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Deletion of LRRTM1 and LRRTM2 in Adult Mice Impairs Basal AMPA Receptor Transmission and LTP in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

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Deletion of LRRTM1 and LRRTM2 in Adult Mice Impairs Basal AMPA Receptor Transmission and LTP in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons Deletion of LRRTM1 and LRRTM2 in adult mice impairs basal AMPA receptor transmission and LTP in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons Mehdi Bhouria,1, Wade Morishitaa,1, Paul Temkina,1, Debanjan Goswamia, Hiroshi Kawabeb, Nils Broseb, Thomas C. Südhofc,d, Ann Marie Craige,f, Tabrez J. Siddiquig,h,2, and Robert Malenkaa,2 aNancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; bDepartment of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; cDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; dHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; eDjavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; fDepartment of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; gDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MC R3E 0J9, Canada; and hNeuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, MC R3E 0Z3, Canada Contributed by Robert Malenka, May 2, 2018 (sent for review February 22, 2018; reviewed by Pablo E. Castillo and Guillermo A. Yudowski) Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane (LRRTM) proteins are synaptic utilized shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous LRRTMs cell adhesion molecules that influence synapse formation and and/or overexpression of individual recombinant LRRTMs. function. They are genetically associated with neuropsychiatric These approaches, when carefully controlled, are useful for disorders, and via their synaptic actions likely regulate the estab- probing the functions of proteins such as LRRTMs, but also have lishment and function of neural circuits in the mammalian brain. inherent limitations, which often make interpretation of results Here, we take advantage of the generation of a LRRTM1 and difficult. Because shRNA-mediated knockdown does not elimi- LRRTM2 double conditional knockout mouse (LRRTM1,2 cKO) to ex- nate the targeted proteins, the remaining pool of protein may be amine the role of LRRTM1,2 at mature excitatory synapses in hip- sufficient to provide critical functions. Importantly, remaining pocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Genetic deletion of LRRTM1,2 in endogenous protein may function via heterodimerization and NEUROSCIENCE vivo in CA1 neurons using Cre recombinase-expressing lentiviruses homodimerization with introduced mutant versions of the pro- dramatically impaired long-term potentiation (LTP), an impairment tein and thereby compensate for and mask critical roles for the that was rescued by simultaneous expression of LRRTM2, but not imposed mutations. Furthermore, off-target effects are relatively LRRTM4. Mutation or deletion of the intracellular tail of LRRTM2 did common with shRNA studies (2). Constitutive knockout (KO) not affect its ability to rescue LTP, while point mutations designed mouse lines of individual LRRTM genes have been generated and to impair its binding to presynaptic neurexins prevented rescue of partially phenotyped (13, 18–20). However, these suffer from the LTP. In contrast to previous work using shRNA-mediated knock- confound that developmental effects or compensations may in- down of LRRTM1,2, KO of these proteins at mature synapses also fluence the phenotype observed at mature synapses. Thus, the caused a decrease in AMPA receptor-mediated, but not NMDA gold standard for studying the role of proteins in any context, receptor-mediated, synaptic transmission and had no detectable ef- fect on presynaptic function. Imaging of recombinant photoactivat- able AMPA receptor subunit GluA1 in the dendritic spines of Significance cultured neurons revealed that it was less stable in the absence of LRRTM1,2. These results illustrate the advantages of conditional Brain function requires high-fidelity transmission of informa- genetic deletion experiments for elucidating the function of en- tion between individual brain cells at synapses, physical con- dogenous synaptic proteins and suggest that LRRTM1,2 proteins tacts that contain a specialized machinery for passing and help stabilize synaptic AMPA receptors at mature spines during receiving signals. Synaptic cell adhesion proteins form physical basal synaptic transmission and LTP. bridges between neurons and are critical for fine-tuning synaptic properties. Because of their roles in synaptic transmission, mu- synaptic transmission | synaptic plasticity | hippocampus | cell adhesion tations in these proteins contribute to a wide range of neuro- psychiatric diseases. Here, we study the