DOCSLIB.ORG

Report on Phase I of Project Implementation Order Entitled

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Report on Phase I of Project Implementation Order Entitled NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT 10 583 Report on Phase I of Project Implementation Order Entitled UTILIZATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CAPABILITY OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS to Agency for International Development Bureau for Technical Assistance Office of Science and Technology Washington, D. C. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS - 1 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901 . Tod..\, in addition to serving as the Nation’s central measurement laboratory, the Bureau is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To this end the Bureau conducts research and provides central national services in four broad program areas. These are: (1) basic measurements and standards, (2) materials measurements and standards, (3) technological measurements and standards, and (4) transfer of technology. The Bureau comprises the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Center for Radiation Research, the Center for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR B4SIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and com- merce. The Institute consists of an Office of Measurement Services and the following technical divisions: Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Metrology—Mechanics—Heat— Atomic and Molec- ular Physics—Radio Physics - —Radio Engineering - —Time and Frequency -—Astro- physics -—Cryogenics. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to im- proved methods of measurement standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials; relates the physical and chemical prop- erties of materials to their behavior and their interaction with their environments; and provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies. The Institute consists of an Office of Standard Reference Materials and the following divisions: Analytical Chemistry—Polymers—Metallurgy—Inorganic Materials—Physical Chemistry. THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services to promote the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in industry and Gov- ernment; cooperates with public and private organizations in the development of technological standards, and test methodologies; and provides advisory and research services for Federal, state, and local government agencies. The Institute consists of the following technical divisions and offices: < Engineering Standards—Weights and Measures — Invention and Innovation — Vehicle Systems Research—Product Evaluation—Building Research—Instrument Shops—Meas- urement Engineering—Electronic Technology—Technical Analysis. THE CENTER FOR RADIATION RESEARCH engages in research, measurement, and ap- plication of radiation to the solution of Bureau mission problems and the problems of other agen- cies and institutions. The Center consists of the following divisions: Reactor Radiation—Linac Radiation —Nuclear Radiation—Applied Radiation. THE CENTER FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in the selection, acquisition, and effective use of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Center consists of the following offices and divisions: Information Processing Standard* —Computer Information — Computer Services — Sys- tems Development—Information Processing Technology. THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of the Federal government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measure- ment System, and provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum ac- cessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following organizational units: Office of Standard Reference Data—Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information —Office of Technical Information and Publications—Library—Office of Public Information —Office of International Relations. 1 Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted ; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234. 2 Located at Boulder. Colorado 80302. 2 Located at 5285 Port Royal Road. Springfield. Virginia 22151. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT 1560370 May 4, 1971 10 583 Report on Phase I of Project Implementation Order Entitled UTILIZATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CAPABILITY OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS by E. L. Brady and H. Steffen Peiser National Bureau of Standards to Agency for International Development Bureau for Technical Assistance Office of Science and Technology Washington, D. C. IMPORTANT NOTICE intended NATIONAL BUREAU OF STA : accounting documents ubjected to additional evaluation for use within the Government. I Approved for public release by the and review. For this reason, the listing of this Report, either in Institute of National whole or in part, is not authorij Director of the National Office of the Director, Government agency for which Bureau of Standards, Washingtor Standards and Technology (NIST) the lies for its own use. the Report has been specifically p on October 9, 2015. