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SFTE FTE Reference Handbook SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 Society of Flight Test Engineers Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 Page - i SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 Society of Flight Test Engineers Reference Handbook 2013 Edition Corporate support supplied by Cessna Aircraft for printing the 2007 Edition And The National Test Pilot School Contributing Authors Al Lawless (sections 1-8, 10-12, 15, 18) Greg Lewis (section 2.6) Bill Norton (sections 9, 13) Dan Hrehov (section 14) Steven Arney (section 16) John Minor (section 19) David Kidman, Christopher Moulder, Craig Stevens (section 17) Edited by Lee Gardner & Darcy Painter 1998-2006 Harold Weaver 2006-2013 The SFTE handbook committee continually seeks corporate sponsors for this book and authors for new sections (including but not limited to INS, GPS, EMI/EMF, radar, avionics, R&M, E-O, human factors, orbital mechan- ics, armament) Page - ii SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 Publication Policy Copyright (C) 2013 by Society Of Flight Test Engineers All rights reserved. This Technical Handbook is for the exclusive use of the Society of Flight Test Engineers individual and Corporate Members. The Technical information contained herein may not be reproduced by any other individual or organization in any form without writ- ten permission from the Society of Flight Test Engineers. The Society reserves the exclusive right of publication. For further information concerning the publication policy, write to: Society of Flight Test Engineers 44814 N. Elm Avenue Lancaster, California 93534 USA Or: Contact the Society of Flight Test Engineers through their web site at www.sfte.org. Please submit corrections or additions to SFTE Handbook Committee 44814 N. Elm Avenue Lancaster, CA 93534 USA Phone (661) 949-2095 Fax: (661) 949-2096 email: [email protected] Page - iii SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 SFTE Reference Handbook Quick Index Tab Section______________________ 1 General Information 2 Mathematics 3 Earth and Atmosphere 4 Pitot Statics 5 Aerodynamics 6 Axis Systems and Transformations 7 Mass Properties 8 Motion/Vibration Analysis 9 Material Strength (Loads) 10 Reciprocating Engines 11 Propellers 12 Fixed-Wing Performance Standardization 13 Acoustics 14 Electromagnetic Compatibility 15 Handling Qualities 16 Rotary Wing 17 Gas Turbine Propulsion 18 Radio Communications 19 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Page - iv SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 SFTE Reference Handbook Complete Table of Contents Tab Section____________________ 1 General Information 1.1 Unit Conversions 1.2 Greek Alphabet 1.3 Greek Symbols Used for Aircraft 1.4 Common Subscripts 1.5 Common Abbreviations 1.6 Sign Conventions 1.7 Thermodynamic Relations 1.8 Mechanics Relations 1.9 International Phonetic Alphabet and Morse Code 2 Mathematics 2.1 Algebra 2.2 Geometry 2.3 Trigonometry 2.4 Matrix Algebra 2.5 Vector Algebra 2.6 Statistics 2.7 Standard Series 2.8 Derivative Table 2.9 Integral Table 2.10 Laplace Transform Table 3 Earth and Atmosphere 3.1 Universal Constants 3.2 Earth Properties 3.3 General Properties of Air 3.4 Standard Atmosphere 3.5 Sea States 3.6 Sunrise and Sunset Times 3.7 Crosswind Components 3.8 Geodetic Measurements 4 Pitot Statics 4.1 Subsonic Airspeed and Mach Equations 4.2 Scale Altitude (Compressibility) Correction 4.3 Subsonic Relations between Compressible and Incompressible Dynamic Pressure 4.4 Supersonic Airspeed