DOCSLIB.ORG

Permafrost Characteristics of Alaksa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Permafrost Characteristics of Alaksa Permafrost Extent by Surficial Deposit Torre Jorgenson, Kenji Yoshikawa, Mikhail Kanevskiy, and Yuri Shur University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Northern Engineering, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA Mean Annual Air Temperature (deg. C) -12 3 Vladimir Romanovsky, Sergei Marchenko, and Guido Grosse to to Permafrost Characteristics of Alaska University of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA -6 -5 -2-3-4 -1 0 1 2 7 Jerry Brown Bedrock International Permafrost Association, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA Colluvium: Hillside 204!Barrow Ben Jones !(404394 280 U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, Alaska, USA Colluvium: Retransp. (!305 304(! (!!330 280286 408( 325 410 310 (!370 Glacial: Old (! (!(!250 282 315 (320(! (! A new permafrost map of Alaska, using a terrain-unit approach for The distribution of ice wedges was determined from the literature, from 200 265 405 (! 338 215 mapping permafrost distribution based on climate and surficial geology is polygonal patterns evident on remote sensing imagery, and from our field Glacial: Young (! !((!(! 340 375 Prudhoe Bay 0 290 (! (!260 660 presented in conjunction with the Ninth International Conference on experience. Ice wedges actively form mainly in the continuous permafrost 330 (!285 !595 Eolian: Sand (! (!183 # (! ! 229 (! !625 Permafrost held at the University of Alaska, June 29 to July 3, 2008. This map zone, and are inactive to weakly active in the discontinuous zone (Péwé ( (! ( represents the third iteration of a permafrost map for Alaska, following the 1975). Holocene ice wedges, which are limited to the top 3-5 m of permafrost, Eolian: Loess 299 (! are smaller than large, deep (up to 35 m) syngenetic ice wedges formed during ! 290 circum-arctic permafrost map (Brown et al. 1997), which made minor Glaciofluvial: Old ( modifications to the initial map by Ferrians (1965). To map permafrost, we the Late Pleistocene. Symbols for abundant ice wedges denote general (! 280 282 developed a rule-based model (see color-coded table) that incorporated mean locations, whereas, symbols for sparse Holocene and Late Pleistocene wedges 356 310 ! (! Glaciofluvial: Young 300 ( annual air temperatures (MAAT) from the PRISM climate map and the indicate specific areas, though distribution remains poorly known. 295 (! 235 0 (!(!(!322 240 Glaciolacustrine ! 231 (! surficial geology map (see back), of Karlstrom et al. (1964). We used terrain- Thermokarst landforms are abundant in all permafrost zones (Jorgenson ( (!# (! permafrost relationships developed by Kreig and Reger (1982) and our et al. 2008). They are varied, due to differences in temperature, ground ice Glaciomarine knowledge of permafrost distribution to assign permafrost characteristics to volume, soil texture, slope, and hydrologic conditions. Abundance of 366 each surficial deposit under varying temperatures. Surficial geology greatly thermokarst is difficult to map because of the wide range in size of features Fluvial: Aband./Terr. 356 290 (!304 affects permafrost characteristics because of differences in topography, soil from small pits to large lakes, and similar landforms may have different Fluvial: Active/Inact. (! (! texture (which affects moisture and thermal properties) and hydrology origin. Alluvial-Marine (surface-water and groundwater). We modified the surficial geology map to The permafrost zones underlie 80% of Alaska, including continuous update some areas with new information (e.g., eolian loess and sand, and (32%), discontinuous (31%), sporadic (8%), and isolated (10%) permafrost. Coastal: Beach 0 glaciomarine deposits). Glaciers and ice sheets occupy 4% of the area. Continuous 61 We coded the permafrost map with surficial geology, MAAT, primary Many improvements are needed for a better permafrost map, including: a 70 27 #!( Coastal: Delta !111 soil texture, permafrost extent, ground ice volume, and primary thermokarst surficial geology map with updated information and better spatial accuracy; !( !( 87 !( landforms. The map focuses on the top 10 m of permafrost, where permafrost more information of terrain/ground ice/temperature/permafrost relationships, Water 72 See color legend below !