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS : : Table of Contents Page Summary Report on Phase I 1 Plans for Phase II (2-year Program) 2 Plans for Phase III (5-year Program) 6 Appendices 1. Industrialization Seminar 1971, Table of Contents of Proceedings 7 2. Summary of Responses to Questionnaire 11 3. List of Seminar Participants 14 4. Review of NBS Technical Assistance Activities, 1955 - 1970, P. H. Kratz and H. L. Mason 24 5. Report on UNIDO/ECA Workshop by S. B. Newman, abstract by H. L. Mason 47 * . — • NBS No. 10583 NBS Report to AID on Phase I of Project Implementation Order Entitled UTILIZATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CAPABILITY OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS by E. L. Brady and H. Steffen Peiser National Bureau of Standards Standards, calibration, and measurement and testing services have been important features of all developed countries and have accompanied the industrialization process of a number of recently developed countries. Such activities are critically needed by developing countries for, inter alia, control of manufacturing processes, quality control of products, encouragement of exports, and the transfer of technology from abroad. The general case and the relevant history is well presented in "Standardization" United Nations, Monograph 12 of UNIDO. An NBS seminar organized with the collaboration of NAS, NAE, and partially supported by AID, under the general theme "The Role of a National Capability in Metrology and Standardization in Industrializing Economies" was held at Airlie House, Warrenton, Virginia on February 1-4, 1971. The seminar aimed at determining high priority needs for metrology and standardiz tion in developing countries, informing officials from such countries about the capabilities and services available at NBS, eliciting their views about the problems that face them, and obtaining guidance about the nature of an NBS program designed to help solve those problems. The seminar, which was attended by 13 representatives from developing countries, 9 representatives of international and regional organizations involved in technical assistance, and industry and government representa- tives from the United States for a total of 55 persons, was successful in highlighting the problem areas and in defining the types of technical assistance needed. As the table of contents of the Proceedings of the seminar (see appendix 1) shows, most of the representatives from developing countries and international organizations presented prepared papers in which they discussed quite elaborately and candidly various problems associated with their industrialization and standardization efforts. They also participated vigorously in the discussions that followed each of the eight sessions of the seminar. The representatives were unanimous in their agreement that there is a high priority need for a properly structured assistance program on metrology, standards, quality control, product certification and training in LDC’s. They further confirmed . this opinion in their responses to a special questionnaire, details of which are summarized in appendix 2 of this report. To facilitate consideration of future involvement in international development, NBS had prepared a review of its past activities in this field. This review was called for under this AID contract and is therefore itself to be regarded as a part of the present report (see appendix 4)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From “Outsider” to Insider: the Case of Reliance
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Munich Personal RePEc Archive MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive From \Outsider" to Insider: The Case of Reliance Surajit Mazumdar 2016 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93162/ MPRA Paper No. 93162, posted 9 April 2019 16:13 UTC From ‘Outsider’ to Insider: the Case of Reliance Surajit Mazumdar CESP/SSS. Jawaharlal Nehru University Revised Version of Paper presented at the Conference on the Sociology of the Indian Elites, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 4th and 5th January 2016 Abstract: At the time that India’s liberalization, the Reliance group was already one of India’s leading business groups and in subsequent years has only cemented its place at the top of India’s corporate hierarchy. Reliance was not, however, among the ‘traditional’ large groups that emerged during the colonial era and were found to be still dominant in the mid-1960s. This paper traces the story of the Reliance phenomenon and discusses briefly the process (method) by which that story was constructed. In addition to demystifying the phenomenon, the paper seeks to demonstrate that there is sufficient evidence available to establish the proposition that the basis for the success of Reliance was fundamentally no different from that which other groups used to perpetuate their dominant position, the roots of which lay in the nature of Indian capitalism. 1 Introduction A fundamental premise of this paper is that the capitalist or business class in any society is a product of its particular historical development.
