Introduction: Casting a New Look at the Origins of the Cold War

Notes

1. For good recent reviews of Cold War historiography, see M. P. Leffler, ‘The Cold War: What Do “We Now Know”?’, The American Historical Review, vol. 104, no. 2 (Apr. 1999), pp. 501–24; M. P. Leffler and D. S. Painter (eds), Origins of the Cold War: An International History, 2nd edn (New York and London: Routledge, 2005); D. Reynolds (ed.), The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives (New Haven, Conn. and London: Yale University Press, 1994); A. Varsori and E. Calandri, The Failure of Peace in Europe, 1943–48 (Basingstoke: Palgave, 2002) and O. A. Westad, Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory (London: Frank Cass, 2000). 2. Leffler, ‘The Cold War’, p. 503. 3. Ibid. 4. G. Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe since 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 32. 5. Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe. 6. Ibid., pp. 46–7, 55. 7. Ibid., p. 58. 8. H. Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution, 3rd edn (London: Methuen, 1956), p. 167. 9. S. Mikolajczyk, The Pattern of Soviet Domination (London: S. Low, Marston, 1948). 10. H. Ripka, Czechoslovakia Enslaved: The Story of the Communist Coup d’Etat (London: Gollancz, 1950). 11. N. Dolapchiev, Bulgaria, the Making of a Satellite: Analysis of the Historical Developments, 1944–1953 (Foyer Bulgare, Bulgarian Historical Institute, 1971). 12. M. R. Myant, Socialism and Democracy in Czechoslovakia, 1945–1948 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 13. J. Coutouvidis and J. Reynolds, Poland, 1939–1947 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1986). 14. C. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986). 15. M. Isusov, Politicheskite Partiii v Bulgariia, 1944–1948 (Sofia, 1978) is the best pre-1989 study of Bulgaria’s postwar political transformation. 16. V. Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). 17. V. Mastny, Russia’s Road to the Cold War: Diplomacy, Warfare, and Politics of Communism, 1941–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979). 18. V. M. Zubok and K. Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1996). 19. N. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1995).

205 206 Notes

20. A. J. Prazmowska, Civil War in Poland, 1942–1948 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). 21. B. F. Abrams, The Struggle for the Soul of the Nation: Czech Culture and the Rise of Communism (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004). 22. M. Mevius, Agents of Moscow: The Hungarian Communist Party and the Origins of Socialist Patriotism, 1941–1953 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005). 23. R. Levy, Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2001). 24. J. L. Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); Leffler, ‘The Cold War’, pp. 501–7. 25. Leffler, ‘The Cold War’, pp. 503–4. 26. Ibid., pp. 507–11. 27. Ibid., pp. 506–7. 28. See J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933–1939 (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1984), pp. 213–14. 29. E. H. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, 1930–1935 (London: Macmillan, 1982), p. 125. 30. Dimitrov’s diary was first published in Bulgarian in 1997, with the title: Georgi Dimitrov: Dnevnik (9 mart 1933–6 fevruari 1948) (Georgi Dimitrov: Diary, 9 March 1933–6 February 1948) (Sofia, 1997). In 2003, it was published in English, with the title: The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949, edited by Ivo Banac (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003). 31. J. Haslam, ‘Stalin’s Postwar Plans’, in A. Lane and H. Temperley (eds), The Rise and Fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–1945 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995). 32. F. Chuev, Sto sorok besed s Molotovym: iz dnevnika F. Chueva (Moscow, 1991), pp. 101–3. 33. For a powerfully argued case of special American interest in Bulgaria see M. M. Boll, Cold War in the Balkans: American Foreign Policy and the Emergence of Communist Bulgaria, 1943–1947 (Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1984). 34. Hugh De Santis, The Diplomacy of Silence: The American Foreign Service, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War, 1933–1947 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 127–8, 135–6, 147–8, 163–4, 180–1, 192–3, 206, 208.

1 Prelude: Stalin, Dimitrov and the Nazi Threat (1933–41)

1. Jonathan Haslam (The Soviet Union, p. 5) characterized the relationship between Stalin and Litvinov as follows: ‘Litvinov was acting director, but only on Stalin’s sufferance.’ 2. See ibid., pp. 213–14. 3. Georgi Dimitrov: Dnevnik (9 mart 1933–6 fevruari 1948) (Georgi Dimitrov: Diary, 9 March 1933–6 February 1948) (Sofia, 1997), entry for 28.5.39 [trans- lation from Bulgarian – Vesselin Dimitrov]. The diary will henceforth be referred to in the notes as ‘Dimitrov’s diary’. 4. Haslam, The Soviet Union, pp. 195–232. 5. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.9.39. 6. Mastny, Russia’s Road to the Cold War. Notes 207

7. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.11.39. 8. Haslam, ‘Stalin’s Postwar Plans’. 9. L. Bezymensky (ed.) ‘Direktivy I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu pered poezdkoi v Berlin v noiabre 1940 goda’, Novaia i Noveishaia Istoriia 4 (1995), pp. 76–9. 10. Chuev, Sto sorok besed, p. 27. 11. Dimitrov’s diary, 25.11.40. 12. Ibid. 13. S. Rachev, Churchill, Bulgaria i Balkanite, 1939–1944 (Sofia, 1995), pp. 100–1. 14. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.11.39. 15. Haslam, The Soviet Union, pp. 1–5. 16. For Stalin’s confidence in Litvinov, see ibid., p. 1. For Stalin’s appreciation of Dimitrov, see n. 42 below. 17. J. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria: Origins and Development 1883–1936 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), p. 96. 18. For a largely sympathetic account of the BANU’s development and its years in government, see J. Bell, Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, 1899–1923 (Princeton and Guildford: Princeton University Press, 1977). 19. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, pp. 101–2. 20. Ibid., p. 114. 21. Ibid., pp. 105–16. 22. Ibid., p. 115. 23. Ibid., p. 120. 24. Ibid., pp. 128–9. 25. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, p. 406. 26. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 259. 27. Ibid., p. 262. 28. Ibid., p. 292. 29. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, p. 130. 30. Ibid., p. 88. 31. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 276. 32. Ibid., pp. 276–7. 33. M. Dimitrov, ‘Bulgarskata ikonomika v navecherieto na Vtorata svetovna voina (1934–1939), in D. Sazdov et al. Problemi ot stopanskata istoria na Bulgaria (Sofia, 1996), p. 157. 34. Ibid. 35. N. Oren, Revolution Administered: Agrarianism and Communism in Bulgaria (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), pp. 13–14. 36. Ibid., p. 20. 37. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, p. 88. 38. Ibid., p. 124. 39. Ibid., p. 125. 40. Dimitrov’s diary, 3.4.34. 41. Ibid., 7.4.34. 42. Ibid., 25.4.34. 43. Stalin’s comments on Dimitrov’s letter to him of 1.7.34, in A. Dallin and F. I. Firsov (eds), Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934–1943: Letters from the Soviet Archives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 13. 44. Dimitrov’s diary, 7.4.34. 45. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, pp. 423–4. 208 Notes

46. Ibid., p. 405. 47. Ibid, p. 406. 48. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 169. 49. Oren, Revolution Administered, p. 37. 50. Document No. 60, Stalin i bulgarskiat komunizum: iz sekretnite ruski i bulgarski arhivi. Protokoli, stenogrami, dnevnitsi, pisma (Sofia, 2002), p. 197. 51. Ibid., p. 195. 52. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 298. 53. Carr, The Twilight of Comintern, pp. 159–207. 54. D. A. L. Levy, ‘The French Popular Front, 1936–37’, in H. Graham and P. Preston (eds), The Popular Front in Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987), pp. 58–83. 55. Haslam, The Soviet Union, p. 105 56. Ibid., p. 106. 57. Ibid., pp. 106, 165–6, 181–3, 230–1. 58. Dimitrov’s diary, 26.4.39. 59. Ibid., 1.5.39. 60. Ibid., 22.8.39. 61. Ibid., 24.8.39. 62. Ibid., 7.9.39. 63. Ibid., 8.9.39. 64. Ibid., 7.11.39. 65. Ibid., 20.4.41. 66. Ibid., 21.4.41. 67. Ibid., 12.5.41.

2 Great Power Diplomacy, Resistance and Popular Front in Bulgaria (June 1941–September 1944)

1. The information on the commissions’ work is drawn from A. Filitov, Conceptions of Postwar Order in Soviet Policy Making, a paper presented at the Ninth International Colloquium, The Soviet Union and the Cold War in Europe, 1943–1953, Cortona, Italy, 23–24 September 1994. 2. Chuev, Sto sorok besed, pp. 95–9. 3. Dimitrov’s diary, 22.6.41. 4. Ibid., 24.6.41. 5. Ibid., 25.6.41. 6. Ibid., 6.7.41. 7. Ibid., 3.7.41. 8. Ibid., 7.11.41. 9. Ibid., 8.5.43. 10. Ibid., 11.5.43. 11. Ibid., 13.5.43. 12. Ibid., 19.5.43. 13. Ibid., 20.5.43. 14. Ibid., 21.5.43. 15. Ibid., 12.6.43. Notes 209

16. See N. Oren, Bulgarian Communism: The Road to Power, 1934–1944 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), for the most comprehensive English- language treatment. 17. R. J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 167. 18. Ibid., pp. 62–3 19. D. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava: zadgranichnoto biuro i antifashistkata borba v Bulgariia (Sofia, 1991), p. 22. 20. Ibid., p. 33. 21. Ibid., p. 29. 22. Ibid., p. 30. 23. Dimitrov’s diary, 4.8.41. 24. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava, p. 36. 25. Opening report by Traicho Kostov, first secretary of the BWP Central Committee (CC), at the 8th CC plenary session, February–March 1945, Tsentralen Partien Arhiv na Bulgarskata Sotsialisticheska Partiia (TsPA) (Central Party Archive of the Bulgarian Socialist (formerly Communist) Party)),fond 1, opis 5, arhivna edinitsa 2, list 9. 26. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava, p. 37. 27. Ibid., pp. 218–9. 28. Ibid, pp. 219–20. 29. Ibid., pp. 220–1. 30. Ibid., pp. 221–2. 31. Ibid., p. 222. 32. Ibid. 33. Ibid., p. 223. 34. Ibid., pp. 223–4. 35. Dimitrov to Stalin, 6.9.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1748, 6. 36. Oren, Bulgarian Communism, p. 219. 37. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava, pp. 22–5. 38. Ibid., p. 105. 39. I. Dimitrov, Burzhoaznata opozitsiia, 1939–1944 (Sofia, 1997) is the most thor- ough survey of the loyal opposition. 40. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava, p. 102. According to a minute by a Foreign Office official (Clutton?) of 6.6.44, British policy was ‘to support the Fatherland Front, which includes all parties from communists to liberals’, Public Record Office (PRO), Foreign Office General Correspondence, FO371/43589. 41. Dimitrov to Stalin, 31.8.43, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 39–40. 42. Daskalov, Zhan suobshtava, pp. 192–4. 43. I. Dimitrov, Ivan Bagrianov. Tsaredvorets. Politik. Durzhavnik (Sofia, 1995), p. 56. 44. CC to Dimitrov, 12.7.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 69. 45. Dimitrov to CC, 16.7.44,TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 65. 46. Dimitrov to Stalin, 18.7.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 62. 47. Dimitrov to Tito, 26.7.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1770, 6. 49. Dimitrov to a visiting BWP Politburo (PB) delegation, February 1945, TsPA, 146, 5, 209, 74. 49. Dimitrov, Burzhoaznata Opozitsiia, p. 176. 50. Dimitrov, Burzhoaznata Opozitsiia, p. 177. 210 Notes

