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Introduction: Casting a New Look at the Origins of the Cold War

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Introduction: Casting a New Look at the Origins of the Cold War Notes Introduction: Casting a New Look at the Origins of the Cold War 1. For good recent reviews of Cold War historiography, see M. P. Leffler, ‘The Cold War: What Do “We Now Know”?’, The American Historical Review, vol. 104, no. 2 (Apr. 1999), pp. 501–24; M. P. Leffler and D. S. Painter (eds), Origins of the Cold War: An International History, 2nd edn (New York and London: Routledge, 2005); D. Reynolds (ed.), The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives (New Haven, Conn. and London: Yale University Press, 1994); A. Varsori and E. Calandri, The Failure of Peace in Europe, 1943–48 (Basingstoke: Palgave, 2002) and O. A. Westad, Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory (London: Frank Cass, 2000). 2. Leffler, ‘The Cold War’, p. 503. 3. Ibid. 4. G. Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe since 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 32. 5. Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe. 6. Ibid., pp. 46–7, 55. 7. Ibid., p. 58. 8. H. Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution, 3rd edn (London: Methuen, 1956), p. 167. 9. S. Mikolajczyk, The Pattern of Soviet Domination (London: S. Low, Marston, 1948). 10. H. Ripka, Czechoslovakia Enslaved: The Story of the Communist Coup d’Etat (London: Gollancz, 1950). 11. N. Dolapchiev, Bulgaria, the Making of a Satellite: Analysis of the Historical Developments, 1944–1953 (Foyer Bulgare, Bulgarian Historical Institute, 1971). 12. M. R. Myant, Socialism and Democracy in Czechoslovakia, 1945–1948 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 13. J. Coutouvidis and J. Reynolds, Poland, 1939–1947 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1986). 14. C. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986). 15. M. Isusov, Politicheskite Partiii v Bulgariia, 1944–1948 (Sofia, 1978) is the best pre-1989 study of Bulgaria’s postwar political transformation. 16. V. Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). 17. V. Mastny, Russia’s Road to the Cold War: Diplomacy, Warfare, and Politics of Communism, 1941–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979). 18. V. M. Zubok and K. Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1996). 19. N. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1995). 205 206 Notes 20. A. J. Prazmowska, Civil War in Poland, 1942–1948 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). 21. B. F. Abrams, The Struggle for the Soul of the Nation: Czech Culture and the Rise of Communism (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004). 22. M. Mevius, Agents of Moscow: The Hungarian Communist Party and the Origins of Socialist Patriotism, 1941–1953 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005). 23. R. Levy, Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2001). 24. J. L. Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); Leffler, ‘The Cold War’, pp. 501–7. 25. Leffler, ‘The Cold War’, pp. 503–4. 26. Ibid., pp. 507–11. 27. Ibid., pp. 506–7. 28. See J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933–1939 (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1984), pp. 213–14. 29. E. H. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, 1930–1935 (London: Macmillan, 1982), p. 125. 30. Dimitrov’s diary was first published in Bulgarian in 1997, with the title: Georgi Dimitrov: Dnevnik (9 mart 1933–6 fevruari 1948) (Georgi Dimitrov: Diary, 9 March 1933–6 February 1948) (Sofia, 1997). In 2003, it was pub- lished in English, with the title: The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949, edited by Ivo Banac (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003). 31. J. Haslam, ‘Stalin’s Postwar Plans’, in A. Lane and H. Temperley (eds), The Rise and Fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–1945 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995). 32. F. Chuev, Sto sorok besed s Molotovym: iz dnevnika F. Chueva (Moscow, 1991), pp. 101–3. 33. For a powerfully argued case of special American interest in Bulgaria see M. M. Boll, Cold War in the Balkans: American Foreign Policy and the Emergence of Communist Bulgaria, 1943–1947 (Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1984). 34. Hugh De Santis, The Diplomacy of Silence: The American Foreign Service, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War, 1933–1947 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 127–8, 135–6, 147–8, 163–4, 180–1, 192–3, 206, 208. 1 Prelude: Stalin, Dimitrov and the Nazi Threat (1933–41) 1. Jonathan Haslam (The Soviet Union, p. 5) characterized the relationship between Stalin and Litvinov as follows: ‘Litvinov was acting director, but only on Stalin’s sufferance.’ 