DOCSLIB.ORG

Economics of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the North Slope of Alaska: Economic Update and Synthesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Economics of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the North Slope of Alaska: Economic Update and Synthesis Economics of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the North Slope of Alaska: Economic Update and Synthesis By Emil D. Attanasi and Philip A. Freeman Open-File Report 2009–1112 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2009 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Attanasi, E.D., and Freeman, P.A., 2009, Economics of undiscovered oil and gas in the North Slope of Alaska; Economic update and synthesis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009–1112, 59 p., available only online. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Cover: Map showing the Alaska North Slope assessment study area, which consists of Federal, Native, and State lands in the 1002 Area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, the central North Slope, the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA), and the western North Slope (area west of the NPRA). See figure 1 in text. ii Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Synopsis of Geologic Assessment................................................................................................................................. 4 Assessment Procedures ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Characteristics of Assessed Technically Recoverable Resources ............................................................................. 5 Economic Approach......................................................................................................................................................13 Data ..........................................................................................................................................................................13 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................................14 Economic Parameters ...............................................................................................................................................15 Economic Assumptions .............................................................................................................................................16 Economic Procedures ...............................................................................................................................................17 Cost Components .....................................................................................................................................................18 Transportation, Infrastructure, and Location Assumptions ....................................................................................18 Exploration, Development, and Production Costs .................................................................................................19 Exploration Costs...............................................................................................................................................20 Development Costs for Crude Oil Accumulations ..............................................................................................20 Production Profiles and Operating Costs for Crude Oil Accumulations .............................................................21 Development Costs for Gas Accumulations.......................................................................................................21 Production Profiles and Operating Costs for Gas Accumulations ......................................................................22 Economic Analysis Results ...........................................................................................................................................22 Estimated Economic Oil in Undiscovered Oil Accumulations ....................................................................................23 Estimated Economic Gas in Undiscovered Gas Accumulations ...............................................................................27 Conclusions and Limitations .........................................................................................................................................32 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................................33 References Cited ..........................................................................................................................................................33 Appendix 1. Volumes Associated with the Mean Estimate for Each Play in Each of the Four Assessment Areas .......37 Appendix 2. Allocation of Play Resources to Economic Zones .....................................................................................41 Appendix 3. Documentation of Cost Estimates .............................................................................................................45 Transportation Costs .................................................................................................................................................45 Feeder and Regional Pipeline Assumptions ..........................................................................................................45 Field Development Costs ..........................................................................................................................................49 Oil Field Design .....................................................................................................................................................49 Gas Field Design ...................................................................................................................................................50 Drilling Costs .........................................................................................................................................................51 Facilities Costs—Oil and Gas Development ..........................................................................................................52 Production Profile ..................................................................................................................................................54 Oil Discoveries ...................................................................................................................................................54 Gas Discoveries.................................................................................................................................................56 Operating Costs ....................................................................................................................................................56 Oil Fields ............................................................................................................................................................57 Gas Fields .........................................................................................................................................................57 Appendix 4. Federal and Alaska Taxes ........................................................................................................................58 Royalties ...................................................................................................................................................................58 iii Alaska State Taxes ...................................................................................................................................................58 Alaska’s Clear and Equitable Share Tax ...............................................................................................................58 Procedure ..........................................................................................................................................................58 Application to Project Analysis ...........................................................................................................................59 Ad Valorem Tax .....................................................................................................................................................59 State Income Tax ..................................................................................................................................................59 State Conservation Tax .........................................................................................................................................59
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 201026 BOEM Oil Spill Occurrence North Slope Draftforfinal
    OCS Study BOEM 2020-050 Oil Spill Occurrence Rates from Alaska North Slope Oil and Gas Exploration, Development, and Production US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Alaska Region OCS Study BOEM 2020-050 Oil Spill Occurrence Rates from Alaska North Slope Oil and Gas Exploration, Development, and Production October / 2020 Authors: Tim Robertson, Nuka Research and Planning Group, Lead Author Lynetta K. Campbell, Statistical Consulting Services, Lead Analyst Sierra Fletcher, Nuka Research and Planning Group, Editor Prepared under contract #140M0119F0003 by Nuka Research and Planning Group, LLC P.O. Box 175 Seldovia, AK 99663 10 Samoset Street Plymouth, Massachusetts 02360 US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Alaska Region DISCLAIMER Study concept, oversight, and funding were provided by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC, under Contract Number 140M0119F0003. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM, and it has been approved for publication. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the US Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Data and Information Systems webpage (http://www.boem.gov/Environmental-Studies- EnvData/), click on the link for the Environmental Studies Program Information System (ESPIS), and search on 2020-050. The report is also available at the National Technical Reports Library at https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/.
