DOCSLIB.ORG

British Columbia Faunistic Survey: Subtidal and Deepwater Megafauna of the Strait of Georgia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
British Columbia Faunistic Survey: Subtidal and Deepwater Megafauna of the Strait of Georgia British Columbia Faunistic Survey: Subtidal and Deepwater Megafauna of the Strait of Georgia F. R. Bernard Department of Fisheries and the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service Resource Services Branch Pacific Biological Station o(t, DES MAR/iv Nanaimo, B.C. V9R - 5K6' fSbe," MAR I 197; 6 December 1978 A t Li8nAliIi Fisheries and Marine Service Manuscript Report No. 1488 Fisheries and Environment Peches et Environnement e Canada Canada Fisheries Service des peches and Marine Service et de la mer Fisheries and Marine Service a Manuscript Reports These reports contain scientific and technical information that represents an important contribution to existing knowledge but which for some reason may not be appropriate for primary scientific (i.e. Journal) publication. They differ from Technical Reports in terms of subject scope and potential audience: Manuscript Reports deal primarily with national or regional problems and distribution is generally restricted to institutions or individuals located in particular regions of Canada. No restriction is placed on subject matter and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of the Fisheries and Marine Service, namely, fisheries management, technology and development, ocean sciences, and aquatic environ- ments relevant to Canada. Manuscript Reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report will be abstracted by Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts and will be indexed annually in the Service's index to scientific and technical publications. Numbers 1-900 in this series were issued as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Biological Board of Canada, and subsequent to 1937 when the name of the Board was changed by Act of Parliament, as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 901-1425 were issued as Manuscript Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. The series name was changed with report number 1426. Details on the availability of Manuscript Reports in hard copy may be obtained from the issuing establishment indicated on the front cover. Service des peches et de la mer Rapports manuscrits Ces rapports contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techniques qui constituent une contribution importante aux connaissances actuelles mais qui, pour une raison ou pour une autre, ne semblent pas appropries pour la publication dans un journal sgentifique. Its se distinguent des Rapports techniques par la portee du sujet et le lecteur vise; en effet, ils s'attachent principalement a des problemes d'ordre national ou regional et la distribution en est generalement limit& aux organismes et aux personnel de regions particulieres du Canada. II n'y a aucune restriction quant au sujet; de fait, la serie reflete la vaste gamme des interets et des politiques du Service des peches et de la mer, notamment gestion des peches; techniques et developpement, sciences oceaniques et environnements aquatiques, au Canada. Les Manuscrits peuvent etre consideres comme des publications completes. Le titre exact parait au haut du résumé de chaque rapport, qui sera publie dans la revue Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts et qui figuera dans l'index annuel des publications scientifiques et techniques du Service. Les numeros de 1 a 900 de cette serie ont ete publies a titre de manuscrits (Serie biologique) de l'Office de biologie du Canada, et apres le changement de la designation de cet organisme par decret du Parlement, en 1937, ont ete classes en tant que manuscrits (Serie biologique) de l'Office des recherches sur les pecheries du Canada. Les numeros allant de 901 a 1425 ont ete publios