and Mach Equations 4.5 Total Temperature Equation 4.6 Altimeter Equation 4.7 Position Error Test Methods 4.8 Position Error Certification Requirements 4.9 PEC Correction Process Flow Chart 4.10 Airspeed/Altitude/Mach Graphic Relation 4.11 Effect of Errors on Calibrated Airspeed and Altitude Page - v SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 5 Aerodynamics 5.1 Dimensional Analysis Interpretations 5.2 General Aerodynamic Relations 5.3 Wing Design Effects on Lift Curve Slope 5.4 Elements of Drag 5.5 Aerodynamic Compressibility Relations 5.6 Drag Polars 6 Axis Systems and Transformations 6.1 Earth Axis System 6.2 Aircraft Axis System 6.3 Euler Angles 6.4 Flightpath Angles 6.5 Axis System Transformations 7 Mass Properties 7.1 Abbreviations and Terminology 7.2 Longitudinal and Lateral cg Measurement 7.3 Vertical cg Measurement 7.4 Moment & Product of Inertia Measurement 8 Motion/Vibration Analysis 8.1 Recurring Abbreviations 8.2 First Order Motion 8.3 Second Order Motion 8.4 Complex Plane 8.5 Parameter Conversions 8.6 Vibration Nomograph 9 Material Strength (Loads) 9.1 Terminology 9.2 Material Stress and Strain 9.3 V-n Diagram 9.4 Strain Gauges 10 Reciprocating Engines 10.1 Abbreviations and Terminology 10.2 Reciprocating Engine Modeling 10.3 Reciprocating Engine Power Standardization 10.4 FAA Approved Engine Temp. Corrections 11 Propellers 11.1 Abbreviations and Terminology 11.2 Propeller Geometry 11.3 Propeller Coefficients 11.4 Efficiency and States 11.5 Propeller Theory 11.6 Propeller Modeling 11.7 Propeller Flight Test Page - vi SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 12 Fixed-Wing Performance Standardization 12.1 Recurring Abbreviations 12.2 Standardization Techniques 12.3 Takeoff Distance 12.4 Landing Distance 12.5 Climb/Descent/Acceleration 12.6 Level Turn Performance 12.7 Reciprocating Engine Cruise Performance 12.8 Jet Aircraft Cruise Performance 13 Acoustics 13.1 Abbreviations and Terminology 13.2 Velocities, Spectrum, and Reference Levels 13.3 Pressure, Intensity 13.4 Weighting Curves 13.5 1/3 Octave Center Frequencies 14 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Abbreviations 14.3 Terms 14.4 Fundamentals 14.5 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 14.6 Testing 14.7 Lightening 14.8 High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) 14.9 Precipitation Static (Pstatic) 14.10 Reference Material 15 Handling Qualities 15.1 Cooper-Harper Rating Related Figures 16 Rotary Wing 16.1 Principal Aeroderivatives 16.2 Forward Flight Static And Dynamic Stability 17 Gas Turbine Propulsion 17.1 Turbine Engine Basics 17.2 Propulsion System Analysis 17.3 Turbine Engine Operation 17.4 Additional Information 18 Radio Comunications Page - vii SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 19 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 19.1 Electromagnetic Waves 19.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 19.3 Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation 19.4 Optical Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation 19.5 Atmospheric Transmission Windows Page - viii SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 Section 1 General Information Unit Conversion Website Link http://www.digitaldutch.com/atmoscalc/. 