Department of Natural Resources, Annual Report 1961 -1962 Department

S 068(A) DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, ANNUAL REPORT 1961 -1962 DEPARTMENT

NATURAL RESOURCES

ANNUAL REPORT

1961-1962

GOVERNMENT OF QUEBEC

S-68 Quebec, December 3rd, 1962

To His Excellency

The Lieutenant-Governor Paul Comtois, P.C.

Quebec

Your Excellency:

I have the honour to submit to you the report of the Department of Natural Resources for the fiscal year ending March 31st, 1962.

Your respectful servant,

René Lévesque, Minister of Natural Resources TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Letter of Introduction 1

Statement of Income and Expenditures 4

Chapter I : Administration Branch 9

Chapter II : Mines Branch 11

Chapter III : Waters Branch 37

Chapter IV : Planning Branch 48

Chapter V : Information Service 49

Appendix I : Scholarships 53

Appendix II : Participation by Employees in Scientific Societies and Publications 55

Appendix III: List of Patents Obtained or Applied for in Various Countries in the Name of the Laboratories for Mineralogical and Metallurgical Research 58

Annex I : Mining Industry in Quebec 60

Annex II : Summary of Hydroelectric Production in Quebec ,., 67 Quebec, December 3rd, 1962.

Mr. René Lévesque, Minister of Natural Resources, Quebec.

Sir:

It is with pleasure that I present to you the report of the Department of Natural Resources, for the fiscal year of April 1st, 1961, to March 31st, 1962. It is, essentially, an account of the administrative work performed within the Department during that period, together with an annual review of the mining industry and the hydroelectric production in Quebec.

The present report is the successor of the annual review published, in years past, by the former Department of Mines, in accordance with Section 229, Chapter 196 of the Quebec Mining Act. However, it presents entirely new aspects, as it is the first report of the Department of Natural Resources, which came into being on April 1st, 1961.

In accordance with Statute 9-10, Elizabeth II, Chapter 48, establishing the Department of Natural Resources, this body combines the former Department of Mines and the former Department of Hydraulic Resources. The amalgamation of these two departments, together with the changes it entailed, constitutes the prevailing feature of our administrative work during the fiscal period of 1961-1962.

The former departments of Mines and of Hydraulic Resources have now become, respectively, the Mines Branch and the Waters Branch in the Department of Natural Resources.

The Mines Branch comprises two distinct divisions: the Mining Services and the Geological Services. The Laboratories and a Pilot-plant are also part of this Branch. Within the Mining Services have been co-ordinated and grouped those units of the former Department of Mines which dealt chiefly with the administration of the Quebec mining Act, namely: Mineral Rights Service, Mining Operations Service, Inspec- tion of Mines Service, Legal Service and Civil Engineering Service. - 2 -

However, there have been far more extensive changes in the make-up of the former Department of Hydraulic Resources, now the Waters Branch of the Department of Natural Resources. The Hydraulic Services of the former Department and the old Quebec Streams Commission, which were scattered partly in Quebec and partly in Montreal, were reunited and reorganized in Quebec under two distinct divisions: the Hydraulic Services and the Hydrological Services. The creation of the Hydrological Services enables the Department of Natural Resources to shoulder the entire responsibility of gathering basic data on the waters of Quebec, instead of entrusting the major part of this task to consulting engineers, as was the practice under the former Department of Hydraulic Resources.

During the reorganization of the two former Departments, now fused into the Department of Natural Resources, a new unit was established, namely: the Planning Branch. This body meets the requirements of the Act that instituted the Department of Natural Resources. In accordance with one of the goals assigned to the new Department, the Branch is engaged in conducting the studies and research necessary to the drafting of the policy and plans for the development of both the natural resources and the territory of the Province, to the benefit of Quebec's entire population.

Moreover, the libraries, documentation, editing and distribution of publications have been grouped into an Information Service. Its function is to diffuse information, within and without the Department, and to acquaint the general public with the important role of the natural resources in the life of Quebec's population as a whole.

Furthermore, all the services that play a part in the operation of the Department, be they concerned with its personnel, purchasing, accounting, mail, archives or equipment, have been placed under the Administration Branch.

The fact remains that the dispersal of the Departmentls offices throughout seven or eight separate buildings in different parts of the city of Quebec is not conducive to a convenient interchange of dealings and communication between the various sections of the organization. The recent purchase of the former University buildings on Boulevard de l'Entente, aimed at reuniting everybody under one roof, will soon eliminate the deterrent and promote administrative efficiency.

Of the tasks performed during the fiscal year 1961-1962, one especially should be brought into perspective: the dynamic role - 3 - played by the Department of Natural Resources in the organization of the congress of specialists in renewable resources, which congregated in Montreal from October 23rd to 28th, 1961. The meeting's theme was: "Resources for To-morrow". It should be recalled that this congress was organized with the joint support of the eleven Canadian governments, the ten provincial bodies and the federal authorities. Although the groundwork dated back to the end of 1958, Quebec did not give deci- sive assistance until late in the year 1960. This delay might have prevented Quebec's voice from being heard effectively, had it not been for the whole-hearted collaboration of the Department's high-ranking officers, specially those of the Planning Branch and of the Waters Branch, and the impressive contribution made by Quebec specialists during the study sessions in Montreal. The countless references to these proceedings made by the public information media - newspapers, radio and television - were instrumental in giving the population a better understanding of the importance of Quebec's renewable resources and of the problems arising out of their co-ordinated development within the framework of an integrated economy.

Mention must be made also of the prime role played by the Department of Natural Resources in the establishment of the Center for Northern Studies, at Université Laval, in July 1961. This took the form of a grant of $25,000 towards the creation of the first French-Canadian organization dedicated to the collection of data and the conducting of scientific research on northern Quebec.

Finally, during the year, many high-ranking officers of the Department contributed to the examination and review of the project submitted by the Commission for the Study of Quebec Mining Laws in view of a revision of the Mining Act.

The present report does not deal with the activities of the organizations related to the Department of Natural Resources such as those of the Rural Electrification Bureau, Electricity and Gas Board, and Hydro-Quebec. The first two have no special budget distinct from that of the Department; the last is a State entreprise endowed with an autonomous administration. The first reports to the Minister of Finance; the second, to the Lieutenant-Governor through the Minister of Natural Resources. I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your faithful servant,

P.-E. Auger

Deputy Minister of Natural Resources - 4 - STATEMENT OF INCOM

Fiscal Year 1961--1962

Licenses, dues, sales, leases or rentals collected under the provisions of the Acts governing the management of mineral and hydraulic resources

Miner's certificates $ 118,759.50

Development licenses 669,896.25

Mineral exploration licenses 200,029.26

Wrought metal sales licenses 8.00

Sales of lots in mining villages 9,326.92

Rentals of lots in mining villages 1,933.09

Dues on annual profits 4,772,704.10

Tax on mining concessions 4,011.20

Sales of mining concessions 75,660.51

Various rentals on lots etc. 11,928.41

Registration of transfer of mining properties 38,050.00

Operation license (10 Geo.VI Chap. 42) • 1 - Special license (S.3) 6,000.00 2 - Annual rental (S.11) 100,000.00

Hydraulic Services (fees for approval of plans and estimates) 9,695.00

Electricity and Gas Board 599,966.52

Water storage reservoirs 1,621,636.74

Hydraulic power 5,791,911.48

Beach lots 35,549.57

Logging dams 26,805.96

Education fund 6,060,268.27

Power lines 3,871.77

Sales of lots 7,508.50

Interest 98,339.06

Quebec Pulp 6 Paper Corporation 17,724.32

TOTAL 520,231,584.43 - 5 -

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES*

Fiscal Year 1961-1962

Ordinary expenditures

Administration (salaries and material) $ 2,874,229.15 Account receivable 67,899.27 $ 2,806,329.88 Mine s a) Geological, mineralogical and metallurgical research 762,594.93 h) Mining roads and villages 727,489.84 c) Mine rescue training plan 22,551.92 $ 1,512,636.69 Account receivable 32,006.77 $ 1,480,629.92 Hydraulic resources a) River studies and works 2,061,221.25 b)Equipment and storage 32,999.49 $ 2,094,220.74

Account receivable 20,830.14 $ 2,073,390.60

Electricity and Gas Board 210,409.70

Rural Electrification Bureau 2,268,350.89

Account receivable 1,582,944.35 $ 685,406.54 Subsidies and various expenditures 117,197.91

Participation in fairs 9,988.07 $ 7,443,352.62

Account receivable 89,588.83

Total ordinary expenditures $ 7,353,763.79

Capital expenditures a) Road and bridge construction $ 3,223,016.18 Share of Federal government and of mining companies 1,724,908.12 h) Purchase of Pilot-plant (First of three installments) $ 1,498,108.06 $ 131,666.66 Rural Electrification Bureau

Purchase and construction of power lines $ 698,216.22

Account receivable 5,806.94 $ 692,409.28

Total capital expenditures $ 2,322,184.00

TOTAL EXPENDITURES $ 9,675,947.79

* The statement of expenditures of the Department of Natural Resources includes also expenditures of the Electricity and Gas Board and of the Rural Electrification. Bureau; their budgets being part of the budget of the Department of Natural Resources. DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

René Lévesque

Minister

P.-E. Auger

Deputy Minister

Director-general of Mines Branch and Associate Deputy Minister B.-T. Denis

Director-general of Waters Branch J.-C. Chagnon

Director-general of Planning Branch Michel Bélanger

Director-general of Administration Branch Raymond Cormier

- 7 -

List of the Branches and Services with the Names of Their Chiefs and Their Office Telephone Numbers

Mines Branch B.-T. Denis 2584

Geological Services I.W. Jones 505 Geological Surveys Service H.W. McGerrigle 607 Mineral Deposits Service P.-E. Grenier 3403 Groundwater, Cas and Petroleum Service R. DeBlois 2997 Regional geological offices: Rouyn-Noranda, at Rouyn Jean Dugas Roger 2-6591 Val-d'Or-Matagami, at Bourlamaque Maurice Latulippe VAlley 4-6668 Chibougamau-Bachelor Lake at Chibougamau Gilles Duquette CHibougamau 2880 Eastern Townships-Gaspe-Montreal- Western Quebec, at Montreal André Deland Vlctor 4-1051 Lake Saint-Jean, at Quebec Raymond Marleau 2340 Cartography Service A. Blanchette 571

Mining Services J.-E. Gilbert 3473 Civil Engineering Service L.-A. St-Pierre 2158 Mining Operations Service R.-H. Taschereau 481 Legal Service R. Langevin 2843 Inspection of Mines Service M.-0. Lafontaine Vlctor 4-1051 District inspectors at: Noranda G. Courtemanche ROger 2-2479 Thetford Mines F. Cloutier FEderal 8-1091 Quebec L. Trudel 3261

Mineral Rights Service F.-U. Roux 2627 District registrars at: Amos F. Adam AMos 129 Bourlamaque N. Laforest VAlley 4-6817 Chibougamau R.-I1. Lefebvre CHibougamau 2751 Montreal F. Turcotte Vlctor 4-1051 Rouyn T.-H. Théberge ROger 2-4469

Laboratories Services M. Archambault 2961

Pilot-plant Services P.-E. Pelletier 3100

Waters Branch J.-C. Chagnon 3348

Hydraulic Services C.-E. Deslauriers 584 Hydraulic Works Service G. Poitras 2258 Hydraulic Domain Service R.-L. Ménard 3152 Hydraulic Research Service

Hydrological Services Michel Slivitsky 3426 Hydrography Service E. Bernier 2947 Hydrometry Service M. Hendler 810 Meteorology Service J. E. Legendre 2670 Operation of Dams Service O. Marien 2857 Planning Branch Michel Belanger 2991 Photogrammetry Service I.éron Valois 3653 Economic Studies Service Jertime Lépine 500 André Marier 2730 Ronald Daoud 3726 Administration Branch Raymond Cormier 2500 Personnel Service Claude-P. Bélanger 2431 Purchasing Service E. Aubin 2516 Accounting Service J. Fortier 2149 Archives Service G. Gauthier (Waters) 2568 P. Bordeleau (Mines) 2777 Equipment Service R. Dufresne (Waters) 2524 C.R. Staniforth (Mines) 2890 Secretariat and Scholarships Committee Gisêle Landreville 2455 Information Service L. Beaudoin 2212 EMBLEM

In November 1961, the Department of Natural Resources adopted a distinctive coat of arms emblematic of the mergence of its hydraulic and mineral resources.

The golden lightning on a red background symbolizes the electrical energy that is derived from Quebec's hydraulic resources. The ore-wagon in a drift represents the exploitation of minerals. The gold background stands for metals and the black, for non-metallic substances _ resources from the sub-soil of Quebec. The monogram "Q", which surrounds the shield and the fleurs-de-lis, expresses the gathering together of the resources that the State intends to develop for the benefit of its population, the majority of whom are of French extraction. CHAPTER I

Administration Branch

The amalgamation of the former departments of Mines and of Hydraulic Resources into the Department of Natural Resources neces- sitated the creation of the Administration Branch, owing to the regrouping of those Services that deal essentially with internal control, such as, Personnel, Purchasing and Accounting, Equipment, Secret- ariat and Archives.

Matters dealt with concern personnel relations, purchasing of material, verification of accounts, mail distribution, classification and safe-keeping of documents and maintenance of material and equipment needed by the Department•.

On March 31st, 1962, the Department of Natural Resources employed 632 people, compared with 578, on April 1st, 1961. During this same period, 69 persons left and 123 joined the Department; 16 university graduates resigned their posts and 36 accepted positions with the Department. On March 31st, 1962, the combined Services of the Department were employing 121 university graduates. Of these, 89 were engineers specialized in the following disciplines: 31, in geology; 20, in civil engineering; 18, in mining engineering; 9, in chemistry; 6, in metallurgy; 4, in physics; 1, in electricity. The remaining 32 graduates were mostly chemists, economists, lawyers and physicists.

During the fiscal year reviewed, a Director of Personnel was hired, whose duties, in collaboration with the Chiefs of Services and the Officers of the Civil Service Commission, involve the internal supervision of the personnel in matters dealing with the definition of duties and the classification of functions, the evaluation of employee efficiency and the recruiting of competent candidates. This work is absolutely essential for the up-grading of public service.

For its part, the Purchasing Service analyses and forwards purchasing orders, whereas the Accounting Service supervises expenditures chargeable to the various items of the budget and collects monies levied under the prescriptions of the Acts affecting mines and hydraulic resources.

In this regard, revenues from mines, which had climbed from $4,668,603.49 in 1959-1960 to $6,228,815.92 in 1960-1961, - 10 - totalled $5,957,677.24 in 1961-1962. On the other hand, revenues from hydraulic resources have risen steadily: $11,787,816.29 in 1959-1960; $13,597,793.80 in 1960-1961; and $14,273,907.19 in 1961-1962. Total revenues derived from natural resources rose from $16,456,419.78 in 1959-1960 to $20,231,584.43 in 1961-1962.

On the other hand, the combined expenditures of the former departments of Mines and of Hydraulic Resources, which had totalled $11,703,094 in 1959-1960 and $16,679,480 in 1960-1961, decreased to $9,675,947.79 in the first year of operation of the Department of Natural Resources.

The Equipment Service attends to the keeping and maintenance of all the equipment needed by the Department, notably for its geological and hydrological surveys. Part of this material is stored in Quebec, part in Chibougamau and in survey base depots located in Northern Quebec at Great Whale, at Eastmain, and at Fort Chimo.

Finally, the Archives Service keeps and classifies all the Department's documents, while the personnel of the Secretariat processes and sends out the countless letters and publications received and issued throughout the year. CHAPTER II

Mines Branch

In accordance with a provision of Statute 9-10, Elizabeth II, Chapter 48, the Department of Natural Resources is responsible for the enforcement of the "Quebec Mining Act". This responsibility has been delegated to the Mines Branch, the duties of which involve the issuance and registration of mining titles, the collection of dues on mines and the sale of mining concessions, and the supervision of safety conditions in mines and quarries and of measures to prevent air and water pollution in and by mining operations, as well as the guidance in organizing mining villages and in opening access roads to mineral resources.

