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Introduction 1 Notes Introduction 1. Thomas Pynchon, Gravity’s Rainbow (1973; New York, 2000), 107. 2. LAB (Landesarchiv Berlin), F Rep. 240 (Zeitgeschichtliche Sammlung), Acc. 2651, 5, 504/1. 3. Max Brinkmann, Kleiner Knigge für Schieber (Berlin, 1921), 85. 4. See, for example, Edgar Wolfrum, Die geglückte Demokratie: Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von ihren Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart (Stuttgart, 2006), 33; and Manfred Görtemaker, Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Munich, 2003), 29. There is a more extensive treatment in Christoph Kleßmann, Die doppelte Staatsgründung: Deutsche Geschichte 1945–1955, 5th ed. (Göttingen, 1991), 46–50. For East Germany, see Ulrich Mählert, Kleine Geschichte der DDR (Munich, 1998), 27; and Dietrich Staritz, Geschichte der DDR, rev. ed. (Frankfurt am Main, 1996), 55. There is no reference at all to the black market period in Hermann Weber, Die DDR 1945–1990, 3rd ed. (Munich, 2003). 5. Michael Wildt notes that the bartering and black markets belong to the “blind spots in our historical knowledge”; see Wildt, Am Beginn der Konsumgesellschaft: Mangelerfahrung, Lebenshaltung, Wohlstandshoffnung in Westdeutschland in den fünf- ziger Jahren, 2nd ed. (Hamburg, 1995), 278. This circumstance has begun to change as case studies emerge. For Berlin we now have Paul Steege, Black Market, Cold War: Everyday Life in Berlin, 1946–1949 (Cambridge, UK, 2007); however, this com- prehensive study is limited to the postwar years, and it analyzes the Berlin black markets as sites of the Cold War conflict. There is also Stefan Mörchen, Schwarzer Markt: Kriminalität, Ordnung und Moral in Bremen 1939–1949 (Frankfurt am Main, 2011), which reads the conflicts over the illegal markets first and foremost as indicators of changing concepts of crime and order. Individual aspects of the black markets are treated in the following: Wildt, Am Beginn der Konsumgesellschaft; Wildt, Der Traum vom Sattwerden: Hunger und Protest, Schwarzmarkt und Selbsthilfe (Hamburg, 1986); Rainer Hudemann, Sozialpolitik im deutschen Südwesten zwischen Tradition und Neuordnung 1945–1953: Sozialversicherung und Kriegsopferversorgung im Rahmen französischer Besatzungspolitik (Mainz, 1988), 75–77; Paul Erker, Ernährungskrise und Nachkriegsgesellschaft: Bauern und Arbeiterschaft in Bayern 1943–1953 (Stuttgart, 1990); Werner Bührer, “Schwarzer Markt,” in Deutschland unter alliierter Besatzung 1945–1949/55: Ein Handbuch, ed. Wolfgang Benz, 365–66 (Berlin, 1999); Werner Haeser, “Vom Schwarzmarkt und Tauschhandel 216 ● Notes zur Deutschen Mark,” Schmallenberger Heimatblätter 62 (1995/96): 75–81; Rainer Gries, Die Rationengesellschaft: Versorgungskampf und Vergleichsmentalität: Leipzig, München und Köln nach dem Kriege (Münster, 1991); and Alexander Link, “Schrottelzeit”: Nachkriegsalltag in Mainz (Mainz, 1990). On efforts in Berlin to fight the black market, see Jörg Roesler, “The Black Market in Post-War Berlin and the Methods Used to Counteract It,” German History 7 (1989): 92–107. The black markets are also discussed briefly in the historiography on Berlin; see, for example, David Clay Large, Berlin: A Modern History (New York, 2001), 146. For the Ruhr, see Lutz Niethammer, “Privat-Wirtschaft: Erinnerungsfragmente einer anderen Umerziehung,” in “Hinterher merkt man, dass es richtig war, dass es schiefgegangen ist.” Nachkriegs-Erfahrungen im Ruhrgebiet, ed. Niethammer, 61–62 (Berlin, 1983). See also the following contemporary works: Ludwig Aderbauer, “Der Schwarze Markt als Folge der Geldunordnung” (PhD diss., Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, 1948); Paul Werner Meyer, “Über das Phänomen des deutschen Schwarzen Marktes” (PhD diss., Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1949); and Karl Kromer, Schwarzmarkt, Tausch- und Schleichhandel (Schloß Bleckede an der Elbe, 1947). Karl Bader, Soziologie der deutschen Nachkriegskriminalität (Tübingen, 1949), does not treat the black market per se but refers to its importance repeatedly in the context of “female crime,” malfeasance, and receiving stolen goods. See also Hilde Thurnwald, Gegenwartsprobleme Berliner Familien (Berlin, 1948); and Josef Schouz, “Volkskundliche Studie über das Bandenwesen des ‘Schwarzen Marktes’ ” (PhD diss., University of Göttingen, 1953). Contemporary studies that paid greater attention to the complexity of the markets include Horst Mendershausen, “Prices, Money and the Distribution of Goods in Postwar Germany,” American Economic Review 39 (1949): 647–72; and Mendershausen, Two Postwar Recoveries of the German Economy (Amsterdam, 1955). 6. See the summary of the debate concerning a “structuralist” versus a “historicist” inter- pretation of the economic upswing in Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Gesellschaftsgeschichte, vol. 4, Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs bis zur Gründung der beiden deutschen Staaten 1914–1949 (Munich, 2003), 966–67. 