    [Show full text]
  • In-Stock Kravet Carpet
    Volume II IN STOCK.kravetcarpet Flat weaves are the foundation for a casual lifestyle. These beautiful rugs are hand woven on horizontal looms in China and India, available in wool or cotton. Designs include stripes, geometrics and ikats in textures such as soumaks and kilims. Modern rugs from Kravet Carpet are hand knotted using extraordinary fibers, such as linen, hemp and art silk. Construction includes wool pile and Moroccan Berber, resulting in designs that are lifestyle oriented and fashion forward. High contrast colors, subtle animal skins, large scale damasks, bold ikats and abstract geometrics make this an exciting category for Kravet Carpet. Tibetan rugs are created in Nepal where Tibetan artisans execute every part of the process entirely by hand. The collection includes an extensive line of area rugs in the best selling colors, constructed in 100 knots from the finest Tibetan wool and Indian silk. These designs are in stock eliminating the waiting time usually associated with hand knotted rugs. The Eastern collection from Kravet Carpet includes new introductions, favorites, and antique reproductions. This vast selection of more than 300 designs is available in rectangles, squares, rounds and runners. All rugs are hand knotted with the finest wools from India, Pakistan and China. Rugs from the Kravet Smart collection are hand knotted and hand loomed in India. Seven subtle designs in forty five luminous colors are created from wool and viscose. The effect is sophisticated and stylish, providing the perfect foundation for any interior. Kravet Smart Naturals offers a selection of sisal area rugs, elegantly finished with cotton binding.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Textile Types and Weaves 1750-1950 DATS in Partnership with the V&A
    Identifying Textile Types and Weaves 1750-1950 DATS in partnership with the V&A DATS DRESS AND TEXTILE SPECIALISTS 1 Identifying Textile Types and Weaves 1750-1950 Text copyright © DATS, 2007 Image copyrights as specified in each section. This information pack has been produced to accompany a one-day workshop of the same name taught by Sue Kerry and held at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery Collections Centre on 29th November 2007. The workshop is one of three produced in collaboration between DATS and the V&A, funded by the Renaissance Subject Specialist Network Implementation Grant Programme, administered by the MLA. The purpose of the workshops is to enable participants to improve the documentation and interpretation of collections and make them accessible to the widest audience. Participants will have the chance to study objects at first hand to help increase their confidence in identifying textile materials and techniques. This information pack is intended as a means of sharing the knowledge communicated in the workshops with colleagues and the public. Other workshops / information packs in the series: Identifying Printed Textiles in Dress 1740 -1890 Identifying Handmade and Machine Lace Front Cover - English silk tissue, 1875, Spitalfields. T.147-1972 , Image © V&A Images / Victoria and Albert Museum 2 Identifying Textile Types and Weaves Contents Page 2. List of Illustrations 1 3. Introduction and identification checklist 3 4. Identifying Textile Types - Fibres and Yarns 4 5. Weaving and Woven Cloth Historical Framework - Looms 8 6. Identifying Basic Weave Structures – Plain Cloths 12 7. Identifying Basic Weave Structures – Figured / Ornate Cloths 17 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrics Around Us 5.3 Classification of Textile Fibres
    Fabrics 5 Around Us LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completing this chapter the learner will be able to — • discuss the diversity in fabrics. • name and classify the fabrics commonly seen around. • explain the concept of yarn and fabric making. • describe the properties of each group of fabrics. 57 • make informed selection of textile products for specific end use. 5.1 Introduction Fabrics are all around us. They are an important part in our lives. Fabrics give comfort and warmth, bring colour and decorative style, and add texture. Just think of a day’s activity and recall how fabrics touch you. When you wake up from your bed, the bedsheets and pillow covers are fabrics. As you get ready for school the towel you use after bath is a soft and absorbent fabric, and the school dress you wear is again a fabric of a special type. The school bag in which you carry your books and other items is also a fabric, but again different in texture. It may be slightly stiff and coarse but strong enough to bear the load. If you observe your home you will find fabrics in almost all places, from curtains to kitchen dusters, floor mops and durries. Fabrics are of different kinds, weights and thickness and their choice is related to their end use. If you take a typical fabric in hand, and unravel it, you may be able to pull out the thread like structures from it. These may be interlaced with each other at right angles or interlooped as in your woollen cardigan or T shirts, or knotted as in nets and laces.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship of Past to Present Fashions, and Where Fashion Goes from Here Invention of “Synthetic” Fibers: Nylon, & Rayon, Or Artificial Silk