51. Ibid. 52. E. Barker, British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976), p. 116. 53. Ibid., p. 120; W. S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 5, Closing the Ring (London: Cassell 1952), pp. 303–16. 54. Barker, British Policy, p. 215. 55. Ibid., p. 216. 56. Ibid., pp. 215–6. 57. Ibid., p. 216. 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid., p. 219. 60. Dimitrov’s diary, 9.1.44. 61. Although some hopes that British troops could enter Southeastern Europe persisted as late as August 1944 – see Barker, British Policy, p. 121. 62. Minute by A. Cadogan on memorandum by Steel, March 1944, PRO, FO371/43588. 63. W. S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, Triumph and Tragedy (London: Cassell, 1954), p. 63. 64. Prime Minister to Foreign Secretary, 4.5.44, PRO, PREM 3 66/7. 65. FO to Moscow, 18.5.44, ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. Barker, British Policy, pp. 140–1. 68. President to Prime Minister, 11.6.44, PRO, PREM 3 66/7. 69. Prime Minister to President, 12.6.44, ibid. 70. President to Prime Minister, 13.6.44, ibid. 71. Prime Minister to Foreign Secretary, 1.8.44, ibid. 72. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, p. 71 73. Memorandum to the War Cabinet, 7.6.44, PRO, FO371/43646. 74. Aide-memoire to Clark-Kerr, 23.9.44, Arhiv Vneshnei Politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii (AVP RF) (Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation), fond 074, opis 33, papka 113, delo 3, list 18. 75. Boll, Cold War. 76. Ibid., pp. 8–9. 77. Ibid., pp. 11–12. 78. Ibid., p. 13. 79. Ibid., p. 15. 80. Ibid., pp. 15–16. 81. Ibid., p. 16. 82. Ibid., pp. 16–19. 83. Ibid., p. 21. 84. Ibid., pp. 22–3. 85. Ibid., p. 23. 86. Ibid. 87. Eden to Churchill, 29.2.44, PRO, FO371/43596. 88. Boll, Cold War, p. 23. 89. Ibid. 90. Ibid. 91. Ibid., pp. 25–6. 92. Barker,British Policy, p. 218. 93. Boll, Cold War, p. 43. Notes 211

94. Lavrishchev’s diary, 30.7.43, AVP RF, 074, 32, 112, 2, 3. 95. Vyshinsky’s meeting with Stamenov, July 1943, AVP RF, 06, 5, 21, 233, 5–6. 96. Memorandum to Zorin and Molotov (unsigned), 13.6.44, AVP RF, 6, 34, 402, 4. 97. Zorin and Lavrishchev to Vyshinsky, 7.7.44, AVP RF, 074, 33, 113, 6, 20. 98. Dimitrov to Stalin and Molotov, 2.6.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 53. 99. Memorandum to Vyshinsky (unsigned), August 1944, AVP RF, 074, 33, 113, 3, 27–9. 100. Eden to Churchill, 30.8.44, PRO, FO371/43590. 101. Dimitrov, Ivan Bagrianov, p. 78. 102. Ribbentrop to Beckerle, 12.8.44, Beckerle to Ribbentrop, 19.8.44, Ribbentrop to charge d’ affairs Dr. A. Morman, 26.8.44, Beckerle to Ribbentrop, 31.8.44, Tainite na Tretiia raih, Sofia– Berlin–Sofia, mai - septemvri 1944 godina (Sofia, 1992), pp. 108, 116, 130, 155. 103. Dimitrov, Ivan Bagrianov, p. 63. 104. Ibid., pp. 60–4, 68–81. 105. Dnevnik na Purvan Draganov, bivsh minister na vunshnite raboti ot 12 iuni do 1 septemvri 1944 (Sofia, 1993), entry for 6.8.44; S. Moshanov, Moiata misiia v Kairo (Sofia, 1991), pp. 243, 247–8. 106. Moshanov, Moiata misiia, p. 262. 107. Ibid., p. 321. 108. Ibid., pp. 321–3. 109. Ibid., pp. 324–7. 110. Ibid., pp. 349–50. 111. Ibid., pp. 349–50. 112. Boll, Cold War, p. 45. 113. Moyne to FO, 4.9.44, PRO, PREM 3 79/3. 114. Prime Minister to Foreign Secretary, 4.9.44, ibid. 115. Moyne to FO, 4.9.44, ibid. 116. Dimitrov to Stalin, 3.9.44, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 86–8. 117. Dimitrov’s diary, 5.9.44. Molotov telephoned Dimitrov on 5 September 1944 and informed him of the intended declaration of war. The two dis- cussed the content of the Soviet note to the Bulgarian government, indicat- ing that even at this stage, the note had not been finalized. 118. Meeting of Vinogradov, Soviet ambassador to Turkey, with Balabanov, Bulgarian ambassador to Turkey, 5.9.44, AVP RF, 074, 33, 113, 5, 9. 119. Howard’s minute on the State Department’s reply of 3.9.44. The Department had replied that it would be wise to wait for the outcome of the Moshanov talks before undertaking anything else. PRO, FO371/43583. 120. Harriman to Hull, 7.9.44, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1944, vol. 3, p. 402.