role of two synaptic cell adhesion proteins, LRRTM1 and LRRTM2, in signaling at excit- omplex signaling between individual neurons of the brain atory synapses utilizing a conditional knockout mouse line. Ge- primarily occurs at synapses, which are required for the brain C netically deleting these proteins in mature neurons dramatically to process information and generate behavior. Synaptic cell ad- impairs basal synaptic transmission and disrupts long-term po- hesion proteins play an important role in defining these synaptic tentiation, a prominent form of synaptic plasticity that is critical connections. They participate in synaptogenesis by helping to for learning and memory. stabilize synapses early in development during the formation of neural circuits and simultaneously contribute to the specification – Author contributions: M.B., W.M., P.T., D.G., H.K., N.B., T.C.S., A.M.C., T.J.S., and R.M. of the diverse properties of synapses (1 3). Because of their designed research; M.B., W.M., D.G., H.K., and T.J.S. performed research; T.J.S. contrib- central role in synaptic function, mutations in synaptic cell ad- uted new reagents/analytic tools; M.B., W.M., P.T., and D.G. analyzed data; and M.B., hesion proteins contribute to a wide range of neuropsychiatric W.M., P.T., H.K., N.B., T.C.S., A.M.C., T.J.S., and R.M. wrote the paper. disorders (2, 4–8). Reviewers: P.E.C., Albert Einstein College of Medicine; and G.A.Y., Biogen. Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal proteins (LRRTMs) The authors declare no conflict of interest. form a family of four ubiquitous, but relatively poorly understood, Published under the PNAS license. synaptic adhesion proteins, which are primarily localized to ex- 1M.B., W.M., and P.T. contributed equally to this work. – citatory synapses (8 10). Previous studies have suggested roles for 2To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected] or postsynaptic LRRTMs in synaptogenesis, maintenance of AMPA [email protected]. receptor (AMPAR)-mediated transmission in developing synap- This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. ses, and NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-triggered long-term poten- 1073/pnas.1803280115/-/DCSupplemental. tiation (LTP) (8, 10–17). However, many of these previous studies www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1803280115 PNAS Latest Articles | 1of8 Downloaded by guest on September 29, 2021 including synaptic proteins in the mammalian brain, is the use of 4.7%, n = 3, P = NS), but dramatically decreased LRRTM1 and conditional genetic deletion methods, which allow precise tem- 2 mRNA in cultures from LRRTM1,2 floxed mice (LRRTM1: poral and spatial control over complete removal of the proteins of 8.3 ± 3.1%, n = 4, P < 0.0001; LRRTM2: 11.1 ± 3.2%, n = 4, P = interest (2). Furthermore, LRRTM2, which was studied most in- 0.0001). Furthermore, LRRTM1 and LRRTM2 proteins were tensively in the previous molecular, cellular, and shRNA studies undetectable in brain homogenates prepared from LRRTM1 and (8, 10–17), has not been analyzed with a genetic KO approach. LRRTM2 floxed mice that were crossed with a mouse line Here, we report findings from a mutant mouse line in which expressing germ-line Cre (SI Appendix, Fig. S3). the LRRTM1 and LRRTM2 genes have been “floxed” to allow Cre recombinase-mediated genetic double deletion of LRRTM1,2. LRRTM1,2 Deletion Blocks LTP. The techniques to genetically delete We focus on the synaptic consequences of genetic deletion of LRRTM1,2 from young adult CA1 pyramidal neurons and re- LRRTM1,2 from mature, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons place it with versions of recombinant LRRTM2 are essentially for several reasons. First, LRRTM1 and LRRTM2, but not identical to those used to genetically delete and replace other LRRTM3 and LRRTM4, are robustly expressed in these neurons critical postsynaptic proteins such as neuroligin 1 (21) and syn- (9). Second, excitatory synapses on CA1 pyramidal neurons are aptotagmins (22). We stereotactically injected lentiviruses encod- arguably the most extensively studied and best-understood syn- ing Cre recombinase fused to EGFP, a recombinase-dead ΔCre apses in the mammalian brain. Third, previous work using shRNA- fused to EGFP, or Cre recombinase fused to EGFP and an mediated knockdown of LRRTM1,2 focused on these synapses LRRTM2 variant into the CA1 region of the hippocampus in (16, 17). Fourth, these synapses express robust and extensively postnatal day 21 (P21) mice (Fig. 1 A and B). Acute hippocampal studied forms of plasticity; most importantly, they exhibit robust slices were prepared 14–21 d later, and whole-cell voltage-clamp NMDAR-triggered LTP. Fifth, it is possible to use in vivo in- recordings were made from visually identified CA1
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