On the other hand, the Quebec Mining Act provides for the establishment of a corps of geologists and mineralogists whose functions entail exploration, mineral research, and publication of maps and studies on geology and mineralogy. As a matter of fact, the Quebec government has never ventured into the mining exploration and development fields as the State does in certain countries. It has always left these endeavours to private industry, confining its role to the preparation of geological and mineralogical maps and reports, to sup- plying technical services to mining companies, such as the assay of samples in its laboratories and the investigation of treatment processes in its Pilot-plant.

Far from being negligible, however, the services that the Mines Branch maintains for the benefit of the mining industry are, on the contrary, the most extensive and the most costly of those provided by the Department of Natural Resources. These include the Geological Services and the Laboratories and Pilot-plant Services. There is, moreover, the Civil Engineering Service supervising the construction and maintenance of mine roads and the organization of mining villages.

All these services, from which the mining industry ben- efits, absorb, as a group, about $4,000,000 of the $4,400,000 budgeted for the entire Mines Branch. As it happens, the Geological Services cost nearly $1,000,000, whereas the Laboratories and Pilot-plant entail annual expenditures in the order of $600,000. Add to that, the construction and maintenance of mine roads and the organization of mining villages, to which was allocated $2,400,000 in the fiscal year 1961-1962. Of this sum, $1,500,000 was invested. To be more specific, the total expenditure under this last heading exceeded $2,400,000, and - 12 - even reached $4,100,000, if one takes into account the sum of $1,700.000 refunded by the Federal government and the mining companies to the Pro- vincial Treasury, under the terms of their cost-sharing agreement in the construction of mine roads and roads to resources.

In fine, the Mines Branch has, as a rule, pursued, within the Department of Natural Resources, the functions and policies of the former Department of Mines regarding the development and inventory of the mineral resources. The Branch, for that matter, is made up of the main components of the former Department of Mines, grouped under two distinct divisions: Mining Services and Geological Services and its authority extends also over the Labtoratories and the Pilot-plant Services.

A) Mining Services

The Mining Services came into being when the Department of Natural Resources was constituted, on April 1st, 1961. It is entrusted with the issuance of miner's certificates and development licenses and the concession of lands for mining purposes. Its duties include the inspection of mines, quarries and treatment plants to ascertain whether they are'operated according to the provisions of the Quebec Mining Act. On the Mining Services devolves the responsibility of supervising such civil engineering works as the construction and maintenance of mine roads,; the drainage of peat bogs and the establishment of mining villages. Finally, to the Mining Services are referred all legal matters, whether involving contention or litigation, such as cases of dispute over or revocation of mining rights.

Thus, the Mining Services groups the following components: the Mineral Rights Service, the Mining Operations Service, the In- spection of Mines Service, the Civil Engineering Service and the Legal Service.

(1) To fulfill the obligations imposed by Section 83 of the Quebec Mining Act, the Mineral Rights Service is charged with recording mining claimsN in its offices located in Quebec, Montreal, Rouyn, Amos and Chibougamau and with issuing miner's certificates in Bourlamaque, Ville-Marie, Hull and Campbell's Bay.

m A mining claim is a staked area (covering one lot, half a lot or a quarter lot, in surveyed territory, or 40 acres in non-subdivided territory) upon which the staker holds rights granted by the State. - 13-

In 1961-1962, the Mineral Rights Service recorded 41,999 claims and issued 11,898 miner's certificates. This represents, by comparison with preceding years, a large increase that is due mostly to the reopening of Northern Quebec to the staking of mining claims, on February 4th, 1961.

On the other hand, the 7,876 development licenses issued or renewed, during this fiscal year, show a 7 per cent decrease in relation to the figures for the preceding fiscal year. Reports on exploration work indicate that the various mining companies were instrumental in having 1,223,344 man days of work performed in 1961-1962.

In addition, the Mineral Rights Service recorded 3,813 transfers of mining rights and granted 16 mining concessions. It also issued 13 mineral exploration and 2 special exploration licenses ap- plicable to the following areas: 1) four exploration licenses for all minerals in Northern Quebec; 2) nine exploration licenses for combus- tible natural gas and petroleum or naphtha in the St.Lawrence Valley, tht Gaspé Peninsula and Anticosti Island; 3) two special exploration licenses valid for all minerals except gold and silver: the first in Cranbourne township, Dorchester county; the second in Bolton township, Br6me county.

(2) The Mining Operations Service deals with the approval of mill and tailings sites consistent with requirements of Sections 13 (2) and 123 of the Quebec Mining Act; with the study of geological and geophysical surveys and reports of exploration and of development work submitted by mining companies according to Sections 45, 75 and 79 of the Quebec Mining Act; with the collection of dues on mines in conformity with the provisions of Section 13 (1) of the Act; with the gathering and compilation of statistical reports which every mine operator must supply according to Section 113 of the same Act; and, finally, with the application of the "Unwrought Metal Sales Act".

a)Within the scope of these duties are the inspection visits made by two engineers to 40 sulphide mines, both active and inactive; 144 samples were collected to determine the influence of the tailings on the surrounding watershed.

b) Moreover, an engineer studied 90 geological maps and reports, 229 geophysical maps and reports, 244 diamond drilling journals and relevant appended documents submitted to the Department by exploration companies and accounting for the work done by them during the year reviewed. This work must, by law, be performed by holders of - 14 - mining claims or of development licenses. In addition, this same engineer examined 16 reports presented to support requests for mining concessions, according to the requisites of Section 45 of the Quebec. Mining Act.

Following its past practice, the Quebec Securities Com- mission forwarded to the Department of Natural Resources, during the year, documents received from mining companies wishing to be granted permission to sell shares to the public. After study of the supporting documents, the Department of Natural Resources advises the Commission as to the validity of the technical assertions contained therein. In this respect, 140 briefs and prospectuses forwarded by the Quebec Securities Commission were examined during the fiscal year under review.

c)In another connection, duties paid by 37 mining companies, under the regulations covering taxation on profits, yielded a total of $4,656,044..93. On the one hand, 163 holders of mining concessions paid the 10 cents acreage tax, remitting a total of $4,011.20, in accordance with the requisites of Section 50 of the Quebec Mining Act. On the other hand, the payment of this tax was waived in favour of 156 other holders of concessions, because, under the stipulations of the same Section 50, they presented to the Department affidavits to the effect that, during the year, they performed development work on their mining concessions to an amount in excess of $200.

d) In 1961-1962, the Service collected and compiled 5,294 statistical reports on the mining industry. These covered such items as production, shipments, salaries and wages, number of employees, man- hours worked, and operation and investment expenditures. Most of the collected data appears in a later section of this review dealing with the mining industry and in an annual report on the mining industry of Quebec.

(3) The Inspection of Mines Service is charged with the enforcement of the Regulations for the Safety and Protection of Work- men in Mines and Quarries enacted under the provisions of Sections 197 and 198, Chapter 196 of the Quebec Mining Act. This entails regular inspections of mines, open-pits and quarries and their attendant electrical and mechanical installations; testing the salubrity of the air in mining installations; investigation of accidents and other fortui- tous events that could affect the lives of workmen in the mining industry, and the management of the Mine Rescue Training Plan. - 15-

In the course of their routine inspections of mines and quarries, engineers of the Department gathered information on existing and future mining operations for the purpose of governmental administration. They moreover investigated mining lands before holding titles were granted through letters patent by virtue of Section 49 of the Quebec Mining Act, and they examined tailings sites of mines and proces- sing plants in conformity with Sections 37, 13•and 123 of the same Act.

a) Engineers of the Department, in 1961-1962, made 227 inspections of mines and quarries. These inspections took place during working hours and enabled the engineers to study working conditions and work in progress and to ascertain whether safety regulations were being enforced, and,if so, whether they applied to the working place, to the state of tools and machines, and to the protection of workers.

In addition, the Department's engineers investigated 19 fatal accidents and other unusual events, the results of which were published.

b) Electrical engineers of the Inspection of Mines Ser- vice conducted 127 inspections of electrical installations, checking whether electrical systems, from generators to switches, were in conformity with regulations enacted under the authority of the Quebec Mining Act. They have also studied the detailed plans covering changes in existing electrical installations and in new ones, all of which must be approved by the Department.

c) The approval and inspection of mechanical installations, such as hoisting machinery, fall within the functions of the Department. Its engineers test this equipment before it is placed into service and thereafter. In the course of 42 visits, they carried out 75 inspections of hoisting equipment such as hoists, cages and skips.

Also received and studied by the Service, during the year reviewed here, were 246 hoisting rope-test reports, 335 hoist braking- test reports, 365 boiler inspection reports and 290 attestations of medical certificates issued to hoist operators. The study of these documents serves to guide engineers in their inspection work, and enables them, when necessary, to take such measures as to make mining companies comply with existing regulations.

d) Clean breathable air is as indispensable to the health of miners as competent electrical and mechanical installations are to their safety. It is for this reason that the Department's engineers - 16 -

make ventilation and dust surveys in mines. During the fiscal year in review, they conducted 89 ventilation surveys and examined under the microscope 629 dust samples. All workmen exposed to dusty atmospheric conditions in Quebec mines must hold a medical certificate renewable every year. The Inspection of Mines Service thus received 15,841 attestations of radiographic examinations given to miners during the year.

e) Finally, it is the general rule among the more important mines of Quebec that miners, chosen for their physical fitness, be trained in mine rescue work and first aid practice. Mining companies pay the cost of the plan and of the training, which is organized and supervised by the Inspection of Mines Service. Thirty mines have al- ready taken advantage of the plan, which has graduated, since 1948, 1,144 mine rescuers, of which 362 are at present available in case of emergency. Interest in mine rescue training is kept alive by means of tests and competitions between the teams from various mines. The annual mine recue competition, which was held at Asbestos, in September 1961, pitted against one another the eight rescue teams that had earned top honours in preliminary trials involving 23 teams. The rescue team from Gaspé Copper Mines Limited was awarded the trophy.

It would appear that this training in mine rescue work and first aid practice, together with safety measures and inspections, contributes effectively to protect the lives of Quebec miners, as the accident rate in the mines and quarries of Quebec is one of the lowest in Canada. This was confirmed last year when the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy awarded the safety trophy to five Canadian mining companies, four of them operating in Quebec, in recognition of their extremely low accident rate during the year reviewed here.

(4) The Civil Engineering Service, by virtue of Sections 135, 37 and 142 of the Quebec Mining Act, is charged with the construction of mine roads,the establishment of mining villages and the drainage of peats bogs.

a) The Department of Natural Resources sees to the opening of roads to resources and roads to mines and peat bogs. The first ones serve to unlock areas rich in natural resources and are built in collaboration with the Federal government under the terms of the Roads to Resources programme; the second ones, leading as they do to mining properties, are, for that reason, built with the co-operation of the mining companies concerned. In both instances, they are gravelled roads. However, whereas the roads in the first category are laid out - 17 - to a width of 100 feet with a 36-foot apron; those in the second group may have only a 24-foot apron. Construction costs of the first type are shared on an equal basis by the Quebec and Federal governments, whereas, for the second type, the Quebec government grants a subsidy that, in certain cases, equals half the cost of construction.

The Department of Natural Resources now sees that its road-building plans meet the standards established by the Department of Roads. Consequently, the latter Department, as a rule, assumes the maintenance of the new roads to resources as soon as they are completed. The repair and maintenance of mine roads devolve sometimes on the Depart- ment of Natural Resources and sometimes on the mining companies that use them.

The construction and maintenance of the roads to resources and of the mine roads require, from the Civil Engineering Service, the preparation of plans and cost estimates, the call for tenders, the awarding of contracts and the supervision of the work. However, the plans and cost estimates of bridges and the supervision of their construction are entrusted to consulting engineers.

During the fiscal year 1961-1962, the Civil Engineering Service_ completed, within the framework of the Federal-Provincial programme, the construction of the Amos-Matagami road, which was of- ficially opened in September 1961. The work done comprised the completion of the roadway from its starting point to Mile-post 25, then from Mile-post 97 to 104, including 5.3 miles of road giving access to the village of Matagami, and the construction of the 7-mile road to the New Hosco mine. Included in this road work is the construction of two concrete bridges: one, 23 feet long, over Panache river; the other, 84 feet long, over Saint-Dominique river. It also included the completion. of a 292-foot concrete and steel bridge over Harricana river, a 275- foot concrete bridge over Coigny river and a 493-foot concrete bridge over Allard river.

It is likewise under the terms of the same Federal assistance programme that the Civil Engineering Service authorized the start of construction, in January 1962, of a 718-foot concrete and steel bridge over Waswanipi river on the Chapais-Desmaraisville road. On the other hand, consulting engineers prepared a project for the road that will join Waconichi and Albanel lakes and another for a 1.7-mile section of the Chapais-Desmaraisville road, near Renault lake. Relying on information obtainea from consulting engineers, survey crews of the Department have begun to mark out the location of the road from Waconi- chi to Albanel lakes. Moreover, they completed the lay-out of a 30-mile stretch of the Chapais-Desmaraisville road. - 18 -

Furthermore, the Department of Natural Resources, in collaboration with mining companies, contributed to the construction of the following mine roads: a 5-mile road leading to the mine of Marbridge Mines Limited, in Abitibi-East county; a 2.7-mile road requested by Solbec Copper Mines Limited, in Wolfe county; a 1.3-mile road to the peat bog of Premier Peat Moss Producers Limited, in Rivière-du-Loup county; a 2.5-mile road for Malartic Hygrade Gold Mines Limited, in Abitibi-East county; and a 1.8-mile road leading to the property of Frontenac Corporation Limited, in Frontenac county.

In addition, the Department helped to rebuild or repair some mine or peat-bog roads that had been damaged through natural causes. These were a road to the Leclerc peat bog, Ile-aux-Coudres; a road to the Richard Lambert peat bog, Rivière-Ouelle; a third one to the Henri Reid peat bog, Pointe-au-Pere; the road from Sept-Iles to Des Rapides lake, Duplessis county; the road leading to the mine of Carey Canadian Mines Limited, in Tring Junction, Beauce county; the mine road of Flintkote Mines Limited, in Saint-Antoine-de-Pontbriand, Mégantic county; and the mine road of Vauze Mines Limited, in Rouyn.

The following is a list of the roads maintained by the Department of Natural Resources during the summer: the road from Notre-Dame de la Doré to Chibougamau, including its branch roads in the vicinity of Chibougamau, which together represent a total distance of 197 miles; the Senneterre-Desmaraisville road, north of Taschereau river, a distance of 95 miles, in Abitibi-East county; the Amos-Mata- gami road with its spur roads, a stretch of 120 miles, in Abitibi-East county; and a 35-mile road from Murdochville to Sainte-Anne lake, in Gaspé-North county.

All in all, the construction, repair and maintenance of roads, including bridges, falling under the jurisdiction of the Depart- ment of Natural Resources have cost, in 1961-1962, the bum of $3,346,428.63 distributed as follows: $1,658,244.71 paid by the Quebec government; $1,543,644.23, by the Federal government; and $144,529.69 contributed by various mining companies.

b) In addition, the Civil Engineering Service, under the provisions of Sections 37 and 35 of the Quebec Mining Act, is responsible for the establishment of mining villages. Its role consists, firstly, in supervising the transfer of Crown lands and, as long as a municipality does not exist, in organizing, on the spot, public works and public utilities; secondly, in controlling, in conjunction with the Department of Municipal Affairs, the transfer or sale of lands situated within the boundaries of mining concessions. - 19 -

Thirteen Quebec centers are subject to the provisions of the Act Respecting the' Municipal Organization of Mining Villages. With the exception of Matagami, all have their own municipal organization. As far as they are concerned, the Department's role is reduced to the following matters: to see to the transfer of Crown lands and to approve the subdivision and sale of lands located within mining concessions. A very small percentage of the proceeds from the sales of these lands pays the duties owed to the Department of Natural Resources, whereas the rest is turned over to the municipal treasury involved and held in trust by the Department of Finances to defray the costs of municipal projects jointly approved by the Departments of Municipal Affairs and of Natural Resources.