    The relationship of past to present fashions, and where fashion goes from here Invention of “synthetic” fibers: nylon, & rayon, or artificial silk • Nylon – marketed by duPont company in 1938 – Quickly adopted for use in women’s underwear and stockings • Rayon – Manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber. – produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not a truly synthetic fiber, nor is it a natural fiber – known by the names viscose rayon and art silk in the textile industry – Known as artificial silk – Began to be improved and used in 1920’s and 1930’s – It can imitate the feel and texture of silk, wool, cotton and linen • Zippers: – New Closures beyond lacings and buttons! – improved and used by 1925, very popular in the 1930s – Early 1940’s: The zipper was well established as a closure, and appeared in clothing in all price ranges. After the beginning of WWII, the supply of zippers was curtailed because of metal shortages 20th century women’s fashion recycling: liberation, constriction… 1926 1934 The way the decades work: transitional styles at the beginning and end of each decade 1921, 1926, 1930 1931, 1934, 1939 Madeleine Vionnet (1876-1975) • French fashion designer • • Called the "Queen of the bias cut" and "the architect among dressmakers" • Explored classical ideas for freeing the body The Winged Victory Silk crepe evening of pajamas with Samothrace, matching scarf, c. 220-190 BC 1931 Madeleine Vionnet (1876-1975) A Purist, she found inspiration in the clean lines of squares, rectangles and circles At work, early
    [Show full text]
  • RAYON RUGS... Readily Ruined, but Still the Rage
    RAYON RUGS... Readily Ruined, But Still the Rage We have published various articles Why might a retailer or It seems that some will do over the years explaining the manufacturer use the term almost anything to keep from shortcomings of rayon. Despite “bamboo silk” instead of rayon? calling their rugs “rayon.” No our best efforts, rayon rugs remain Natural fibers are as popular as other fiber shows up under so extremely popular with designers ever and bamboo is thought of as many different names. Banana and their clients. Undeterred, both natural and sustainable. Silk silk, faux silk and art silk are we bring you—again—our best is, of course, both natural and a almost always rayon (rarely, a information about the limitations luxury fiber. So, the misleading rug will be mercerized cotton). of these products. name really comes down to Luxcelle and Silkette are marketing sizzle (without the steak). tradenames being used for What's in a Name? rayon. Again, the names are For all practical purposes, the confusing (and illegal) because terms rayon and viscose are the fiber content is not interchangeable. There are a immediately recognizable. handful of exceptions, but they are a tiny part of the total market. Problems Abound In fact, the Federal Trade As we’ve mentioned before, we Commission (FTC) says either think of rayon as cotton’s poor name is acceptable. relation. It’s a cellulosic fiber, so it shares a few of cotton’s better What the FTC does not allow qualities (e.g., soft hand and is rayon that is described under resistance to static).
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION Published in Accordance with Art
    s\ — iiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii OJII Eur°Pean Patent Office <*S Office europeen des brevets (11) EP 0 889 156 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION published in accordance with Art. 158(3) EPC (43) Date of publication: (51) int. CI.6: D06L 1/00, C12S 11/00, 07.01.1999 Bulletin 1999/01 D06p 3/24 D06p 5/02 (21) Application number: 96909363.2 D06B 3/04 (22) Date of filing: 12.04.1996 (86) International application number: PCT/JP96/01019 (87) International publication number: WO 97/31147 (28.08.1997 Gazette 1997/37) (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventor: KANEHISA, Keiichiro AT BE CH DE DK ES Fl FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC Takeno-gun, Kyoto-hu 627-01 (JP) NL PT SE (74) Representative: (30) Priority: 23.02.1996 JP 61825/96 von Samson-Himmelstjerna, Friedrich R., Dipl. - Phys. et al (71) Applicants: SAMSON & PARTNER • Kanehisa Inc. Widenmayerstrasse 5 Takeno-gun, Kyoto-hu 627-01 (JP) 80538 Munchen (DE) • Sumitomo Corporation Osaka-shi, Osaka 540-8666 (JP) (54) PROCESS FOR PRODUCING WOVEN OR KNITTED FABRIC FROM YARN-DYED RAW SILK AND WOVEN OR KNITTED FABRIC THUS PRODUCED (57) A process for producing woven or knitted fab- rics having an improved fastness, high qualities, and the Fig. 1 width as large as 150 cm from yarn-dyed raw silk while (a) evading possible occurrence of defects caused by piece dyeing, such as shading, friction marks, creases or bending. The process comprises the step (3) of union dyeing of sericin which surrounds the silk and fibroin which is contained within the silk, the steps (4 and 5) of preparing yarn-dyed raw silk by doubling the dyed silk fibers followed by twisting, the step (6) of producing fab- ric by weaving or knitting the yarn-dyed raw silk, the step (7) of swelling the raw silk constituting the fabric in a hot-water bath, and the step (8) of enzymatic degum- ming by treating the fabric with an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the sericin of the swollen yarn-dyed raw silk.
