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Aquifer Characteristics of Some Local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria

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Aquifer Characteristics of Some Local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol. 38, No. 1, January 2019, pp. 233 – 241 Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN: 2467-8821 www.nijotech.com http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v38i1.28 AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA G. D. Akpen1,*, M. I. Aho2 and M. G. Adejo3 1, 2, 3, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, MAKURDI, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Well pumping test results from 74 boreholes within twelve LGAs of Benue State were collated and analysed to determine the aquifer hydraulic characteristics. Cooper-Jacob’s non-uniform flow equation was used to determine the transmissivity, T, storativity, S, hydraulic conductivity, K and specific capacity, Sc of the aquifers of the study areas. The Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to generate colour coded maps of the determined hydraulics characteristics of the aquifers. The static water level (SWL) ranged from 2 to 8 m in Katsina-Ala, Ado, parts of Vandeikya and Gboko, while the rest of the study areas had SWL of 8 to 20 m with isolated areas of Konshisha and Gboko having SWL up to 38 m. Hydraulic conductivity values fall between 0.01 to 1.0 m/day in most of the study areas except Gboko and Buruku LGAs where K ranged between 1.0 to 5.0 m/day. The specific capacity of major parts of the study areas ranged from 0.01 to 10 m2/day except Konshisha, Gboko and Ushongo LGAs where the values ranged from 10.0 to 50.0 m2/day with the highest value of 83 m2/day obtained at Tse-Filla in Konshisha LGA. Transmissivity values ranged from 0.01 to 8 m2/day except, parts of Konshisha and Gboko where the value went up to 16 m2/day and 49 m2/day respectively. The highest value of storativity was 2.4 in Ado LGA with a range of 0.4 to 1.0 in parts of Katsina-Ala, Ukum, Konshisha, Ushongo and Gboko LGAs. The remaining parts of the study area had storativity values of 0.01 to 0.4. The results show that the aquifers of the study areas are of moderate to low or limited yield. The generated hydraulic characteristics are useful tools for planning and development of ground water in the study area. Keywords: Aquifer characteristics, non-uniform equation, pumping test, ground water. 1. INTRODUCTION government of Nigeria to curb the scarcity of potable The worth of an aquifer as a source of water depends water in the rural and semi urban areas of Benue largely on two inherent characteristics: its ability to State go dry after few months of being put to use. store and to transmit water. It is recognized that This is because of inadequate knowledge of the these two characteristics, referred to as the geology and hence characteristics of the aquifers coefficients of storage and transmissibility, generally and/or inadequate geophysical investigations before provide the very foundation on which quantitative the drilling and operation of the boreholes. s t u d i e s are constructed. Ground water hydraulics A survey of literature revealed little information on the methods are applied to determine these constants aquifer characteristics of the study area. The Cooper– from field data [1]. Tube wells and boreholes are Jacob method was adopted by [2] and they reported fast becoming the most dependable sources of hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and specific potable water for domestic and agricultural uses capacity values of some parts of Konshisha Local particularly in rural areas of Nigeria. Investigations Government area as 6.1 x10-2-6.45x10-1 m/day, have shown that most of the existing boreholes 2 2 drilled by individuals, state and the federal 0.49-4.52 m /day and 18.41-117.92 m /day * Corresponding author tel +234 – 703 – 904 – 9051 AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA G. D. Akpen, et al respectively. Elsewhere, estimates of aquifer (Geographical Information System) map of the transmissivity were made from specific capacity data various aquifer characteristics. This will provide using simulation [3, 4]. Pumping test data from information regarding the availability and quantity of twelve boreholes in Azare area were analysed by [5] water in storage, the depth at which the water can to determine the hydraulic properties of the aquifers. be abstracted which will be useful for proper Generally, low values of the aquifer constants were management of ground water resources in the study reported. The transmissivity, fell between 7.39 x 10-6 area. and 3.55 x 10-4 m2/sec and hydraulic conductivity ranged from 5.62 x 10-7 to 42.54 x 10-5 