3 Wartime Coalition: Unity and Conflict (September 1944–April 1945)

1. See G. Swain and N. Swain, Eastern Europe since 1945 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), pp. 47, 50–1, and Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, pp. 84–5, for the Czechoslovak and Hungarian cases. 2. Isusov, Politicheskite partii, p. 24. 212 Notes

3. M. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot v Bulgariia, 1944–1948 (Sofia, 2000), p. 22. 4. P. Ostoich, BKP i izgrazhdaneto na narodnodemokraticheskata durzhava, 9 septemvri 1944–dekemvri 1947 (Sofia, 1967), pp. 76–7. 5. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 22. 6. Speech of R. Hristozov, Director of the People’s Militia, at the 8th CC plenary session, February–March 1945, TsPA, 1, 5, 2, 241. 7. Rabotnichesko Delo (the BWP’s newspaper), 17.9.44. 8. P. Meshkova and D. Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina: tainite mechanizmi na narodniia sud (Sofia, 1994), p. 20. 9. Ibid., p. 27. 10. Ibid., p. 28. 11. T. Stoianov, Teniu Stoianov progovori: shpionazh, prevrati, protsesi, ubiistva (Sofia, 1994), pp. 133–4. 12. Meeting of Levichkin (political advisor to the Soviet vice-chairman of the ACC for Bulgaria, General Biriuzov), with Lieut. Colonel Futakiev, Burgas oblast militia commander and Chankov, state security commander, 30.1.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 115, 10, 61; Meeting of Levichkin with Penev, Plovdiv oblast militia commander and Ichev, state security commander, 1.2.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 115, 10, 67. 13. Letter by party members of 10th Sofia police district headquarters, to Georgi Dimitrov, November 1946, TsPA, 146, 4, 729, 80. 14. Resolution of the BWP Central Control Commission, 3.12.46, ibid., list 82. 15. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 25. 16. Ibid., pp. 25–6. 17. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.10.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 17, 2. 18. Dimitrov’s diary, 6.12.48. 19. Report by Pravda war correspondents V. Kozhevnikov and M. Sivolobov to Dimitrov, 24.9.44, Bulgariia: nepriznatiiat protivnik na Tretiia raih. Dokumenti (Sofia, 1995), Doc. 36, p. 54. 20. Memorandum to Vyshinsky by Zorin and Kirsanov, 18.9.44, AVP RF, 074, 33, 113, 4, 15. Kirsanov had served in the Soviet embassy in wartime Bulgaria and was soon to return to the country in the capacity of a political advisor to General Biriuzov, and from August 1945, as Soviet ambassador. 21. Dimitrov’s diary, 22.9.44. 22. Ibid., 21.9.44, 25.9.44. 23. Kostov’s concluding report at the 8th CC plenary session, February–March 1945, TsPA, 1, 5, 2, 272. 24. Ibid., list 268. 25. Eden and Churchill to FO, 17.9.44, PRO, PREM 3 79/5, GUNFIRE 247. 26. Eden to Churchill, 19.9.44, ibid., CORDITE 365. 27. Winant to Hull, 10.10.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 446. 28. Ibid., p. 443. 29. Memorandum to Prime Minister, 6.10.44, PRO, FO371/43601. 30. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, p. 181. 31. Barker, British Policy, pp. 146–7. 32. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, p. 198. 33. Winant to Hull, 18.10.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 455. 34. Winant to Hull, 18.10.44, ibid., p. 463. 35. Foreign Secretary to FO, 15.10.44, PRO, FO371/43601, HEARTY 112. Notes 213

36. Hull to Winant, 18.10.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 463. 37. Winant to Hull, 22.10.44, ibid., p. 473. 38. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 28. 39. Council of Ministers’ decree on setting up a ‘People’ Court’, 30.9.44, in L. Ognianov, M. Dimova and M. Lalkov, Hristomatia po istoria na Bulgaria 1944–1948: Narodna demokratsia ili diktatura (Sofia, 1992), Doc. 5, pp. 17–18; Document setting out the grounds for the Council of Ministers’ decree, in Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, Appendix 1, pp. 168–71. 40. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 39. 41. Politburo meeting, 25.10.44, 1, 6, 4, 3–7. 42. Politburo meeting, 20.10.44, TsPA, 146, 5, 191, 4. 43. Statistical Report, 8th CC plenary session, TsPA, 1, 5, 2, 6. 44. Ibid. 45. L. Ognianov, Durzhavno – politicheskata sistema na Bulgariia, 1944–1948 (Sofia, 1993), p. 54. 46. Report by A. Kostov to CC, 25.3.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 23, 138. 47. Report of a CC instructor on the Stara Zagora oblast, 25.3.45, ibid., list 164. 48. Kostov to Dimitrov, October 1944, TsPA, 146, 4, 168, 5. 49. Ibid., list 5–6. 50. Ibid., list 3–4. 51. TsPA, 146, 4, 337. 52. Kostov to Dimitrov, October 1944, TsPA, 146, 4, 168, 1–4. 53. Ibid., list 6. 54. Kostov to Dimitrov, 4.11.44, TsPA, 146, 4, 169, 1. 55. Kratki nahvurleni belezhki za rabotata na stopanskiia otdel (Brief notes on the work of the economic department), prepared by its head, Petko Kunin, for Dimitrov; March 1945, TsPA, 146, 5, 224, 1–12. 56. The information on the development of the BANU in late 1944 and early 1945 is drawn largely from I. Zarchev, BZNS i izgrazhdaneto na sotsializma v Bulgariia, 1944–1962 (Sofia, 1984), pp. 25–41. 57. Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria, p. 168. 58. Report by the head of the OSS mission to Sofia, Harry Harper, 17.9.44, Bulgariia: nepriznatiiat protivnik, Doc. 24, p. 36. 59. Politicheskie partii, vhodiashtie v OF (FF (Fatherland Front) political parties)), a report prepared by Levichkin, 2.4.45, AVP RF 074, 34, 114, 6, 47–9. 60. Ibid., list 44. 61. Ibid. 62. T. Volokitina, Programma revoliutsii u istokov narodnoi demokratsii v Bolgarii, 1944–1946 gg. (Moscow, 1990), p. 53. 63. Politicheskie partii, AVP RF 074, 34, 114, 6, 72–3. 64. R. Bogdanova, ‘Ideiniiat zhivot v Bulgariia prez vtorata polovina na 40 – te godini’, in M. Isusov et al. Stranitsi ot bulgarskata istoriia. Subitiia, razmisli, lichnosti (Sofia, 1993), pp. 144–5. 65. Konferentsii s oblastni deitsi (Conferences with oblast functionaries) 30.11–2.12.44, Tsentralen Durzhaven Arhiv na Republika Bulgariia (TsDA) (Central State Archive of the Republic of Bulgaria), fond 68, opis 1, arhivna edinitsa 2, list 10–20. 66. Ibid., list 53–7. 67. Bogdanova, ‘Ideiniiat zhivot’, pp. 145–6, 149. 214 Notes