( can be more readily mapped from surface features, determined by simple field more temperature boreholes, and improved spatial models. Kotzebue measurements, and where ground ice usually is most abundant. Distribution of 12 6 0 ! !!(#119 permafrost shown on the map is therefore also based on our knowledge about References 0 the presence or absence of permafrost within the upper 10 m. Although we 12 ! # used recent MAAT in our rule-based model, we note that permafrost 0 Brewer, M.C. 1958. Some results of geothermal investigations of permafrost 0 21 distribution is greatly affected by past climates. # ! 61 18 0 in northern Alaska. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 39(1): 19-26. # !( ! 31 # We relied on many sources for the effort but are not able to cite all ! references here. The main map shows permafrost thickness values based on Brown, J.B., Ferrians, O.J., Heginbottom, J.A. & Melnikov, E.S. 1997. 20 0 ! 27 MacCarthy (1952), Brewer (1958), Ferrians (1965), Péwé (1975), Osterkamp Circum-arctic map of permafrost and ground-ice conditions. U.S. Geol. Legend 5 ! 100 # ! 69 70 !( and Payne (1981), Lachenbruch et al. (1987), and Collett et al. (1989). Depths Surv., Map CP-45, scale 1:10,000,000. !( !( 13 Brown, J. & Romanovsky, V.E. 2008. Report from the International 0 ! 15 were determined by temperature logging or interpretation of ice-bearing 58 41 ! Permafrost Association: State of Permafrost in the First Decade of the 21st Permafrost Distribution #17 ! 36 permafrost from geophysical data. Southerly sites are included when the 27 ! 31 !( ! 40 76 97 Century. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 19: 255-260. ! 24107 ! !! 0 presence of permafrost is evident even if permafrost thicknesses were not !37 ! 16!( 35!!(21 ! !( 8 30 # 35 ! ! Collett, T.S., Bird, K.J., Kvenvolden, K.A. & Magoon, L.B. 1989. Map Glacier ! ! 129 ! ! 81!(47 determined. Fairbanks 0 showing the depth to the base of the deepest ice-bearing permafrost as !( 11 38 110 The following characteristics are shown on small thematic maps on the Nome ! 56 15 76! # determined from well logs, North Slope, Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. Oil Gas !( ! !( 46 !( reverse side of the main map: Continuous (>90%) 24 55 !150 Ground temperatures (usually measured at depths 20-30 m) were obtained Inv. Map OM-222, scale 1: 1,000,000. ! !( 64 66 !( !( from boreholes by V. Romanovsky, G. Clow, K. Yoshikawa, and T. Ferrians, O.J. 1965. Permafrost map of Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Geol. 64 !(0 67 73 Discontinuous (50-90%) 0 17 !( !( Osterkamp as part of the Thermal State of Permafrost project for the Inv. Map I-445, scale 1: 2,500,000. 0 ! 30 # !( # ! 10 ! 54 International Polar Year (Brown and Romanovsky 2008). Only recent data are Galloway, J.P. & Carter, L.D. 1978. Preliminary map of pingos in National ! Tok 45 # ! !(63 Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. OF 78-795. 9 31 ! used. Sporadic (10-50%) ! ! !(27 36 76 Holmes, G.W., Hopkins, D.M. & Foster, H.L. 1968. Pingos in central Alaska. Discontinuous ! ! Ground ice volumes were estimated for the upper 5 m of permafrost using 15 !( 61 U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1241-H: 1-40. ! !( terrain relationships established by Kreig and Reger (1982) and our field data. Isolated (>0-10%) 22 Ground ice volume near the surface is higher in colder regions due to active Jorgenson, M.T., Shur, Y. & Osterkamp, T.E. 2008. Thermokarst in Alaska. 16 ! !!McGrath ice-wedge formation and ice segregation in fine-grained deposits. Buried Proc. Ninth International Permafrost Conf., Fairbanks. In press. 37 44 9 ! ! Karlstrom, T.N.V. and others. 1964. Surficial geology of Alaska. U.S. Geol. Absent (0%) ! 0 glacial ice in old or stagnant young moraines is included, but is irregularly 0 # distributed at this map scale. Surv., Misc. Geol. Inv. Map I-357, scale 1:1,584,000. # Glennallen 38 0 ! Pingo distribution was compiled mostly from Holmes et al. (1968), Kreig, R.A. & Reger, R.D. 1982. Air-photo analysis and summary of landform Large Waterbodies (unfrozen below) !30 58!(68! # !( Galloway and Carter (1978), and Walker et al. (1985) and by satellite image soil properties along the route of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Alaska 38 16 32 ! 25 ! ! interpretation. There are >1500 known pingos in Alaska. In central Alaska and Div. Geol. Geophys. Surv., Geologic Rep. 66, 149 pp. 5 0 ! Permafrost_Zones Generalized ! 