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Hazardous Chemical Pollution of the Pearl River

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Hazardous Chemical Pollution of the Pearl River greenpeace.org Hazardous Chemical Pollution of the Pearl River Investigation of chemicals discharged with wastewaters from five industrial facilities in China, 2009 Technical Note 08/2009 AUTHORS: KEVIN BRIGDEN, IRYNA LABUNSKA, DAVID SANTILLO & PAUL JOHNSTON OCTOBER 2009 Creating a Toxic-Free Future image A tributary flowing through the city of Shenzhen, higly contaminated by industral discharge along the river shows no sign of life. For more information contact: [email protected] Printed on 100% recycled post-consumer waste with vegetable based inks. JN 281 Brigden, K., Labunska, I., Santillo, D. & Johnston P. GRL-TN-08-2009 Published by Greenpeace International Ottho Heldringstraat 5 1066 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 7182000 Fax: +31 20 7182002 greenpeace.org ©GREENPEACE/JOHN NOVIS 2 Greenpeace International Technical Note 08/2009 08/2009 Contents Executive summary 4 1 Introduction 8 2 Sampling programme 12 3 Methodology 14 4 Results and discussion 17 4.1 Kingboard (Fogang) Industrial Area 18 4.1.1 Results 19 4.2 Kingboard (Panyu Nansha) Industrial Area 33 4.2.1 Results 35 4.3 Wing Fung P.C. Board Co., Ltd. 42 4.3.1 Results 42 4.4 QingYuan Top Dragon Textile Co., Ltd. 45 4.4.1 Results 46 4.5 Dongguan Cheongming Printing Co. Ltd. 49 4.5.1 Results 50 5 Conclusions 55 6 References 57 Appendix 1. Analytical methodology 64 Greenpeace International Technical Note 08/2009 3 Executive Summary Executive Summary The Pearl River, China’s third longest river, flows into the South This study was undertaken to provide data on the direct discharge of China Sea via a large and complex delta. This area, known as the hazardous chemicals from a selection of industrial point sources to Pearl River Delta (PRD), has undergone rapid urbanisation over the Pearl River System, including the identification of diverse classes recent years and emerged as one of the world’s most dynamic of chemicals in discharged wastewaters. Five separate facilities were industrial zones, accounting for more than 10% of China’s total investigated, two situated within industrial areas and three being Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This rapid growth has contributed individual factories. These industrial areas and facilities and the type to increasing environmental degradation within the PRD and impacts of manufacturing activities undertaken at each are summarised on communities within the area, in part due to the release of below. Their locations within Guangdong Province, and with respect hazardous chemicals from industrial sources. to the Pearl River Delta area, are shown in Figure 1 of the main report. Governmental monitoring and control measures that address industrial chemicals within China, including those released to the • Kingboard (Fogang) Industrial Area:- printed circuit board Pearl River system, have tended to focus on general measurements manufacture* of chemical load alongside only a very limited number of individual • Kingboard (Panyu Nansha) Industrial Area:- printed circuit chemicals. Numerous studies have demonstrated contamination of board manufacture* the Pearl River basin with a range of hazardous chemicals, including heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. To date, however, • Wing Fung P.C. Board Co., Ltd.:- printed circuit board such studies have tended to highlight the presence of industrial manufacture* pollutants within the waterways of the Pearl River basin, rather than • QingYuan Top Dragon Textile Co., Ltd.:- textiles manufacture attempting to characterise industrial point sources of pollutants themselves. Furthermore, studies that have investigated persistent • Dongguan Cheongming Printing Co. Ltd.:- printing organic pollutants have tended to focus on a relatively limited range A total of 25 samples were collected in June 2009, including of widely recognised substances. wastewater samples from all identifiable and accessible discharge points emanating from these sites, as well as sediment samples from discharge channels and receiving water bodies. All samples were returned to the Greenpeace Research Laboratories (University of These facilities clearly represent Exeter, UK) for analysis, including quantitative analysis for metals and only a small fraction of the total for a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and qualitative analysis of other, semi-volatile (solvent-extractable) organic industrial activity and, therefore, compounds. wastewater inputs arising within This study has demonstrated that, taken together, wastewater discharges from the five individual facilities are acting as significant the various industrial zones of point sources of heavy metals and potentially hazardous organic substances to the