Polish Cartographical Review Vol. 48, 2016, no. 2, pp. 77–86 DOI: 10.1515/pcr-2016-0007 ANNA OSOWSKA, DARIUSZ PRZYBYTEK Wrocław University Library [email protected] [email protected] Thematic maps in Eugeniusz Romer’s Geographical and Statistical Atlas of Poland from 1916 – the historical and methodological perspective (on the 100-year anniversary of the publication)

Abstract. The Geograficzno-statystyczny atlas Polski (Geographical and Statistical Atlas of Poland), printed in in 1916, was elaborated due to remind the world about Poland and the Polish issue. At that time Poland had been partitioned for over 120 years and it was very important to provide comprehensive informa- tion about historical Polish territory and its inhabitants before the end of the ongoing war. It was a significant decision because the atlas appeared to be crucial to establishing borders of the at the Paris Peace Conference. In 2016 the hundredth anniversary of first edition of atlas is a great occasion for a historical and methodical brief outline. The atlas was the fundamental work of Eugeniusz Romer, a distinguished geographer, cartographer and geo-politician. All of the 65 maps and 5 diagrams were elaborated by himself and his collaborators: W. Sem- kowicz, J. Nowak, W. Szafer, S. Weigner, J. Rutkowski, K. Nitsch, B. Chodkiewicz. It includes maps showing physiograpy, administrative division, history of the Polish territory, population, nationality, religion, agriculture, industry and transport, developed on the basis of official data sources. It is noteworthy that E. Romer intro- duced the isarithmic method on a large scale to present both population and socio-economic phenomena. As an all-embracing work, Atlas played a major role in drawing the boundaries of the reborn Poland in post- -war Europe. This also shows that thematic cartography has been an essential instrument in argumentation for the national interest of Poland. Keywords: Geographical and Statistical Atlas of Poland, Romer’s cartography, thematic cartography, socio-economic atlases, socio-political function of maps

The upcoming hundredth anniversary of the in a political sense only in theory – on the publication of Eugeniusz Romer’s Geograficzno- manifesto of the will of two emperors of the -statystyczny atlas Polski (Geographical and Central States on 5 November 1916. It was Statistical Atlas of Poland) is an excellent op- much harder, however, to imagine the shape portunity to remember this piece of work and of the future Polish state – which is why the to conduct an historical-methodological analy- initiative of Franciszek Stefczyk for the publi- sis of the maps that had such a great influence cation of an atlas consisting of a collection of on the shape of the reborn Republic of Poland dozens of tables with maps, texts and statis- after World War I. Since the outbreak of the tics has proven so very important; his evoca- Great War, had been very active in the tive images constituting an attractive method field of so-called congressional cartography. of speaking to all those interested about the Two publications in 1916 were of importance geographical location of Poland, where Poles for Polish interests – the Wojenno-polityczna live, and their history, culture and socio-economic mapa Polski (Military and Political Map of Po- structure in the past and present. This task land) published in Lvov and the Geographical was adopted and implemented by Prof. Euge- and Statistical Atlas of Poland, printed in Vienna. niusz Romer, who in a very short space of It was easy at that time to justify the need for time, and along with a team of experts, elabo- propaganda in favour of Poland, which existed rated a collection of maps and diagrams which 78 Anna Osowska, Dariusz Przybytek appeared in 1916, issued by the Polish Savings by M. Zdobnicka, F. Uhorczak, J. Czekalski, and Loans Companies in the form of the Geo- W. Ormicki, J. Haliczer-Staszewski and L. Bar- graphical and Statistical Atlas of Poland1. wińska (L. Ratajski 1965, pp. 67–74; L. Bar- For nearly a century, much has been written wińska 1971, pp. 102–103). about this atlas, which is sufficiently substan- Literature on the Atlas can therefore be divided tiated that its appearance was an event of into two groups: publications discussing the great importance, and the Atlas became known work as a whole, emphasising the territorial as a monumental publication and as E. Romer’s range and subject matter and focusing on its best achievement (J. Mościbroda, M.Sirko 2004, important socio-political role, and those em- p. 88). These included critical texts, such as phasising the methodological solutions, includ- the reviews of the historian and ethnographer ing analysis of the maps from the cartographic R.F. Kaindl (1919) or the economist T. Brzeski perspective. It is also a compulsory work for (1917), as well as favourable, even