m/sec, while 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD the average specific capacity was 2.10 x 10-4 2.1 Study of Area m3/sec/m. It was concluded that, the available Benue State is situated between Latitudes 6o 30'N boreholes cannot provide sufficient water for and 8o 15'N and Longitudes 7o30'E and 10o00'E with domestic and agricultural needs of the area because land area of about 34,059 km2 and a population of of the poor hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers. 2,780,398 by 1991 Census and 4,253,541 by 2006 The aquifer parameters of Erho, Nigeria were estimate. The study area covers 12 out of the 23 estimated by [6] using the Cooper-Jacob evaluation Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Benue State, method. Mean values of transmissivity, storage namely: Ado, Obi, Oju, Konshisha, Gboko, Ushongo, coefficient and specific capacity of the aquifers were Vandeikya, Tarka, Buruku, Logo, Katsina-Ala and obtained as 6.15 X 10-2 m2/min, 9.3 X 10-4 and 0.33 Ukum. tm2/min respectively. Benue State experiences two distinct seasons, the An evaluation of the aquifer characteristics of Nanka wet season and the dry season. The rainy season sands was conducted by [7], who reported lasts from April to October with annual rainfall in the transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity values of range of 1120 to 1500 mm. The dry season begins in 0.48 to 19.50 m2/day and 0.06 to 3.75 m/day November and ends in March. The climate is -4 characterized by high temperature regime, ranging respectively. Transmissivity values of 4.84 x 10 – from 27-380C as mean annual. Relative humidity is -3 2 1.63x10 m /s were reported for parts of Bayelsa between 60-80%. It has a vegetation cover of the state, Nigeria [8]. The aquifer hydraulic guinea savannah type. The main river systems characteristics of Akpabuyo coastal plain, in Cross include the River Benue and the River Katsina Ala Rivers State, Nigeria were estimated by [9]. They which together with their tributaries, traverse the reported that, transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, area. The drainage system of the Cross River basin 2 and specific capacity, ranged from 485.0 m /d to bordering the lower Benue basin to the south rises 2 3 1346.0 m /d, 9.7 m/d to 27.9 m/d, 0.02 m /d/m to from the area, through the River Konshisha and its 3 346 m /d/m respectively. tributary rivulets and streams, flowing southwards A method developed by [10] which is based on an into the main basin of the Cross River to the south. approximation of the equation developed by [11] for The region is well drained and presents good transient radial flow to a well was used by [12] to potential for water resources development. The estimate the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity stream flow over the impermeable geological from specific capacity data from Utah county, Utah. environments indicates low ground water component The groundwater resources potentials of Khanewal and very high runoff. District, Pakistan, were determined using a Knowledge of the general geology of Benue State is geophysical method in combination with pumping obtained from the works of [14] and [15]. The State test data [13]. Results obtained revealed is underlain by both basement and sedimentary rocks transmissivity values obtained from pumping test which vary in character across the State (Figure 1). data and the VES method range between 954 to Basement complex rocks comprising ancient igneous 2 2 4263 m /day and 200 to 5600 m /day respectively. and metamorphic rocks, occur mainly in Kwande, Hydraulic conductivity values range between 15.9 to Ushongo, Guma, Vandeikya and the eastern part of 60.9 m/day and 29.76 to 72.3 m/day from pumping Oju LGAs. test data and geoelectrical technique respectively. The aim of this study is to determine the aquifer characteristics of the study area and produce the GIS Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 38, No.1, January, 2019 234 AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA G. D. Akpen, et al Figure 1: Geology of Benue State The basement rocks are dominated by porphyritic (BSMWR). The geographical co-ordinates of 36 granites, migmatites, diorites, pegmatites and borehole sites were given in the reports submitted gneisses. The sedimentary rocks are dominantly to the LBRBDA and BSMWR by their respective sandstones and mudstone, but also contain shale, well drillers. The co-ordinates of the remaining 38 siltstone, limestone and quartzite. In some places, borehole sites were determined at the various the sandstone can be soft and porous, and contain borehole locations using the site descriptions much groundwater. In other places, i t is hard a n d given in the pumping test reports.
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