In this respect, the Department of Natural Resources. approved, during the fiscal year, the cadastral survey or sale of one lot, in Bourlamaque, located within the boundaries of the mining concession owned by Lamaque Mining Company Limited; six lots in Chapais, in the concession owned by Opemiska Copper Mines (Quebec) Limited; one lot in Malartic, in the concession of Barnet Mines Limited; twenty-two lots in Murdochville, in the concession of Gaspé Copper Mines Limited; six lots in Noranda, in the concession of Noranda Mines Limited; and one lot in Rouyn-South, in the concession of Glencona Exploration Mining Limited. During the same period, the Department ceded 244 lots in Chibougamau and four lots in Val d'Or.

In Matagami, it has been the aim of the Department to create a model mining town by adopting for its development a master town-planning scheme that provide for 2,300 people to be settled on a tract of 280 acres, where the lay-out of streets, houses, shops, municipal buildings and parks has been foreseen. During the fiscal year 1961-1962, the Civil Engineering Service has had the land clear- ed and stumped, streets gravelled and sewers laid down.

c) In order to assist the peat industry, the Department contributed, during the fiscal year under review, the sum of $36,740 towards the drainage of peat bogs. This money was distributed among 22 operators according to the amount of drainage work completed by each one.

5) The Legal Service attends to the interpretation of law, when so requested by departmental authorities or the public, and to the preparation of amendments to the law and of Orders in Council needed by the Department's administration. Its activities, however, are restricted to the field of mines, whereas a notary, attached to the Waters Branch, prepares the leases, contracts and Orders in Council affecting hydraulic resources. - 20-

The Legal Service, as it now obtains, deals with the revocation of mineral rights and of mining concessions, with the preparation and application of emphyteutic leases in mining villages, with the revision of the tariffs and conditions set for the disposition of surface rights in mining concessions, and with disputes over mineral rights.

During the fiscal year in review, the Legal Service was specifically engaged in correcting some irregular situations in mining villages, such as land speculation and unlawful occupancy; in enforcing the terms of emphyteutic leases; in revising the sale prices of lots; and in settling some leases held in abeyance over the past few years. The Department of Natural Resources is now in a position to bring to court any holder of land in mining towns or villages who does not abide by the terms of his lease.

Moreover, during the fiscal year 1961-1962, the Service studied 35 conflicts of mining titles and suggested solutions for their settlement. A conflict results over a mining claim, for instance, when two people have staked or claim to have staked the same plot of land. Following investigation and inspection of the ground in dispute, the Legal Service recommends a settlement of the dispute consistent with the dispositions of the Quebec Mining Act. Finally, the Service was asked to examine a number of claims for damages incurred following automobile accidents that occurred on highways or roads placed under the jurisdiction of the Department of Natural Resources.

There is, however, much to be done before the Legal Ser- vice becomes a unified entity able to handle all legal matters involving contention or litigation in what concers both hydraulic and mineral resources, while keeping a watchful eye on the implementation and amelioration of the laws.

B) Geological Services

According to the provisions of Section 222 of the Quebec Mining Act, the Geological Services has the duty of studying the geology of Quebec by making geological surveys and by collecting geological and geophysical data from various sources, in order to publish the results of this inventory and thus facilitate the development and utilization of mineral resources of the province.

Forty per cent of the territory of Quebec has yet to be surveyed before the geological map of the province can be completed; - 21 - this unsurveyed portion includes districts fairly near settled areas, such as the upper St. Maurice and Pontiac county. To complete the map is the goal of the survey parties as, year after year, in various parts of the country, they keep extending knowledge of the mineralization of Quebec's sub-soil. The geologist's working method is to study rock outcroppings along regularly-spaced traverse lines located on the ground by standard survey methods. Once the field work is completed, the geological information thus garnered is recorded in a preliminary map and report and then in a complete or final report with map attached; both types of documents are subsequently published.

Geological surveys reveal the mineralization existing in various regions and point to the areas most worthy of attention on the •part of prospectors. The study of outcrops can thus lead, particularly in unexplored territory, to the discovery of ore deposits that will be investigated by prospecting and exploration companies. This is, for the record, what happened during the year reviewed here, in the zone of volcanic rocks of Obamska, which is located 90 miles northwest of Matagami lake and about 50 miles south of Rupert House. Many exploration companies have indeed directed their efforts in that area since a geological survey party under J.H. Remick discovered, in the summer of 1961, a zone of volcanic rocks identical to the mineral-rich formations of Abitibi.

While they study the nature and layout of the rock formations, the Department's geologists try to appraise the mineral resources of the various regions for the benefit of prospectors looking for economic deposits.

These are the main tasks of the Geological Services, which includes the Geological Surveys Service, the Mineral Deposits Service, the Groundwater, Gas and Petroleum Service and the Cartography Branch.

1) The Geological Surveys Service has the task of preparing the geological• map of Quebec, usually at the scale of one mile to the inch, based on traverse lines laid at intervals of half a mile. Field work is carried out during summer, when outcrops are visible. Then, during the winter months, geologists prepare a report or study based on their field work and also compare geological data collected from various sourdes.

During 1961, the Service organized 27 survey parties and four special missions. While three of the parties did reconnaissance mapping over a 5,100-square-mile area, in order to produce maps at the -22 -

scales of two, four or eight miles to the inch, the other 24 parties mapped a total area of 6,900 square miles; the results of their field work will appear on maps drawn at the scale of one mile to the inch. On the other hand, the four special missions were assigned to collect supplementary data fox administrative purposes.

It should be mentioned that only eight of these 31 parties were led by geologists of the Department of Natural Resources; the other 23 party chiefs were geologists on leave from their university teaching posts or research programmes for the duration of their temporary summer employment. Members of these parties also included 34 other geologists, 56 students and 65 helpers.

From the above it can be seen that there is a numerical deficiency of geologists in the Department. The Service has not been able to recruit or even keep the competent personnel needed for the successful completion of the geological study of Quebec.

2) The Mineral Deposits Service does the detailed geological study of the mining properties and mining areas of Quebec. This entails geological surveys along closely spaced traverse lines, usually 500 feet apart, to make possible the publication of studies and maps (at the scale of 1,000 feet to the inch) that will show as completely as possible the mineralization and the rocks of the various regions of Quebec. At the same time, the Department's geologists try to appraise the importance of the known ore deposits in order to guide new mining companies undertaking exploration work and entering into production. In fine, the aim of this Service is to acquire accurate information on mineral deposits and even to look for new ones so as to facilitate the working of more and more deposits.

To these ends, the Mineral Deposits Service, in 1961, in addition to the study of many mining properties, supervised the work of nine parties in various regions known for the importance of their mineral resources, such as the Abitibi region. It was thus possible for the Department's geologists to survey in detail some 300 square miles. In this work, however, they enlisted the help of eight other geologists, 24 students and eight helpers.

Moreover, during the fiscal year reveiwed here, the resident geologists who were in charge of the five regional offices maintained by the Service throughout Quebec kept abreast of the geological research in their respective districts. They visited new mining properties, followed closely prospection and exploration work, advised those engaged in such work, and kept up to date the compilation of geological data on their district maps. -23-

In addition, the regional resident geologists took care of the popular beginners' courses in prospecting sponsered every year, in March and April, by the Department of Natural Resources, upon requests from regional or local organizations. Simple and available to all comers, these courses comprise five lectures illustrated with films and last five days in each locality. Topics include elementary geology and petrography, identification of minerals, and methods of prospecting. These beginners' courses in prospecting were given, during the fiscal year, at Alma, Amos, Chapais, Disraeli, Port-Cartier, Saint- Jovite, Ville-Marie and Wakefield.

The more advanced courses on prospecting given by Univer- sité Laval, in Quebec, and Ecole Polytechnique, in Montreal, under the auspices of the Department of Natural Resources were not presented during the 1961-1962 fiscal year.

Finally, the Mineral Deposits Service keeps and classifies reports of exploration forwarded to the Department by mining companies, and the geological and inspection reports prepared by its professional staff following visits to mining properties. The record of mining lands under holding titles is transferred to linen, on which are plotted the prospecting, exploration and development work performed on these lands. All the information in the Service's technical archives is basically for the private use of the Department, but whatever is not of a con- fidential nature is readily available to prospectors and operators.

3) The Groundwater, Gas and Petroleum Service conducts hydrogeological surveys, when requested to do so by municipalities in quest of some underground water source, and observes the drilling done by private companies searching for natural gas and petroleum in Quebec.

In fact, there are many municipal councils, public utilities or authorities who are looking for underground sources of water, a type of supply favoured to-day by 95 per cent of our municipalities in preference to a surface water supply, because of the latter's high cost when conveyed from afar. It is the function of the Groundwater, Gas and Petroleum Service to answer those requests, first by conducting a geological survey on the ground to locate aquiferous formations, and then by running various tests such as permeability, porosity and trans- missibility, followed by drillings and pumping trials, in order to be able to ascertain the potential of the aquiferous formations. This was the work done by three engineer-geologists and three technicians of the Department during some 65 hydrogeological surveys undertaken in 31 counties during the fiscal year under review. - 24 -

On the other hand, many private societies are known to be searching for natural gas and petroleum, specially in the St. Lawrence Lowlands and in the Gaspé Peninsula. In these areas, seven companies, all searching for gas, drilled 58 wells last year, 38 of which were clustered in the Pointe-du-Lac area. In this respect, members of the Service watch drilling operations closely to insure adherence to regulations, measure the discharge and pressure of gas flows encount- ered, analyse samples, establish the correlations between the various geological formations and determine the characteristics of gas zones disclosed through drilling in order to map and index the topography and the details of the drilling.

While engaged in this work, the Service's engineers began, during the fiscal year under review, to compile the results of drilling operations carried out here and there since 1958; they also began a revision of the regulations governing the drilling of wells for gas and petroleum.

It should be mentioned that the Service has entered into a new field of activities: the geology of the Pleistocene Age. Because certain geological formations of that age contain the largest sources of underground water, the Groundwater, Gas and Petroleum Service, in co- operation with the Geological Surveys Service, has undertaken the mapping of the unconsolidated formations, notably around Beloeil, in order to assist in solving foundations and water supply problems created by urban and industrial expansion. To this end, a survey party did some field work during the summer of 1961.

4) The Cartography Service has the task of drawing up the maps, diagrams or miscellaneous plans needed by the geological and mining services. Its main function is threefold: to prepare the base maps indispensable to the conduct of geological parties; to keep up to date the mining claims maps; to draw the maps attached to the Depart- ment's publications, specially geological publications.

Thus,the Cartography Service prepares, for the use of the geological survey parties, base maps on tracing cloth bearing topographical data gleaned from aerial photographs or other sources. In addition, it keeps up to date two sets of tracings on linen, at the scale of half a mile to the inch. On the first appear the location of mining claims and concessions; on the second, the boundaries of mining properties. The number of tracings in the latter series reached 692 during the fiscal year. On the 1,176 tracings of the first series were marked the stakings of 41,999 new mining claims. From all these tracings, 17,577 prints were struck off to fulfill the numerous requests for this material. - 25 -

However, the most important work done by the Cartography Service is the draughting of the maps attached to either the preliminary or final geological reports, and the supervision of their printing. The maps in reference belong to two series: one is inserted in all preliminary reports; the other, in all final or complete geological studies. They represent geological information gathered in the field, together with topographical data, township lines, and sites of mining properties. The first type of maps, attached to preliminary geological reports, are printed in green or in red and green over a black background; the second, completed after more searching geological research to illus- trate the final geological study of an area, are drawn for multicolour- ed printing.

The 27 preliminary geological maps published during the year cover the following areas:

No. 1344 - Gould Area No. 1383 - Prime Lake Area No. 1348 - Mount Mégantic Area No. 1384 - Cartier-Tracy Area No. 1351 - Laflamme Lake Area No. 1385 - Aylmer Lake Area No. 1360 Southwest of Lemoine No. 1386 - Cailleteau and Peppler Township Lakes Area No. 1361 - Southeast of Lévis No. 1387 - Langelier Area Township No. 1389 - Natel Lake Area No. 1363 Fraser Lake Area No. 1391 - Gras Lake Area No. 1364 - Hippocampe Lake Area No. 1392 - Degrosbois Area No. 1365 - Tichégami Mountains Area Nos.1393 - 1394, 1395 - Manthet- No. 1366 - Glen Almond Area Jérémie-LaForest Area No. 1367 Lesage-Rivard Area No. 1396 Brodeur-Basserode Area No. 1369 Port Harrison - Hopewell No. 1400 - Saint-Urcisse Area Area No. 1401 - Desmeloizes Township Area No. 1382 - Chandler - Port-Daniel No. 1410 Geological Surveys in 1960 Area

Following is the list of the final or complete geological maps published during the fiscal year:

No. 1327 - Shawinigan Area No. 1388 - Noranda-Belleterre No. 1327-T Tectonic Map of Mining Belt Shawinigan Area No. 1404 - Nickel Deposits in Quebec No. 1349 - Gas and Petroleum in No. 1417 - Mining Exploration North Gaspé of the 50th Parallel No. 1352 - Sainte-Perpétue Area - 26 -

In addition, the Service drew up five economic mineral maps of Quebec, 30 plans for the use of the Groundwater, Gas and Petroleum Service, and many other diagrams or plans either to illus- trate some publications or for the personal use of the Department. Finally, the Department of Natural Resources is endebted to Gérard Côté, assistant-chief of the Service, for the concept and realization of the new coat-of-arms that it adopted.