    [Show full text]
  • 801—Arctic Energy
    North Slope oil and gas - a short history Contents Oil and gas development brought statehood for Alaska, a large and consistent revenue stream for state and local gov- 3 North Slope oil and gas ernments, a $33 billion savings account for Alaskans to enjoy and indoor plumbing and schools for many rural resi- 4 Viscous oil dents, including those who live on the North Slope. 4 Most frequently asked questions Most of Alaska’s oil comes from the 24 producing fields on the North Slope, including Prudhoe Bay, one of the 5 Facts about Alaska largest oil fields in the world. North Slope production totals about 900,000 barrels of oil per day. While the huge Prudhoe Bay field is in gradual decline, North Slope oil fields 5 Economic impact still provide a significant amount of U.S. domestic produc- tion. 6 Who we are An 800-mile-long pipeline carries North Slope oil to tide- 7 Natural gas water where it is transferred to tankers for transport to downstream markets. 8-13 North Slope oil fields Oil was first discovered on the North Slope thousands of 14-17 Drilling technology years ago. Native Eskimos cut blocks of oil-soaked tundra from natural seeps to use as fuel. But the first real search 18-19 Oil production for oil didn’t begin until the late 1920s when hearty explor- ers traveled by dog team, foot and boat. 20-21 Getting oil to market, TAPS The first geologic surveys took place on Alaska’s North Slope in the late 1950s and early 1960s and in 1968, after 22-23 Double hull tankers nearly a dozen unsuccessful wells, or “dry holes,” a major discovery was made.
    [Show full text]
  • Caribou Trails 2008
    Tuttut tumai (Inupiaq) Caribou Trails bedzeyh tene (Koyukon Athabaskan) tuntut tumait (Yup’ik) Marci Johnson, NPS issue 9 Fall 2008 News from The Western Arctic Caribou Herd working group Your 2008-2009 Times are changing Caribou Working Group Caribou are facing change in many forms. Global warming brings with it increasing wildfires, Representatives: decreasing lichens, expanding shrubs, melting permafrost, and other unknowns. Industrial oil, gas and mineral development brings with it site construction, roads, pipelines, power lines, potential spills and contamination. The warming climate is also causing a retreat of sea ice, which will open the Arctic to Wainwright, Atqasuk an even greater expansion of resource exploration and development. These are all changes that may & Barrow potentially impact the Western Arctic Caribou Herd, and any change that affects caribou also affects Enoch Oktollik, Wainwright caribou hunters and all who value caribou. Point Hope & Point Lay protecting caribou Teddy Frankson, Pt. Hope for the future The mission of the Caribou Working Group Nuiqsut & Anaktuvuk The Caribou Working Group includes subsistence Isaac Kaigelak, Nuiqsut hunters living within the range of the Western Arctic “To work together to ensure Caribou Herd, other Alaskan hunters, reindeer herders, the long term conservation Noatak & Kivalina hunting guides, transporters, and conservationists. Raymond Hawley, Kivalina The group meets as a whole once or twice a year, with of the Western Arctic additional sub-committees meeting throughout the year Caribou Herd and the Kotzebue Attamuk Shiedt, Sr., Kotzebue as specific needs arise. ecosystem on which it At each general meeting biologists report on the current depends, and to maintain Lower Kobuk River health and population status of the herd, the condition traditional and other uses Raymond Stoney, Kiana of their range, and biological factors affecting the herd.