a titre de manuscrits de l'Office des recherches sur les pecheries du Canada. Le nom de la serie a ete change a partir du rapport numero 1426. La page couverture porte le nom de l'etablissement auteur ou l'on peut se procurer les rapports sous couverture cartonnee. •Cover design by Christine Rusk Fisheries and Marine Service Manuscript Report 1488 December 1978 BRITISH COLUMBIA FAUNISTIC SURVEY: SUBTIDAL AND DEEPWATER ~lliGAFAUNA OF THE STRAIT OF GEORGIA by F. R. Bernard Department of Fisheries and the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service Resource Services Branch Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5K6 - ii - (c) Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1978 Cat. no. Fs 97-6/1488 ISSN 0701-7626 iii INDEX TO PHYLA AND CLASSES IDENTIFIED Page ANNELIDA 12 Amphineura 16 Anthozoa lO ARTHROPODA 31 Articulata 16 Ascidiacea 36 Asteroidea 28 Bivalvia 22 BRACHIOPODA 16 Calcarea 9 Cephalopoda 26 CHORDATA 36 CNIDARIA 9 Crinoidea 27 Crustacea 31 •' Desmospongia 9 ECHINODERMATA 27 Echinoidea 29 ECHIURA 15 ECTOPROCTA 12 Gastropoda 17 Gymnolaemata 12 iv Page Hexactinellida 9 Holothurioidea 30 Hydrozoa 9 Inarticulata 16 MOLLUSCA 16 NEMER TEA 11 Ophiuroidea 27 PLATYHELMINTHES 11 Polychaeta 12 PORIFERA 9 Pycnogonidae 31 Scaphopoda 26 Scyphozoa 10 SIPUNCULIDA 15 Tubellaria 11 - v- ABSTRACT Bernard, F. R. 1978. British Columbia faunistic survey: subtidal and deepwater megafauna of the Strait of Georgia. Fish. Mar. Serv. MS Rep. 1488: 4lp. A list of the macroinvertebrates collected from 315 stations occupied in the Strait of Georgia below 10 m comprised 481 species, not including numerous unidentified taxa of bryozoa and compound tunicates. The inventory resulted in the identification of six major communities, primarily dependent on particle size and secondarily on depth. Key words: Benthos, invertebrates, communities, marine infauna, Strait of Georgia. " RESUME, Bernard, F. R. 1978. British Columbia faunistic survey: subtidal and deepwater megafauna of the Strait of Georgia. Fish. Mar. Serv. MS Rep. 1488: 4lp. Le rapport dresse la liste de 481 especes de lJlacro-inyertebres peches dans 315 stations, a plus de 10m de prodondeur, dans le detroit de G~orgie, ce qui ne comprend pas les nombreux bryozoaires et tuniciers coloniaux qui n'ont pu etre classes. L 1 inventaire fait €tat de six principales communautes differenciees, premierement, d 1apres la granulometrie des particules, et, deuxiemement, d 1 apres la profondeur. Mots clefs: Benthos; invertebres; co~unaut€s; endofaune marine; detroit de Georgie. INTRODUCTION Identifications of numerous benthic invertebrates, collected from more than 300 stations occupied in the Strait of Georgia were used to compile an inventory and preliminary classification of the major communities occurring from approximately 10 m below low water to the deepest regions of the Strait. The majority of stations were part of the subtidal clam and scallop resources survey (Quayle 1961, 1963) and otters were part of the British Columbia faunistic survey (Bernard et al. 1967, 1968, 1970, 1973). Some stations taken during unrelated investigations, account for the near-random coverage (Fig. 1). Samples were taken with a variety of quantitative and qualitative apparatus (Bernard et al. 1967), but results showed that dredges, either trawl type or the naturalist dredge and its modifications, to be most effective for delimiting the major communities. Grab type quantitative samplers are meaningful within a given substrate condition and useful for refining spatial distributions determined initially by dredge or trawl sampling. Samples containing a large quantity of mud and sand, were passed through a series of sieves. Large, readily identifiable organisms were noted in the field, while smaller organisms and those retained by a 1-mm mesh, were fixed in formaldehyde and stored in isopropyl alcohol for later identification. When