Hood River Subbasin Plan
Including
Lower Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries
May 28, 2004
Submitted to the Northwest Power and Conservation Planning Council
Writer/editor
Holly Coccoli Hood River Soil and Water Conservation District
List of Contributors
Gary Asbride US Forest Service Chuti Fieldler, US Forest Service Catherine J. Flick, US Forest Service Bonnie Lamb, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Erik Olsen, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Phil Roger, Columbia Intertribal Fisheries Commission Alexis Vaivoda, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs of Oregon Mick Jennings, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs of Oregon Rod French, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildllife
Table of Contents Page No. 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………..1 2. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………3 3. HOOD RIVER SUBBASIN ASSESSMENT……………………………………..7 Subbasin Overview…………………………………………………………..7 Focal Species Characterization and Status………………………………….23 Out of Subbasin Effects……………………………………………….….…67 Environment and Population Relationships……………………… ………71 Limiting Factors and Conditions……………………………………………91 Synthesis and Interpretation………………………………………………...94 4. LOWER OREGON COLUMBIA GORGE TRIBUTARIES ASSESSMENT…………………………………………………………………….101 Subbasin Overview…………………………………………………………101 Focal Species Characterization and Status…………………………………112 Out of Subbasin Effects……………………………………………………134 Environment and Population Relationships………………………………..135 Limiting Factors and Conditions…………………………………… ……141 Synthesis and Interpretation………………………………………… …….143 5. INVENTORY OF EXISTING ACTIVITIES …………………………….…….148 6. MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR HOOD RIVER SUBBASIN……………………175 Vision for the Subbasin…………………………………………………….176 Biological Objectives………………………………………………………178 Prioritized Strategies…………………………………………………… …190 Consistency with ESA and Clean Water Act Requirements…………… . 198 Research, Monitoring and Evaluation…………………………………… ..200 7. MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR LOWER OREGON COLUMBIA GORGE TRIBUTARIES………………………………………………….…….210 Vision for the Subbasin……………………………………………………..210 Biological Objectives…………………………………………………… …211 Prioritized Strategies………………………………………………………..214 Consistency with ESA and Clean Water Act Requirements…………… .…219 Research, Monitoring and Evaluation………………………………………220 References…………………………………………………………………..222
APPENDICES Appendix A- Maps Appendix B- Aquatic Supplement Appendix C- Wildlife Supplement
List of Tables List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1. Land ownership in the Hood River Subbasin Table 2. List of fish species present in the Hood River Subbasin. Table 3. Fish and wildlife species listed as threatened in the Hood River subbasin. Table 4. Selected wildlife species that are known to occur in the Hood River subbasin that are recognized as rare, uncommon and/or sensitive. Table 5. Focal species list and selection criteria for the Hood River Subbasin Table 6. Focal wildlife species in the Hood River Subbasin and associated IBIS vegetative land cover types. Table 7. Comparison of subbasin habitat production potential estimates from three different models to actual steelhead juvenile migrant trap data in the mainstem Hood River at river mile 4.5. Table 8. Comparison of subbasin habitat production potential estimates from three different models to actual chinook juvenile migrant trap data in the mainstem Hood River at river mile 4.5. Table 9. Current high lake stocking program in the Hood River subbasin. Table 10. Current target anadromous fish releases in the Hood River. Table 11. Historic releases of anadromous fish in Hood River subbasin streams. Table 12. Hatchery summer steelhead Columbia and Hood River harvest, 1996-2000. Table 13. Annual estimates of harvest rate on hatchery winter steelhead in the Hood River Table 14. Estimates of in-river sport catch of salmon and steelhead obtained from punch card returns. Table 15. Partial list of introduced non-native animal species in the Hood River subbasin Table 16. Current and historic land cover types for focal wildlife species in the Hood River Subbasin as indicated by the IBIS map data. Table 17. Mapped human travel corridors in the Hood River subbasin by 6 HUC watersheds. Table 18. EDT estimates of adult focal species population metrics based on current and template conditions in the Hood River Subbasin Table 19. EDT estimates of juvenile focal species population metrics based on current and template conditions