Following is the list of geological survey parties organized in 1961-1962, presented by service, with the name of the area mapped and the name of the geologist in charge of each survey. Numbers refer to the ajoining map. a) Geological Surveys Service

1 - Pivert Lake Area, Mistassini Territory E.H. Carlson 2 - Village Lakes Area, Mistassini Territory T. Hashimoto 3 - Tichégami River (Shigami) Area Mistassini Territory E.H. Chown 4 - Saint-Urcisse Area, Mistassini Territory P.T. Moyer 5 - Frotet Lake Area, Mistassini and Abitibi Territories D.L. Murphy 6 - Rupert Bay Area, Abitibi and Mistassini Territories J.H. Remick 7 - Collet-Laberge Area, Abitibi-West County R. Davies 8 - Rémigny-Villars Area, Rouyn-Noranda and Témiscamingue Counties J.-Y. Chagnon 9 - Fabre-Mazenod Area, Témiscamingue County J.-L. Robert 10 - Lussier-Tellier Area, Montcalm and Joliette Counties C.M. Duesing 11 - Belleau-Desaulniers Area, Maskinongé, Saint- Maurice and Laviolette Counties A. R. Philpotts 12 - Chaumonot Area (East Half), Quebec County W.D. Newham 13 - Lower Trenche River Area, Roberval County F.-W. Benoit 14 - Gouin Reservoir Area (East Half), Laviolette and Roberval Counties A.-F. Laurin 15 - Rats River Area, Roberval County Jehan Rondot 16 - Catherine Lake Area, Chicoutimi County A.T. Anderson 17 - Baie Comeau Area (West Half), Saguenay County Pierre Sauvé 18 - Miquelon Lake Area, Saguenay County E.W. Grove 19 - Manicouagan-Mouchalagane Lakes Area, Saguenay County Jean Bérard 20 - Lower Hart-Jaune River Area, Saguenay County Leslie Kish

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21 Félix Lake Area, Saguenay County P.J. Clarke 22 - Granby Area' (West Half), Shefford, Rouville, Bagot, Saint-Hyacinthe, Missisquoi and Brame Counties T.H. Clark 23 - Acton Area, Shefford, Bagot and Drummond Counties P.-J. Lesperance 24 - Rivière-0uelle Area, L'Islet and Kamouraska Counties Claude Hubert 25 - Chénier-Bédard Area, Rimouski County Jean Lajoie 26 - Chandler - Port-Daniel Area, Gaspé-South and Bonaventure Counties W.G. Ayrton 27 - Grande-Rivière Area, Gaspé-South County ... R. Sanschagrin,O.M.I.

b) Mineral Deposits Service

28 - Southeast Quarter of Landrienne Township and Southwest Quarter of Sarraute Township, Abitibi-East County R. Doig 29 - Southwest Quarter of Montbray Township, Rouyn-Noranda County C. Thibault and J. Dugas 30 - Rouyn-Noranda Area, Rouyn-Noranda County Wm. A. Hogg 31 - Manitou Lake Area, Terrebonne County J.I. McGerrigle 32 - Buckingham-Derry Area, Papineau County V. S. Papezik 33 - Southeast Part of Daniel Township and Southwest Part of Isle-Dieu Township, Abitibi-East County J.I. Sharpe 34 - Saint-Elie d'Orford Area, Shefford County P. Saint-Julien 35 - South Half of Hébécourt Township, Abitibi-East County C. Thibault 36 - Chapais Area, Abitibi-East County L.E. Wolhuter

c) Groundwater, Gas and Petroleum Service

37 - Beloeil Area, Verchères County Pierre Lasalle -29-

C) Laboratories Services

In accordance with the prescriptions of the Quebec Mining Act respecting Laboratories for Research in Mineralogy and Metallurgy (chapter 195), the Laboratories and Pilot-plant Services of the Depart- ment of Natural Resources endeavour to discover extraction methods and treatment processes most susceptible to promote the complete utilization of the mineral resources of Quebec.

To fulfill this goal, the Laboratories Services do mineralogical and metallurgical research and study and analyse the physical, chemical, mineralogical and metallurgical properties of minerals and rocks. Located for the most part in Quebec, but with a small branch at Ecole Polytechnique in Montreal, its functions consist in the identification and analysis of minerals and rocks, in the preparation of rock and mineral collections for the public, but mainly in the pursuit of research on mineral substances including the products that can be obtained from them.

In this respect, the Laboratories of the Department of Natural Resources constitute the most important nucleus research within the services of the Quebec Government. Mineralogy, petrography, physics, chemistry and metallurgy are the main disciplines engaging its 68 members, 25 of whom are university graduates. To the credit of the Laboratories goes the discovery of many extraction or production processes,either patented or with patents pending in several countries, as is shown in Appendix III. However, the only research programmes undertaken by the Laboratories are those that will, through their results, benefit the economy of Quebec. As for mineral and rock analyses, they are performed upon requests from prospectors, geologists or mining operators for a fixed low fee. For example, during the fiscal year, there were 14,116 quantitative analyses performed in the laboratories in Quebec and 4,614 in those at Ecole Polytechnique in Montreal.

a) The functions of the staff of the mineralogy and petrography laboratory are to identify samples of minerals and rocks submitted by various parties, to estimate what use can be made of them and to what types and methods of analyses they may be subjected, to prepare collections of mineral and rock specimens while conducting mineralogical research work.

The work accomplished along these lines, during the fiscal year, comprised 16,943 mineralogical identifications, 1,137 written -30 - answers to requests for scientific or economic information, 614 private consultations given to prospectors or geologists, and, in addition, the preparation of 253 thin or polished sections of minerals, rocks, or metallurgical products, in order to study their contents or the history of their formation. Thus, our mineralogists made a detailed mineralographic study of two rocks containing a cupriferous element in order to establish the paragenesis of their components. They also completed at the end of the fiscal year, a microscopic study of the distribution of cobalt in the copper ores of the Chibougamau area.

In addition, 2,914 collections of mineral and rock samples were prepared by the mineralogy and petrography section; these collections are used mostly by schools but also by prospectors. To accomplish this task, nearly 17,000 pounds of minerals and rocks had to be obtained from various sources but preferably in Quebec. These samples, chosen for their typical features and purety, have to be divided into distinctive fragments of standard or required size, each one labelled and placed in boxes or bags. The Department distributes bagged specimens free but a $2.00 charge was levied on a boxed collection; this sale price, which is below cost, has been set to encourage the study of minerals and rocks at the beginner's level.

b) For its part, the personnel of the physics laboratory is charged with the study of minerals, rocks, ores or metallurgical products by means of spectrographic methods, radiocrystallographic, radiospectrographic and radiometric methods.

In this regard, the Department's physicists performed, in their laboratory, during the fiscal year, 7,890 spectrographic analyses, 3,924 radiocrystallographic analyses, 1,255 radiospectrographic analyses and 64 radiometric analyses. In addition to the co-operation they gave to the research projects listed further on, they-began the following studies: tests to use natural standards in the spectrographic quantitative analysis of trace elements in minerals, rocks or metallurgical products; tests to perfect a simple and quick method of semi- quantitative analysis for copper, iron, chrome and nickel by X-ray fluorescence; tests to perfect analysis methods for mercury, tungsten, barium, calcium and cadmium.

c)In the meantime, the staff of the chemistry laboratory was busy analysing minerals, rocks or metallurgical products either by the classical methods or by methods to be perfected, taking into consideration the element sought or the quantity present in the components. - 31-

In 1961-1962, in the chemistry laboratory there were performed 4,391 current analyses, 10,066 research analyses and 5,477 precious metal assays. To prevent any possible errors, these analyses are usually done at least in duplicate. Mention should be made that the Department's chemists also performed the following special analyses: one gas analysis, seven water analyses and ten complete rock analyses; these last are specially arduous and costly.

While engaged in their work, chemists of the Laboratories Services are always on the look-out for new methods of analysis. For example, they completed successfully, in the field of flame photometry, a study on the quantitative analysis of heavy concentrations of man- ganese and barium in ores.

d) Finally, the metallurgy laboratory seeks to upgrade ores by hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical methods. Once a process has been developed in the laboratory, the Department's metallurgists try to adopt it to the industrial scale. While on this subjet, it may be noted that Quebec Lithium Corporation built, during the year, an extension to its Barraute plant, where it will produce lithium hydroxide from lithium carbonate obtained through a process discovered and perfected in the laboratories of the Department of Natural Resour- ces. Following a request by Quebec Lithium Corporation, three metallurgists from the laboratories were sent to study, on the spot, the application of the process of the Services on the industrial scale.

It should be mentioned that Department's laboratories are pleased to help other Departments of the Quebec Government. During the fiscal year, analyses and studies were made for the Department of Agriculture and at the request of the Agricultural Research Council.The Department of Health submitted to the physics laboratory, in 1961- 1962, 120 dust samples. Their analysis required 509 radiocrystallographic determinations and gave conclusive results. In addition, upon requests from the Department of Industry and Commerce, the services of one of the laboratory specialists from the Department of Natural Resources were loaned to the foundry of Metallurgie Inc. of Saint-Raphael, and to the foundry of Bégin et Gingras Inc. of Saint- Malo, to help them solve their technical problems.

To facilitate research the Department of Natural Resour- ces bought for its laboratories, during the fiscal year, an Ortholux petrographic and metallographic microscope and an ultra-sonic vibration producer having a wide frequency range; this apparatus was necessary to the study of ultra-sonic conditioning of ores subjected to flotation. -32-

In addition, the chemistry laboratory has set up a chromatography section to cope with the ever increasing demand for natural and mine gas analyses.

Following is a list of the research projects undertaken or continued during the fiscal year in review:

No. 8 -• Research aimed at producing a highly sensitive magneto- meter small enough to be lowered in drill holes, most of which are not much more than one inch in diameter. Such an instrument would be a boon to prospectors and mine operators.

No. 109 - Research aimed at the chemical purification of the mechanically concentrated lithium ores of Quebec, to increase their commercial value.

No. 116 - Experimental verification of a method of calculating the theoretical effect of the heterogeneity of samples ana- lised by X-ray fluorescence. Study of the effect of surface roughness of samples.

No. 129 - Perfecting of a pyrometallurgical process to treat lithium ores with sulphur and its compounds.

No. 141 - Study of the possibility of conditioning certain types of ore, in a gaseous medium with special reagents, prior to their mechanical concentration, either by flotation or electrostatic sorting. Oleic acid and a few derivatives were tried on pyrochlore, spodumene, fluorite, apatite, calcite, feldspar, etc.

No. 142 - Follow-up research on the eventual use of peat as a raw material in the chemical industry, in particular on the possibility of extracting from peat a polycarboxylic acid, used in numerous industrial chemical processes. Success in this field would ensure a better use for the immense reserves of peat in Quebec.

No. 143 - Study of the influence of temperature, excess reagents and other factors on the kinetic decomposition of lithium ores, including a study of the various by-products obtainable and of the economic conditions necessary for their profitable production. - 33 -

No. 145 - Continuation of the research on the extraction of gal- lium and aluminum contained in lithium ores of Quebec.

No. 147 - Study of the direct or indirect production of zinc hydro- sulphite from complex ores.

No. 149 - Research on the means of purifying the ore and the titanium slag of Quebec Iron and Titanium Corporation. As the percentage of impurities is low, conventional methods are either too costly or not efficient enough. A detailed microscopic study was made on a series of titanium ore samples submitted by Quebec Iron and Titanium Corporation. Samples had undergone thermal treatments at varying temperatures for various lengths of time. It was established that the apparence of certain phases and textures was related to the conditions of the thermal treatment: in- versely, the study, under the microscope, of a heated sample of this ore could, up to a point, give an idea of the nature 'of the treatment given to it.

No. 151 - Research on the heat treatment of the pyrochlore concentrates produced by St. Lawrence Columbium and Metals Corporation and on the behaviour of this mineral when heated in a gaseous medium.

No. 152 - Study of means to utilize the yellow ore of Iron Ore Company. This very crumbly ore contains silica which is commercially harmful; means must be found to eliminate it from this ore which is composed of very finely grained geothite, limonite and quartz.

No. 153 - Trial to improve the magnesia and nickel extraction process so that it can be applied to all garnierites.

No. 154 - Study of the possibilities of transforming natural hydrated iron oxides (limonite and goethite) into magnetic ferric oxide, directly and at relatively low temperatures. The solution of this problem would permit an economical purification of the hydrated iron oxides that abound in Quebec but are nor pure enough to be profitably utilized to-day.

D) The Pilot-plant Services

The Pilot-plant of the Department of Natural Resources, inaugurated early in 1960, in the Saint-Malo Industrial Center, in Quebec city, is a true experimental center in the field of metallurgy, - 34 - with its laboratories for analysis, and its sampling and treatment plants. Its facilities are a great help in appraising the economic potential of ore deposits by the determination of the grade of the ore, and by the comparative experimental study of economic processes of ore beneficiation and treatment. Built and set up to handle both metallic and non-metallic substances, notably asbestos, the Pilot-plant is first of all at the service of Quebec prospectors and mine operators, for a fee that varies according to the nature of the treatment and the weight of the samples. Its personnel is made up of 37 employees including six metallurgical engineers, one chemist and fourteen technicians.

Following is a list indicating the origin, weight and nature of the 1,055,703 pounds of ores shipped to the Pilot-plant during the fiscal year for sampling and treatment purposes.

Table I - Ores Received for Sampling

Shipper Number Weight Type of Lots (pounds) of Ore

Barry Exploration Ltd 1 9,820 Lithium Les Granites Laurentiens Ltée 3 13,652 Beryllium Granite Sullico Mines Ltd 1 4,800 Gold

Total 5 28,272

Table II - Ores Received for Treatment

Number Weight Type Shipper of Lots (pounds) of Ore

• Asbestos Corporation Ltd 1 150 Asbestos Barry Explorations Ltd 1 748 Lithium Beryllium Bornite Copper Corp 4 910 Asbestos Mrs. L. Bouffard (Saint-Joseph de Saint-Hyacinthe 1 17 Asbestos - 35 - Table II - Ores Received for Treatment (Cont.)

Number Weight Type Shipper of Lots (pounds) of Ore

A. Bourret (Thetford Mines) r 174 Asbestos Canadian Refractories Ltd 2,178 Asbestos Gladding McBean and Co N 24 Asbestos John Hagen (Beloeil) r 9 Iron Titanium

Hedman Mines Ltd. A r 5,099 Asbestos

Hidden Splendor Mining Co. (U.S.A.) . N 890 Asbestos Iron Ore Co. of Canada Ltd. 146,000 Iron N

Lavandin Mining Co. r 100 Gold Laviolette Mining and Metallurgical

Corp. N 2,533 Mica McAdam Mining Corp. Ltd 25,321 Asbestos R. Marleau (Department of Natural Resources) O 84 Asbestos Moreau and Lavallée (Noranda) r 218 Gold Murray Mining Corp. Ltd. r 43,256 Asbestos Nacional Financiera S.A. (Mexico) N 90 Asbestos National Asbestos Mines Ltd. r 197 Asbestos Nicolet Asbestos Mines Ltd. r 17 Asbestos Nordeau Mining Co. Ltd. r 71 Iron Patino of Canada Ltd. r 400 Asbestos Quebec Iron and Titanium Corp. H 1,881 Iron Raglan Nickel Mines Ltd. w 28 Asbestos Spooner Mines and Oils Ltd. r 46 Asbestos N

Alfred Théberge (Saint-Magloire) I- 12 Asbestos Ungava Iron Ores Ltd. 560,000 Iron Wabush Iron Ores Ltd. r 236,000 Iron r

Young-Davidson Mines Ltd. r 978 Asbestos

Total 71 1,027,431

A perusal at this list shows that 57 per cent of the ore lots received were directed to the asbestos laboratory and plant, whereas 92 per cent of the weight received was to be channelled to iron ore concentration studies.

In the asbestos field, a novel experiment was tried to check the accuracy of the calculation of fibres contained in drill cores. A comparison was made between a few hundred feet of 13-inch and -36-

1 7/8-inch cores, the smaller having been extracted from the centre of the larger by drilling along the former's long axis. By treating both cores in an identical manner, it was demonstrated that accurate information could be gained by using the smaller-sized core as surely as by using the larger one.

Beneficiation tests on iron ore have shown that it is advantageous to conduct them on a semi-industrial basis to determine the type of equipment to be used in new concentrators. In a particular instance, a rigorous check of all operating data has shown that conventional grinding is more economical than autogenous grinding, notwithstanding the present-day trend favouring the latter.

Finally, the Pilot-plant acquired two magnetic concentrators in 1961-1962: one is the cross-belt type; the other is the three-drum type.

Conclusion

To sum up, the Mines Branch, followed, during its first year within the Department of Natural Resources, the paths trod by the former Department of Mines. The Branch still has a long way to go on the road leading to the efficient administration of our mineral resources to the benefit of all the population. Here are some of the problems still confronting the Branch: completing the organization of its services; trying to keep and recruit professional people by upgrading the sense of responsibilities and the search for competence within its ranks; watching carefully that the law is adhered to by the mining companies; pushing forward the study of the mineralization of Quebec's sub-soil, particularly by using some of the more recent geochemical research methods; reappraising the value and scope of services offered to the mining industry; and,finally, seeking a new taxation formula that will strike an equitable and just balance between the public interest and the mine operators' interest. CHAPTER III

Waters Branch

Before 1897, the Commissioner of Crown Lands had jurisdiction over all water courses, and river studies were limited to the survey of a few rivers in the northern and southern versants of the St. Lawrence River basin which, at that time, constituted nearly all the known parts of Quebec. It was only after the formation of the Department of Lands, Forests and Fisheries, in 1902, that the Superintendent of Lands and Forests Surveys was charged, in 1905, with making river studies and with preparing the inventory of Quebec's hydraulic power.