possible expert assistance was obtained for identification. Among those who contributed to the faunal list were T. B. Butler and J. F. L. Hart (Crustacea); C. Berkeley, R. Gustus, and K. D. Hobson (Polychaeta). Certain entire groups of the collection were identified and published by Austin and Haylock 1973 (Ophiuroids); Bernard 1967, 1970, 1971 (Molluscs and brachiopods); Lambert 1978 (Asteroids). Four hundred and eighty-one species were present, not counting several genera and numerous species of bryozoa and compound tunicates. This represented the most extensive list of the local benthic fauna since the check-list compiled from the literature by Clemens (1933). PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The Strait of Georgia lies between the mainland of British Columbia and Vancouver Island. It is a submerged topography with much deposition, originally of glacial origin, but now riverine, dominated by the large outflow from the Fraser River. The western shores of the Strait are shallow with some sandy beaches. The eastern shores are steep, with headlands, deep fjords and few beaches, except in the region of the Fraser River. The Strait is generally less than 200-m deep, but a number of basins more than 300-m deep exist (Fig. 2). Quadra, Malaspina, Hornby, Ballenas Basins were recognized by Cockbain (1963b), but the last two were included with the - 2 - Gabriola Basin by Westrheim (1974) and are so considered in this report (Fig. 2). The basins are floored mainly by clay and silt, with local regions of sandy silt. The floors are generally uniform with numerous suitable trawling areas (Westrheim 1974), though a small number of depressions to about 450 m exist. There is no correlation between sediment grain size and depth (Cockbain 1963b), through the finest materials usually occupy the deeper zones. The salient feature of the southern portion of the strait is the Fraser River Delta, which consists of sediments over 100 ft in thickness (Cockbain 1963a) actively
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GASTROPOD CARE SOP# = Moll3 PURPOSE: to Describe Methods Of
    GASTROPOD CARE SOP# = Moll3 PURPOSE: To describe methods of care for gastropods. POLICY: To provide optimum care for all animals. RESPONSIBILITY: Collector and user of the animals. If these are not the same person, the user takes over responsibility of the animals as soon as the animals have arrived on station. IDENTIFICATION: Common Name Scientific Name Identifying Characteristics Blue topsnail Calliostoma - Whorls are sculptured spirally with alternating ligatum light ridges and pinkish-brown furrows - Height reaches a little more than 2cm and is a bit greater than the width -There is no opening in the base of the shell near its center (umbilicus) Purple-ringed Calliostoma - Alternating whorls of orange and fluorescent topsnail annulatum purple make for spectacular colouration - The apex is sharply pointed - The foot is bright orange - They are often found amongst hydroids which are one of their food sources - These snails are up to 4cm across Leafy Ceratostoma - Spiral ridges on shell hornmouth foliatum - Three lengthwise frills - Frills vary, but are generally discontinuous and look unfinished - They reach a length of about 8cm Rough keyhole Diodora aspera - Likely to be found in the intertidal region limpet - Have a single apical aperture to allow water to exit - Reach a length of about 5 cm Limpet Lottia sp - This genus covers quite a few species of limpets, at least 4 of them are commonly found near BMSC - Different Lottia species vary greatly in appearance - See Eugene N. Kozloff’s book, “Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast” for in depth descriptions of individual species Limpet Tectura sp. - This genus covers quite a few species of limpets, at least 6 of them are commonly found near BMSC - Different Tectura species vary greatly in appearance - See Eugene N.