in the Hood River Subbasin. Table 20. Summary of the primary limiting factors or key environmental correlates identified by EDT for focal species by life stage. Table 21. Current adult abundance (estimated by EDT) and the estimated percent increase in abundance for the 6 scenarios modeled for four focal species in the Hood River subbasin. Table 22. Current juvenile outmigrant abundance (estimated by EDT) and the estimated percent increase in abundance for the 6 scenarios modeled for four focal species in the Hood River subbasin. Table 23. Land ownership in the Lower Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries Watershed Table 24. Streamflow regime by REO 2003 Sixth Hydrologic Unit Code subwatersheds. Table 25. Stream survey information with notes on barriers and flow regime Table 26. Fish and wildlife species designated as Threatened or Endangered inLower Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries Watershed. Table 27. List of selected wildlife species considered rare or significant to the Lower Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries Watershed. Table 28. Focal species list and selection criteria for the Lower Orgeon Columbia Gorge Tributaries watershed. Table 29. . Focal wildlife species and land cover or subcover types in the Lower Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries Table 30. Stream Habitat loss and changes in anadromous fish distribution due to human disturbance. Table 31. Lake stocking information for the Lower Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries Watershed. Table 32. Average estimated recreational harvest of salmon and steelhead trout in Herman and Eagle creeks, 1976-1994. Table 33. Selected stream habitat survey information for major anadromous streams in the Lower Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries watershed Table 34. Partial list of introduced non-native animal species in the Columbia Gorge Subbasin Table 35. Current and historic land cover or habitat types for focal species in the Lower Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries watershed. Table 36. Human travel corridors in the Lower Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries by 6 Level HUC watersheds Table 37. Assumptions about optimal habitat characteristics for steelhead and rainbow trout. Table 38. Overall percentage of land in each Land Protection Status category based on NWHI map layers and definitions Table 39. Instream water rights established by the State of Oregon in Hood River County. Table 40. Proposed hatchery and harvest strategies before/after Powerdale Dam removal scheduled in 2010
List of Figures
Figure 1. Location of Hood River Subbasin in Oregon. Figure 2. Flow duration statistics for the Hood River based on daily discharges at U.S.G.S. Gage 14120000 Hood River at Tucker Bridge Figure 3. Stream segments where 1998 Oregon temperature standards are exceeded. Figure 4. Relation of the Hood Subbasin to the Columbia Gorge Province. Figure 5. Mt. Hood Recovery Bull Trout Recovery Unit within the Columbia River Distinct Population Segment. Figure 6. Number of adult hatchery and wild adult winter steelhead captured at Powerdale Dam for run years 1994-2001. Figure 7. Number of adult hatchery and wild adult summer steelhead captured at Powerdale Dam for run years 1992-2001. Figure 8. Number of adult hatchery and wild spring chinook captured at Powerdale Dam for run years 1992-2001. Figure 9. Adult bull trout captured in the Powerdale Dam trap for years 1992 to 2003. Figure 10. Annual counts of adult cutthroat trout captured at Powerdale Dam 1992-2004. Figure 11. Wild and hatchery winter steelhead adult return to Powerdale Dam Figure 12. Total harvest of spring chinook in the Hood River subbasin, including ocean and Columbia River harvest Figures 13-16. Relative Importance of Geographic Areas for Protection and Restoration Measures for Steelhead and Chinook focal species Figure 17. Hood River Summer Steelhead Protection and Restoration Strategic Priority Summary Figure 18. Hood River Winter Steelhead Protection and Restoration Strategic Priority Summary Figure 19. Hood River Spring Chinook Protection and Restoration Strategic Priority Summary Figure 20. Hood River Fall Chinook Protection and Restoration Strategic Priority Summary Figure 21. Number of steelhead smolts versus streamflow at Tucker Bridge during late summer and early fall rearing in the year prior to outmigration Figure 22. Relation of the Columbia Gorge Subbasin to the Columbia River Basin. Figure 23. Relation of the Lower Oregon Columbia Tributaries watershed to the Columbia Gorge Subbasin.