2. See ibid., pp. 213–14. 3. Georgi Dimitrov: Dnevnik (9 mart 1933–6 fevruari 1948) (Georgi Dimitrov: Diary, 9 March 1933–6 February 1948) (Sofia, 1997), entry for 28.5.39 [trans- lation from Bulgarian – Vesselin Dimitrov]. The diary will henceforth be referred to in the notes as ‘Dimitrov’s diary’. 4. Haslam, The Soviet Union, pp. 195–232. 5. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.9.39. 6. Mastny, Russia’s Road to the Cold War. Notes 207 7. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.11.39. 8. Haslam, ‘Stalin’s Postwar Plans’. 9. L. Bezymensky (ed.) ‘Direktivy I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu pered poezdkoi v Berlin v noiabre 1940 goda’, Novaia i Noveishaia Istoriia 4 (1995), pp. 76–9. 10. Chuev, Sto sorok besed, p. 27. 11. Dimitrov’s diary, 25.11.40. 12. Ibid. 13. S. Rachev, Churchill, Bulgaria i Balkanite, 1939–1944 (Sofia, 1995), pp. 100–1. 14. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.11.39. 15. Haslam, The Soviet Union, pp. 1–5. 16. For Stalin’s confidence in Litvinov, see ibid., p. 1. For Stalin’s appreciation of Dimitrov, see n. 42 below. 17. J. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria: Origins and Development 1883–1936 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), p. 96. 18. For a largely sympathetic account of the BANU’s development and its years in government, see J. Bell, Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, 1899–1923 (Princeton and Guildford: Princeton University Press, 1977). 19. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, pp. 101–2. 20. Ibid., p. 114. 21. Ibid., pp. 105–16. 22. Ibid., p. 115. 23. Ibid., p. 120. 24. Ibid., pp. 128–9. 25. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, p. 406. 26. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 259. 27. Ibid., p. 262. 28. Ibid., p. 292. 29. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, p. 130. 30. Ibid., p. 88. 31. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 276. 32. Ibid., pp. 276–7. 33. M. Dimitrov, ‘Bulgarskata ikonomika v navecherieto na Vtorata svetovna voina (1934–1939), in D. Sazdov et al. Problemi ot stopanskata istoria na Bulgaria (Sofia, 1996), p. 157. 34. Ibid. 35. N. Oren, Revolution Administered: Agrarianism and Communism in Bulgaria (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), pp. 13–14. 36. Ibid., p. 20. 37. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, p. 88. 38. Ibid., p. 124. 39. Ibid., p. 125. 40. Dimitrov’s diary, 3.4.34. 41. Ibid., 7.4.34. 42. Ibid., 25.4.34. 43. Stalin’s comments on Dimitrov’s letter to him of 1.7.34, in A. Dallin and F. I. Firsov (eds), Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934–1943: Letters from the Soviet Archives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 13. 44. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.4.34. 45. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, pp. 423–4. 208 Notes 46. Ibid., p. 405. 47. Ibid, p. 406. 48. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 169. 49. Oren, Revolution Administered, p. 37. 50. Document No. 60, Stalin i bulgarskiat komunizum: iz sekretnite ruski i bulgarski arhivi. Protokoli, stenogrami, dnevnitsi, pisma (Sofia, 2002), p. 197. 51. Ibid., p. 195. 52. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 298. 53. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, pp. 159–207. 54. D. A. L. Levy, ‘The French Popular Front, 1936–37’, in H. Graham and P. Preston (eds), The Popular Front in Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987), pp. 58–83. 55. Haslam, The Soviet Union, p. 105 56. Ibid., p. 106. 57. Ibid., pp. 106, 165–6, 181–3, 230–1. 58. Dimitrov’s diary, 26.4.39. 59. Ibid., 1.5.39. 60. Ibid., 22.8.39. 61. Ibid., 24.8.39. 62. Ibid., 7.9.39. 63. Ibid., 8.9.39. 64. Ibid., 7.11.39. 65. Ibid., 20.4.41. 66. Ibid., 21.4.41. 67. Ibid., 12.5.41. 2 Great Power Diplomacy, Resistance and Popular Front in Bulgaria (June 1941–September 1944) 1. The information on the commissions’ work is drawn from A. Filitov, Conceptions of Postwar Order in Soviet Policy Making, a paper presented at the Ninth International Colloquium, The Soviet Union and the Cold War in Europe, 1943–1953, Cortona, Italy, 23–24 September 1994. 2. Chuev, Sto sorok besed, pp. 95–9. 3. Dimitrov’s diary, 22.6.41. 4. Ibid., 24.6.41. 5. Ibid., 25.6.41. 6. Ibid., 6.7.41. 7. Ibid., 3.7.41. 8. Ibid., 7.11.41. 9. Ibid., 8.5.43. 10. Ibid., 11.5.43. 11. Ibid., 13.5.43. 12. Ibid., 19.5.43. 13. Ibid., 20.5.43. 14. Ibid., 21.5.43. 15. Ibid., 12.6.43. Notes 209 16. See N. Oren, Bulgarian Communism: The Road to Power, 1934–1944 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), for the most comprehensive English- language treatment. 17. R. J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p.
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