As a result of the numerous requests presented, between 1900 and 1910, by private companies that were interested in the exploitation of hydraulic power, the Government created the Quebec Streams Commis- sion in 1910. The Commission was entrusted with the quest for water conservation and utilization norms, with the study of the laws covering streams and their uses, and with the preparation of regulations calculated to facilitate the exploitation of hydraulic power. Such assignments required perforce the inspection and study of bodies of water and of streams.

Thus, from 1910 to 1946, the Quebec Streams Commission undertook a detailed inventory of the hydraulic power potential of the rivers in the St. Lawrence River basin, that is, in those regions where hydroelectric installations could become profitable operations. It undertook also, from 1934 to 1939, the study of the Harricana, Mégiscane, Bell, Waswanipi and Chibougamau rivers. Later, from 1946 to 1950, it studied the following rivers in the North Shore area: Betsiamites, Manicouagan, des Rapides, Magpie, Romaine and Natashquan. The results of these studies have been regularly included in the annual reports published by the Quebec Streams Commission. Finally, beginning in 1953 and using photogrammetric methods, the personnel of the Commission undertook the study of the rivers draining the Hudson Bay and James Bay basins. The result of this work is still unpublished, but will be presented in a series of monographs on rivers.

Under the terms of amendments to the Act that created it, the Quebec Streams Commission, from 1914 until it was abolished in 1955, established 29 water storage reservoirs to regulated the flow of rivers harnessed by hydroelectric power plants.

A little earlier, in 1913, the Hydraulic Service of the Department of Lands and Forests was detached from the Survey Branch and given the responsibility of administering the hydraulic domain, of -3B - enforcing the laws covering the regime of watercourses, and of checking the production of hydroelectric energy for the purpose of calculating the tax levied for the improvement of education.

The Department of Hydraulic Resources was instituted in 1945. The Act creating this Department gave the Minister authority over the former Hydraulic Service of the Department of Lands and Forests, as well as over the Quebec Streams Commission, the Electricity Board and the Hydro-Quebec Commission.

The former Department of Hydraulic Resources has now become the Waters Branch in the Department of Natural Resources. At present, the Branch assumes the duties formerly discharged by the old Hydraulic Service and the Quebec Streams Commission. It reunited in Quebec all its services now reorganized and grouped under two distinct divisions, namely, Hydraulic Services and Hydrological Services.

A)- To the Hydraulic Services falls the responsibility of administrating the rights of the Crown concerning watercourses and attendant hydraulic energy, of enforcing the law pertaining to the regime of streams, and of checking Quebec's hydroelectric power production for the purpose of taxation to ensure the progress of education. Such are the duties of the Hydraulic Domain Service.

The Hydraulic Services, moreover, sees to the maintenance of storage dams owned by the Crown that serve to control and regulate the flow of rivers, to the planning of ameliorative works in streams, and to the supervision of those works with a view to correcting river beds and to the protection of the banks of watercourses. These duties are assigned to the Hydraulic Works Service.

1) By virtue of its powers, the Hydraulic Domain Service approves the site, plans and estimates of all works undertaken in streams by private interests, in accordance with Divisions 3, 6 and 7 of the Act. It administers the renting and conceding of river beds and the renting of hydraulic power. It also controls the renting of right-of-ways for power transmission lines, log sluices and aqueducts, and watches for encroachments on public watercourses.

The work done during the fiscal year in review was mostly one of reorganization. The problem was to put some order in the service, as well as to devise some standards suitable to the settlement of requests left pending previously and also to institute efficient dispatching of current business.

Thus, various rules establishing the conditions required for the rental of river-bed sections, for the approbation of works in watercourses and for the renewal of leases in the case of water storage and log-driving dams were defined and adopted.

In addition, an Order in Council was adopted defining precisely the jurisdiction of the Department of Natural Resources - 39 - regarding the rental of right-of-ways for power transmission lines, log sluices and aqueducts. Furthermore, there are now rules to guide the Department's officers in those instances where it may be advisable for the jurisdiction over sections of river beds to be transferred from one government to another.

There were, on April 1st, 1961, 72 requests for right-of- ways still pending. Nineteen others were presented to the Department during the year, together with 270 applications for rental of sections of river or lake beds and 48 consultations regarding the navigability of certain rivers. Among the other questions submitted to the Service, 32 dealt with lease renewals, 16 with lease cancellations and 9, with lease transfers.

The Hydraulic Domain Service presented 14 Orders in Council which led to the granting of as many leases for right-of-ways. Moreover, it recommended the approval of plans and estimates covering 28 dams intended for log driving or water storage purposes, and, consequently, the signing of as many leases.

Finally, there are still some problems under study that will, one day, have to be settled. For instance, the distribution,between the Department of Natural Resources and the Hydroelectric Commission of Ontario, of those lands adjacent to the power plants located on the Ottawa river. It will also be necessary to continue the inventory of those works undertaken in streams without the approval required under the law covering the regime of watercourses. It will thus become imperative to supervise more and more closely all public watercourses in order to prevent any encroachment upon Crown property detrimental to public interest.

2) The Hydraulic Works Service has been given the following duties: the preparation of plans and estimates of proposed works; the analysis of their costs; the supervision of their execution, whether these works involve the maintenance or construction of dams, the protection of river banks against erosion by means of retaining walls, sheeting-piles or break- waters, or the correction of river beds through dredging, straightening their courses or grading their profiles.

Such corrective works are now undertaken according to norms established during the fiscal year in review. In accordance with these standards, the Department of Natural Resources will act upon requests for work only when they have been presented or recommended by resolution of a municipal council in the public interest or to protect public property and even private property when such works are beyond the means of individuals. -40 -

During the fiscal year 1961-1962, the Hydraulic Works Service rejected 49 out of 120 requests received seeking assistance, because they did not conform to the Department's established norms. Two other cases were settled by means of grants to municipalities to perform work at Dorval island, in Saint-Louis lake, and at Chandler, in Duclos lake. On the other hand, 27 other requests led to the preparation of plans for projects that will be undertaken in 1962-1963, whereas four cases are pending for lack of complete information. Site inspections and topographical surveys are included in the information gathered by the Service's engineers prior to the preparation of plans. They have, for example, made 23 topographical surveys in anticipation of work to be performed during the next fiscal year.

In all, 15 projects affecting watercourses were completed during the fiscal year in review. Eleven of these were intended to protect river banks by means of rip-rap, stone-facing, concrete walls or gabions, while the other four involved the cleaning, straightening or grading of river beds.

The following list gives the type of correction and the location of the ameliorative works referred to above.

1 - A 200-foot armoured concrete canal to clan Ferré creek above the bridge on Highway 12, in the village of Sainte-Rosalie, Bagot county;

2 - Placing of gabions to prevent erosion of the banks of Caplan river, above the bridge on Highway 6, at Saint-Charles-de-Caplan, Bonaventure county;

3 - A 2,440-foot-long canal, through lots 11, 12 and 13, South- east and Southwest ranges, Nouvelle township, to protect farmlands from erosion and flooding by Nouvelle river;

4 - Placement of rip-rap for a distance of 450 feet on the borders of lots 15 and 16, range D, Wright township, along Gatineau river, at Gracefield, Gatineau county, to protect a public road against landslides caused by erosion;

5 - 1,725 feet of dredging fronting lots 2, 3, 4 and 5, East and West ranges, Cloridorme township, Gaspé-North county, to protect lowlands from flooding by Petite-Vallée river;

6 - Straightening and cleaning of the bed of Sainte-Anne-des- Monts river, for more than 2,000 feet along the borders of lots 3, 4 and 5, East range, Cap-Chat township, Gaspé-North county, to improve the flow of water and to prevent the formation of ice jams; - 41 -

7 - Placement of 425 feet of rip-rap opposite lots 30, 31 and 32, Southwest range, Tessier township, at Saint-René-Goupil-de-Matane, to repair and protect the left bank of Matane river;

8 - Building a 535-foot-long rock-facing opposite lots 23B and 24A, 1st range, at Les Méchins, Dalibaire township, Matane county, to protect the right bank of Ruisseau--Pierre and stop erosion;

9 - Consolidation of the left bank of Nicolet river, over a length of 320 feet by using gabions resting on rip-rap, at Sainte-Brigitte- des-Saults, Nicolet county, to cope with a landslide;

10 - Placement of 368 feet of rip-rap along the right bank of Noire river, bordering lots 11D and 11E, 1st range, in the parish of Saint- Alban-de-Portneuf, to consolidate the bank following a ground slide;

11 - Building a concrete wall 435 feet long and 12 feet high, on the right bank of Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade river, on the border of lot 549, at Saint-Raymond-de-Portneuf, to protect riparian properties against gullying;

12 - Cleaning the river bed, and construction of both an embankment supported by gabions and a 500-foot-long rip-rap structure on the shore of Petite Yamachiche river, opposite lots 745, 746, 747 and 748, at Sainte- Anne, to stop landslides threatening streets and dwellings in the village of Sainte-Anne-de-Yamachiche, Saint-Maurice county;

13 - Placement of rip-rap along 200 feet, opposite lots 52 and 53, 5th range, Estcourt township, to protect the abutments of a bridge over Bleue river, at Saint-Joseph-de-Rivière-Bleue, Témiscouata county;

14 - Straightening and cleaning the bed of Creuse river over a length of 800 feet opposite lot 107, 1st range, at Notre-Dame-du-Lac, and construction of a stone-facing for 385 feet along the right bank of that river, to help the flow of water and to protect the abutments of a bridge on Highway 2 that crosses the river;

15 - Consolidation of a 500-foot-long dry rock wall, built in 1960 by the Department of Natural Resources, opposite lot 37, 1st range, bordering aux-Perches river, to protect the embankment of a street in the village of Sainte-Rose-du-Dégelé, in Témiscouata county.

In addition, the Hydraulic Works Service is responsible for the inspection of water storage dams owned by the Crown, and for the maintenance and repair of these dams and their appurtenances such as watchmen, dwellings, access roads, power lines and telephone lines. In this respect, the work done during the fiscal year was limited to the preparation of five projects scheduled for 1962. -42-

The Service must also study requests by municipalities asking for government help for the construction of dykes or dams intended to maintain certain lakes at a constant level for recreational purposes and for the benefit of shore installations such as beaches, docks and boat- houses. In this regard, engineers of the Service have to weigh the requests, study the plans and estimates submitted or prepare some, and supervise the actual construction. However, nothing is undertaken unless in conformity to the norms controlling the technical and financial participation of the Department of Natural Resources in the repairs of dams built in the past to modify the natural level of some lakes. Here are some of these rules:

a)The municipalities' share of the costs of such works may vary between 10 and 50 per cent depending on the number of persons who will benefit and on the advantages they will derive from repairing the deteri- orating dams;

b) The work must be done as much as possible within the framework of the winter-works programme;

c)In all cases, municipalities must pay some dues to the Department of Natural Resources, for the use of Crown lands while rebuild- ing and maintaining such dams.

The Hydraulic Works Service did not draft any special rules covering similar requests to build dams where formerly there were none. Requests will be judged according to merits but the above rules b) and c) will apply.

The Service is also responsible for the inspection of certain types of projects built in watercourses through rights granted to private parties, in order to check their nature, condition and stability so as to prevent possible damage should such dams or dykes break.

While being organized, the Hydraulic Works Service finally turned its attention more closely to cost calculations. It can now set unit cost prices, suitable to various phases of work, based on construction methods and current costs analysis. This results in greater costing accuracy and a price reduction that does not impair the quality of the works done.

B)- The division known as Hydrological Services was formed, within the Department of Natural Resources, to continue the inventory so indispensable to the complete utilization of the Department's largest and most essential resource, namely water. As a matter of fact, the rational - 43 - development of the hydraulic resources of the Province demands, first of all, the research, tabulation and analysis of a wide range of information on precipitation and on the flow and topography of the watercourses of Quebec.

Whereas, in the past, the Quebec Government entrusted a large part of these tasks to some consulting engineers, the Department of Natural Resources is now able to assume the responsibility of gathering all basic data on the waters in the Quebec land mass. It does this through its Hydrological Services, which cover meteorology, hydrometry, hydrography and operation of water storage dams.

1)The Meteorology Service collects, analyses and publishes the results of observations made by meteorological stations established in Quebec. In addition, it carries out studies or investigations in the fields of meteorology or climatology, when requested by other Departments, and advises concerning the use of meteorological data.

Under the terms of an agreement with the Meteorology Di- vision of the Federal Department of Transport, the Meteorology Service is charged with installing and supervising meteorological stations in Quebec, with collecting climatological observations, with paying the observers, while the Federal Government supplies the instruments. The observers send their data regularly to the Service to be verified and forwarded to the Federal Meteorological Service in Ottawa, where the observations are mechanically transferred onto maps and published monthly. The Division also forwards to the Department of Industry and Commerce the data needed for the monthly publication of a meteorological summary entitled "Meteorological Bulletin".

At the end of the fiscal year, the Meteorology Service was directing 151 meteorological stations and paying 108 observers; the other 43 stations were owned by companies benefiting from meteorological information.

2)The Hydrometry Service has the task of studying the regime of Quebec's watercourses. To gather the necessary data, the water level in lakes and rivers must be recorded at limnometric stations, the flow of water measured at regular intervals in the vicinity of these stations, and calculations made of the straight-line relation between flow and level at these stations. Once these data are obtained, it is possible to calculate the instantaneous daily flow, the average daily flow and the monthly and yearlÿ flows so that they can be published.

Under the terms of an agreement dating back to 1922, the Hydraulic Resources Branch of the Federal Department of Northern Affairs - 44 - and National Resources, at the request of the Quebec Government and in return for a fixed subvention and the reimbursement of certain expenditures, measures, calculates and publishes the daily, monthly and yearly flows of rivers from data collected at the 62 hydrometric stations located in the inhabited sections of Quebec. For its part, the Hydrometry Service looks after the paying of observers, collects the data on water levels, sorts them out, analyses and forwards them to the Federal authorities.

On the other hand, the Hydrometry Service collects all hydrometric information on Northern Quebec except at five stations established on rivers draining the James Bay basin, which is covered by the above-mentioned agreement.

The Hydrometry Service, which was created May 1, 1961, concentrated its efforts in organizing its staff and recruiting the personnel needed, while keeping up its data-collecting activities. Though it has not commenced its studies on the salient features of the regime of the Province's watercourses, it was nevertheless called upon to study some aspects of surface run-off caused by spring-thaw, when preventive measures were implemented at the Gayhurst dam in March 1962.

At the end of the fiscal year, there were in Quebec 196 limnometric or hydrometric stations: 91 operating under the previously mentioned Federal-Provincial agreement; 58 under the sole jurisdiction of the Hydrometry Service; 28 supported by private companies; and the remaining 14, by the Federal Government.

During the fiscal year, the personnel of the Service made at least one inspection trip to every station located in inhabited areas and having a limnograph, in addition to 25 visits to the five stations on the rivers of the James Bay basin. Furthermore, at the 18 measuring stations located in the drainage basin of the Eastman, Grande-Rivière and Grande-Baleine rivers, the personnel made 107 measurements and inspections, and 38 inspections only during the summer of 1961, as well as two visits to each station and a total of 30 measurements during the winter 1961-1962.