1. Executive Summary
The Subbasin Plan defines fish and wildlife goals, objectives, and strategies for the Hood River Subbasin and the adjacent Lower Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries for the next 10 to 15 years. The plan will be submitted to the Northwest Power Planning Council for adoption under the Council’s Fish and Wildlife Program. Its purpose is to help direct Bonneville Power Administration funding to projects that address fish and wildlife populations adversely impacted by the Columbia River hydropower system. The Subbasin Plan components are a 1) Assessment, or evaluation of current and historic biological and physical conditions; 2) Inventory of existing fish and wildlife programs and measures; and 3) Management Plan outlining measurable biological objectives and prioritized strategies to meet those objectives. Given major differences in land use and ecosystem characteristics between the Hood River Subbasin and the Lower Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries planning units, a separate Assessment and Management Plan was prepared for each of these areas.
In the Hood River Subbasin, chronic human-caused habitat disturbances are believed to intensify and prolong the effects of frequent large scale natural disturbances leading to population declines in the focal species bull trout, spring chinook, fall chinook, and summer and winter steelhead. Key limiting factors for chinook and steelhead included flow, channel stability, habitat diversity, key habitat quantity, and sediment load. The scheduled removal of the Powerdale Hydroelectric Project and dam in 2010, and restoration of physical habitat connectivity for adult and juvenile life stages at other dams and diversions have the potential to substantially increase the survival of focal species in the Hood River. Six habitat restoration scenarios were run for salmon and steelhead using the Ecosystems Diagnosis and Treatment model developed by Mobrand Biometrics, Inc. The largest predicted increase in spawner and juvenile outmigrant production for all species from a single restoration action was the Large Woody Debris restoration scenario. This scenario resulted in a 39% increase in summer steelhead smolts ranging up to a 365% increase for spring chinook. However, other assessment information indicates that flow restoration and fish passage will have significant positive effects on population abundance.
Preventing further losses of big game winter range, including oak, pine and grassland habitats for focal species lark sparrow and gray squirrel, was found to be important to the populations and persistence of many focal species. Wildlife corridors and habitat connectivity need to be maintained and actions taken to insure that movements and dispersal of wildlife can occur in the future. The spatial and temporal needs of wildlife need to be defined and considered to insure that increasing backcountry recreation and land development does not degrade available forest habitats and adversely affect populations, and biodiversity can be maintained.
For the Gorge Tributaries Planning area, retention and enhancement of bottomland hardwood stands, nest cavity development for purple martin, protection of large conifer and cottonwood perch and nest trees, and increasing aquatic and wildlife connectivity
1 across the Interstate 84/Union Pacific Railroad corridor were the priorities. Managing or preventing recreational disturbance near bald eagle nest trees and forage areas on sandbars was also identified as a need if bald eagle presence in the Gorge is to be maintained and enhanced. Fire fuels reduction plans in the urban-interface areas may better integrate wildlife habitat diversity needs, and mimic some of the results of natural fire processes.
2
2. Introduction
2.1 Description of Planning Entity
The plan was developed in collaboration with local communities and interests, state and federal agencies, the Mt. Hood National Forest-U.S. Forest Service, and the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation. It is intended to be consistent with requirements of Endangered Species Act recovery plans, Clean Water Act plans, tribal trust responsibilities and treaty rights, the Northwest Forest Plan, the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds, local land use plans, and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife basin plans and rules.
In late 2002, the Northwest Power Planning Council contracted with the Hood River Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) to serve as the fiscal and contract manager for the subbasin plan. Formed in 1953 under ORS Chapter 568, the mission of the SWCD is to provide educational, technical, and financial assistance to Hood River County landowners in order to protect, conserve, and restore natural resources. Five publicly elected directors serve on the District Board. The SWCD employs a 3 person staff including a Manager, Watershed Coordinator, and Agricultural Technician. The SWCD works closely with landowners, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Oregon State University Extension, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service to implement agricultural water quality, erosion control, and irrigation efficiency technical and cost- share programs, cooperative projects, and related public education. The SWCD formed the Hood River Watershed Group (council) in 1993 and serves as its fiscal manager.
