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Gender Mainstreaming and Students GENDER MAINSTREAMING AND STUDENTS IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST A thesis presented to the faculty of the Center for International Studies of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Maria L. Alexeiko June 2005 This thesis entitled GENDER MAINSTREAMING AND STUDENTS IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST By Maria L. Alexeiko has been approved for the Program of International Development Studies and the Center for International Studies by Ann Tickamyer Professor of Sociology Josep Rota Director, Center for International Studies Alexeiko, Maria L. MA. June 2005. International Development Studies Gender Mainstreaming and Students in the Russian Far East (100pp.) Director of Thesis: Ann Tickamyer This study represents a quantitative comparative analysis of students’ awareness of basic concepts of gender equality and gender mainstreaming depending on their gender and the type of community where they originate from. The study also examines the differences between academic programs with regard to promoting gender equality. Thus, this study is expected to examine the following questions: (1) Does the level of awareness of gender equality and the main concepts of gender mainstreaming vary significantly depending on the gender of a student and type of community where a student originates from? (2) Is there a significant difference between academic programs in international affairs, public relations, and social anthropology with regard to their promoting issues of gender equality and gender mainstreaming among students? This study also provides recommendations which can be utilized by the universities in the Russian Far East in rethinking their content to ensure an adequate gender representation. Approved: Ann Tickamyer Professor of Sociology Acknowledgments I would like to extend a special thanks to all of those who were involved in the development and completion of this work. My sincere gratitude goes out to my thesis director, Dr. Ann Tickamyer, for her support and precious input to this work. I would like to thank the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Robert Shelly and Dr. Karen Evans-Romaine, whose doors were always open to me and who enriched my work with profound ideas and comments. I would also like to thank Dr. Elizabeth Collins for helping me find my passion which defined the course of all my graduate work. Overseas, my endless gratitude goes out to my colleague and a long-term friend, Tatiana Krestyanskova, for doing a great portion of data collection process. Finally, I want to thank my family and friends who always believe in me. v Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgments........................................................................................................ iv List of Tables .............................................................................................................. vii List of Figures............................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................1 1.1 Summary..................................................................................................1 1.2 Gender Turn of the World Bank..............................................................5 1.3 What Is Gender Mainstreaming and Where Does It Come From?........10 1.4 Gender in Modern Russia ......................................................................15 1.5 Gender, Education, and the Russian Far East........................................21 Chapter 2. Review of the Literature.............................................................................26 2.1 Literature on Perception of Roles of Men and Women in Post-Socialist Societies .................................................................................................26 2.2 Literature on the Effect of Family and Academia on the Views of Youngsters ..............................................................................................32 2.3 Literature Consulted During Elaboration of the Questionnaire ............42 Chapter 3. Methodology ..............................................................................................45 3.1 Research Design ....................................................................................45 3.2 Research Population ..............................................................................47 3.3 Instruments of Data Collection..............................................................49 3.4 Data Collection and Coding...................................................................50 3.5 Limitations and Significance of the Study.............................................53 Chapter 4. Findings......................................................................................................55 4.1 Hypothesis 1 ..........................................................................................55 4.2 Hypothesis 2 ..........................................................................................58 4.3 Hypothesis 3 ..........................................................................................60 4.4 Hypothesis 4 ..........................................................................................65 4.5 Additional findings ................................................................................70 Chapter 5. Conclusions and Recommendation ............................................................72 5.1 Conclusions............................................................................................72 5.2 Recommendations..................................................................................76 vi Bibliography ................................................................................................................79 Appendix A: Questionnaire (English) .........................................................................82 Appendix B: Questionnaire (Russian) .........................................................................85 Appendix C: Research Approval Letter of Institutional Review Board ....................88 Appendix D: Survey Guide and Instructions (English) ...............................................89 Appendix E: Survey Guide and Instructions (Russian) ...............................................91 vii List of Tables 2.1 Allocation of answers to the question “What is the highest priority in your life?” by groups of people................................................................................................29 2.2 Level of influence of the family on students’ ideas and values.............................39 4.1 Computation of the critical value of t and α-level to test the first null-hypothesis ................................................................................................................................57 4.2 Computation of Power of the test to determine the probability of truly rejecting the null-hypothesis........................................................................................................57 4.3 Computation of the critical value of t and α-level to test the second null- hypothesis .............................................................................................................60 4.4 Computation of critical value if F to determine if the variance between groups of subjects exists (hypothesis 3).................................................................................63 4.5 Post Hoc Tests to determine where the difference between groups exists (hypothesis 3).........................................................................................................64 4.6 Computation of critical value if F to determine if the variance between groups of subjects exists (hypothesis 4).................................................................................65 4.7 Post Hoc Tests to determine where the difference between groups exists (hypothesis 4).........................................................................................................66 4.8 Computation of p-values to determine significant and insignificant independent variables .................................................................................................................71 viii List of Figures 2.1(a) Priorities of male high school students when answering the question what they would like to become upon graduation from university. ....................................33 2.1(b) Priorities of female high school students when answering the question what they would like to become upon graduation from university .............................34 4.1(a) The level of awareness of gender equality and gender mainstreaming among male students.......................................................................................................55 4.1(b) The level of awareness of gender equality and gender mainstreaming among female students....................................................................................................56 4.2(a) The level of awareness of gender equality and gender mainstreaming among students originating from rural communities......................................................58 4.2(b) The level of awareness of gender equality and gender mainstreaming among students originating from urban communities ....................................................59
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