    [Show full text]
  • Silk – As Fiber and Fabric
    SILK – AS FIBER AND FABRIC Abstract Silk is the most beautiful and shiny natural fiber, that was founded by human civilization. It was first developed in ancient China, but spread gradually n to many regions of Asia. Silk is rightly regarded as Queen of textile fiber. Silk is a 100% natural fabric and natural protein fiber obtained from the cocoons. Out of the numerous species of silk moths, scientists have enumerated about 70 silk moths which are of some economic value. But of these only a very few have commercial value. The bulk of world silk supply comes from the silk moth Bombyx Mori which is domesticated/cultivated, the other varieties of silk Eri,Muga and Tasar are known as wild silk, as they are grown in remote forest trees in natural condition. Silk cocoon formation involves various stages Hatching of Eggs, Silk production by worm,Transition of the worm, cocoon formation and Raw Fiber is Obtained.This is subjected for chemical treatment like Degumming,Bleaching and Dyeing A wide range of silk fabrics are produced by using both Handloom and Power looms. Some of the popular silk fabric are Plain Silk Fabrics ,Dupion Fabrics , Charka Silk , Chiffon , Chinnon , Crepe or Crepe de Chine, Organza , Satin , Tabby Silk , Murshidabad Silk , Matka Fabric, China Silk ,Noil or Thrown silk ,Raw silk ,Taffeta Today 100% silk fabric are facing stiff competition from both from popular silk blends like Silk and Cotton, Silk and Linen and Silk and Wool and also from Artificial Silk or Art silk which refers to a synthetic manufactured fiber called Rayon which resembles silk but costs less to produce.
    [Show full text]
  • Process for Producing Woven Or Knitted Fabric
    Europäisches Patentamt *EP000889156B1* (19) European Patent Office Office européen des brevets (11) EP 0 889 156 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.7: D06L 1/00, C12S 11/00, of the grant of the patent: D06P 3/24, D06P 5/02, 08.01.2003 Bulletin 2003/02 D06B 3/04 (21) Application number: 96909363.2 (86) International application number: PCT/JP96/01019 (22) Date of filing: 12.04.1996 (87) International publication number: WO 97/031147 (28.08.1997 Gazette 1997/37) (54) PROCESS FOR PRODUCING WOVEN OR KNITTED FABRIC FROM YARN-DYED RAW SILK VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON GEWEBEN UND GEWIRKEN AUS GARNGEFARBTEN ROHSEIDE PROCEDE DE FABRICATION D’UNE ETOFFE TISSEE OU TRICOTEE A PARTIR DE SOIE BRUTE TEINTE EN FIL (84) Designated Contracting States: (56) References cited: AT BE CH DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC JP-A- 53 081 788 JP-A- 59 192 771 NL PT SE JP-A- 61 034 274 JP-B- 3 057 205 (30) Priority: 23.02.1996 JP 6182596 • DATABASE WPI Section Ch, Week 197544 Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; Class (43) Date of publication of application: F06, AN 1975-73489W XP002151657 & JP 50 07.01.1999 Bulletin 1999/01 031240 B (KANEBO LTD), 8 October 1975 (1975-10-08) (73) Proprietor: Sumitomo Corporation • DATABASE WPI Section Ch, Week 198613 Osaka-shi, Osaka 540-8666 (JP) Derwent Publications Ltd., London, GB; Class F06, AN 1986-086102 XP002151658 & JP 61 (72) Inventor: KANEHISA, Keiichiro 034274 A (NOVO IND AS), 18 February 1986 Takeno-gun, Kyoto-hu 627-01 (JP) (1986-02-18) (74) Representative: von Samson-Himmelstjerna, Friedrich R., Dipl.-Phys.