    [Show full text]
  • [Oceanography and Marine Biology - an Annual Review] R. N
    OCEANOGRAPHY and MARINE BIOLOGY AN ANNUAL REVIEW Volume 44 7044_C000.fm Page ii Tuesday, April 25, 2006 1:51 PM OCEANOGRAPHY and MARINE BIOLOGY AN ANNUAL REVIEW Volume 44 Editors R.N. Gibson Scottish Association for Marine Science The Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Oban, Argyll, Scotland [email protected] R.J.A. Atkinson University Marine Biology Station Millport University of London Isle of Cumbrae, Scotland [email protected] J.D.M. Gordon Scottish Association for Marine Science The Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Oban, Argyll, Scotland [email protected] Founded by Harold Barnes Boca Raton London New York CRC is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by R.N. Gibson, R.J.A. Atkinson and J.D.M. Gordon CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-7044-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7044-1 (Hardcover) International Standard Serial Number: 0078-3218 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
    [Show full text]
  • MARINE TANK GUIDE About the Marine Tank
    HOME EDITION MARINE TANK GUIDE About the Marine Tank With almost 34,000 miles of coastline, Alaska’s intertidal zones, the shore areas exposed and covered by ocean tides, are home to a variety of plants and animals. The Anchorage Museum’s marine tank is home to Alaskan animals which live in the intertidal zone. The plants and animals in the Museum’s marine tank are collected under an Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Resource Permit during low tide at various beaches in Southcentral and Southeast Alaska. Visitors are asked not to touch the marine animals. Touching is stressful for the animals. A full- time animal care technician maintains the marine tank. Since the tank is not located next to the ocean, ocean water cannot be constantly pumped through it. This means special salt water is mixed at the Museum. The tank is also cleaned regularly. Equipment which keeps the water moving, clean, chilled to 43°F and constantly monitored. Contamination from human hands would impact the cleanliness of the water and potentially hurt the animals. A second tank is home to the Museum’s king crab, named King Louie, and black rockfish, named Sebastian. King crab and black rockfish of Alaska live in deeper waters than the intertidal zone creatures. This guide shares information about some of the Museum’s marine animals. When known, the Dena’ina word for an animal is included, recognizing the thousands of years of stewardship and knowledge of Indigeneous people of the Anchorage area and their language. The Dena’ina & Marine Species The geographically diverse Dena’ina lands span both inland and coastal areas, including Anchorage.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing the Generality of the Trophic Cascade Paradigm for Sea Otters: a Case Study with Kelp Forests in Northern Washington, USA
    Hydrobiologia (2007) 579:233–249 DOI 10.1007/s10750-006-0403-x PRIMARY RESEARCH PAPER Testing the generality of the trophic cascade paradigm for sea otters: a case study with kelp forests in northern Washington, USA Sarah K. Carter Æ Glenn R. VanBlaricom Æ Brian L. Allen Received: 6 April 2006 / Revised: 24 August 2006 / Accepted: 15 September 2006 / Published online: 31 January 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Trophic cascade hypotheses for biolog- followed by a decline in diversity as one or a few ical communities, linking predation by upper tro- perennial algal species become dominant. Both sea phic levels to major features of ecological structure otter predation and commercial sea urchin harvest and dynamics at lower trophic levels, are widely are ecologically and economically important subscribed and may influence conservation policy. sources of urchin mortality in nearshore benthic Few such hypotheses have been evaluated for systems in northern Washington marine waters. We temporal or spatial generality. Previous studies of recorded changes in density of macroalgae in San sea otter (Enhydra lutris) predation along the outer Juan Channel, a marine reserve in the physically coast of North America suggest a pattern, often protected inland waters of northern Washington, elevated to the status of paradigm, in which sea otter resulting from three levels of experimental urchin presence leads to reduced sea urchin (Strongylo- harvest: (1) simulated sea otter predation (monthly centrotus spp.) biomass and rapid increases in complete harvest of sea urchins), (2) simulated abundance and diversity of annual algal species, commercial urchin harvest (annual size-selective harvest of sea urchins), and (3) no harvest (control).