68. Kostov to Dimitrov, 15.10.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 37, 1. 69. Ibid. 70. Barnes to Hull, 1.12.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 495–6. 71. Barnes to Hull, 5.12.44, ibid., p. 498. 72. Barnes to Hull, 7.12.44, ibid., p. 499 73. De Santis, The Diplomacy of Silence, p. 61. 74. E. Barker, Truce in the Balkans (London, 1948), p. 51. 75. Barnes to Hull, 29.12.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 513. 76. Barnes to Hull, 13.12.44, ibid., p. 503. 77. Boll, Cold War, p. 113. 78. Kostov to Dimitrov, 4.11.44, TsPA, 146, 4, 169, 2. 79. Kostov to Dimitrov, 18.11.44, TsPA, 146, 4, 170, 1. 80. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 63. 81. G. Chakalov, Ofitser za svruzka, 1941 – 1946 (Sofia, 1991), pp. 81–4. 82. Meeting of the Bulgarian armistice delegation with Molotov, 16.10.44, Bulgariia: nepriznatiiat protivnik, Doc. 89, pp. 112–13. 83. Kostov to Dimitrov, 19.10.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 62, 1. 84. Molotov’s meeting with Stainov, 16.10.44, AVP RF, 06, 6, 34, 404, 8. Molotov is presented as simply acquiescing to Stainov’s words that most of the officers are loyal and should in any case be tested at the front. 85. Kostov to Dimitrov, 27.11.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 140, 5. 86. Kostov to Dimitrov, 26.11.44, ibid., list 1–4. 87. Kostov to Dimitrov, 28.11.44, ibid., list 6–8. 88. Kostov to Dimitrov, 28.11.44, ibid., list 9. 89. Chakalov, Ofitser za svruzka, p. 80. 90. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, pp. 65–6. 91. Kostov to Dimitrov, 28.11.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 140, 9. 92. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 68. 93. Data given by the head of the CC’s military department, G. Damianov, at the 8th CC plenary meeting, February–March 1945, TsPA, 1, 5, 2, 237–8. 94. Dimitrov to Kostov, 16.12.44, in Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, Appendix 2, pp. 174–5. 95. Karatel’naiia politika OF (FF purges), by Levichkin, April 1945, AVP RF, 074, 34, 114, 6, 185–6 and 231. 96. Molotov’s meeting with Stainov, 16.10.44, AVP RF, 06, 6, 34, 404, 8. 97. Report of Bulgarian ambassador, 7.1.46, TsPA, 1, 5, 5, 104. 98. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 76. 99. CC secretariat meeting, 28.12.44, in Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, Appendix 5, p. 185. 100. Politburo meeting, 20.1.45, in L. Ognianov, M. Dimova and M. Lalkov, Hristomatia po istoria na Bulgaria, Doc. 10, pp. 24, 26–7. 101. Meshkova and Sharlanov, Bulgarskata gilotina, p. 121–2. 102. Ibid., p. 126. 103. Ibid. 104. Ibid., pp. 148–9. 105. Ibid., p. 125. 106. Ibid., pp. 125–6. 107. Ibid., pp. 126–7. 108. Ibid., p. 130. 109. Ibid., pp. 158–63. Notes 215

110. Oren, Revolution Administered, p. 89. 111. Niakoi Stalinovi vizhdaniia (Some of Stalin’s views), Kolarov’s minutes, January 1945, TsPA, 147, 2, 1025, 1–6. Stalin expressed similar sentiments to Dimitrov, Dimitrov’s diary, 28.1.45. 112. M. Isusov, Stalin i Bulgaria (Sofia, 1991), p. 17. 113. Boll, Cold War, pp. 81–2. 114. Ibid., pp. 79–81. 115. Ibid., p. 82. 116. Chuev, Sto sorok besed, p. 76. 117. Boll, Cold War, p. 82. 118. Ibid., pp. 82–3. 119. Ibid., p. 83. 120. ‘Stocktaking after V.E.-Day’, by Sir Orme Sargent, 11.7.45, Documents on British Policy Overseas (DBPO), series 1, volume I, Doc. 102. 121. Kostov to Dimitrov, 11.12.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 157, 1–3. 122. Kostov to Dimitrov, 5.12.44, TsPA, 146, 4, 171, 11–12. 123. H. Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution, pp. 167–71. 124. Dimitrov’s diary, 13.12.44. 125. Dimitrov to Kostov, 13.12.44, TsPA, 1,7, 190, 1–2. 126. Meeting of Soviet attaché to the governments-in-exile in London with the Bulgarian journalist Michail Padev, 29.3.43, AVP RF, 074, 32, 112, 4, 2. Padev subsequently wrote a valedictory book about Nikola Petkov, Dimitrov Wastes No Bullets: The Trial of Nikola Petkov (London, 1949). 127. Barnes to Hull, 27.12.44, FRUS, 1944, 3, 512. In his report on the purge of ‘fascist elements’, Levichkin noted that the latter were merging with G. M. (Dr. G. M. Dimitrov), clearly implying that the agrarian leader should be treated in the same way. Karatel’naiia politika OF, April 1945, AVP RF, 074, 34, 114, 6, 185–6 and 231. 128. Kostov to Dimitrov, 14.12.44, TsPA, 1, 7, 162, 1–2. 129. Letter to A. Obbov, 22.12.44, TsPA, 146, 5, 924, 11. 130. Meeting of National Committee of the Fatherland Front (FF) with the lead- erships of the four coalition parties, 10.1.45, TsPA, 1, 6, 23, 7. 131. Politburo meeting, 17.1.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 209, 24. 132. N. Nedev, Milan Drenchev – ideologiia i borbi (Sofia, 1995), p. 62. 133. Kostov to Dimitrov, 21.1.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 238, 1–2. 134. See interview in I. Dimitrov, Minaloto, koeto beshe blizko, a stava vse po – dalechno. Sreshti i razgovori (Sofia, 1992). 135. Soviet intelligence report (in Russian) on Dr. G. M. Dimitrov’s conversations in the American mission in Sofia, 1.8.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 1125, 3. 136. Kostov to Dimitrov, 2.2.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 240, 1–2. 137. Conference resolution, April 1945, TsPA, 146, 5, 924, 79. 138. Conference resolution, March 1945, ibid., list 40. 139. PB meeting, 4.4.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 209, 226–30.