28 183 nearby Yukon areas, there are ~760 pingos, mostly open-system. Closed- Lachenbruch, A.H., Sass, J.H., Lawyer, L.A., Brewer, M.C., and five others. # ! !( 1987. Temperature and depth of permafrost on the Alaskan Arctic Slope. 11 0 system pingos predominate in the North Slope, Seward Peninsula, and Noatak ! regions. Not all pingos have been inventoried. In: Alaska North Slope Geology. Alaska Geol. Soc., Book 50, Vol. 2: 545- 9 # Permafrost Depth (m) 0 Sporadic Anchorage! 558. # 10 ! 107 ! ! MacCarthy, G.R. 1952. Geothermal investigations on the Arctic Slope Alaska. 122 ! 0 5 - 50 !( 13 Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 33(4): 589-593. !(!! Bethel # 122!(184 Valdez Osterkamp, T.E. & Payne, M.W. 1981. Estimates of permafrost thickness !( 51 - 100 !( from well logs in northern AK. Cold Reg. Sci Tech. 5: 13-27. éwé, T.L. 1975. Quaternary geology of Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. ! 0 P !( # 836, 145 pp. 101 - 200 Kenai Walker, D.A., Walker, M.D., Everett, K.R. & Webber, P.J. 1985. Pingos of the Prudhoe Bay region, AK. Arctic Alp. Res. 17: 321-336. ! 0 ( 201 - 300 23 Isolated # ! ! (! 301 - 500 Juneau 6 (! 501 - 600 ! 49 0 53 ! # !( 0 15 0 # Permafrost present but depth unknown # ! ##0 #0 Other Features 0 0 ## Major Roads Trans-Alaska Pipeline Projection: Albers Alaska, NAD 83 2008, Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks 050 100 200 300 400 500 December update to July NICOP map km scale 1: 7,200,000.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study of Unstable Slopes in Permafrost Areas: Alaskan Case Studies Used As a Training Tool
    A Study of Unstable Slopes in Permafrost Areas: Alaskan Case Studies Used as a Training Tool Item Type Report Authors Darrow, Margaret M.; Huang, Scott L.; Obermiller, Kyle Publisher Alaska University Transportation Center Download date 26/09/2021 04:55:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/7546 A Study of Unstable Slopes in Permafrost Areas: Alaskan Case Studies Used as a Training Tool Final Report December 2011 Prepared by PI: Margaret M. Darrow, Ph.D. Co-PI: Scott L. Huang, Ph.D. Co-author: Kyle Obermiller Institute of Northern Engineering for Alaska University Transportation Center REPORT CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 REVIEW OF UNSTABLE SOIL SLOPES IN PERMAFROST AREAS ............................... 1 3.0 THE NELCHINA SLIDE ..................................................................................................... 2 4.0 THE RICH113 SLIDE ......................................................................................................... 5 5.0 THE CHITINA DUMP SLIDE .............................................................................................. 6 6.0 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 9 7.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 10 i A STUDY OF UNSTABLE SLOPES IN PERMAFROST AREAS 1.0 INTRODUCTION
    [Show full text]
  • Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk
    Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Molards as an indicator of permafrost degradation and landslide processes Journal Item How to cite: Morino, Costanza; Conway, Susan J.; Sæmundsson, Þorsteinn; Kristinn Helgason, Jón; Hillier, John; Butcher, Frances E.G.; Balme, Matthew R.; Jordan, Colm and Argles, Tom (2019). Molards as an indicator of permafrost degradation and landslide processes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 516 pp. 136–147. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2019 Elsevier B.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.03.040 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Earth and Planetary Science Letters 516 (2019) 136–147 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Molards as an indicator of permafrost degradation and landslide processes ∗ Costanza Morino a,b, , Susan J. Conway b, Þorsteinn Sæmundsson c, Jón Kristinn Helgason d, John Hillier e, Frances E.G. Butcher f, Matthew R. Balme f, Colm Jordan g, Tom Argles a a School of Environment, Earth & Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK b Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution of Silty Soils in the Grayling Fingers Region of Michigan: Evidence for Loess Deposition Onto Frozen Ground
