Hood River Basin Study
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Hood River Basin Study U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Pacific Northwest Region Boise, Idaho November 2015 MISSION OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Protecting America's Great Outdoors and Powering Our Future The U.S. Department of the Interior protects America's natural resources and heritage, honors our cultures and tribal communities, and supplies the energy to power our future. MISSION OF THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Study Limitations The Hood River Basin Study was funded jointly by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Hood River County and is a collaborative product of the study participants as identified in Section 1.0 of this report. The purpose of the study is to assess current and future water supply and demand in the Hood River basin and adjacent areas that receive water from the basin, and to identify a range of potential strategies to address any projected imbalances. The study is a technical assessment and does not provide recommendations or represent a statement of policy or position of Reclamation, the Department of the Interior, or the funding partners (i.e. Hood River County). The study does not propose or address the feasibility of any specific project, program or plan. Nothing in the study is intended, nor shall the study be construed, to interpret, diminish, or modify the rights of any participant under applicable law. Nothing in the study represents a commitment for provision of Federal funds. All cost estimates included in this study are preliminary and intended only for comparative purposes. Photograph on front cover: Cover photos adapted from Wikimedia Commons (top left to bottom right): “The Hood River at Tucker County Park” by Gary Halvorson, Oregon State Archives is licensed under CC BY 2.0. “Aerial view of Hood River, Oregon, USA” and “An orchard and barn near East Side Road”by Sam Beebe is licensed under CC BY 2.0. Hood River Basin Study U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Pacific Northwest Region Boise, Idaho November 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), in partnership with Hood River County (County) and the Hood River County Water Planning Group (HRCWPG) conducted a Hood River Basin Study (Basin Study) and the results are documented in this final report. Reclamation selected the Basin Study in fiscal year 2011. The purpose of the Basin Study is to assess current and future water supply and demand in the Hood River Basin and adjacent areas that receive water from the basin. In addition, the study aims to identify a range of potential strategies to address any current or projected imbalances. Currently, there is already a lack of adequate streamflow in the basin during the summer months to meet the competing demands for water. This imbalance is expected to be exacerbated by climate change. The basin’s natural runoff is projected to increase during the fall and winter months and decrease during the spring and summer months when water uses are greater. Hood River basin streamflow relies heavily on snowmelt at the beginning of summer and Mount Hood glacial melt during August and September of each year. Warming temperatures in future years will increase the speed of snowpack and glacial melting. Also, glaciers and snowpack are projected to continue to decrease in size and volume. Currently, between 50 and 70 percent of flow during the critical water use period is provided from glacial melt. Once the Mount Hood glaciers fully recede, the basin will lose one of its largest water storage supplies. Some of the primary demands placed on the basin’s surface and groundwater supplies include potable water; irrigation needs; hydropower; protection of aquatic species, in particular Endangered Species Act (ESA)-listed fish; recreation; and scenic value. These demands are expected to increase as climate change and population growth impact water resources in the region. The County and the HRCWPG saw the need to prepare now to ensure reliable water deliveries and sufficient instream flows for threatened and endangered fish in the future. The study developed 38 alternatives to address the basin’s imbalances in water supply and demand. These alternatives identify risks posed to water supply and opportunities to mitigate those risks through developing water supplies, improving water management, and sustaining or improving environmental quality and ecological resiliency. From these 38 alternatives, six were more fully evaluated and grouped into three major categories: water conservation, groundwater recharge, and surface water storage. These alternatives are provided to stimulate potential further evaluation or implementation by Hood River County or their partners. Hood River Basin Study – NovemBer 2015 ES-1 Executive Summary Basin Location The Hood River basin is a 482-square-mile region located in northern Oregon. It extends from the summit of Mount Hood to the south, the ridgeline of the Cascade Range to the west, and the Columbia River to the north (Figure ES-1). The region includes the City of Hood River and many unincorporated communities, such as Odell and Parkdale, all of which are located in Hood River County. The county’s approximate population is 23,000. Basin Ecology Since 1998, four species of fish residing in the Hood River basin have been listed as threatened under the ESA, including bull trout, resident cutthroat trout, steelhead, and Chinook. Modeling for this Basin Study showed that, without mitigation, fish habitat will continue to decrease compared to historical conditions. Basin Economy The economy of Hood River County is primarily dependent on agriculture, which is supplied with irrigated water. There are multiple water districts in the basin and five major irrigation districts that serve a total of 23,950 acres. In 2010, raw agricultural commodity sales in Hood River County were $87,598,000 (Oregon State University Extension 2010). The basin has two major reservoir systems that deliver water in part for agricultural use. Those reservoirs are Laurance Lake, located on a tributary to the Middle Fork Hood River, and Upper and Lower Green Point Reservoir, located on Ditch Creek that drains into the mainstem Hood River (Figure ES-2). In addition to supporting agriculture, these reservoir systems also supply water for meeting instream flow requirements, recreation, and several hydropower facilities. Middle Fork Irrigation District (MFID) operates Laurance Lake and three powerplants, and Farmers Irrigation District (FID) operates the Green Point Reservoir system and two powerplants near the mouth of the Hood River. None of these facilities are Reclamation owned or operated. Basin Study Process This study sought to quantify current and potential future water supply and demand imbalances through 2060, and then develop adaptation and mitigation strategies to address them. The County and their consultants conducted efforts to quantify existing water use; water conservation; and fisheries spawning, rearing, and migrating habitat throughout the study process. In turn, this information was adjusted based on anticipated population growth, changes in land use, and subsequent changes in water use and supply, including supply changes due to climate change. ES-2 Hood River Basin Study – NovemBer 2015 Executive Summary While the County was undertaking this work, Reclamation constructed hydrologic, groundwater, and water resource models and used its existing models to establish a baseline of historical conditions to compare with simulations of future conditions, including climate change impacts to streamflow. Once all data collection and modeling was completed, evaluation was conducted for the selected alternatives to identify gaps in water supply and demand, and to understand how the alternatives may offset future climate change impacts. Basin Study Partners and Stakeholders The primary partners on this basin study were the Bureau of Reclamation, Hood River County and the HRCWPG. The HRCWPG includes the County, Hood River Watershed Group, Columbia Gorge Fruit Growers Association, Hood River County Soil and Water Conservation District, multiple water districts, environmental groups, local resource specialists, MFID, East Fork Irrigation District (EFID), FID, Mount Hood Irrigation District (MHID), Dee Irrigation District (DID), Oregon Water Resources Department, Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Oregon, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and various interested citizens of Hood River County. It is notable that the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs were pleased with the Basin Study process and the full spectrum of long-term alternatives presented, including water conservation. Basin Study Funding Source The Basin Study was funded through Reclamation’s Basin Study Program which is under the Department of the Interior’s WaterSMART (Sustain and Manage America’s Resources for Tomorrow) Program. For the Hood River Basin Study, Hood River County was Reclamation’s non-Federal cost-share partner. Hood River Basin Study – NovemBer 2015 ES-3 Executive Summary Figure ES-1. Shaded relief map oF the Hood River basin study area. ES-4 Hood River Basin Study – NovemBer 2015 Executive Summary Figure ES-2. Hood River Basin irrigation districts, reservoir system, and stream network. Results oF Climate Change Analysis Multiple climate change