3) The function of the Hydrography Service is to survey the areas occupied by the Province's lakes and rivers. With this object in view, it draws the longitudinal profile of the main rivers by setting up altitude datum lines along their courses; by means of photogrammetric methods, it establishes the elevation control, necessary in map-making, of strips of land along these rivers; and it measures the depth of the more important lakes. -45 -

During the fiscal year reviewed here, the Service concentrated its work on the James Bay, Hudson Bay, Ungava Bay and Lake Saint-Jean areas. Twenty-three parties, made up of engineers, technicians, students and helpers, were sent into the field. Nine were sent into the James Bay and Hudson Bay basins; six, into the Ungava Bay basin; and eight, into the Lake Saint-Jean basin.

Between March 27th and September 22nd, 1961, seven parties established altitude datum lines and drew longitudinal profiles, over a distance of 327 miles, of Kanaaupscow, Denis, Coast, Grande-Baleine, and Petite-Baleine rivers in the James bay and Hudson bay basins. During Janu- ary and March 1962, two other parties plotted an altitude datum line between Moosonee (Ontario) and the mouths of some rivers flowing into James Bay, such as the Harricana, Nottaway, Broadback and Rupert, so as to tie up the profile of these rivers to the geodetic datum level set up in Moosonee.

On the other hand, five parties, working from July 2nd to August 28th, 1961, established altitude datum lines and surveyed longitudinal profiles over a distance of 267 miles along aux Feuilles, Baleine and de Pas rivers, then between aux Feuilles and Larch rivers, between Minto lake and Nastapoca river, between Sem and Seal lakes, and between Laflamme and Chien-Rouge rivers. In the same Ungava Bay basin, another party established, in June 1961, the elevation control needed for the mapping of a 400-square-mile area in the lower reaches of Baleine river.

Lastly, in the Lake Saint-Jean basin, during the summer of 1961, six parties established altitude datum lines and surveyed the longitudinal profile for a distance of 292 miles along Chef , Mistassini, Samagua and Mistassibi rivers. During the same period, two other parties established the elevation control needed for the mapping of a 400-square-mile area along these rivers.

4) Finally, the Operation of Dams Service sees that the 29 reservoirs owned by the Crown under the jurisdiction of the Department of Natural Resources function properly. Its work consists in controlling the day to day release of water depending on the available volume and the needs of hydroelectric production, and in calculating the daily inflow-outflow of water and the storage level.

These 29 storage reservoirs for which the Department is responsible include 31 main dams and many smaller ones maintained and repaired by the Hydraulic Works Service.

The following list gives the main dams in each river basin: -46-

1 Eight dams in the St,.Maurice River basin: Gouin (on the Saint-Maurice), A, B and C (on the Manouane), Mondonac, Ciconcine, Sincennes and Mattawin;

2 - Two dams in the Saint-François River basin; at Saint-François lake (Allard dam) and at Aylmer lake;

3 - Two dams in the Saguenay River basin at Kénogami lake: Portage des Roches and Pibrac;

4 - Two dams in the Gatineau River basin; Cabonga and Mercier;

5 - Three dams in the Lièvre River basin: des Cèdres, Mitchinamékus lake and Kiamika;

6 - Two dams in the Mitis River basin: at Mitis lake and at Mistougouguèche lake;

7 - One dam in the du Loup River basin: at Morin lake;

8 - Nine dams in the North River basin, at the following lakes: Masson, Bédini, Grand Long, Petit Long (Papineau Lake), Brûlé, Cornu, Théodore, des Sables and Manitou;

9 - Two dams in the Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré River basin: at Savane lake and at Brûlé lake.

The Operation of Dams Service looks after the first 29 dams; a private concern, the last two.

Conclusion

The reports of both the Hydraulic Services and the Hydro- logical Services show that, during the first year of its existence, the Waters Branch directed the major part of its efforts to internal organization and the definition of norms suitable to an accelerated discharge of its tasks or functions. This task of putting one's house in order will have to be continued and will include the searching for competent personnel and improved administration methods, in order to obtain a steady increase in efficiency. It is only by following this course that the Waters Branch - 47 -

will be able to play its full role, cover the entire field of its responsibilities, and tackle new problems as they come up.

It is known, for example, that the study of rivers, as conducted first by the former Hydraulic Service of the Lands and Forests, later by the Quebec Streams Commission, and more recently by the Department of Hydraulic Resources, was primarily directed toward the regularization of river flow for the needs of industry, and specifically for the hydroelectric production, as well as towards reducing flood dangers. But now, the continuous growth of urban settlements is forcing us to take a second look at the inventory of the sources of water supply aimed at a rational use of Quebec's water for purposes that may include, besides power generation, domestic and industrial consumption, outdoor recreations, agricultural needs and in particular the existence of water fauna. The crux of the matter lies in the development of waters for co-ordinated and congruent purposes adapted to the needs of various regions. Means to stop water pollution and to purify waste water are naturally part of such a rational and complete water conservation, or rather, utilization programme.

Moreover, in the legislative field, a watchful and competent public administration must look after the correct application of the law as well as its improvement. For example, the Waters Branch will have to continue its increased supervision over public watercourses to prevent such encroachments upon river beds, by either private parties or municipalities, that may be detrimental to the public interest. On the other hand, the law covering the regime of watercourses demands the approval of the plans and estimates of industrial dams, but does not in any way stipulate such approval when dams are built by private interests to maintain a level of water suitable for summer sport activities or to create artificial lakes. But, some of these dams are not built according to sound engineering principles and are thus liable to endanger human lives and, in addition, cause damages out of all proportion to their owner's financial assets. It is therefore urgent that,under the law covering the regime of watercourses, the approval of the plans and estimates of such dams be made compulsory.

Furthermore, the deterioration wrought by time upon dams built in the past by private or public concerns constitutes a threat to the interests of individuals or public entities whose establishments and utilities have been set up on the assumption that these dams would hold indefi- nitely.

These are a few of the problems the Waters Branch must solve as soon as possible. CHAPTER IV

Planning Branch

A new unit, the Planning Branch, was formed within the framework of the Department of Natural Resources, in answer to stipulations of the Act creating the Department. It has the task of carrying out the studies and research necessary to the elaboration and application of the policy of the Department in the exercise of its assignments, for everything that goes beyond the technical or legal interpretation of the law.

At the end of the fiscal year under review, the Plan- ing Branch added, to its Economic Studies Service, a Photogrammetry Service, the tasks of which are to co-ordinate the photogrammetric work of all the Departments and to establish, eventually, some photogrammetric archives.

The Economic Studies Service, for its part, dealt with mineral resources as well as with renewable resources in order to make an economic analysis of the various problems arising out of the management of our natural resources.

Thus, the Planning Branch collaborated with the Waters Branch in formulating a general tariff policy covering dues for electrical production, rental6 of hydraulic power, beach lots, log-floating dams and right-of-ways for transmission lines. In addition, it helped the Economic Orientation Council in the study of the electricity problem of Quebec.

The Planning Branch was also required to prepare the documents needed for the renewal of contracts regulating the use of water stored in government-owned reservoirs. The main contract dealt with the use of the waters of the Saint-Maurice. It was renewed in 1961 at higher rental rates, which allow the Government to write off the costs of repairs and reconstruction of its dams, while reaping more revenues from the exploitation of an essential resource.

On the other hand, studies undertaken by the Planning Branch concerning the mineral economy dealt mainly with mining dues, taxation and representations made pertaining to the project of revising the Quebec Mining Act. The Planning Branch collaborates also with other Departments in the current studies regarding the possibility of establishing a steel industry in Quebec.

Finally, the Planning Branch helped in the organization of the whole Department while looking for its own personnel. It will finish this recruiting in the coming fiscal year and thus be able to expand and intensify its work as needed. It will likewise conclude the study of problems presented by the very remote areas of northern Quebec, as well as those created by the evolution of the Esquimau population. CHAPTER V

Information Service

In every democratic system, citizens have the strict right to be kept informed concerning the administration of public matters. When these public matters are called natural resources and belong to the people, it is only normal that proprietors be advised on the management of their property so as to be able, through democratic means, to participate in the formulation of policies covering the development of those possessions.

This explains the existence of the Information Service in the Department of Natural Resources. The Service, which was formed in July 1961, combines scattered elements of the former Department of Mines and that of Hydraulic Resources. It includes such units as documentation, and the library, as well as those of drafting, editing, and distribution of publications. Its twin goals are to circulate documents and information throughout the Department and to help the public, through every means of communication, to become aware of the importance of natural resources in the life of the Quebec's population.

To fulfill its duty to the general public, the Information Service drew up and initiated a work programme involving the disclosure of administrative decisions and of the Department's policy through press releases, the publication of articles in magazines and newspapers, and the preparation of pamphlets. From the very beginning, this programme required norms that would blend efficiency with service to 'the public, such as a rational use of the personnel through a precise definition of the tasks to be performed and an appraisal of each person's output; complete objectivity regarding information; concern for faultless service whether to layman or specialist; abolition of the automatic allocation of paid advertisements; anc priority to the original article or document in paid publicity.

At the end of the fiscal year 1961-62, the Information Service had thus restored order among its personnel, answered current requests and published a short pamphlet on the Department, as well as issuing its press releases regularly. In addition, following the tradition established by the former Department of Mines, it ensured the participation of the Department of Natural Resources in fairs organized in many places by various public bodies, for instance at Sainte-Adèle, Lachute, MacDonald College, Mont-Joli, Trois-Pistoles, Rivière-du-Loup, Matane, Val-d'Or, Rouyn, Trois-Rivières and Sherbrooke, as well as the Agricultural Salon, the Montreal Gem and Mineral Club exhibition in Montreal, and the exhibition held during the "Prospectors and Developers" congress in Toronto. - 50-

In the meantime, the Department's library acquired 755 new items, which included 296 free books, and received 163 specialized reviews, 27 of them free of charge. In order to keep the entire personnel of the Department aware of the library's wealth of information, the librarians prepared every month a list of the books, as well as a summary of the contents of magazines received.

For its part, the personnel of the editing unit, as was its practice under the former Department of Mines, continued to edit, revise and translate manuscripts, and to take care of the printing of publications, circulars, forms, bulletins and press releases. It will be noted, on perusal of the list that follows, that the publications of the Department of Natural Resources are mostly geological studies for the benefit of geologists, prospectors and mine operators.

The Waters Branch did not publish anything during the fiscal year reviewed here except a classification of the laws covering the management of hydraulic resources. In this regard, the most pressing task will be the preparation, with the cooperation of both the Mines and Waters Branches, of publications well adapted to the requests of the general public desiring to learn more and more about Quebec's mineral and hydraulic resources and the state of their utilization.

Taking into account these distinctions, the Department of Natural Resources distributed, during the fiscal year, 56,117 publications, 53,696 free of charge and 2,421 at a nominal price. The authorities of the Department decided to sell the copies of geological reports or studies published after January 1st, 1962.

In addition, the Department of Natural Resources sold, during the year, 1,807 collections of mineral and rock samples and gave away 127 of them. In this respect, by way of encouraging initiation to mineralogy and lithology, the Department adopted the policy of giving free the first collection requested by any school but of selling all others ordered subsequently.

Finally, below is the list of publications published during the fiscal year under review. It includes mainly the series of reports written by the Department's geologists following their surveys and the titles of geological studies completed after thorough investigations.

Preliminary regional geological reports:

P.R. 454 - Natel Lake Area, by P.R. Eakins " 455 - Degrosbois Area, by J.I. McGerrigle - 51 -

P.R. 456 - Brodeur-Basserode Area, by J.-Y. Chagnon I 457 Lake Aylmer Area, by Gilles Duquette If 458 - Manthet-Jérémie - La Forest Area, by J.H. Remick n 459 - Guay-Bruchési Area, by J.-L. Robert 460 - Saint-Urcisse Area, by P.T. Moyer 461 - Nickel in the Province of Quebec, by Raymond Paquet 462 Desmeloizes Township, by F.W. Gilman 463 - Condé Area, by F.-W. Benoit 464 - Lac Montjoie Area, by Pierre St-Julien 465 - Cuoq-Langis Area, by N.C. 011erenshaw 466 - West Half of Montbray Township, by Camille Thibault 467 - Part of Grenville Township, by A.R. Philpotts 468 - General Report of the Minister of Mines of the Province of Quebec for the year ending March 31st, 1961 469 - Denys and Fagnant Lakes Area, by R.-J.-E. Sabourin 470 - Brisebo-is Lake Area, by D.P. Gold 471 - Watts Lake Area, by L. Gélinas 472 - Description of Mining Properties Examined in 1960 (Exclusive of Producing Mines) 473 - Village Lakes Area, by T. Hashimoto 474 - Southeast Quarter of Daubrée Township, by L.E. Wolhuter 475 - Collet-Laberge Area, by R. Davies 476 - Frotet Lake Area, by D.D. Murphy 477 - Tichégami River Area, by E.H. Chown 478 - Rémigny-Villars Area, by J.-Y. Chagnon 479 - Southwest Quarter of McCorkill Township, by Gaston Pouliot 480 - Belleau-Desaulniers Area, by A.R. Philpotts 481 - Lower Manicouagan River Area, by P. Sauvé 482 - Lussier-Tellier Area, by C.M. Duesing If 483 - Pivert Lake Area, by E.H. Carlson rt 484 - Miquelon Lake Area, by E.W. Grove n 485 - Fabre-Mazenod Area, by J.-L. Robert 486 - Lower Hart-Jaune River Area, by L. Kish 487 - Grande-Rivière Area, by R. Sanschagrin 488 - Catherine Lake Area, by A.T. Anderson 489 - Summary Geological Investigation of the Area Bordering Manicouagan and Mouchalagane Lakes, by Jean Bérard - 52-

P.R. 490 - Southwest Quarter of Cléricy Township, by William A. Hogg tr 491 - Félix Lake Area, by P.J. Clarke

Geological reports on the following areas:

G.R. 97 - Shawinigan Area, by Jacques Béland 98 - Sainte-Perpétue Area, by Jacques Béland 99 - Geological Settings of the Gold Deposits of Malartic District, by P.R. Eakins 103 - Analyses of Rocks of the Province of Quebec, by C. Faessler

Special Series:

S-60 - Descriptive Notes to Accompany the Compilation of the Geology of the Southeast Quarter o.f Desmeloizes Township, by Jean Dugas S-61 - Descriptive Notes to Accompany the Compilation of the Geology of the Southwest Quarter of Desmeloizes Township, by Jean Dugas S-62 - Descriptive Notes to Accompany the Compilation of the Geology of the Northeast Quarter of Desmeloizes Township, by Jean Dugas S-63 - Descriptive Notes to Accompany the Compilation of the Geology of the Northwest Quarter of Desmeloizes Township, by Jean Dugas S-64 - The Department of Natural Resources S-66 Outline of Progress of the Mining Industry in the Province of Quebec during the Year 1961 S-67 Heterogeneity Effects in X-ray Analysis, by Fernand Claisse and Claude Samson

Off-series

The Mining Industry of the Province of Quebec in 1960.

Administrative Classifications of Laws Covering the Administration of Waters, by Germain Boulanger. APPENDIX I: SCHOLARSHIPS

The Department of Natural Resources maintained, in 1961-62, the policy of the former Department of Mines of granting scholarships to students in mining engineering, geology and metallurgy. The Legislative Assembly had approved an expenditure of $60,000 for this purpose.

The Departmentts scholarships are awarded to engineering students that have reached either of these two categories in their studies: those students that have completed, with success, at least the first two years of their regular engineering course and those graduates of engineering schools that wish to pursue post-graduate studies. This latter group are given priority. The scholarships are renewable twice under the same conditions.

Eighty-nine scholarships were granted upon the recommenda- tion of a committee whose members were as follows:

Mr. Eugène Larochelle, General Secretary, Quebec Metal Mining Association: committee chairman;

Mr. Ignace Brouillet, President, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal;

Mr. J.U. MacEwan, Director, Department of Metallurgy, McGill University;

Rev. J.-W. Laverdière, Director, Department of Geology, Université Laval;

Mr. Gérard Letendre, Director, Department of Mining and Metallurgy, Université Laval;

Mr. H.G. Young, Inspector General, Protestant School Board.