    Geomorphology 102 (2008) 287–296 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph The distribution of silty soils in the Grayling Fingers region of Michigan: Evidence for loess deposition onto frozen ground Randall J. Schaetzl ⁎ Department of Geography, 128 Geography Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1117, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This paper presents textural, geochemical, mineralogical, soils, and geomorphic data on the sediments of the Received 12 September 2007 Grayling Fingers region of northern Lower Michigan. The Fingers are mainly comprised of glaciofluvial Received in revised form 25 March 2008 sediment, capped by sandy till. The focus of this research is a thin silty cap that overlies the till and outwash; Accepted 26 March 2008 data presented here suggest that it is local-source loess, derived from the Port Huron outwash plain and its Available online 10 April 2008 down-river extension, the Mainstee River valley. The silt is geochemically and texturally unlike the glacial fl Keywords: sediments that underlie it and is located only on the attest parts of the Finger uplands and in the bottoms of Glacial geomorphology upland, dry kettles. On sloping sites, the silty cap is absent. The silt was probably deposited on the Fingers Loess during the Port Huron meltwater event; a loess deposit roughly 90 km down the Manistee River valley has a Permafrost comparable origin. Data suggest that the loess was only able to persist on upland surfaces that were either Kettles closed depressions (currently, dry kettles) or flat because of erosion during and after loess deposition.
    [Show full text]
  • Pamphlet to Accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3131
    Bedrock Geologic Map of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and Accompanying Conodont Data By Alison B. Till, Julie A. Dumoulin, Melanie B. Werdon, and Heather A. Bleick Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3131 View of Salmon Lake and the eastern Kigluaik Mountains, central Seward Peninsula 2011 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1 Sources of data ....................................................................................................................................1 Components of the map and accompanying materials .................................................................1 Geologic Summary ........................................................................................................................................1 Major geologic components ..............................................................................................................1 York terrane ..................................................................................................................................2 Grantley Harbor Fault Zone and contact between the York terrane and the Nome Complex ..........................................................................................................................3 Nome Complex ............................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • 201026 BOEM Oil Spill Occurrence North Slope Draftforfinal
    OCS Study BOEM 2020-050 Oil Spill Occurrence Rates from Alaska North Slope Oil and Gas Exploration, Development, and Production US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Alaska Region OCS Study BOEM 2020-050 Oil Spill Occurrence Rates from Alaska North Slope Oil and Gas Exploration, Development, and Production October / 2020 Authors: Tim Robertson, Nuka Research and Planning Group, Lead Author Lynetta K. Campbell, Statistical Consulting Services, Lead Analyst Sierra Fletcher, Nuka Research and Planning Group, Editor Prepared under contract #140M0119F0003 by Nuka Research and Planning Group, LLC P.O. Box 175 Seldovia, AK 99663 10 Samoset Street Plymouth, Massachusetts 02360 US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Alaska Region DISCLAIMER Study concept, oversight, and funding were provided by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC, under Contract Number 140M0119F0003. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM, and it has been approved for publication. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the US Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Data and Information Systems webpage (http://www.boem.gov/Environmental-Studies- EnvData/), click on the link for the Environmental Studies Program Information System (ESPIS), and search on 2020-050. The report is also available at the National Technical Reports Library at https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/.