enthusiastic the research legacy of Eugeniusz Romer, and 3 texts, expressing appreciation for the originality one of the materials quoted in his biography . of the methodology, the approach to the issues One of the intentions of the authors of this and the selection of source materials, such as paper is to provide a brief reminder of this fun- those of A. Sujkowski (1917), S. Pawłowski damental work on the occasion of the anniver- (1916, 1923/24) and the distinguished Ameri- sary of its initial publication, as mentioned in can historian R.H. Lord (1921). The concept of the introduction. the comprehensive cartographic development The Atlas is a collective work – in addition to of issues related to the Poles and Poland in Romer’s contribution, it included the works of the absence of the existence on maps of the many prominent specialists from various fields. Polish state met with keen interest, which was History was elaborated by W. Semkowicz, geo­ echoed in these and other reviews published logy by J. Nowak, flora by W. Szafer, mining scientific journals shortly after the publication by S. Weigner, extensive ownership by J. Rut- of the Atlas2. Despite the passage of time, the kowski, linguistic relations by K. Nitsch, and originality and uniqueness of this work, the high transportation by B. Chodkiewicz’s team. The editorial and graphical standard, and above product of this joining of forces was a publica- all the use of the isarithmic method for maps tion containing 65 maps and five diagrams presenting population and socio-economic illustrating physiography, as well as national-po- issues are still emphasised. Noteworthy pa- litical, religious and economic indexes, in 32 ta- pers by L. Barwińska (1971), and S. Gurba and bles. As E. Romer wrote in his introduction: J. Mościbroda (1982) present the assumptions “May this illustration of figures on Poland and and characteristics of this method and discuss Poles serve as an education to Poles them- in depth its use by E. Romer in the Atlas. Both selves, and awaken the consideration and papers also emphasise the role of the discus- kindness of those in whose hands rests the sion that ensued in the reviews of the Atlas in fate of the Polish issue!” (E. Romer 1916b, p. 5). relation to the correctness and legitimacy of Justifying the initiative to work on the Atlas, the widespread use of isopleths on socio-eco- E. Romer referred to Stanisław Staszic’s book- nomic maps, which inspired a number of studies let, published just over a hundred years earlier, and methodological papers, such as those entitled A brief communication on Polish statis- tics for those who want to liberate this country, and those who want to rule it (S. Staszic 1807). 1 The Geographical and Statistical Atlas of Poland was “These same considerations have become for edited and compiled by Dr Eugeniusz Romer, a professor of geography at the University of Lvov, with the help of many me a driving motive in the development of the collaborators. Published by Polish Savings and Loans Com- Geographical and Statistical Atlas of Poland”, panies under the Foundation of the National Department, wrote E. Romer (1915, p. 5). S. Staszic de- and Krakow, Gebethner and Wolff, 1916, hereafter: scribed the territory of the non-existent state E. Romer 1916. The Atlas was printed in Vienna, at the Freytag and Berndt Cartographic Publishers and the A. Holz­ hausen Printing House; the second edition of the Atlas, con- 3 See papers in the volume: Eugeniusz Romer – geograf taining two additional tables, appeared in Lvov in 1921. i kartograf trzech epok. Materiały sesji naukowej, Warszawa 2 A list of almost all the reviews of the Atlas can be found 16 kwietnia 2004 rok, „Studia i Materiały z Historii Kartografii” in F. Uhorczak (1955, p. 22). T. 19, Warszawa 2004. Thematic maps in Eugeniusz Romer’s Geographical and Statistical Atlas of Poland from 1916... 79 as follows: “The extent of Poland and Lithua- in accordance with the Romerian principle of nia, as they were in 1772... This country has cartography that a map should be ‘empty’ in natural borders: to the west, the mountain pretext. Because of the role it would play, the range stretching from the Carpathians and Atlas was furnished with texts and explana- through Silesia; to the south, the great ridge of tions in three languages – Polish, German and the Carpathians leading towards the Black French (fig. 1)4. In the second edition, pub- Sea; to the north, the Baltic Sea, and between lished five years later, English translations the Baltic and the Black Sea the River Dnieper took the place of German. and marshes of Polesye... There is no country in The choice of topics was dictated by the Europe so divided by numerous rivers..., where need and desire to reflect as closely as possible nature itself, with its divisions of water, unites the current state of the issues