4 The Break-up of the Wartime Coalition (May–August 1945)

1. Politburo (PB) meeting, 24.4.45, TsPA, 1, 6, 47, 3–10. The Soviet demands escalated progressively, from about a billion Bulgarian leva a month in late 1944–early 1945, to three billion in June 1945, and six billion the following 216 Notes

month. The sum from September 1944 to September 1945 amounted to over twenty billion leva, nearly half the country’s regular annual budget. (I. Stefanov, governor of the Bulgarian National Bank, to Dimitrov, September 1945, TsPA, 146, 5, 467, 5) The shortfall was largely covered through an internal ‘Freedom Loan’. The local BWP organizations and FF committees used all and any means to enforce ‘voluntary’ subscriptions to the loan, sometimes resorting to imprisoning wealthy individuals until the expected contribution was forthcoming. Many workers enthusiastically pledged more than they could deliver, thus finding themselves in arrears. The budget deficit also resulted in rising inflation. Although less extreme than in most European countries, it still bore heavily on the population. In any case, the need for budget restraint left few resources to provide for the increased social welfare sanctioned by a barrage of new laws. 2. Dimitrov to Kostov, 26.4.45, 27.4.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 306, 1–3. 3. Politicheskie partii, AVP RF 074, 34, 114, 6, 31–49. 4. Memorandum to Vyshinsky by Lavrischev, 6.4.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 116, 17, 1. 5. Memorandum to Vyshinsky by Lavrischev, 3.5.45, ibid., list 4. 6. Meeting of BWP oblast secretaries, 27.4.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 217, 10–48. 7. Ibid., list 17–18. 8. Kostov to Dimitrov, 3.5.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 310, 1. 9. Kostov to Dimitrov (reporting delivery of message), 9.5.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 318, 1. 10. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.5.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 317, 2. 11. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.5.45, ibid., list 14. 12. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.5.45, ibid., list 6, 8. 13. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.5.45, ibid., list 10. 14. Kostov to Dimitrov, 8.5.45, ibid., list 22. 15. Dimitrov to Kostov, 11.5.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 319, 1–4. 16. Kostov to Dimitrov, 19.5.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 333, 1. 17. Kostov to Dimitrov, 22.5.45, ibid., list 3; Plovdiv oblast committee to CC, 4.6.45, TsPA, 1, 12, 136, 1–2. 18. ‘Kakvo stana i zashto stana’ (What happened and why it happened), 1.8.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 926, 30–5. This extensive report, produced by a member of the ousted BWSDP leadership, is the best factual account of the vicissitudes of Neikov’s takeover campaign. 19. Kostov to Dimitrov, 23.6.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 378, 1–2. 20. Kostov to Dimitrov, 7.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 395, 1–2; Kostov to Dimitrov, 9.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 397, list 1 and 3. 21. Dimitrov to Kostov, 10.7.45, ibid., list 6. 22. Dimitrov to Kostov, 11.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 399, 3. 23. Politburo meeting, 12.7.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 210, 139. 24. Ibid., list 5; Dimitrov to Kostov, 13.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 398, 5. 25. Kostov to Dimitrov, 11.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 399, 2–5. 26. Kostov to Dimitrov, 11.7.45, ibid., list 6. 27. PB meeting, 12.7.45, TsPA, 1, 6, 63, 1–20. 28. Kostov to Dimitrov, 13.7.45, 14.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 399, 14–15. 29. Dimitrov to Kostov, 16.7.45, 18.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 404, 1–4. 30. Kostov to Dimitrov, 19.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 403, 1–2. 31. Politburo meeting, February 1945, TsPA, 146, 5, 209, 80. 32. Central Committee meeting, 20.7.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 210, 166–84. Notes 217