    [Show full text]
  • A Changing Arctic: Ecological Consequences for Tundra, Streams and Lakes
    A CHANGING ARCTIC: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES FOR TUNDRA, STREAMS AND LAKES Edited by John E. Hobbie George W. Kling Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Climate and Hydrometeorology of the Toolik Lake Region and the Kuparuk River Basin: Past, Present, and Future Chapter 3. Glacial History and Long-Term Ecology of the Toolik Lake Region Chapter 4. Late-Quaternary Environmental and Ecological History of the Arctic Foothills, Northern Alaska Chapter 5. Terrestrial Ecosystems Chapter 6. Land-Water Interactions Research Chapter 7. Ecology of Streams of the Toolik Region Chapter 8. The Response of Arctic-LTER Lakes to Environmental Change Chapter 9. Mercury in the Alaskan Arctic Chapter 10. Ecological consequences of present and future change 1 <1>Chapter 1. Introduction John E. Hobbie <1>Description of the Arctic LTER site and project Toolik, the field site of the Arctic Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project, lies 170 km south of Prudhoe Bay in the foothills of Alaska’s North Slope near the Toolik Field Station (TFS) of the University of Alaska Fairbanks (Fig. 1.1).[INSERT FIGURE 1.1 HERE] The project goal is to describe the communities of organisms and their ecology, to measure changes that are occurring, and to predict the ecology of this region in the next century. Research at the Toolik Lake site began in the summer of 1975 when the completion of the gravel road alongside the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, now called the Dalton Highway, opened the road-less North Slope for research. This book synthesizes the research results from this site since 1975, as supported by various government agencies but mainly by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • North Slope Regional Food Security Workshop
    North Slope Regional Food Security Workshop: How to Assess Food Security from an Inuit Perspective: Building a Conceptual Framework on How to Assess Food Security in the Alaskan Arctic November 2013. North Slope Regional Food Security Workshop Participants and Observers. Photo: Carolina Behe. 2013 On November 13th and 14th, 2013 Traditional Knowledge (TK) Experts came together to evaluate and validate preliminary findings of the Inuit Circumpolar Council – Alaska’s (ICC-AK) food security project, How to Assess Food Security from an Inuit Perspective: Building a Conceptual Framework on How to Assess Food Security in the Alaskan Arctic. The North Slope food security workshop is an important part of the overall project methodology, allowing for greater engagement of Arctic villages and a preliminary validation process. TK experts were identified by their respective Tribal Councils and peers, to validate and evaluate the information that was previously documented through expert interviews and offer further insight on drivers of food security and insecurity. The following report provides an overview of the workshop proceedings. This report reviews the information discussed during the North Slope Food Security workshop, as well as information gleaned from our other project activities to date. This report will be one component of several that will contribute to our final assessment tool and definition of Inuit food security and drivers of food in/security. This report should be cited as: Behe, Carolina. Inuit Circumpolar Council - Alaska. North Slope Regional Food Security Workshop: How to Assess Food Security from an Inuit Perspective: Building a Conceptual Framework on How to Assess Food Security in the Alaskan Arctic.
    [Show full text]
  • February 2018 Trends.Indd
    FEBRUARY 2018 Volume 38 Number 2 ISSN 0160-3345 The NORTH SLOPE OIL PATCH Jobs in some of the na on’s largest oil fi elds PAGE 4 By NEAL FRIED BEST ESTIMATES SHOW ONGOING JOB LOSS Clearing up some poten ally confusing data PAGE 9 By DAN ROBINSON GAUGING ALASKA’s ECONOMY PAGE 14 To sign up for a free electronic subscrip on, read past issues online, or purchase a print subscrip on, visit labor.alaska.gov/trends. Contact the editor at (907) 465-6561 or [email protected]. ALASKA DEPARTMENT of LABOR Dan Robinson Sara Whitney Sam Dapcevich and WORKFORCE Chief, Research and Analysis Editor Cover Ar st DEVELOPMENT Bill Walker Governor ON THE COVER: BP’s Lisburne Produc on Center at Prudhoe Bay, photo courtesy of BP Alaska Heidi Drygas ON PAGE 4: Deadhorse, photo by Flickr user Dan Love Commissioner h ps://crea vecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode Alaska Economic Trends is a monthly publica on meant to objec vely inform the public about a variety of economic issues in the state. Trends is funded by the Employment and Training Services Division of the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development and is published by the department’s Research and Analysis Sec on. Material in this publica on is public informa on, and with appropriate credit may be reproduced without permission. 2 FEBRUARY 2018 ALASKA ECONOMIC TRENDS Gas project will create thousands of jobs for Alaskans The oil and gas sector is the largest pri- training centers, career and technical vate economic driver in the state, and education providers, registered appren- this month’s edition of Trends examines ticeship programs, and the University of employment in North Slope oil fi elds.