    [Show full text]
  • Virtual Reality Modeling of the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel, Alaska
    VIRTUAL REALITY MODELING OF THE CRREL PERMAFROST TUNNEL, ALASKA Conner Truskowski, Margaret Rudolf, and Cassidy Phillips [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Background Discussion The main problem faced while taking photos was low and As of today, few real, small-scale locations have been modeled for variable light. While we did have smaller lights to add to what is Virtual Reality (VR). One location, perfect for modeling, is the currently in the tunnel, more would be needed in the future to Permafrost Tunnel between Fairbanks and Fox, Alaska. The improve upon the model. Nevertheless, the end product has Tunnel was originally made between 1963 and 1969 by the Army about 97% coverage with the remining 3% of the tunnel appearing Corps of Engineers as a bunker and storage experiment. Since as holes due to surfaces being too smooth or dark for Metashape then, the tunnel has been used extensively for permafrost, to recognize. A faster, more biology, geology, climate, mining, and engineering research. It is powerful computer would cut currently owned by the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and down on processing time and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL). We set out to develop a useable could result in a higher VR model of the Permafrost Tunnel for educational use. We used resolution model. a 360-degree camera, Agisoft Metashape, and the Unity game engine to generate a Variable lighting, dust, and smooth Location of the useable model. Upon surfaces in the tunnel tunnel. (Modified completion, students Illustrated goggle view of the tunnel from Explore Fairbanks Photo: (Shelby Lum / Alaska Dispatch News) Aurora Tracker) from around the world and people with disabilities or illnesses Conclusion will have access to the Permafrost Tunnel.
    [Show full text]
  • S41598-021-96384-7.Pdf
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A mechanical insight into the triggering mechanism of frequently occurred landslides along the contact between loess and red clay Baoqin Lian1, Xingang Wang1*, Kai Liu1, Sheng Hu2 & Xiao Feng3 The triggering mechanism and movement evolution of loess-red clay landslides, which occurred frequently along the contact between the loess and red clay on the Loess Plateau, are closely related to the mechanical properties of the contact surface. This work presents an experimental investigation on loess, clay and loess-red clay interlaminar (LRCI) samples obtained from a typical loess-red clay landslide in northern part of Shaanxi province of China, using a series of ring shear tests, microscopic observation and scanning electron microscopy tests, in an attempt to explore the mechanical behavior of loess, clay and LRCI samples with variation in moisture content, normal stress and shear rate. The results revealed that for all specimens, both the peak shear strength τp and the residual shear strength τr decreased with increasing moisture content, among which, moisture content has the greatest infuence on the τp and τr of red clay, followed by the LRCI specimen, and the loess specimen is least afected by moisture content. Meanwhile, exponential functions describing the correlations between shear strength and moisture content of LRCI, red clay and loess specimens were proposed. Furthermore, the macroscopic morphological characteristics and the microstructure of shear surface obtained from the LRCI specimens showed that a localized water accumulation was built up within the shear surface as the water content increases to some extent, and a high degree of liquefaction developed within shear surface when the moisture content reached to the saturate degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Summarization and Comparison of Engineering Properties of Loess in the United States
    Summarization and Comparison of Engineering Properties of Loess in the United States J. B. SHEELER, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Iowa State University •LARGE deposits of loess are found in many parts of the United States, but published values of the engineering properties of loess are relatively scarce. The data in this paper were gathered to indicate similarities and compare the properties of loess from one area with another. Loess is composed primarily of rather loosely arranged angular grains of sand, silt, and clay. Silt is usually the dominant size. Calcite is also generally present in amounts ranging from zero to more than 10 percent of the total soil.. The aeolian hypothesis of loess deposition is compatible with the physical charac­ teristics of undisturbed loess masses. This hypothesis states that fine-grained ma­ terial was transported, sorted, and redeposited by wind action and thus became loess. During deposition, moisture and clay minerals are believed responsible for cementing the coarser grains together to form a loose structure. The loess is therefore subject to loss of shear strength due to water softening the clay bonds and to severe consolida­ tion caused by a combination of loading and moisture. Loess is usually thought of as an aeolian material that was deposited thousands of years ago and has remained in place since the time of deposition. Loess that has been eroded and redeposited is often referred to as redeposited loess, reworked loess or more simply as a silt deposit. This implies that the word loess indicates an aeolian soil, undisturbed since deposition. Certain engineering properties of loess, such as shear strength, are quite drastically changed by erosion and redeposition.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of West-Central Alaska