Miss Gisèle Landreville, Secretary of the Department, was secretary of the committee.

Applications were studied and judged according to standards that took into consideration, firstly, the scholastic achievements of the candidate and, secondly, his financial needs. - 54 -

Individual scholarships varied from $400 to $1,100. Undergraduates received $400 or $750, depending on whether or not they resided where they were attending university, whereas graduate students benefitted from $850 to $1,100 according to the stage reached in their post-graduate studies.

Following is the distribution of the scholarships awarded, according to the category of students and the university they attended:

Graduate candidates doing specialized post-graduate work: Université Laval 8 Ecole Polytechnique 1 McGill University 6 University of New Brunswick 1 University of British Columbia 1 Stanford University, California 2 University of Tulsa, Oklahoma 1 Michigan College of Mining and Technology 1 University of Glasgow, Scotland 1 22

Undergraduate candidates in engineering: Université Laval 15 Ecole Polytechnique 46 McGill University 4 University of Western Ontario 1 University of Mexico 1 67 APPENDIX II

PARTICIPATION BY EMPLOYEES IN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES AND PUBLICATIONS

During the fiscal year in review, many of the Departmentts employees contributed to scientific reviews or to scientific organizations. The following is a list of the main articles or lectures they presented at the request of scientific journals or societies and of the posts they were asked to assume in scientific bodies.

a) Articles published or lectures given:

1 - Age and Mode of the Ultrabasic Rocks of the Quebec Appalachians: lecture given by Jacques Béland, geologist, before the joint meeting of the Montreal, Quebec and Thetford Mines branches of the "Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy", at Thetford Mines, on June 23rd, 1961.

2 - An Outline of the Rouyn-Noranda Area, Quebec: paper by J. Dugas and W.A. Hogg, geologists, presented at the annual meeting of the "Prospectors and Developers Association" in Toronto, in March, 1962, and published in the Canadian Mining Journal, April, 1962

3 - A Preliminary Tectonic Map of the Canadian Appalachian Region Based on Age of Folding: article by Jacques Béland, E.R.W. Weale, R.R. Potter and V.H. Poole, geologists, published in the "Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin", September, 1961.

4 - Extraction du magnésium et du nickel des silicates: paper by Maurice Archambault,'director of Laboratories, and Charles Olivier, chemist, presented to the 29th congress of ACFAS, in Ottawa, in October, 1961.

5 - Géologie et problèmes des roches ultramafiques de la zone du cap Smith: conference by Léopold Gélinas, geologist, presented to the "Geological Society of Quebec", in Quebec, on December 12th, 1961. - 56-

6 - Geology and Petroleum Possibilities of the Rimouski- Matapédia Region: article by Jacques Béland, geologist, published in the "Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin", March 1962.

7 - Geology of Northern Ungava: article by Léopold Gélinas and Robert Bergeron, geologists, published in "Precambrian Mining in Canada", March 1962.

8 - L'Age de la partie nord du géosynclinal du Labrador: conference by Pierre Sauvé, geologist, presented to the 29th congress of ACFAS, in Ottawa, on October 28th, 1961.

9 - Les effets de hétrérogénités en fluorescence des rayons-X: conference by Fernand Claisse and Claude Samson, physicists, presented to the 11th congress on X-rays application held in Denver during August, 1961.

10 - L'évolution du géosynclinal" nord appalachien: conference by Jacques Béland, geologist, presented to the Geological Society of Quebec, in Quebec, on October 19th, 1961.

11 - Metallic Mineralization in the Appalachians of Southern Quebec: conference by Jacques Béland, Raymond Marleau and Jacques Pérusse, geologists, presented to the 30th annual meeting of the "Prospectors and Developers Association", in Toronto, on March 13th, 1962, and published in the "Canadian Mining Journal", April, 1962.

12 - Millenary, a Name for Geological Events of about 1,000 Mega-years Ago: an article by F.F. Osborne, geologist, published in the "Naturaliste Canadien", in January, 1962.

13 - Outline of Tectonics of Area Bordering the Ungava Nucleus; conference by Robert Bergeron, Jean Bérard and Léopold Gélinas, geologists, presented at the symposium on the Tectonics of the Canadian Shield, during the annual meeting of the Royal Society of Canada, in Montreal, on June 7th, 1961.

14 - Some Results of the Application in the Quebec Appalachians of the Russian concept of Tectonic Analysis: conference by Jacques Béland, geologist, presented at the Third Symposium on Tectonics, which was held at McGill University, in Montreal, on March 23rd, 1962. - 57 -

15 - Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Possibilities of Quebec: paper presented by I.W. Jones, director of Geological Services, at the joint annual meeting of the "Geological Association of Canada" and the "Alberta Society of Petroleum Engineers", held in Calgary, from September 6th to 8th, 1961.

16 - Tectonics of Part of the Grenville Sub-province of Canada: paper by F.F. Osborne and M. Morin, geologists, presented at the symposium on the Tectonics of the Canadian Shield during the annual meeting of the Royal Society of Canada, in Montreal, on June 7th, 1961.

17 - Textures of the Ungava Nickel Ores: article published by A.R. Philpotts, geologist, in "The Canadian Mineralogist", in 1961.

b) Participation in scientific bodies:

The Director of Geological Services, Dr. I.W. Jones, was invited to become a member of the geology committee of the Board of Overseers of Harvard University (Mass.) He was also named member of the planning committee of the Geological Society of America and member of the general editing committee of the Royal Society of Canada.

The chief of the Geological Surveys Service, Dr. H.W. McGerrigle, was delegated, in October 1961, to represent the Mines Branch in the Canadian consulting committee on geological research.

Dr. Robert Bergeron, geologist with the Geological Surveys Service, was elected, in November 1961, to the Board of Directors and named Secretary of the Center for Northern Research of Université Laval. APPENDIX III

LIST OF PATENTS OBTAINED OR APPLIED FOR IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES IN THE NAME OF THE LABORA- TORIES FOR MINERALOGICAL AND METALLURGICAL RESEARCH

Among the research projects being carried out in the Laboratories of the Department of Natural Resources, many resulted in the discovery of new extraction or production processes. In such cases, it is important to patent the invention, not only in Canada but also in other countries, in order to protect the rights of the Quebec Government resulting from the discoveries made by its research workers to improve the economy of Quebec. Following is the list of patents obtained or applied for, in various countries, by research workers of the Laboratories of the Department of Natural Resources, between February 8th, 1960, and March 31st, 1962, together with an indication of the discovered process and the patent number covering it in each country. "X" indicates that a patent was applied for, but has not yet been granted. Canada France Great United Germany Belgium Processes Britain States No. No. No. No. No. No. 1 - Low temperature pyrometallurgical extraction of lithium using sulphuretted derivatives of pyrites 592,353 1,183,727 850,480 2,923,600 1,064,935 560,581 2 - High temperature pyrometallurgical extraction of lithium using sulphuretted derivatives or pyrites 601,441 - - - - - 3 - Continuous cyclic production process of lithium sulphate and carbonate 640,645 1,246,235 876,580 3,017,243 1,118,766 - 4 - Lithium sulphate production from non- decrepitated ores 601,498 - - 2,972,517 - - 5 - Direct hydrothermal production of lithium carbonate x 1,287,607 x x x 599,725 6 - Hydrothermal production of lithium carbonate with attendant regeneration of reagents x x x x x 599,726 7 - Hydrothermal production of lithium fluoride and other lithium salts x x x x x 611,066 8 - Direct hydrothermal production of lithium borate x x x x x 612,410 9 - Lithium carbonate production through a liquid phase of sodium and ammonium compounds x x x x x 612,663 10 - Classification apparatus by size of particles and asbestos fibre cleaning process 628,028 1,216,294 848,164 2,910,178 - 571,021 11 - Production of nickel sulphate and magnesium sulphate by treating silicate in a gaseous atmosphere - - 849,364 - - - ANNEX I: MINING INDUSTRY IN QUEBEC

The value of the mineral production of Quebec was $455,523,000 in 1961, compared with $446,637,000 in 1960. The mineral production of Quebec remained at par with that of 1960 (an increment of less than two per cent), mostly through increases in the production of asbestos and titanium oxide, which made up for a decline in copper and iron ore production. The value of metals produced, which amounted to $214,387,000 was $10,000,000 below the 1960 level, despite a $2,000,000 increase in gold production. On the other hand, the value of industrial minerals rose by $14,000,000 and that of building materials, by $5,000,000, compared with the figures for 1960.

The copper industry ranks first in salaries paid and number of workmen. It disbursed $31.7 millions in salaries to 6,962 employees. As shown in Table II, asbestos ranks second in this respect ($30.6), followed by iron ($21.1), gold and silver ($11.7), and then zinc ($3.7). The trio (copper, gold, silver),often found in the same ore, paid in salaries, in 1961, 32.8 per cent of its gross value; asbestos, 26.4 per cent; iron, 24.8 per cent; and zinc, 25.9 per cent. However, asbestos remains in first place in the Province's mineral production; its value amounted to $115.9 millions in 1961. It is followed, in descending order of gross value by copper ($87.0), iron ore ($53.6), gold ($37.4), and zinc ($13.6).

The mines are one of the important segments of the economy of Quebec. During the last ten years, the gross value of the primary production of the Quebec mines has doubled; from $220 millions in 1950, it is now over $450 millions. The net value (1) of Quebec's mineral production ($246.1 millions in 1960) is only slightly below that of the Province's agricultural production ($280.8 millions in 1960). It represents, in 1960, five per cent of the net value of the total production of Quebec,which then amounted to $4,955 millions. In 1961, Quebec mines employed 31,898 persons, who worked during a total of 62 million hours: this is the equi- valent to a labor force of nearly 26,000 people working 300 days per year. These employees earned a total of $128.3 millions.

The four main mineral substances of the Province of Quebec, namely asbestos, copper, iron ore and gold, have not progressed in the same way during the last ten years.

(1) The, net value is obtained by deducting from the total value of the production, the cost of materials, fuel, electricity and all other supplies used during production. -61 -

Gold production was maintained at the one million ounce level, whereas copper production doubled since 1950. In 1961, a total of 298,000,000 pounds of copper was produced worth $86,990,000, while in 1951, the corresponding figures were 137,731,906 pounds and $38,151,738. The devaluation of the Canadian dollar was a boon to Quebec's gold production and will continue to help the Province's producers as long as production costs do not rise. According to the Year Book of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics for 1961 (page 39), "Canadian producers have maintained quotations on a par with their U.S. counterparts since 1956, by adjusting prices to compensate for the difference in prevailing exchange rates If the balance is maintained, copper producers will also benefit from a situation similar to that enjoyed by the gold producers.

Quebec's copper industry comprises three types of installations: concentrators, smelters and refineries. At the concentrator or extraction stage, the growth of the Province's copper industry is fairly flex- ible because it is relatively easy to build new concentrators, and, given a favorable market, this growth is dependent upon the discovery of new deposits and the opening of new regions. On the other hand, the production of metallic copper is limited by the capacity of the two smelters located at Noranda and at Murdochville. Designed to treat 1,900,000 tons of concentrates, they have operated at full capacity these last few years, producing, in 1961, 204,387 tons of copper, of which about 149,000 tons came from ores extracted from Quebec mines. Any increase in smelter production is possible only if existing facilities are modified or if a new smelter is built provided that there are enough concentrates available. However, the only Quebec refinery, located in Montreal, is producing at its rated capacity of 270,000 tons of refined copper per year. It is evident that Quebec's production of refined copper is not likely to increase very much.

To these limitations inherent to the industry's structure, must be added those imposed on Quebec's copper industry by its ties with the international markets. Prices have remained stable during the past ten years; discounting the high level reached in 1955 and 1956, they have fluctuated between $0.28 and $0.30 per pound. The progressive industri- alization of many countries should create a demand that will absorb the increased production generated by the progress of the copper industry and the discovery of new deposits. Thus, the copper industry of the Province of Quebec should be free to progress, in so far as its facilities will permit, with the normal rate of discovery of deposits and the opening-up of new territories.

Ever since its beginning in 1954, and notwithstanding wide fluctuations, iron ore production has held an important place in the - 62 - mining industry of the Province. In 1961, shipments were valued at $53.6 millions, having reached $61.8 millions in 1960, and even $92.5 millions in 1959. These variations are caused by fluctuations in the world markets and the United States steel production, as well as technical improvements.

Nowadays, the iron ore industry is going through a meta- morphosis or structural conversion that promotes ores amenable to concentration at the expense of natural high grade. This trend is responsible for the opening of iron ore mines such as the one near Bristol, in Pontiac county, and the one near Gagnon, in Northern Quebec. The high grade but hard to concentrate ores of the Schefferville region are still, however, con- tributing in a large measure to the total production of Quebec. It would seem that the growth of Quebec's iron ore is bound, in a large measure, to the demand for concentrates.

On the other hand, competition for the world markets is increasing with the growth of sources of supply of iron ore. However, the ever-expanding steel production absorbs more and more iron ore, thus bring- ing stability to the ore market. For example, officials of the European Coal and Steel Community foresee that this body will be unable to fill the needs of its member countries after 1965, although it is endeavouring to increase their iron ore production. In fine, the iron ore market is not yet stabilized.

The asbestos production of Quebec reached a new high in 1961. Asbestos mines in the Province produced 1,104,000 tons of asbestos valued at $115,945,000, compared with 1,054,000 tons worth $107,788,000 in 1960. This represents about 90 per cent of the Canadian and 40 per cent of the world production of asbestos. The great competitor countries are Russia and Union of South Africa.

Approximately 90 per cent of the Canadian production of asbestos is sold on world markets. The United States purchases 60 per cent; Europe, 17 per cent; and the United Kingdom, 7 per cent. Should the deposits discovered in other provinces and in Northern Quebec be brought into production, the Canadian asbestos production would naturally increase. But, market demands for asbestos should increase enough to absorb this added production. The fact remains that in spite of competition from other material, specially in the construction field, asbestos is an ingredient in the manufacture of thousands of products.

A glance at the statistic table shows that the total value of the mineral production of Quebec has doubled every ten years. However, it will be noted that during the last few years, this rate of growth has - 63 - slackened, reflecting the world mineral production. The post-war expansion has undoubtedly slowed down.

The Quebec Government, in the past, made its contribution to this growth by making operating conditions easier, and by burdening mine operators with a minimum of restrictions. It also created, for the benefit of the mining industry, technical services which, in proportion and in fact, are greater than any of those offered by other Canadian provinces. As a matter of fact, the Quebec Government spent, in the last few years, in the field of mining services and investments, more than it received from the mining industry. For example, during the fiscal year 1960-196.1, it allotted to mining a total of $9,500,000, this being $3,800,000 in services and $5,700,000 in investments., compared with $5,300,000, of which $3,670,000 was allocated for services and $1,630,000 for investments, during 1961-1962. On the other.hand, revenues from mines aggregated $6,229,000 in 1960-1961, and $6,025,000 in 1961-1962.