    [Show full text]
  • BP Alaska North Slope Pipeline Shutdowns: Regulatory Policy Issues
    Order Code RL33629 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web BP Alaska North Slope Pipeline Shutdowns: Regulatory Policy Issues August 28, 2006 Paul W. Parfomak Specialist in Science and Technology Resources, Science, and Industry Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress BP Alaska North Slope Pipeline Shutdowns: Regulatory Policy Issues Summary On August 6, 2006, BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc. (BP) announced the shutdown of the Prudhoe Bay area oil field on the North Slope of Alaska to conduct major repairs following the discovery of severe corrosion and a small spill from a Prudhoe Bay oil pipeline. The loss of North Slope oil production initially was expected to cut overall U.S. oil supplies by approximately 2.6%, although corrective measures have allowed BP to maintain approximately half of these supplies while longer term pipeline repairs are underway. Federal authorities have estimated that the Prudhoe Bay fields will not return to full production before February 2007. The unexpected discovery of severe corrosion problems in BP’s pipelines and the sudden loss of Prudhoe Bay oil supplies have drawn intense media attention and strong criticism from Congress. Congressional Committees have called for hearings to examine BP’s maintenance poblems and the adequacy of federal pipeline safety regulation administered by the Department of Transportation (DOT). The Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2006 (H.R. 5782) would mandate the promulgation of new regulations covering the types of pipelines used by BP on the North Slope, among other provisions. The bill was introduced by Representative. Don Young on July 13, 2006, and reported by the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure on July 19, 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • North Slope Ecoregions and Climate Scenarios
    Section 2 North Slope Ecoregions and Climate Scenarios North Slope Ecoregions The geographic/ecological scope of the workshop will be freshwater and terrestrial systems of the North Slope of Alaska, with a focus on the Arctic Coastal Plain and Foothills ecoregions. Montane areas and nearshore ma- rine waters will also be included where there is an essential ecological or physical tie (e.g., glacial input of water into North Slope river systems; nearshore lagoons used by anadromous fish and molting/migrating water birds). The North Slope covers approximately 204,000 km2 of Alaska’s arctic lands. Human population within the region is about 7,000 residents (2004 census), with activity and infrastructure concentrated within 6 small com- munities and the widespread industrial zone with a hub at Deadhorse. Land management and ownership is split among seven major entities (Figure 2.1). The Bureau of Land Management (Department of the Interior [DOI]) is responsible for management of a large portion for region—nearly 45% or the total area or roughly 91,000 km2. The State of Alaska is the second largest landowner, responsible for 41,000 km2 (20%). Fish and Wildlife Ser- vice (DOI) lands account for approximately 35,000 km2 (17%), and Native lands encompass about 26,000 km2 (13%). The remaining lands are held by the National Park Service (DOI), private owners, and the Department of Defense. Figure 2.1. Land ownership and location of human infrastructure, Alaska North Slope. 2:1 The North Slope is divided into three ecoregions: Arctic Coastal Plain, Arctic Foothills, and Brooks Range (Fig- ure 2.2).
    [Show full text]
  • BP Deploys Drilling Automation Package on Alaska's North Slope To
    ® Originally appeared in World Oil JUNE 2019 issue, pg 47-53. Posted with permission. DRILLING TECHNOLOGY BP deploys drilling automation package on Alaska’s North Slope to decrease connection times, improve safety and efficiency In a landmark project, BP the business of drilling a well has begun the industry, redefining well construction brought together process to shift. and driving a push beyond “knowledge automation, wired drill pipe, hoarding” to advanced, product-focused THE NECESSITY OF AN UNBIASED drilling apps, and downhole integrated technology ecosystems. TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATOR National Oilwell Varco (NOV) has drilling dynamics tools to Two things have become increasingly acted as a first-mover technology integra- prove the viability of closed- clear as the industry has shifted and grown tor in drilling automation while recogniz- loop drilling automation in over the past decade. First, it has become ing the need to surmount the industry’s an extremely technically clear that no single company has acted as hesitance to implement fully automated challenging environment. a true technology integrator—a company systems. This article explores NOV’s that will take risks, capital or otherwise, drilling automation initiative and a re- to redefine a business that has typically cent project, which has seen the broad- ŝŝANDREW COIT, STEPHEN FORRESTER evolved very slowly, conservatively, and est and most successful implementation traditionally—but that such a role is a of the automation package to date, with and STEVE PINK, NOV; CARLOS critical necessity to help facilitate indus- BP Alaska and Parker Drilling. It is a SCHIAVENATO, BP; DANIEL BLYDENBURGH, try-level progress. Second, companies multi-business story, with nine groups Parker Drilling that establish a new type of paradigm for from within NOV—covering everything industry growth must be able to overcome from rig equipment to wellbore technolo- historical perception and clearly position gies—unified via a strategic services de- Drilling automation is arguably the oil themselves as adopters of new technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Vascular Plants of the North Slope a Review of the Taxonomy, Distribution, and Ecology of 31 Rare Plant Taxa That Occur in Alaska’S North Slope Region
    BLM U. S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management BLM Alaska Technical Report 58 BLM/AK/GI-10/002+6518+F030 December 2009 Rare Vascular Plants of the North Slope A Review of the Taxonomy, Distribution, and Ecology of 31 Rare Plant Taxa That Occur in Alaska’s North Slope Region Helen Cortés-Burns, Matthew L. Carlson, Robert Lipkin, Lindsey Flagstad, and David Yokel Alaska The BLM Mission The Bureau of Land Management sustains the health, diversity and productivity of the Nation’s public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. Cover Photo Drummond’s bluebells (Mertensii drummondii). © Jo Overholt. This and all other copyrighted material in this report used with permission. Author Helen Cortés-Burns is a botanist at the Alaska Natural Heritage Program (AKNHP) in Anchorage, Alaska. Matthew Carlson is the program botanist at AKNHP and an assistant professor in the Biological Sciences Department, University of Alaska Anchorage. Robert Lipkin worked as a botanist at AKNHP until 2009 and oversaw the botanical information in Alaska’s rare plant database (Biotics). Lindsey Flagstad is a research biologist at AKNHP. David Yokel is a wildlife biologist at the Bureau of Land Management’s Arctic Field Office in Fairbanks. Disclaimer The mention of trade names or commercial products in this report does not constitute endorsement or rec- ommendation for use by the federal government. Technical Reports Technical Reports issued by BLM-Alaska present results of research, studies, investigations, literature searches, testing, or similar endeavors on a variety of scientific and technical subjects. The results pre- sented are final, or a summation and analysis of data at an intermediate point in a long-term research project, and have received objective review by peers in the author’s field.