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGY OF WEST-CENTRAL ALASKA W.W. Patton, Jr., S.E. Box, E.J. Moll-Stalcup, and T.P. Miller Opcn-File Report OF 89-554 This reporz is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survcy editorial standards. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. CONTENTS Introduction Pre-mid-Cretaceous lithotectonic terranes Minchumina terrane Definition and distribution Description Telida subterrane East Fork subterrane Interpretation and correlation Nixon Fork terrane Definition and djstrib~ltion Descriptioa P~ecambrian metamorphic rocks Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic clastic rocks Interpretation and correlation Innoko terrane Definition and distribution Description Interpretation and correlation Ruby terrane Definition and distribution Description Protolith age Agc of metamorphism Interpretations and correlations Angayucham-Tozitna terrane Definition and distribution Description Thc Slate Creek thrust pancl The Narvak thrust pancl The Kanuti thrust panel Interpretation and correlation Koyukuk terranc Definition and distribution Description Interpretation Overlap assemblages Mid- and Upper Cretaceous terrigenous sedimentary rocks Distribution Graywackc and rnudstonc turbidilcs Fluvial and shallow marine conglomerate, sandstone, and shale Marginal conglomerates Fluvial and shallow marine sandstone and shale Interpretation Mid- and Late Cretaceous
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid Silts - Their Occurrence and Distribution in Loess Robert Odell Lamb Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1985 Liquid silts - their occurrence and distribution in loess Robert Odell Lamb Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Civil Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Lamb, Robert Odell, "Liquid silts - their occurrence and distribution in loess " (1985). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7866. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7866 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula Region, Alaska
    Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula Region, Alaska Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles By Frederic H. Wilson and Chad P. Hults Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3110 View looking east down Harriman Fiord at Serpentine Glacier and Mount Gilbert. (photograph by M.L. Miller) 2012 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1 Geographic, Physiographic, and Geologic Framework ..........................................................................1 Description of Map Units .............................................................................................................................3 Unconsolidated deposits ....................................................................................................................3 Surficial deposits ........................................................................................................................3 Rock Units West of the Border Ranges Fault System ....................................................................5 Bedded rocks ...............................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • 801—Arctic Energy
    North Slope oil and gas - a short history Contents Oil and gas development brought statehood for Alaska, a large and consistent revenue stream for state and local gov- 3 North Slope oil and gas ernments, a $33 billion savings account for Alaskans to enjoy and indoor plumbing and schools for many rural resi- 4 Viscous oil dents, including those who live on the North Slope. 4 Most frequently asked questions Most of Alaska’s oil comes from the 24 producing fields on the North Slope, including Prudhoe Bay, one of the 5 Facts about Alaska largest oil fields in the world. North Slope production totals about 900,000 barrels of oil per day. While the huge Prudhoe Bay field is in gradual decline, North Slope oil fields 5 Economic impact still provide a significant amount of U.S. domestic produc- tion. 6 Who we are An 800-mile-long pipeline carries North Slope oil to tide- 7 Natural gas water where it is transferred to tankers for transport to downstream markets. 8-13 North Slope oil fields Oil was first discovered on the North Slope thousands of 14-17 Drilling technology years ago. Native Eskimos cut blocks of oil-soaked tundra from natural seeps to use as fuel. But the first real search 18-19 Oil production for oil didn’t begin until the late 1920s when hearty explor- ers traveled by dog team, foot and boat. 20-21 Getting oil to market, TAPS The first geologic surveys took place on Alaska’s North Slope in the late 1950s and early 1960s and in 1968, after 22-23 Double hull tankers nearly a dozen unsuccessful wells, or “dry holes,” a major discovery was made.
    [Show full text]