and the phe- the Black Sea with the Baltic Sea” (S. Staszic nomena of particular relevance to the ‘Polish 1807, p. 10). However, the major weakness of issue’ (S. Gurba, J. Mościbroda 1982, p. 82). this publication was the fact that the author did The materials for the development of the Atlas not attach any maps. This was particularly the were provided by the library of the Central case because, at the same time, relevant Statistical Commission, almost all ministries of maps anticipating the reconstruction of Poland Austria-Hungary and , the Chamber based on the Duchy of Warsaw appeared on of Commerce and Industry, the libraries in the market (D.F. Sotzmann 1810), and S. Staszic Vienna and Krakow, and the private collec- himself had an excellent idea for a geologi- tions of Professor F. Bujak, a historian of Polish cal map of the Polish lands as early as 1806 economy and society. Far-reaching support (S. Staszic 1815). was also received from cultural and economic Over a hundred years later, at the instigation associations, which enabled the source-based of F. Stefczyk, director of the Foundation for exposition of issues related to education and Savings and Loans Companies, E. Romer de- credit cooperatives. Particularly invaluable was cided to show the world Poland on the map. the support of F. Stefczyk, to whom the whole Like S. Staszic, he departed from the borders initiative of work on the Atlas owed its financing of 1772, expanding the areas of interest on the (E. Romer 1916b, p.5). E. Romer used official land on which – as he wrote – “a larger number statistical data in order to avoid charges of a po- of Poles are found. Within these borders I tried litical bias, noting that the entire cartographic to give the most comprehensive picture of the material was based on the first description of nation and its life, avoiding essentially all general statistical source materials covering the whole synthesis, willing everyone to build an opinion of the Polish lands, and had been drawn up for independently, on the basis of the image, with Polish ends (E. Romer 1917, pp. 570–573). no suggestion from he who gathered the figures. He also consciously chose indexes expressed Departing from this principle, I limited the role in relative terms, and avoided the absolute of the text for the maps primarily to indicating values predisposed to rapid outdating (S. Gurba, the sources, to explaining the graphical methods J. Mościbroda 1982, p. 83). and to instructions for reading the maps; here The statistical data used generally refers to and there are interwoven mere attempts at the counties (powiats). The ranges of particu- synthesising in the form of interpretation of the lar values are illustrated with a colour scale or maps, wanting in this way to encourage people a variety of hachures, which are clear and to delve into the content and understand its appropriately selected for the phenomenon. symbols” (E. Romer 1916b, p. 5). Nonetheless, To fully present the selected issues and show the territorial range of the maps includes the them as completely as possible, two to three Baltic-Black Sea intermarium between indexes were also used on one map, presenting and Moscow. them, for example, in the form of complex choro- The main maps of the Atlas are made at the pleth maps. The selection of appropriate graphic scale of 1:5,000,000, and the collateral maps mediums guaranteed the readability of maps. at the scale of 1:15,000,000. The author’s foundation was the creation of legible maps 4 All figures included in the text are from the first edition with clear statistical images, requiring signifi- of the Atlas, the copy held at the University Library in Wro- cant generalisation of the topographic content cław (ref. 680-III.B). 80 Anna Osowska, Dariusz Przybytek

Fig. 1. Title page of the Geographical and Statistical Atlas of Poland by E. Romer, the 1st edition, 1916

Undoubtedly one of the Atlas’ main features is a consequence of searching for the most the methodical innovation expressed in the appropriate form of presentation on a map of use of isopleths to present ‘discontinuous’ phe- specific phenomena and issues. There is no nomena (population, socio-economic). This is doubt that he was able to achieve uniformity all the more evident with the prevalence of and methodical cohesion, expressed in the maps developed with the isoline method – there consistent use of selected methods: isopleths are 34 of these, from a total of 65, of which 30 are (usually when the phenomenon occurs over devoted to socio-economic topics (12 popula- a large area and the data relates to small area tion maps, 18 maps showing ownership and units) and choropleth maps (when the map land use, structure of crops, cattle breeding, in- shows a small area or the data relates to large dustrialisation and the state of people’s savings). units) – often used in the form of complex cho- As noted by L. Barwińska (1971, p. 100), ropleth maps. Several maps in the Atlas were E. Romer was a pioneer of economic isarith- developed using the graduated diagram method, mic (isopleths) maps for atlases, but his use of or using qualitative symbols and ranges. this method was not a result of his theoretical Looking at the next tables of the Atlas, it is reflections on the method itself as such, but clear to see the features of Romerian cartography Thematic maps in Eugeniusz Romer’s Geographical and Statistical Atlas of Poland from 1916... 81

