłsudski J. aka Mieczysławski Z. 1910. Geografia militarna Królestwa Polskiego. Warszawa: Życie.

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Figure 1. Visitors in the yard of the Collegium Maius during the opening night

Figure 2. In front of the Globus Jagellonicus (1511)

Figure 3. In front of Georg von Bauerkeller’s relief globe (1843)

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Figure 4. Room dedicated to the interwar period Figure 5. Antoni Jackowski telling Prof. Vladimir Kolossov, President of the International Geograph- ical Union, the history of the arrest of the Jagiel- lonian University professors, five of whom were geographers, during Sonderaktion Krakau (6 No- vember 1939)

Figures 6 and 7. Outdoor panels displayed in the Professors’ Garden which are an integral part of the exhibition

© Antoni Jackowski • Małgorzata Taborska © Geographia Polonica © Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences • Warsaw • 2015

http://rcin.org.pl

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