    [Show full text]
  • Short Notes on Alaska Geology 2003
    PROFESSIONAL REPORT 120 SHORT NOTES ON ALASKA GEOLOGY 2003 State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Rodney A. Combellick Acting Director 2003 SHORT NOTES ON ALASKA GEOLOGY 2003 Edited by Karen H. Clautice and Paula K. Davis Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Professional Report 120 Recent research on Alaska geology Fairbanks, Alaska 2003 Front cover photo: Badlands topography in poorly consolidated sandstone of the Eocene Sagavanirktok Formation at Franklin Bluffs on Alaska’s North Slope south of Prudhoe Bay. (Photo by Gil Mull) i FOREWORD In keeping with the tradition of previous issues of Short Notes on Alaska Geology, this issue offers articles on a range of geologic topics in Alaska as diverse as the authors who prepared them. By my brief read, the articles cover the fields of geochemistry, geochronology, mineralogy, petrology, petrography, structural geology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleontology. The authors represent the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS), University of Alaska Fairbanks, U.S. Geological Survey, and numerous other universities and private companies in the U.S., Canada, Ireland, and even Czech Republic. We greatly appreciate their efforts in this significant contribution toward STATE OF ALASKA advancing the knowledge of Alaska’s geology. Frank H. Murkowski, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Assembling and publishing a high-quality collection of peer- Tom Irwin, Commissioner reviewed articles such as this require significant dedication of time and effort over a period of at least a year and a half. For this issue DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & of Short Notes, Karen Clautice served as technical editor and Paula GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Davis as publications specialist, in addition to their regular work Rodney A.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Shorebird Conservation Plan, Version
    Alaska Shorebird Conservation Plan Version III April 2019 Alaska Shorebird Conservation Plan Alaska Shorebird Conservation Plan Version III Suggested Citation: Alaska Shorebird Group. 2019. Alaska Shorebird Conservation Plan. Version III. Alaska Shorebird Group, Anchorage, AK. The Alaska Shorebird Conservation Plan and updates can be viewed and downloaded at: https://www.fws.gov/alaska/pages/migratory-birds/shorebirds Cover: Male Red Knot on breeding territory, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Photo by Lucas DeCicco. i Alaska Shorebird Conservation Plan Contents DEDICATION v BCR 1: Aleutian/Bering Sea Islands 35 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi Priority Species 36 Important Shorebird Areas 37 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Primary Conservation Objectives 37 PART I: ALASKA SHOREBIRD 6 Priority Conservation Issues and Actions 38 CONSERVATION PLAN Emerging Conservation Issues 39 Introduction 6 Evaluation of Conservation Progress 40 Vision of the Alaska Shorebird Group 7 BCR 2: Western Alaska 41 Shorebirds in Alaska 7 Priority Species 42 Conservation Issues Facing Shorebirds 14 Important Shorebird Areas 43 Climate Change 14 Primary Conservation Objectives 44 Energy Production and Mining 16 Priority Conservation Issues and Actions 45 Pollution 16 Emerging Conservation Issues 48 Residential and Commercial Development 17 Evaluation of Conservation Progress 48 Agriculture and Aquaculture 17 BCR 3: Arctic Plains and Mountains 50 Transportation and Service Corridors 17 Priority Species 51 Biological Resource Use 18 Important Shorebird Areas 52 Human Intrusions and Disturbance
    [Show full text]