Fig. 2. Table V. Historya (History) that are so characteristic of his cartographic the Baltic to the Black Sea, which is expressed work. He used isohips on the physical maps, particularly in the strong transformation of colouring the spaces between them and isolat- the forest formations shown on the map by ing ‘height layers’ according to the K. Peucker W. Szafer (Table IV). colour scale (E. Romer 1916b, Table I), and One invaluable element in the Atlas is W. Sem- he consistently used isotherms on the climate kowicz’s map, which presents Poland within its maps. Interestingly, in the textual analysis of historical boundaries, recalling its shape be- the image of the oceanic-continental climate fore the partitions (1772) and the territorial transition emerging from this map, the author changes of the period 1807–1815, and with notes the existence between Wrocław, Riga and lines marking the furthest extent of growth of Kiev of a ‘uniform Polish climate’ (Table III), the Polish state in all directions, covering a sub- which is quite a bold thesis for a geographer stantial area of Europe between the middle specialising in climatology. It is precisely be- of the Elbe and the lower Dnieper in an area cause of the climate that a large diversity of far exceeding one million square kilometres floristic physiognomy is visible, varying from (Table V – fig. 2). However, these are in no 82 Anna Osowska, Dariusz Przybytek way the lines of the range of Polish territorial the basis of statistics on the occupying states claims, but merely a reference to the past. The from the first decade of the twentieth century, same holds for the administrative range of show the population density, the dynamics of the provinces of the Polish lands in terms of population growth and Polish and non-Polish the occupying states on the map, edited by population distribution in the analysed area. E. Romer himself (Table VI). In fact, this map Admittedly, in the description of the maps, both covers not only the partitioned areas, but also authors (E. Romer and K. Nitsch) explain the the East Prussia province and two Silesian intricacies of the interpretation of the partition districts: Opole and Wrocław. Here too, the state (Prussian, Russian and Austrian) statis- point is not the range of potential territorial tics, which were certainly not pro-Polish and claims, but rendering the space to which the imply that the language of a given people is concept of Poland could relate, and for which not always associated with a particular national the authors of the Atlas studied various statis- feeling (for example, with Silesians, Masurians tics, in order to present a comparison of their or borderlanders), but the image remained on diversity and demonstrate their greater and the map (Table IX – fig. 3). lesser associations with Polishness. The image of religious proportions was Most vividly, these associations came with shown in a similar way (Table X). Here it is not demographic data (Tables VII–XIII) which, on only the percentage decrease of Catholics

Fig. 3. Table IX. Polacy (Poles) Thematic maps in Eugeniusz Romer’s Geographical and Statistical Atlas of Poland from 1916... 83 from west to east that grabs the attention, but nisation Commission under Prussian rule, the also the border line of the settlement area of phenomenon of mass Catholic proselytising the Jewish population, which with few exceptions in the Chełm province, and Polish ownership coincides with the inter-partition Prussian- in the Lithuanian-Russian borderlands. The Russian and Austro-Prussian border (fig. 4). analysis of these factors leads to an entirely Meanwhile, E. Romer provides an interesting unexpected finding relating to Polish owner- analysis of the movement of the Polish and ship, which is much larger than indicated by Jewish populations on the four maps in Table XI, the official statistics of the partitioning powers. where clear changes are seen in the propor- It suffices to quote Romer’s conclusion that “at tions of national ownership in the late nine- least 180,000 km2 of land in Lithuania and teenth and early twentieth century in all Russia is in private Polish ownership, i.e. likely provinces of the Polish lands of the occupying more than that (...) in the Kingdom of Poland in states. It is significant that the author did not the partitions of Austria and Prussia put to- restrict himself to population censuses, but gether!” (Tables XII, XIII and XIV). also took into account other statistics, such as A separate table was devoted to the admini­ the increase in the percentage of Polish pupils strative divisions of the Roman Catholic Church, at Prussian schools, the progress of the Colo- illustrating the density and size of the parishes