receiving freshwater environment of the Pearl the Pearl River system, but River basin. These facilities clearly represent only a small fraction of the total industrial activity and, therefore, wastewater inputs arising nonetheless illustrate the nature within the various industrial zones of the Pearl River system, but of what is likely to be a much nonetheless illustrate the nature of what is likely to be a much wider problem. wider problem. As might be expected, some similarities were found in the nature and extent of chemical discharges from the three printed circuit board manufacturing facilities. However, certain similarities were also found between discharges from these three facilities and those from the two other facilities involved in seemingly unrelated activities (textiles and printed products), most noticeably in the release of certain metals as well as organic chemicals commonly associated with the * Through field investigation, interviews and desktop research, Greenpeace identified a cluster of Kingboard's industrial facilities in this area. For more use of photoinitiator based processes. detailed information, please refer to Section 2 and the Appendix. 4 Greenpeace International Technical Note 08/2009 Executive Summary China Pearl River Delta (PRD) Kingboard (Fogang) Dongguan Cheongming Industrial Area Printing Co. Ltd. Kingboard (Panyu QingYuan Top Dragon Printed circuit board Printers Nansha) Industrial Area Textile Co., Ltd. manufacturer Wing Fung P.C. Board Printed circuit board Co., Ltd. Textiles manufacturer manufacturer Printed circuit board manufacturer ©GREENPEACE/JOHN NOVIS Greenpeace International Technical Note 08/2009 5 Executive Summary Key findings from this study can be summarised as follows:- Metals: pH: Organic chemicals: Many of the wastewater discharges Wastewaters from two sites were highly Numerous organic chemicals, representing contained various toxic or potentially toxic acidic, far outside the permissible pH range many different chemical classes, were heavy metals at high concentrations. At (6-9) for discharges under the Guangdong identified in various wastewaters from the three sites, the levels of individual metals in effluent standard:- five sites, many with known hazardous wastewater samples exceeded maximum properties. Foremost amongst these (and • Kingboard (Fogang) Industrial Area allowable discharge concentrations set the sites at which one or more example of (CN09005); pH=1 under the Guangdong effluent standard each class was identified) were the following (even noting that, for some metals, this • Dongguan Cheongming Printing Co. Ltd hazardous chemicals:- standard sets different limits depending on (CN09021); pH=2 • brominated compounds, including the how the receiving water body is used). brominated flame retardant These were:- tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA): • Kingboard (Fogang) Industrial Area Kingboard Fogang & Kingboard Panyu (CN09005); concentrations of beryllium Nasha Industrial Areas (123 μg/l) and manganese (17100 μg/l) • alkyl phenols (octyl phenol and nonyl were 25 times and 3 times the respective phenol): Kingboard Fogang Industrial upper allowable levels respectively, and Area & QingYuan Top Dragon Textile Co. the concentration of zinc (3240 μg/l) Ltd. exceeded the lower and middle allowable levels. • phthalate esters (DEHP, DnBP & DiBP): Kingboard Panyu Nansha Industrial Area, • Wing Fung P.C. Board Co. Ltd. Wing Fung P.C. Board Co. Ltd. & (CN09028); the concentration of copper Dongguan Cheongming Printing Co. Ltd. (25600 μg/l) exceeded the lower limit by 50 times and the upper limit by 12 times. • bisphenol-A: Kingboard Panyu Nansha Industrial Area • QingYuan Top Dragon Textile Co. Ltd. (CN09008); the concentration of • dichloromethane: Dongguan manganese (5390 μg/l) exceeded the Cheongming Printing Co. Ltd. upper limit of 5000 μg/l. The results also provide many other examples of wastewaters containing high concentrations of toxic metals, which although below regulatory limits still indicate that these effluent discharges are acting as significant point sources of pollution to the river system. 6 Greenpeace International Technical Note 08/2009 Executive Summary ©GREENPEACE/JOHN NOVIS Other than for two phthalate esters (DEHP and DnBP), the discharge Many of the heavy metals and hazardous organic chemicals of wastewaters containing these hazardous substances are not identified in the discharged wastewaters are able to accumulate in specifically regulated under the Guangdong effluent standard. the environment following their release, either within sediments or in However, most are specifically listed as priority substances in one or some cases in biota as a result of bioaccumulation. This study found more regulations or conventions that address their use and release in that sediment samples collected in the vicinity of many of the
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