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Appendix C: An Analysis of Three Shellfish Assemblages from Tsʼishaa, Site DfSi-16 (204T), Benson Island, Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada by Ian D. Sumpter Cultural Resource Services, Western Canada Service Centre, Parks Canada Agency, Victoria, B.C. Introduction column sampling, plus a second shell data collect- ing method, hand-collection/screen sampling, were This report describes and analyzes marine shellfish used to recover seven shellfish data sets for investi- recovered from three archaeological excavation gating the siteʼs invertebrate materials. The analysis units at the Tseshaht village of Tsʼishaa (DfSi-16). reported here focuses on three column assemblages The mollusc materials were collected from two collected by the researcher during the 1999 (Unit different areas investigated in 1999 and 2001. The S14–16/W25–27) and 2001 (Units S56–57/W50– source areas are located within the village proper 52, S62–64/W62–64) excavations only. and on an elevated landform positioned behind the village. The two areas contain stratified cultural Procedures and Methods of Quantification and deposits dating to the late and middle Holocene Identification periods, respectively. With an emphasis on mollusc species identifica- The primary purpose of collecting and examining tion and quantification, this preliminary analysis the Tsʼishaa shellfish remains was to sample, iden- examines discarded shellfood remains that were tify, and quantify the marine invertebrate species collected and processed by the site occupants for each major stratigraphic layer. Sets of quantita- for approximately 5,000 years. The data, when tive information were compiled through out the reviewed together with the recovered vertebrate analysis in order to accomplish these objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Multiple Predators on the Size Structure of Red Urchin Populations in British Columbia
    The Effects Of Multiple Predators On the Size Structure of Red Urchin Populations in British Columbia An undergraduate Directed Studies (BISC 498) research project by Christine Stevenson Introduction Predator-prey body size relationships influence trophic structure, transfer efficiency, and interaction strength within a food web (Jonsson and Ebenman 1998). Size distributions of both predators and prey are an important component to the population dynamics of a community. Knowledge of the strength of predatory interactions within a food web can provide insight to the relationships between the sizes of prey and their predators. Predators are generally larger than the size their prey and predator size is often positively correlated to prey size (Vezina 1985, Warren and Lawton 1987, Cohen et al. 1993). The relative body size of a predator and its prey largely contribute to the ecology and evolutionary consequences of predator-prey relationships. This is most defined in systems involving size- dependent predators. These predators are effective agents of selection among prey species that differ in body size or growth rate. Size dependent predators therefore influence the structure of prey populations by diminishing prey species of a preferred size (Kerfoot and Peterson 1980). Prey species that can reach a large size through embellishments of the exoskeleton can often attain a size refuge from predators (Sousa 1992). Thus, the risk of predation may be lower for larger prey compared to smaller individuals. The risk of an individual prey being consumed may also depend on the size- structure of the predator population, as larger predators generally have the ability to handle and consume larger prey (Sousa 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: the Molluscan Genera Cymatona and Fusitriton (Gastropoda, Family Cymatiidae)
    ISSN 0083-7903, 65 (Print) ISSN 2538-1016; 65 (Online) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: The Molluscan Genera Cymatona and Fusitriton (Gastropoda, Family Cymatiidae) by A. G. BEU New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 65 1978 NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: The Molluscan Genera Cymatona and Fusitriton (Gastropoda, Family Cymatiidae) by A. G. BEU New Zealand Geological Survey, DSIR, Lower Hutt New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 65 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Citation according to ''World List of Scientific Periodicals" (4th edn.): Mem. N.Z. oceanogr. Inst. 65 Received for publication September 1973 © Crown Copyright 1978 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ CONTENTS Page Abstract . � 5 INTRODUCTION 5 4AXONOMY 10 Family CYMATIIDAE 10 Genus Cymatona 10 Cymatona kampyla 10 Cymatona kampyla kampyla 12 Cymatona kampyla tomlini . 18 Cymatona kampyla jobbernsi 18 Genus Fusitriton 18 Fusitriton cancellatus 22 Fusitriton cancellatus retiolus 22 Fusitriton cance/latus laudandus 23 ECOLOGY . 