The SWCD formed a Subbasin Planning Team to develop the plan. The Team included representatives from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW), Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon (CTWSRO), Hood River Watershed Group (HRWG), and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) including the Mt. Hood National Forest and the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. A Technical Work Group assisted the Planning Team by developing an ecosystem model for the Hood River, and contributing data, analyses, and reviews. An Advisory Committee of local government officials, business, and other stakeholders was formed to provide input to the Planning Team and to review draft plan chapters and policies. The HRSWCD contracted with Natural Resources Consultants– GIS, Inc. and the US Forest Service for technical assistance wildlife habitat and population assessments, GIS mapping, and habitat model development. Writing and editing were provided by Holly Coccoli under a service contract with the NWPPC. Additional support was provided by the Oregon Technical Assistance Team and Mobrand Biometrics, Inc.
3
2.2 List of Participants
The following list shows project organization and membership. Fiscal and Contract Management Anne Saxby, Hood River Soil and Water Conservation District
Subbasin Planning Team Holly Coccoli, Hood River Watershed Group Gary Asbridge, Mt Hood National Forest Mick Jennings, Confederated Tribes Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon Rod French, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Chuti Fiedler, US Forest Service-Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area
Technical Work Group Katherine Serres, U.S. Forest Service - Mt Hood National Forest Catherine Flick, US Forest Service-Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Alexis Vaivoda, Confederated Tribes Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon Mark Kreiter, U.S. Forest Service - Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Keith Kohl, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Bonnie Lamb, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Larry Toll, Oregon Water Resources Department Erik Olsen, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Darcy Morgan, U.S. Forest Service Nancy Gilbert, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Advisory Committee Ann Debbaut, Hood River County Planning Department Larry Hoffman, Oregon Department of Forestry Brian Connors, Middle Fork Irrigation District Katie Skakel, Farmers Irrigation District John Buckley, East Fork Irrigation District Brian Nakamura, Hood River Grower-Shippers Association Steve Hansen, Longview Fibre Company Richard McCulley, City of Cascade Locks Chuck Daughtry, Port of Cascade Locks Bob Willoughby, City of Cascade Locks Robert Barnhart, Oregon Department of Transportation Dave Harlan, Port of Hood River John Trumbell, Union Pacific Railroad
4
2.3. Stakeholder Involvement Process
Organizations, businesses, and agencies in the planning area with potential direct interests in local land use, natural resource use, and fish and wildlife concerns were contacted and invited to participate on the Advisory Committee. Public and stakeholder involvement was facilitated through monthly meetings of the Hood River Watershed Group. The Watershed Group is a voluntary watershed council organization of landowners, irrigation districts, interested citizens, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation, the Forest Service, and government agencies involved in land and natural resource use in the Hood River Valley. Most stakeholders and Subbasin Planning Team members regularly participate in Hood River Watershed Group meetings. Additional meetings with stakeholders with specific interest in the Columbia Gorge Tributaries planning area were held in the City of Cascade Locks. Meeting announcements were published in the Hood River News and through mailings to the Hood River Watershed Group. The planning effort was introduced in October 2002 by Eric Bloch, Oregon member of the NWPPC, at a meeting of the Hood River Watershed Group after publicity in the Hood River News.
2.4. Overall Planning Approach
The Subbasin Plan was prepared according to guidance materials provided by the Oregon Subbasin Planning Coordination Group and the NWPPC1. For planning purposes, the planning area was divided into 2 watershed areas (Appendix A, Map 1): 1. Hood River Subbasin. The major stream is the Hood River, which drains 339 square miles, and flows into the Columbia River 22 miles upstream of the Bonneville Dam. 2. Oregon Columbia Gorge Tributaries Watershed. This area drains 143 square miles of land between Bonneville Dam and the Hood River, and is part of the Columbia Gorge Subbasin. Herman and Eagle creeks are the largest of the 19 independent Columbia River tributaries within this watershed.