7. Martin Broszat, Klaus-Dietmar Henke, and Hans Woller, eds., Von Stalingrad zur Währungsreform: Zur Sozialgeschichte des Umbruchs in Deutschland, 3rd ed. (Munich, 1990), quotes xxvi and xxv. 8. LAB F Rep. 240, Acc. 2651. 9. Ursula Weber, Der Polenmarkt in Berlin: Zur Rekonstruktion eines kulturellen Kontakts im Prozess der politischen Transformation Mittel- und Osteuropas (Neuried, 2002), 110–17. 10. Broszat, Henke, and Woller, eds., Von Stalingrad zur Währungsreform. 11. See Hartmut Berghoff and Jakob Vogel, “Wirtschaftsgeschichte als Kulturgeschichte: Ansätze zur Bergung transdisziplinärer Synergiepotentiale,” in Wirtschaftsgeschichte als Kulturgeschichte: Dimensionen eines Perspektivenwechsels, ed. Berghoff and Vogel, 9–41 (Frankfurt am Main, 2004). 12. Hubert Schmitz, Die Bewirtschaftung der Nahrungsmittel und Verbrauchsgüter 1939– 1950: Dargestellt am Beispiel der Stadt Essen (Essen, 1956), 41–42. 13. Gries, Die Rationengesellschaft. 14. Belinda Davis, Home Fires Burning: Food, Politics, and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin (Chapel Hill, NC, 2000). 15. Ernst Reuß, Berliner Justizgeschichte (Berlin, 2000), 127–28. 16. “Die Wirtschaft,” no. 4 (1948): 120. See also Roesler, “Black Market,” 92. Notes ● 217 17. See here Wildt, Am Beginn der Konsumgesellschaft. 18. See Uwe Spiekermann, Basis der Konsumgesellschaft: Entstehung und Entwicklung des modernen Kleinhandels in Deutschland (Munich, 1999); and idem, “From Neigh- bor to Consumer: The Transformation of Retailer-Consumer Relationships in Twentieth-Century Germany,” in The Making of the Consumer: Knowledge, Power and Identity in the Modern World, ed. Frank Trentmann, 147–74 (Oxford, UK, 2006). 19. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Die Herausforderung der Kulturgeschichte (Munich, 1998), 138. See also Thomas Sokoll, “Kulturanthropologie und Historische Sozialwissenschaft,” in Geschichte zwischen Kultur und Gesellschaft: Beiträge zur Theoriedebatte, ed. Thomas Mergel and Thomas Welskopp, 232–72 (Munich, 1997). 20. See especially Martin H. Geyer, Verkehrte Welt: Revolution, Inflation und Moderne, München 1914–1924 (Göttingen, 1998), 13–14, who sees the “city as ...synecdoche”; and Davis, Home Fires Burning. 21. Quote from Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie, ed. Johannes Winckelmann, 5th ed. (Tübingen, 1980), 385. 22. On economic anthropological approaches, see Susana Narotzky, “Economic Anthro- pology,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (Oxford, UK, 2001), 8:4069; and the relevant ground- work: Narotzky, New Directions in Economic Anthropology (London, 1997); Stuart Plattner, “Economic Behavior in Markets,” in Economic Anthropology, ed. Plattner, 209–21 (Stanford, CA, 1989). The classic ethnological approach: Clifford Geertz, “The Bazaar Economy: Information and Search in Peasant Marketing,” American Economic Review 68, no. 2 (1978): 28–32; and Clifford Geertz, “Suq: The Bazaar Economy in Sefrou,” in Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society: Three Essays in Cultural Analysis, ed. Clifford Geertz, Hildred Geertz, and Lawrence Orsen, 123–264 (Cambridge, UK, 1979). On NIE, see Stefan Voigt, Institutionenökonomik (Munich, 2002); Rudolf Richter and Eirik Furubotn, Neue Institutionenökonomik: Eine Einführung und kritische Würdigung, trans. Monika Streissler, 3rd ed. (Tübingen, 2003). 23. Jens Beckert, “Vertrauen und die performative Konstruktion von Märkten,” Zeitschrift für Soziologie 31, no. 1 (2002): 27–43; Mark Granovetter, “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness,” Amercian Journal of Sociology 91 (1985): 481–510. 24. Harrison White, “Varieties of Markets,” in Social Structures: A Network Approach, ed. Barry Wellman and S. D. Berkowitz (New York, 1987), 232. 25. Religious questions, on the other hand, played a less important role in Berlin’s black market than they did in Mauss’s analysis. Marcel Mauss, Die Gabe: Form und Funktion des Austauschs in archaischen Gesellschaften, trans. Eva Moldenhauer (Frankfurt am Main, 1984). On the central concept of reciprocity as the founda- tion of the social in Mauss and Simmel, see Christian Papilloud, Le Don de Relation: Georg Simmel—Marcel Mauss (Paris, 2002). For the context, see Malte Zierenberg, “Tauschen und Vertrauen: Zur Kulturgeschichte des Schwarzhandels im Berlin der 1940er Jahre,” in Wirtschaftsgeschichte als Kulturgeschichte, ed. Berghoff and Vogel Wirtschaftsgeschichte als Kulturgeschichte: Dimensionen eines Perspektivenwechsels, 169–94 (Frankfurt am Main, 2004). 26. On trust as a fundamental sociological problem, see Niklas Luhmann, Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität, 4th ed. (Stuttgart,
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