Fig. 4. Table X. Rzymsko-Katolicy (Roman Catholics) 84 Anna Osowska, Dariusz Przybytek

Fig. 5. Table XV. Oświata A (Education A) in terms of both area and number of followers order to show the phenomenon properly and (Table XIV). Essentially, this phenomenon re- to maximise the use of their data, E. Romer flects the ownership of Roman Catholics shown used an interesting methodical procedure for in Table X – except that, in this case, it was the map Schools for the territory under Russian interpolated within the diocese borders rather rule he used a choropleth, constructed on the than those of the states. Due to the quality of basis of data from provinces with large surface the statistical data source material in the area areas, while for the territories of the Prussian of the Russian partition, this map gives a more and Austrian partitions he used the isarithmic reliable picture of national affiliation than the method, interpolating the values from the map of the Polish population, which was es- source data relating to the much smaller admini­ tablished on the basis of falsified official cen- strative units (fig. 5). The sources of printing, sus data (J. Mościbroda, M. Sirko 2004, p. 90). literature and the Polish press, which were also The two tables showing the topics of educa- constantly changing during the partition period, tion and culture deserve close attention, even were treated alongside education. The next if only in terms of the Polish printed publica- four maps clearly show the process of the tions. The data for primary education essen- shifting of the centres of Polish culture from tially highlights a civilizational gap in access to north to south (from Vilnius to Lvov), from the mainstream education between the partitions increasingly restrictive Russian partition to the cordoned off by the Russian border. On Polish liberally reformed and eventually re-Polonised lands under Prussian and Austrian occupation, Austrian partition, with the position of Warsaw virtually all children under the age of ten had remaining dominant and the surprising leading compulsory access to mainstream school, re- position of the subscription of Polish press in sulting in zero or at least low levels of illiteracy. the Prussian partition, which was the subject Meanwhile, in the Russian zone, the low level to brutal Germanisation (Table XVI). of access to school resulted in catastrophic The final thematic category in theAtlas is the illiteracy, often exceeding 75% of the popula- economy. Ranging from agriculture to industry, tion. However, a higher percentage of pupils finance and transportation, the economic foun- completed middle school in the Russian zone, dations of the Polish lands are shown on the which is clear proof of the elitism of education maps and extensively characterised in the de- under the Russian occupation (Table XV). In scriptions. J. Rutkowski, the author of table XVII, Thematic maps in Eugeniusz Romer’s Geographical and Statistical Atlas of Poland from 1916... 85 concludes that “in terms of the agricultural sys- tially influenced the development of industry tem, the lands of the former Poland represent and, therefore, the employment structure of a compact territory, distinguishable from that of the population. These factors were more de- the neighbouring countries, while the different pendent on the political affiliation of the territory economic development and differences in agri- than the geographical distribution of natural cultural policy during the partitions failed to resources. Although the concentration of in- transform the uniform basis of that system, dustry and population employed in the western which resulted from joint historical develop- part of the presented area is unsurprising, the ment” (Table XVII). However, his map showing differentiation between regions is extremely the spread of land ownership at the beginning large – especially the industrialisation of three of the twentieth century seems not to confirm districts: Warsaw, Łódź and Silesia. In the de- this thesis, since the differences in the percent- scription of this phenomenon, E. Romer himself age share of extensive ownership between admits that, in particular partitions, “the indus- central districts and the borderlands are huge. trial statistics are realised according to such Large farming properties dominate in the lands disparate rules that no standard can be used taken away by