25 Benthic sampling programme of N.Z. Oceanographic Institute 25 Sampling methods 25 Distribution anomalies 25 Distribution 26 Distribution with depth 26 Distribution with latitude 27 Distribution with sediment type 27 Ecological conclusions 33 Dispersal times and routes of Fusitriton, and their effect on Cymatona 34 Dispersal and distribution 34 Ecological displacement of Cymatona kampyla kampyla 35 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 36 REFERENCES 36 APPENDIX 1: Station List 38 APPENDIX 2: Dimensions of Cymatona 41 APPENDIX 3: Dimensions of Fusitriton 42 INDEX 44 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution and Abundance of Some Epibenthic Invertebrates of the Northeastern Gulf of Alaska with Notes on the Feeding Biology of Selected Species
    DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF SOME EPIBENTHIC INVERTEBRATES OF THE NORTHEASTERN GULF OF ALASKA WITH NOTES ON THE FEEDING BIOLOGY OF SELECTED SPECIES by Howard M. Feder and Stephen C. Jewett Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 Final Report Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Research Unit 5 August 1978 357 We thank Max Hoberg, University of Alaska, and the research group from the Northwest Fisheries Center, Seattle, Washington, for assistance aboard the MV North Pucijk. We also thank Lael Ronholt, Northwest Fisheries Center, for data on commercially important invertebrates. Dr. D. P. Abbott, of the Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, identified the tunicate material. We appreciate the assistance of the Marine Sorting Center and Max Hoberg of the University of Alaska for taxonomic assistance. We also thank Rosemary Hobson, Data Processing, University of Alaska, for help with coding problems and ultimate resolution of those problems. This study was funded by the Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, through an interagency agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, as part of the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program. SUMMARY OF OBJEC!CIVES, CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO OCS OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT The objectives of this study were to obtain (1) a qualitative and quantitative inventory of dominant epibenthic species within the study area, (2) a description of spatial distribution patterns of selected benthic invertebrate species, and (3) preliminary observations of biological interrelationships between selected segments of the benthic biota. The trawl survey was effective, and excellent spatial coverage was obtained, One hundred and thirty-three stations were successfully occupied, yielding a mean epifaunal invertebrate biomass of 2.6 g/mz.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Abundance, and Diversity of Epifaunal Benthic Organisms in Alitak and Ugak Bays, Kodiak Island, Alaska
    DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND DIVERSITY OF EPIFAUNAL BENTHIC ORGANISMS IN ALITAK AND UGAK BAYS, KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA by Howard M. Feder and Stephen C. Jewett Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 Final Report Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Research Unit 517 October 1977 279 We thank the following for assistance during this study: the crew of the MV Big Valley; Pete Jackson and James Blackburn of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kodiak, for their assistance in a cooperative benthic trawl study; and University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science personnel Rosemary Hobson for assistance in data processing, Max Hoberg for shipboard assistance, and Nora Foster for taxonomic assistance. This study was funded by the Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, through an interagency agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, as part of the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Environment Assessment Program (OCSEAP). SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES, CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO OCS OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT Little is known about the biology of the invertebrate components of the shallow, nearshore benthos of the bays of Kodiak Island, and yet these components may be the ones most significantly affected by the impact of oil derived from offshore petroleum operations. Baseline information on species composition is essential before industrial activities take place in waters adjacent to Kodiak Island. It was the intent of this investigation to collect information on the composition, distribution, and biology of the epifaunal invertebrate components of two bays of Kodiak Island. The specific objectives of this study were: 1) A qualitative inventory of dominant benthic invertebrate epifaunal species within two study sites (Alitak and Ugak bays).