The Subbasin Plan consists of an assessment, inventory, and management plan for each of the areas noted above. The assessment provides an updated technical evaluation of the historical and current biological and physical characteristics for the subbasin. The assessment describes scientific assumptions and hypotheses about species-habitat relationships and the predicted effectiveness of proposed habitat strategies. The inventory describes the existing fish and wildlife programs, plans and project accomplishments so that action gaps or needs can be highlighted. Based on the assessment, biological objectives and measurable targets for fish and wildlife habitat recovery were identified. A management plan was formulated to meet the biological
1 Technical Guide for Subbasin Planners, Council Document 2001-20; Oregon Specific Guidance, October 2, 2002; Outline for Oregon Subbasin Plan revised 4/16/2003
5
objectives. In preparing the plan, existing data, reports, and information was used as much as possible, and updated as necessary. Existing aquatic habitat information for the Hood River and its tributaries was compiled into a database for use in a computer model called the Ecosystem Diagnosis and Treatment Model (EDT). The EDT model predicts the response of chinook and steelhead populations to different habitat conditions. Model results were compared to prior assumptions about habitat conditions developed in earlier assessments. A second spreadsheet model called Qualitative Habitat Analysis was applied for resident trout and for salmon and steelhead in the Columbia Gorge Tributaries Watershed, and for cutthroat trout in the Hood River subbasin. The Interactive Biological Information System database developed for subbasin planning by the Northwest Habitat Institute was used as much as time allowed.
Subbasin plan development was coordinated as much as possible with other on-going programs and plans for fish, wildlife, water quality, resource use, and watershed restoration. These included available Endangered Species Act recovery plans; the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Program activities in the Hood River; watershed planning through the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds and Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board (OWEB), the Northwest Forest Plan, the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area management, Oregon Statewide Land Use Planning Goals, and the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) water quality study.
2.5. Process and Schedule for Revising/Updating the Plan
The Subbasin Planning Team will meet every two years to review the plan and incorporate changes as needed. Prior to adoption, comments on proposed revisions will be sought from Technical and Advisory Committee members and other stakeholders at a watershed council meeting, and public notice will be provided in the Hood River News.
6
3. Hood River Subbasin Assessment
3. 1. Subbasin Overview
3.1.1 General Description
Location The Hood River is located in Hood River County in north central Oregon and joins the Columbia River 22 miles upstream of the Bonneville Dam. The Hood River Subbasin is bounded on the west by the Cascade Mountain Range crest, on the east by Surveyors Ridge and the Wasco County line, on the south by the White River drainage. The subbasin includes the towns of Parkdale and Odell, and part of the City of Hood River.
Figure 1. Location of Hood River Subbasin in Oregon.
Size The Hood River drainage basin size is 339 square miles or 217,492 acres.
Geology The Hood River Subbasin is dominated by the 11,245 foot high strato-volcanic cone of Mt. Hood formed of lava and pyroclastic flow deposits. Volcanic rock forms ridges and drainages beyond the base of Mt. Hood, and Columbia River basalt is the most widespread rock formation. Pleistocene-era glaciers and Holocene floods have shaped the landscape into steep narrow valleys, and terraces of clay, silt, sand, gravel and boulders (PacifiCorp, 1998). The Hood River Valley, as it is locally known, is separated into an upper and lower valley by the 2,642-foot elevation Middle Mountain. The lower valley is a broad north-sloping bench. The mainstem Hood River cuts deeply into this bench forming a steep canyon. Streams in the upper valley are less deeply incised. Most channels have high gradients, but the many streams including the Hood River and its East and West forks all contain gentle reaches under 2.5 percent gradient in relatively broad valleys. Boulder-rubble substrates dominate most streambeds. The Hood River’s major
7
tributaries originate on Mt. Hood and 5 uppermost tributaries are fed by glacial sources. These glacial streams transport large amounts of sediment into the Middle Fork, East Fork, and mainstem Hood River, and to a lesser extent into the West Fork Hood River. Mt. Hood continues to experience extensive glacial erosion. Natural landslides, debris flows, and dam-break floods originating on the moraines and slopes of Mt. Hood frequently impact downstream channels. Long, steep gradients allow small mass-wasting events to gain size and destructive force before reaching gentler slopes. The Newton Creek landslide in 2000 and the Pollalie Creek landslide in 1980 are examples of large catastrophic debris flows that were initiated by smaller landslides.