33. Dimitrov to Kostov, 26.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 420, 1–2. 34. Kostov to Dimitrov, 25.7.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 417, 2. 35. Kostov to Dimitrov, 27.7.45, ibid., list 5. 36. D. S. Churachkin, ‘S diplomaticheskoi missiei v Albanii, 1946–1952’, Novaia i Noveishaia Istoriia, 1 (1995), pp. 138–41. 37. Boll, Cold War, pp. 113–20. 38. Ibid., p. 128. 39. Ibid., pp. 113–20, 129–31. 40. Ibid., pp. 130–4, 137–42. 41. Ibid., pp. 113–20. 42. Brief for the United Kingdom delegation to the conference at Potsdam. Peace treaties with Soviet-controlled Balkan countries, undated but probably July 1945, DBPO, series 1, vol. I, Doc. 82, pp. 152–3. 43. Ibid., p. 153. 44. D. L. Stewart’s minute of 21.7.45 on a telegram from the Earl of Halifax (Washington) to Eden, 15.7.45, ibid., Doc. 143, p. 289. 45. Eden’s, Sargent’s and Stewart’s minutes in ibid. 46. ‘Stocktaking after VE-Day’, ibid., Doc. 102, pp. 181–7. 47. Meeting of Foreign Secretaries, 22.7.45, ibid., Doc. 224, pp. 518–22. 48. Sir A. Clark Kerr to Bevin, 6.9.45, DBPO, series 1, vol. VI, Doc. 17, p. 63. 49. Ibid., p. 64. 50. Boll, Cold War, p. 141. 51. Ibid. 52. Byrnes to Barnes, 11.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, pp. 282–3. 53. Boll, Cold War, pp. 142–3. 54. Vyshinsky’s meeting with Michalchev, 13.8.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 114, 8, 14. 55. Dimitrov to Kostov, 16.8.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 440, 1. 56. Barnes to Byrnes, 16.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 289–90. 57. Byrnes to Barnes, 18.8.45, ibid., p. 294. 58. Barnes to Byrnes, 22.8.45, pp. 302–3. 59. Boll, Cold War, pp. 144–5. 60. Ibid., p. 147. 61. Minutes of meeting at ACC Headquarters, 22.8.45, in M. M. Boll (ed.), The American Military Mission in the Allied Control Commission for Bulgaria, 1944–1947: History and Transcripts (Boulder, Colo: East European Monographs: New York: distributed by Columbia University Press, 1985), pp. 90–6. 62. Biriuzov and Kirsanov to deputy foreign commissar Dekanozov, 22.8.45, AV P RF, 06, 7, 28, 350, 3. 63. Boll, Cold War, p. 145. 64. Barnes to Byrnes, 22.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 304. 65. Houstoun-Boswall to F.O., 22.8.45, PRO, F.O. 371/48129. 66. Barnes to Byrnes, 23.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 305. 67. Barnes to Byrnes, 23.8.45, ibid., p. 305. 68. Barnes to Byrnes, 25.8.45, ibid., pp. 311–12. 69. Biriuzov and Kirsanov to Dekanozov, 22.8.45, AVP RF, 06, 7, 28, 350, 3. 70. Kirsanov to NKID, 20.8.45, ibid., list 1. 71. Biriuzov and Kirsanov to NKID, 22.8.45, ibid., list 2. 72. Kostov to Dimitrov, 22.8.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 456, 2. 73. Kostov to Dimitrov, 4.45 p.m. on 24.8.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 464, 1–2. 218 Notes

74. See interview with Stainov in Dimitrov, Minaloto, koeto beshe blizhko. 75. Molotov and Stalin to Dimitrov and Kostov, Dimitrov’s diary, 15.3.46, 16–20.3.46. 76. Barnes to Byrnes, 24.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 306–7; Minutes of meetings at ACC Headquarters at 8.30 p.m. and midnight on 23.8.45, in Boll,The American Military Mission, pp. 97–111. 77. Minutes of meeting at ACC Headquarters at midnight on 23.8.45, in ibid., pp. 101–11. 78. Minutes of meeting at ACC Headquarters at 11.00 p.m. on 24.8.45, in ibid., pp. 112–14. 79. PB meeting, 26.8.45, TsPA, 146, 5, 210. 80. Vyshinsky’s meeting with Michalchev, 24.8.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 114, 8, 18–20. 81. Dimitrov to Kostov, 1.30 a.m. on 25.8.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 466, 6. 82. Stalin’s advice to Bulgarian delegation, August 1945, TsPA, 146, 4, 639, 26–8. 83. Ibid. 84. British Embassy (Washington) to F.O., 25.8.45, P.R.O. F.O. 371/48129. 85. Byrnes to Barnes, 24.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 308–9. 86. Barnes to Byrnes, 25.8.45, ibid., p. 312. 87. Minute by Sir Orme Sargent on Houstoun-Boswall’s telegram to F.O. of 22.8.45, P.R.O. F.O. 371/48129.

5 The Search for Common Ground (September 1945–March 1946)

1. Isusov, Stalin i Bulgaria, p. 36. 2. Kostov to Dimitrov, 10.9.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 480, 1–2. 3. Byrnes to Barnes, 25.8.45, FRUS, 1945, 4, 311–13. 4. Foreign Office to Houstoun-Boswall, 25.8.45, P.R.O., F.O. 371/48129. 5. Foreign Office to Washington, 27.8.45, P.R.O., F.O. 371/48129. 6. Houstoun-Boswall to F.O., 22.9.45, DBPO, series 1, vol. VI, Doc. 36, footnote 3, p. 133. 7. Houstoun-Boswall to FO, 9.9.45, ibid., Doc. 15, appendix i, p. 57. 8. Bevin to Houstoun-Boswall, 10.10.45, ibid., Doc. 36, p. 134. 9. Unsigned report, April 1946, TsPA, 146, 5, 1125, 34–45. 10. Zarchev, BZNS i izgrazhdaneto na sotsializma, pp. 102–4. 11. Report on the elections to the Bulgarian National Assembly, Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii (RGASPI) (Russian State Archive of Social and Political History, the former archive of the Central Committee of the Soviet communist party), fond 17, opis 128, delo 759, list 221. 12. Dimitrov to Kostov, 2.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 498, 2. 13. Memorandum by T. Brimelow, 29.8.45, DBPO, series 1, vol. II, Doc. 14, pp. 37–8. 14. Memorandum by Sir R. Campbell, 16.9.45, ibid., Doc. 63, pp. 192–4. 15. Balfour to Bevin, 6.9.45, ibid., Doc. 26, pp. 66–7. 16. Minute by Dixon, 16.9.45, ibid. 17. Boll, Cold War, p. 154. 18. Dimitrov to Kostov, 15.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 517, 1. 19. Bevin to Sofia, 10–11 and 15 October 1945, DBPO, series 1, vol. VI, Doc. 36i, p. 135. Notes 219