To-day, technological progress is a factor in mining development. It becomes more necessary than ever, that, through its Mines Branch, the Department of Natural Resources be in the van. It behoves the Department to intensify, orientate and direct the exploitation of Quebec's mineral deposits. Such guidance demands an even more thorough knowledge of the mineralization of the Province's sub-soil and a more dynamic action, as well as an extensive study of every economic factor. This could be one way for Quebec to fulfill the role of a conscious owner. - 64 -

Table I. - Mineral Production of Quebec,1959 to 1961 (Expressed in Thousands)

1959 1960 1961 SUBSTANCES Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity) Value Metallics Copper: lb. 269,824 $ 79,895 314,939 $ 95,395 298,014 $ 86,990 Iron ore: tons 11,515 92,497 7,458 61,752 5,640 53,628( Gold: ounces 997 33,472 1,033 35,073 1,054 37,376( Zinc: lb. 94,116 11,520 99,615 13,229 108,010 13,598 Iron: - 7,187 - 10,973 - 14,720 Silver: ounces 4,110 3,608 4,115 3,659 4,316 4,068 Selenium: lb. 194 1,350 280 1,958 215 1,397 Molybdenum: lb. 749 941 762 1,006 771 1,092 Magnesium: lb. 4,060 977 - - - - Lead: lb. 5,819 617 5,339 570 6,784 693 Bismuth: lb. 152 264 173 297 175 298 Titaniferous iron: tons 36 214 20 174 18 151 Tellurium: lb. 2 4 30 105 64 310 Cadmium: lb. - 66 94 - - Columbium: lb. - -- - 62 66 Total - $232,556 - 4224,355 - $214,387 Non-Metallics 1 - Industrial Minerals Asbestos: tons 992 $ 95,227 1,054 $107,788 1,104 $115,945 Titanium (oxide in slag) - 8,507 - 12,947 - 16,724 Industrial lime: tons 362 4,040 368 4,053 376 4,702 Nagnesitic dolomite and brucite - 3,051 - 3,279 - 3,064 Sulphur: tons 328 1,927 291 1,938 264 1,856 Quartz and industrial sand: tons 302 1,533 357 1,836 302 1,718 [ndustrial limestone: tons 535 1,606 727 2,018 1,118 2,974 Peat: tons 51 1,282 57 1,342 76 1,788 Feldspar: tons 18 302 14 239 11 230 4arl: tons 130 196 127 191 69 120 Mineral water: gal. 365 201 373 200 358 206 Soapstone and talc: tons 16 186 14 158 16 179 )chre and iron oxide: tons 1 108 1 77 1 68 4ica: lb. 778 62 1,235 85 1,373 102 Lithium: lb. 2,756 1,422 205 84 536 393 3raphite - - - - Total - $119,650 - $136,235 - $150,071 2 - Building Materials Cement: tons 1,975 $ 29.521 1,876 $ 28,315 2,029 $ 31,413 Sand and gravel: tons 42,450 21,269 46,256 22,620 44,126 21,793 Building limestone: tons 17,480 20,660 16,915 19,580 17,799 20,308 Clay products: - 10,374 142 8,094 148 8,196 3ranite: tons 1,419 5,057 1,581 5,215 2,717 7,695 Sandstone: tons 783 980 895 1,070, 876 933 Building lime: tons 38 487 27 345 31 385 Building marble: tons 24 168 16 136 21 310 Slate and schist: tons 55 58 115 89 31 33 Sand-lime products 180 520 116 582 (3) (3) Total - $ 89,094 - $ 86,047 - $ 91,066 Grand total - $441,300 - $446,637 - $455,523 (1) In view of the uncertainty as to the boundary line between Quebec and Newfoundland it is possible that this does not represent all the production of Quebec. (2) Value in Canadian funds. The standard value at the rate of $20.671834 per ounce troy is $21,355,493 for 1960 and $21,788,713 for 1961. (3) As of 1961, sand-lime products are no longer. included in the mineral production of Quebec. - 65-

Table II. - Relative Importance of Various Minerals in the Mining Industry in 1961

Production Employees Wages Value in Value in Minerals Thousands Rank No. Basis of Rank Thousands Rank 300 days dollofars dollars(1) Columbium and uranium 66 97 65 306 Total for copper mines 90,553 2 6,962 5,943 1 31,651 1 Copper 86,990 Sulphur 1,856 Selenium 1,397 Tellurium 310 Total for iron mines 85,223 3 3,758 3,514 3 21,136 3 Iron 14,720 Iron ore 53,628 Titaniferous iron 151 Titanium oxide 16,724 Total for molybdenum mines 1,390 285 227 9 970 8 Molybdenum 1,092 Bismuth 298 Nickel 118 47 277 Total for gold mines 41,444 4 3,076 2,840 4 11,703 4 Gold 37,376 Silver 4,068 Total for zinc mines 14,291 5 908 819 5 3,703 5 Lead 693 Zinc 13,598 Cadmium - Asbestos 115,945 1 6,136 5,301 2 30,623 2 Industrial limestone 2,974 8 Industrial lime 4,702 6 299 279 8 1,290 7 Dolomite and brucite 3,064 7 354 303 7 1,575 6 Mineral water 206 17 10 25 Feldspar 230 41 28 99 Lithium 393 107 97 369 Marl 120 Mica 102 69 20 56 Ochre and iron oxide 68 18 12 38 Petroleum 33 20 93 Quartz and industrial sand 1,718 10 162 114 10 473 10 Soapstone and talc 179 25 20 62 Peat 1,788 9 553 409 6 966 9 Others 18 13 44 Building materials 91,066 8,266 5,357 20,687 Diamond drilling 596 507 2,132 Total 455,524 31,898 25,945 128,276

(1) These figures also include wages paid for exploration and development work. - 66 -

Table III. - Value of the Mineral Production of Quebec

during Certain Years

Years Value Years Value

Averages - 1898 - 1902 $ 2,455,176 1940 $ 86,418,853 1903 - 1907 3,991,586 1945 91,570,982 1908 - 1912 7,640,167 1950 220,665,103 1915 11,465,873 1955 357,562,029 1920 28,392,09 1959 441,299,661 1925 23,824,912 1960 446,637,201 1930 41,158,740 1961 455,522,933 1935 39,141,734

Table IV. - Comparative Value of the Mineral Production of Quebec, by Groups of Substances

Year Metals Per Industrial Per Building Per cent Minerals cent Materials cent

1940 $ 54,235,364 63 $ 19,229,099 22 $ 12,954,390 15 1945 48,082,817 53 29,045,463 32 14,442,702 15 1950 108,897,715 49 73,128,980 33 38,638,408 18 1955 184,680,850 52 105,890,962 30 66,990,217 18 1959 232,555,994 53 119,650,112 27 89,093,555 20 1960 224,355,382 50 136,235,367 31 86,046,452 19 1961 214,387,232 47 150,070,187 33 91,065,514 20 ANNEX II: SUMMARY OF HYDROELECTRIC PRODUCTION IN QUEBEC

The net production of electricity in Canada, in 1961, decreased by 1.02 per cent, compared with that of 1960. It was 113,214,455 mWh (millions of Wh or thousands of kWh) in 1961, in relation to 114,377,933 MWh in 1960. During the same period, the net production of electricity in Quebec decreased 1.42 per cent, from 50,432,901 mWh in 1960, to 49,717,328 mWh in 1961. A glance at the adjoining graph will show that there had not been a reduction in the production of electricity in Quebec since 1948, when a drought combined with a slow-down in the post-war industrial recovery reduced sales of electricity to secondary consumers.

1) - Present and Future Production or Consumption The 1961 decrease in electrical production is ascribable mainly to the aluminum industry. While Kitimat was closed down during the summer of 1961, Arvida was operating at a slow pace. The electrical production of these plants was curtailed, however, by some 400 million kWh, even though they increased their sales of electricity to other networks and their sales of secondary energy. On the other hand, a lesser production of copper (caused by the strike at Opemiska), titanium and iron ore also played a part in lowering the demand for electric energy. It will be noted that, during the same period, Shawinigan Water and Power produced one billion kWh less. Though, Hydro-Quebec had an increase of 1.8 billion kWh, during the same period, its sales of secondary energy were,nevertheless, reduced. Table I - Net Production of Electricity in Quebec in 1960 and 1961

Production (1,000 kWh) Producers 1960 1961 Distributing companies: Hydraulic power 36,155,183 35,840,092 Thermal power 33,183 15,188 Total 36,188,366 35,855,280 Non-distributing companies (1): Hydraulic power 13,954,088 13,583,744 Thermal power 290,447 278,304 Total 14,244,535 13,862,048 Total net production 50,432,901 49,717,328 Imported power 103,469 104,296 Exported power 6,534,067 6,262,968 Power available to the home market 44,002,303 43,558,656 Power consumed by boilers 1,731,322 5,045,757 (1) Industrial concerns producing electricity for their own use. Reference: Electric Power Statistics, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Ottawa. PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY IN QUEBEC FROM 1920 TO 1961

AND PROJECTION UP TO 1980

Billions of kwh 100 e ~

95 ~ / 90 I _ / 85 / / 80 / 75 — / / 70 / / 65 .— / / / 60 / ' 55 ._ / / 50

0 1 1 1 ) I I i Year 1925 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 D.N.R. B-807 -69-

Table I reflects these great changes, by showing electric production figures by types of producers. It will be noted that boilers used more electricity in 1961 than in 1960. Many concerns, such as pulp and paper mills, can use coal-fired or electricity-heated boilers, depending on the cost of each method of heating. These boilers thus use secondary energy that becomes a surplus in the hands of producers when the demand for primary energy diminishes in one sector or another.

Table II gives the details of the consumption of electricity, in Quebec, from 1956 to 1960, by category of consumers. If these data were to be reintegrated in the whole Canadian picture, the large proportion of electricity sold in Quebec as motive and industrial energy would readily be noticeable, by comparison with the total sales of power. That proportion was, in 1961, 71 per cent in Quebec and 61 per cent for the whole of Canada. Newfoundland's proportion, at 77 per cent, was higher than Quebec's, although that province's sales of electricity for motive and industrial power were only 3.5 per cent of those of Quebec.

The fact that industry purchases the major share of electricity in Quebec subjects the Province's electric production to the fluctuations of the general economic climate and of external trade. On the other hand, domestic and commercial consumption progressed more steadily, as shown in Table II.

Table II - Sales of Electricity in Quebec by Categories of Consumers 1956 to 1961, in 1,000 kWh

Consumers 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 Residences and farms 3,104,970 3,582,204 4,017,294 4,553,174 5,000,588 Commercial establishments 1,421,692 1,558,600 2,317,333 2,853,128 3,136,993 Motive power users 14,503,131 14,901,929 13,940,656 14,920,073 16,120,468 Electric boiler users 851,305 1,236,117 3,733,638 3,649,249 4,365,262 Street lighting 104,929 115,800 123,636 134,409 149,959

Total sales to all consumers 19,986,027 21,394,650 24,132,557 26,110,033 28,773,270

Reference: Electric Power Statistics, Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources, Ottawa. - 70 -

It should be remembered that the electricity sold is only a part of the consumption, as some industries use the power they produce. The typical example is Aluminum Company of Canada. This company has a total installed capacity of 2,267,840 kW (3,040,000 HP), nearly one-fourth of Quebec's installed capacity, but it consumes nearly all its production. This brings in relief and further increases the part played by industry in Quebec's electric consumption.

As a consequence, forecasts of industrial power consumption are bound, in the final analysis, to industrial production forecasts. The vicissitudes of industrial production can invalidate the accuracy of the forecasts shown in the above graph. Notwithstanding these remarks, a projection based on the trend of the last twenty years may enable us to assess the justification of present investments and to foresee future ones.

2) - Installations

The Beauharnois hydroelectric station was completed in 1961 with the installation of the tenth turbine-generator unit, while the Caril- lon power-house was being readied to receive its first four units rated at 44,760 kW each. In the meantime, the Manicouagan River basin has become a beehive of activity where work is progressing on the completion of the communication network between Baie-Comeau and sites 2 and 5 on Manicouagan river — land clearing, building of construction camps and digging diversion canals to permit the erection of cofferdams necessary for the construction of the dam at No. 5 site. For its part, the Rural Electrification Office completed in 1961 the installation of a 2,228 kW power plant on Magpie river, on the North Shore.

According to figures compiled by the Waters Branch of the Department of Natural Resources, the total installed capacity of hydroelectric power plants in Quebec had reached 9,684,351 kW, on January 1st, 1962. By adding the 630,000 kW of the Carillon station, and the 2,400,000 kW of the future No. 2 and No. 5 stations under construction on the Manicou- agan, the hydroelectric capacity of Quebec power plants should total 12,796,500 kW between 1968 and 1970.

If the forecasts of hydroelectric production expressed by the above graph projection are tabulated, one may forecast the total installations needed to take care of future needs, assuming that technological advances will not change the relation that existed, in 1960, between production and installations. It may therefore be stated that a demand for 68.5 billion kWh will require, in 1970, an installed capacity of 12.l~killion kW. It will be necessary to depend, therefore, on the installations of

- 71 - sites Nos. 2 and 5, on the Manicouagan. Later, in 1975, the central power station No. 3, on the Manicouagan, and stations 45 and 58,on aux Outardes river, will be ready to add their respective capacities of 1,000,000 kW and 1,250,000 kW and help meet a demand that should be then in the neighbor- hood of 81 billion kWh.

However, it may be presumed that the output of installations and power stations will increase steadily in the years to come.

Table III- Projection of Production and Installations

Required Installed Year Net Production Capacity Billions of kWh pillions of kW

1960 50.4 8.9 1970 68.5 12.1 1975 81 14.3 1980 95.5 16.9

3) Prices

The average price of electricity for home consumption increased by 1.4 per cent between 1949 and 1958; there has been no further increase since. Moreover, the Gas and Electricity Board has not authorized any price increase in this field since December 1st, 1959.

With the exception of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, where the price of electricity for home consumption dropped by 1.7 and 2.3 per cent respectively, the increase has been much less in Quebec than in the other provinces, as the average Canadian price increased by 18.5 per cent between 1949 and 1961. However, the fact remains that electricity for homes and farms cost an average of 1.5 cents per kWh, in Quebec, on January 1st, 1961, compared with 1.3 cents in Ontario and 1.1 cents in Manitoba.

On the other hand, the price of electricity for commercial and industrial uses has remained stable, in Quebec, since 1959; this applies to sales under the jurisdiction of the Gas and Electricity Board. On January 1st, 1961, Quebec's commercial and industrial establishments were paying the lowest price in Canada for their electricity. However, low voltage industrial current was priced less in Ontario than in Quebec, as evidenced by calculation of the balanced averages for 31 Quebec towns and 43 Ontario towns. -72-

4) Revenues from Electric Production

Table IV presents a statement of revenues derived from the hydroelectric resources of Quebec during the fiscal years 1960-1961 and 1961-1962.

Table IV - Revenues from Hydroelectric Resources

Sources of Revenues 1960-1961 1961-1962 Hydraulic Service $ 1,000.00 ~ 1,000.00 Gas and Electricity Board 571,643.38 599,966.52 Rentals and royalties: Dam-reservoirs 604,179.84 1,621,636.74 Hydraulic power 5,864,415.48 5,791,911.48 Power transmission lines, 3,871.77 Tax on production par kilowatt-hour 3,577,968.89 3,260,268.27 Hydro-Quebec contribution 2,800,000.00 2,800,000.00 Quebec Pulp and Paper Corporation (Chicoutimi) Hydraulic power 78,878.73 73,548.29 Dam-reservoirs 5,369.49 5,469.83 Miscellaneous 549.48 734.96 Rural Electrification Office Sales of electricity 90,739.90 151,592.65 Power transmission lines 184,593.54 224,452.63 Rentals of power lines 105,608.98 43,055.28 Miscellaneous 78.20 14,210.94 Total $ 13,886,025.91 $ 14,600,415.36 Reference: Public Accounts of Quebec, 1961 and 1962.

From Table IV, two main types of revenues will be noted: the direct tax on electric production and the rentals and royalties received for the use of dam-reservoirs and hydroelectric power.

The tax imposed on kilowatt-hour production is turned over to the fund for education. The lesser income received through this tax in 1961-1962 brings out the decrease in electric production mentioned previously. On the other hand, revenues from the use of dam-reservoirs have more than doubled during the same period, because of the higher duties imposed on the users of hydroelectric resources when important contracts came up for renewal. In addition, it will be noted that the sales of the Rural Electrification Office have increased notably. This has been caused, in addition to the normal increase, to the opening of the Magpie power plant with its installed capacity of 2,228 kW.