1.1 Unit Conversions Prefix Multipliers Angles Angular Acceleration Angular Velocity Area Density Electrical Quantities Energy / Work Force Illumination Inertia Length Linear Acceleration Mass Power Pressure Temperature Time Torque Velocity Viscosity Volume 1.2 Greek Alphabet 1.3 Greek Symbols used for Aircraft 1.4 Common Subscripts 1.5 Common Abbreviations 1.6 Sign Conventions 1.7 Thermodynamic Relations 1.8 Mechanics Relations Page 01 - 1 SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 1.1 Unit Conversions (references 1.1, 1.2) Prefix Multipliers 1018 exa E 1015 peta P 1012 tera T 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 102 hecto h 10 deka da 10-1 deci d 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro μ 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p 10-15 femto f 10-18 atto a Multiply by To Obtain (Common FTE conversions in boldface) Angles circles 1 circumferences circles 12 signs circles 21,600 minutes circles 2π radians circles 360 degrees degrees .01111 quadrants degrees 3600 seconds degrees 60 minutes mils (Army) .05625 degrees mils (Navy) .05729 degrees quadrants 90 degrees radians 57.2958 degrees revolutions 360 degrees sphere 4π steradians # #solid angle measurement Angular rev/min2 0.001745 rad/sec2 Acceleration Angular cycles/sec 6.2814 rads/sec Velocity rads/sec 0.1592 rev/sec (cycles/sec) rads/sec 9.549 rpm rad/sec 57.296 deg/sec rpm 0.01667 rev/sec Page 01- 2 SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 Multiply by To Obtain Area acres 43,560 ft2 ares 100 m2 barn 10-28 m2 centares 1 m2 circular mils 7.854 x 10-7 in2 cm2 100 mm2 ft2 144 in2 ft2 0.09290304 m2 in2 6.452 cm2 in2 106 mils2 m2 10.76 ft2 section 2,589,988.1 m2 st. mile2 27,780,000 ft2 st. mile2 2.590 km2 township 93,239,572 m2 yd2 9 ft2 yd2 0.8361 m2 Density * grams/cm3 0.03613 pounds/in3 grams/cm3 62.43 pounds/ft3 kg/m3 16.018463 pounds/ft3 slugs/ft3 515.4 kg/m3 pounds/in3 * 1728 pounds/ft3 slugs/ft3 1.94 grams/cm3 * Converting between force and mass (e.g. kg force to kg mass or pound force to pound mass) uses g = 32.174 ft/sec^2 Electrical amperes 0.1 abamperes Quantities amperes 1.0365x10-5 faradays/sec amperes 2.998x109 statamperes amperes.cicmil 1.973x105 amperes/cm2 ampere-hours 3,600 coulombs ampere-hours 1.079x1013 statcoulombs ampere turn/cm 1.257 gilberts/cm ampere turn/cm 1.257 oersteds coulombs 0.1 abcoulombs coulombs 6.243x1018 electronic charges coulombs 1.037x10-5 faradays coulombs 2.998x109 statcoulombs faradays 26.8 apmere-hours farads 10-9 abfarads farads 106 microfarads farads 8.986x1011 statfarads gausses 1 maxwells/cm2 Page 01 - 3 SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 Multiply by To Obtain Electrical gausses 6.452 lines/in2 Quantities gilberts 0.7958 ampere turns Cont. henries 109 abhenries henries 1.113x10-12 stathenries maxwells 1 lines oersteds 2.998x1010 statoersteds ohms 109 abohms ohms 1.113x1012 statohms ohm-cm 6.015x106 circ mil-ohms/ft volts 108 abvolts volts 0.003336 statvolts Energy / Btu 1.055x1010 ergs Work Btu 1055.1 Joules (N-m) Btu 2.9302x10-4 kilowatt-hours Btu 251.99 calories (gram) Btu 778.03 foot-pounds calories 4.1868 watt-seconds calories 3.088 foot-pounds electron volt 1.519x10-22 Btu ergs 1 dyne-centimeters ergs 7.376x108 foot-pounds foot-pounds 1.3558 Joules (N-m) foot-pounds 3.766x10-7 kilowatt-hours foot-pounds 5.051x10-7 horsepower-hours hp-hours 0.7457 kilowatt-hours hp-hours 2546.1 Btu Joules 0.23889 calories Joules 1 Newton-meters Joules 1 watt-seconds Joules 107 ergs kilowatt-hours 3.6x106 Joules thermies 4.1868x106 Joules watt-second 0.73756 foot-pounds Force dynes 3.597x10-5 ounces kilogram force 9.80665 Newtons kilopond force 9.80665 Newtons kip 4,448.221 Newtons Newtons 0.224808931 pounds Newtons 100,000 dynes Page 01- 4 SFTE Reference Handbook Third Edition 2013 Multiply by To Obtain Forc eounce 20 pennyweights Cont.
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