Russia and in the Prussian par- for cartographic development” and, as a result, tition, in contrast to the fragmentation of Galicia “the two maps showing the proportions of in- and the Polish Kingdom area. Table XVIII dustry in Poland are merely hypotheses”. shows not only the proportion of agricultural More numerically tangible, but no less vivid land in Poland, but also dispels the myth of the in the differences between the partitions, is the richness of the forests which, with the exception subject of Polish savings at cooperative banks. of areas near the Dnieper, had been effectively E. Romer presents this phenomenon on a map, deforested by the nineteenth century. describing precisely in the text its history from Tables XIX–XXIII illustrate livestock and the the time of S. Staszic, who pioneered the bank cultivation of cereals and potatoes. Even with fund at the Agricultural Society in Hrubieszów, the proviso of methodological differences and to the incredible cash booms, such as Raif- incomplete statistics from all three partitioning feisen’s, in Prussia and Austria in the first powers, the differences in agriculture and agri- decade of the twentieth century. Great Poland cultural productivity between the Prussian region (Wielkopolska), Warmia and Silesia are clearly and the other regions is blatant, particularly in at the fore in terms of the culture of saving, the production of bread cereals and the breed- ing of pigs and cattle (Tables XXIV–XXVI). eclipsing even the proud and deserving (for fi- One table by S. Weigner is dedicated to an nancing the Atlas, among other things) Galician elaboration of the mineral resources of the Savings Company. Meanwhile, large areas of Polish lands. The map shows the geological the Russian partition appear to be extremely layers of discovered materials and their actual poor, the majority being generally deprived of mining. A side sketch shows the ‘Silesian-Polish Polish credit cooperatives (Table XXXI). Industrial District, also referred to in the explana­ E. Romer leaves for the end a topic that tory text as the Silesian-Cracovian coalfields, arouses emotions to this day – the country’s distributed unevenly across the Prussian, Sile- inconsistencies in transportation between the sian-Moravian, Galician and Polish Kingdom former parts of partitions. With the wonderfully areas. A separate diagram illustrates the actual dense Prussian railway infrastructure in the extraction of each raw material and the clear west and the average Austrian infrastructure in domination of Prussian Upper Silesia in all the south, the Russian part of the Polish lands mining statistics. It is worth noting that, at the is practically a black hole, especially in the beginning of the twentieth century, the Polish provinces of Kalisz and Płock, which have very territories were not only the world leader in coal scant rail connections despite bordering the mining, but also in oil mining in the Carpathians. German part of partitions. It looks as if the Other major elements of extraction and pro- Russian invaders specifically wanted to fence duction were iron ore, zinc, lead and rock salt off the Polish Kingdom from Europe. Unfortu- (Table XXVIII). nately, despite Poland’s independence, this The next two tables (XXIX and XXX) show civilizational gap has yet to be effectively that the distribution of raw materials only par- breached. 86 Anna Osowska, Dariusz Przybytek

* nal image of the nationality ratios in Upper Silesia and the former Duchy of Cieszyn, and By publishing the Geographical and Statistical also contained several historical maps on the Atlas of Poland, Eugeniusz Romer developed whole territory of Poland within the partition a set of materials to be used both by the Allies borders, as well as those established as a result (including the American, French and British of the war and ratified by the Treaty of Versail- delegations) and by the Geographical Office les. Although the territorial order established at via the Polish delegation to the Paris Peace the time did not even survive a generation, it Conference (1919–1920) to support Poland’s was of great significance as the starting point territorial claims. As a result, this work played for the changes that took place in the Europe a major role in shaping the borders of the re- in which we live today. It is therefore worth re- born Republic of Poland. In 1921, the mate- membering the extent to which thematic carto- rials developed by Romer’s team in Paris were graphy was an effective method, even a weapon, also published in a revised edition in the form in the argument for Polish national interests of the Polski atlas kongresowy (Polish Con- during the process of convincing the world of gressional Atlas), which presented an additio- the existence of Poland, not only on the map.

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