Climate and Weather The Hood River is located in the transition zone between the west side marine climate and the drier continental climate to the east. Maritime weather systems sometimes enter via the Columbia River Gorge and moderate its otherwise continental climate (Pater et al. 1998). Annual precipitation has a pronounced geographic distribution with an average of 130 inches per year along the Cascade crest to less than 30 inches along the northeast subbasin boundary. Snowfall is heavy at high elevations and can reach 30 feet deep at timberline on Mt. Hood (SWRB 1965). Most precipitation falls from November through January. Rainfall amounts from June through September average less than one inch per month (Sceva 1966). The mean annual temperature near the City of Hood River at 510 feet elevation is 52 °F.
Land Cover The greatest proportion of land cover in the subbasin is conifer forest. Vegetation cover types are variable depending on elevation, longitude, and aspect. Douglas fir dominates the western subbasin, interspersed with western hemlock, red cedar, Pacific silver fir, noble fir, grand fir, and Englemann spruce. Ponderosa pine and Douglas fir stands dominate the eastern subbasin area, interspersed with white pine, tamarack, and hemlock. At lower elevations, Oregon white oak and pine-oak stands are common, especially to the east and on south-facing slopes, with deciduous stands including large leaf maple in some areas, and grasslands on the eastern foothills of the Cascades.
Land Use and Population Approximately half the subbasin is within the Mt. Hood National Forest or designated wilderness areas. Major land uses on non-federal lands are agriculture and timber production. Approximately 25 percent of the subbasin or 50,000 acres are managed as industrial forest. The majority of private land is zoned either as Forest or as Exclusive Farm Use (EFU). Of the 27,201 acres zoned as EFU land, 15,000 acres are planted in orchard crops. Small urban centers exist in Odell, Parkdale, and the City of Hood River. The population is dispersed, with 67% of residents living outside of urban growth boundaries (USFS, 1996a). An estimated 16,245 people were living inside the subbasin boundary in 2003. This estimate was obtained by subtracting half the current population of the City of Hood River and all of the City of Cascade Locks population from the current population of Hood River County (Portland State University, 2003). Hood River County experienced an annual growth rate of approximately 2% from 1990 to 2000.
8
Economy Agriculture is the leading industry followed by tourism and forestry. The Hood River Valley contributes about a third of the total U.S. winter pear crop. Apples, cherries, blueberries, peaches, and wine grapes are also grown in smaller amounts. The fruit industry generates $65 to $70 million annually for the local economy and employs between 1,000 to 2,800 people depending on the time of year. The fruit industry is experiencing economic stress due to global competition, market consolidation, and other trends. Agriculture contributes about 10 percent of total income in the County, down from 20 percent in 1974 (USFS, 1996a). The wood products industry has declined in recent years, including the closure of two large sawmills. Tourism has expanded into the second biggest economy in the area. Recreational use of the Mt. Hood National Forest and other forest land has risen along with growth in Portland, in the Columbia River Gorge area, and in the tourism industry. The City of Hood River is an international windsurfing destination. Whitewater kayaking, angling, hiking, camping, backcountry winter sports, off-road vehicles, and mountain biking are increasing recreational uses. A strong link between tourism and land development in the Hood River Valley is noted by historians and continues today (USFS 1996b).
Land Ownership Sixty-five percent of the Hood River watershed is publicly-owned. A map of land ownership is provided in Appendix A, Map 6. Fifty-two percent are federally managed lands in the Mt. Hood National Forest and the Mt. Hood Wilderness Area. About 25% of the subbasin is industrial forest land owned by Longview Fibre Company and Hood River County, and 21% is privately owned (Table 1).
Table 1. Land ownership in the Hood River Subbasin. PERCENT OWNERSHIP ACRES OF SUBBASIN Bureau of Land Management 367 0.17% City of Hood River 14 0.01% Hood River County 204 0.09% Hood River County Forest 26206 12.04% Longview Fiber Co. 27502 12.63% OTHER 2453 1.13% Private 45733 21.01% S.D.S. Co., LLC 465 0.21% State 1085 0.50% State Highway Comm. 6 0.00% USDA Forest Service 113661 52.21%
Human Disturbances to Aquatic & Terrestrial Environments The principal human disturbances to aquatic habitats in the Hood River subbasin are: Loss of the extensive delta area at the Hood River mouth by inundation from Bonneville reservoir.
9