    [Show full text]
  • Interesting Textures and a Very Soft Hand Makes Chenille
    The Thread Unraveling the Mysteries of Fibers, Fabrics and Floor Coverings LIVING WITH RAYON… Natural Shading And Nap Distortion Rayon Resurgence! pulp, bamboo, cotton trash or If the fibers are oriented away Rayon was the first other natural fiber by-products, from your line of sight, the area manufactured fiber and adding chemicals to break them will appear to have lightened. variations of it have been down, and then forcing the Conversely if the fibers are marketed since the mid 1800’s, mixture through spinnerets to pointing toward you, the area but it wasn’t officially named create a lustrous fiber that is will appear darker. With rayon until 1924. It is the oldest neither a true synthetic nor a continued use, the shading production fiber and for many natural fiber. Rayon is a semi- becomes more noticeable. years was out of favor with synthetic or artificial fiber known manufacturers because so as a manmade cellulosic fiber. many other new fibers were being invented. However, over the past few years, textile The Natural Shading producers have been using of Rayon much more rayon in both Because rayon is now being clothing and home furnishings used so frequently to make fabrics. velvets, chenilles and pile floor coverings, this article will focus Sometimes rayon is hard for on helping consumers to consumers to recognize understand rayon and what to because it has many names – expect when it is used as an This type of shading generally Bemberg, Viscose, upholstery fabric on sofas, does not distract from the Cuprammonium and Art Silk, chair, area rugs and carpet.
    [Show full text]
  • FIBRES and FABRICS in N O V a T I O N S in Pr a C T I C a L Wo R K : Fi B R E S an D Fa B R I C S
    FIBRES AND FABRICS INNOVAT I ONS IN PRACT I CAL WORK : FI BRES AND FABR I CS FIBRES AND FABRICS The Science Enhancement Programme is a part of Gatsby Technical Education Projects. It is developing curriculum resources to support effective learning in science, and providing courses and professional development opportunities for science teachers. This booklet is part of the series ‘Innovations in practical work’, exploring ways in which low-cost and novel resources can be used in secondary science. www.sep.org.uk Gatsby Science Enhancement Programme INNOVAT I ONS IN PRACT I CAL WORK : FI BRES AND FABR I CS First published 2009 by the Gatsby Science Enhancement Programme Gatsby Technical Education Projects Allington House (First Floor) 150 Victoria Street London SW1E 5AE © 2009 Gatsby Science Enhancement Programme Author: Sam Holyman Series editor: Richard Boohan The materials in this booklet may be reproduced for teaching purposes in schools and colleges provided that the copyright of the Science Enhancement Programme is acknowledged. No copies may be sold for gain. ISBN 978-1-901351-79-8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We should like to thank the following for their help in supporting this publication: Peter Stensel and John Cave of Middlesex University Teaching Resources for sourcing practical materials; Phil Tetlow of Middlesex University for technical support; all of those who were involved in giving feedback and in undertaking school trials including Joanne Bolton, Allana Gay and Susan Wilkinson; Peter Stensel and Adam Bernard for the photography and illustrations; and Carolyn Pitkin for providing editorial assistance. HEALTH AND SAFETY For practical activities, the Science Enhancement Programme has tried to ensure that the experiments are healthy and safe to use in schools and colleges, and that any recognised hazards have been indicated together with appropriate control measures (safety precautions).
    [Show full text]
  • Background, Current Scenario and Future Challenges of the Indian Silk Industry
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 2448-2463 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 05 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.805.289 Background, Current Scenario and Future Challenges of the Indian Silk Industry Rubia Bukhari1* and Himpreet Kour2 1Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Main Campus Chatha, Jammu , Jammu & Kashmir – 180009, India 2Department of Animal Husbandry Jammu & Kashmir 180001, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT India is the second largest producer of silk and also the largest consumer of silk in the world having a strong tradition bound domestic market and it has the distinction of producing all the four varieties of silk viz. Mulberry, Eri, Tasar and Muga. In India, due to K e yw or ds favorable climatic conditions, mulberry is cultivated mainly in five states, viz., Karnataka, Indian silk industry, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Jammu & Kashmir. These five states Mulberry, Silk collectively account for 97% of the total area under mulberry cultivation and 95% of raw fabric , Silk trade, silk production in the country. The present global scenario clearly indicates enormous Market share, opportunities for the Indian Silk Industry. In 2016-17 the mulberry Silk Production Annual report Statistics estimated the world silk production to be 192,692 metric tonnes. China‟s contribution to world silk production is 80% (158,400 metric tonnes), and the share of Article Info Indian silk production is 30,348 metric tons (13%). China and India together account for Accepted: 93% of world silk production.
    [Show full text]