    [Show full text]
  • Prey Preference Follows Phylogeny: Evolutionary Dietary Patterns Within the Marine Gastropod Group Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) Jessica A
    Goodheart et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:221 DOI 10.1186/s12862-017-1066-0 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Prey preference follows phylogeny: evolutionary dietary patterns within the marine gastropod group Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) Jessica A. Goodheart1,2* , Adam L. Bazinet1,3, Ángel Valdés4, Allen G. Collins2 and Michael P. Cummings1 Abstract Background: The impact of predator-prey interactions on the evolution of many marine invertebrates is poorly understood. Since barriers to genetic exchange are less obvious in the marine realm than in terrestrial or freshwater systems, non-allopatric divergence may play a fundamental role in the generation of biodiversity. In this context, shifts between major prey types could constitute important factors explaining the biodiversity of marine taxa, particularly in groups with highly specialized diets. However, the scarcity of marine specialized consumers for which reliable phylogenies exist hampers attempts to test the role of trophic specialization in evolution. In this study, RNA- Seq data is used to produce a phylogeny of Cladobranchia, a group of marine invertebrates that feed on a diverse array of prey taxa but mostly specialize on cnidarians. The broad range of prey type preferences allegedly present in two major groups within Cladobranchia suggest that prey type shifts are relatively common over evolutionary timescales. Results: In the present study, we generated a well-supported phylogeny of the major lineages within Cladobranchia using RNA-Seq data, and used ancestral state reconstruction analyses to better understand the evolution of prey preference. These analyses answered several fundamental questions regarding the evolutionary relationships within Cladobranchia, including support for a clade of species from Arminidae as sister to Tritoniidae (which both preferentially prey on Octocorallia).
    [Show full text]
  • The Morphology of Ismaila Monstrosa Bergh (Copepoda)
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF FRANCIS PETER BELCIK for the M. S. inZoology (Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented l'/ Ak I Title THE MORPHOLOGY OF ISMAILA MONSTROSA BERGH (COPEPODA) Abstract approvedRedacted for Privacy The morphology of a rather rare parasitic copepod was studied.Ismaila monstrosa Bergh, an endoparasitic copepod was found in the nudibranch, Antiopella fusca,at Coos Bay, Oregon. Many anatomical features were found, which were different from previous descriptions.Males were described for the first time. Young males lacked the gonadal lobes found on the dorsal sides of adult males.Both sexes had similar mouthparts, differing only in size.These mouthparts consisted, like those of Splanchnotrophus, of a bifid lab rum, a pair of simple mandibles, a pair of maxillae and a triangular labium with side processes.There was only a single pair of maxillae and they are unusual in that they were found to be setigerous and two-jointed.The distal portion of this characteristic maxilla was biramous, the smaller member often obscure.Because of this and other anatomical factors, I proposed a new variety Ismaila monstrosa var. pacifica and a newsubfamily, the Ismailinae. Although the female possessed three pairs of lateral appendages, the male lacked these, having only the two pairs of ventral appendages. In the female specimens there were two pairs of ventral appendages or !?stomach_armsh?.The first pair was bifurcate, the second pair trifurcate.In the male specimens the first pair was uniramous and the second pair unequally biramous. The dige.stive system was found to be incomplete in both sexes.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Marine Macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T
    NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 19 An annotated checklist of the marine macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T. Drumm • Katherine P. Maslenikov Robert Van Syoc • James W. Orr • Robert R. Lauth Duane E. Stevenson • Theodore W. Pietsch November 2016 U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Professional Penny Pritzker Secretary of Commerce National Oceanic Papers NMFS and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan Scientific Editor* Administrator Richard Langton National Marine National Marine Fisheries Service Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center Maine Field Station Eileen Sobeck 17 Godfrey Drive, Suite 1 Assistant Administrator Orono, Maine 04473 for Fisheries Associate Editor Kathryn Dennis National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Science and Technology Economics and Social Analysis Division 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 178 Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Managing Editor Shelley Arenas National Marine Fisheries Service Scientific Publications Office 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, Washington 98115 Editorial Committee Ann C. Matarese National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Orr National Marine Fisheries Service The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS (ISSN 1931-4590) series is pub- lished by the Scientific Publications Of- *Bruce Mundy (PIFSC) was Scientific Editor during the fice, National Marine Fisheries Service, scientific editing and preparation of this report. NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115. The Secretary of Commerce has The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series carries peer-reviewed, lengthy original determined that the publication of research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, flora and fauna studies, and data- this series is necessary in the transac- intensive reports on investigations in fishery science, engineering, and economics. tion of the public business required by law of this Department.
    [Show full text]