20. Dimitrov to Kostov, 15.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 517, 2. 21. Kostov to Dimitrov, 20.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 527, 1. 22. J. F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1947), p. 107. 23. Boll, Cold War, p. 159. 24. Chakalov, Ofitser za svruzka, pp. 111–12. 25. Kostov to Dimitrov, 29.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 538, 7. 26. Kostov to Dimitrov, 29.10.45, ibid., list 5–6. 27. Dimitrov to Kostov, 28.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 539, 2. 28. Biriuzov’s meeting with Ethridge, 29.10.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 115, 10, 122–3. 29. Boll, Cold War, p. 160. 30. DBPO, series 1, vol. II, 135. 31. Kirsanov to Molotov, 12.11.45, AVP RF, 06, 7, 28, 350, 16–17. 32. Vyshinsky’s meeting with Ethridge, 13.11.45, AVP RF, 074, 34, 114, 8, 26–30. 33. Dimitrov to Kostov, 28.10.45, TsPA, 1, 7, 539, 1–2. 34. Boll, Cold War, pp. 158–9. 35. Telephone conversation between Dimitrov and A. Lavrischev, 12.11.45, AV P RF, 06, 7, 28, 350, 18. 36. O deiatel’nosti pravyh v soiuze Zveno (The activities of Zveno’s right wing), a report in Russian, sent to Dimitrov and signed by F. Konstantinov of the international department of the Soviet Central Committee and probably based on reports from Soviet representatives in Bulgaria, 25.3.46, TsPA, 146, 4, 420, 21–3. 37. Boll, Cold War, p. 161. 38. Ibid. 39. DBPO, series 1, vol. VI, Doc. 36i, pp. 133–5. 40. Sargent to Houstoun-Boswall, 26.11.45, ibid., Doc. 63, footnote 1, p. 245. 41. O deiatel’nosti pravyh v soiuze Zveno, TsPA, 146, 4, 420, 23. 42. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 165. 43. Ibid. 44. Ibid., p. 166. 45. Kostov’s speech at the 9th CC plenary session, December 1945, TsPA, 1, 5, 5, 1–10. 46. Sargent to Houstoun-Boswall, 26.11.45, DBPO, series 1, vol. VI, Doc. 63, pp. 245–6. 47. Minute by Stewart, 1.12.46, ibid., Doc. 66, p. 256. 48. Boll, Cold War, p. 162. 49. Ibid., p. 163. 50. Ibid. 51. Unsigned memorandum to Molotov, 20.12.45, AVP RF, 06, 7, 27, 348, 4–6. 52. Boll, Cold War, p. 163. 53. Ibid. 54. Ibid. 55. Ibid., pp. 163–4. 56. Ibid., pp. 164–5. 57. Rabotnichesko Delo, 9.1.46. 58. Narodno Zemedelsko Zname (the BANU – NP’s newspaper), 10.1.46; see also Boll, Cold War, p. 165. 59. Rabotnichesko Delo, 9.1.46. 220 Notes

60. Stalin to the Bulgarian government delegation, Moscow, January 1946, TsPA, 1, 7, 675, 1–10. 61. Ibid., list 8. 62. Mihalchev’s report, January, 1946, TsPA, 1, 5, 5 100–20. 63. Lavrishchev’s notes, 7.1.46, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 7, 1–2. 64. Dimitrov’s diary, 28.3.46. 65. Ibid. 66. Dekanozov’s Meeting with Mihalchev, 4.4.46, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 6, 18; intercepted telegram from Mihalchev to Stainov, 10.2.46, TsPA, 1, 7, 796, 3–4. 67. O deiatel’nosti pravyh v soiuze Zveno, TsPA, 146, 4, 420, 26. 68. Molotov and Stalin to Dimitrov and Kostov, Dimitrov’s diary, 15.3.46, 16–20.3.46. 69. Houstoun-Boswall to Bevin, 30.1.46, PRO, FO371/58513. 70. Boll, Cold War, p. 167. 71. Ibid., pp. 167–8. 72. Ibid., pp. 168–9. 73. Ibid., p. 169. 74. Ibid. 75. Ibid. 76. Ibid. 77. Ibid., p. 170. 78. Ibid. 79. Ibid. 80. Dekanozov’s meeting with Michalchev, 2.3.46, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 6, 13–14. 81. Kostov to Fillipov (Molotov), 27.2.46, TsPA, 1, 7, 731, 1–2. 82. De Santis, The Diplomacy of Silence, p. 180. 83. Boll, Cold War, p. 171. 84. Ibid. 85. Ibid. 86. Houstoun-Boswall to FO, 28.3.46, FO371/58516. 87. Dimitrov’s diary, 28.3.46. 88. Ibid.

6 The Hardening of Battle Lines (April–October 1946)

1. G. Swain, ‘The Cominform – Tito’s International?’, The Historical Journal, vol. 35., no. 3, (Sept. 1992), pp. 653–4; W. Loth, Stalin’s Plans for Postwar Germany, paper presented at the Ninth International Colloquium, The Soviet Union and the Cold War in Europe, 1943–1953, Cortona, Italy, 23–24 September 1994. 2. Swain, ibid. 3. Dimitrov’s diary, 2.9.46. 4. Dimitrov’s speech at the 11th CC plenary session, September 1946, TsPA, 1, 5, 9, 86. 5. Kirsanov to NKID, 25.5.46, AVP RF, 06, 8, 26, 391, 32. 6. Dekanozov to Molotov, 18.2.46, ibid., list 7. Notes 221

7. TsPA, 1, 12, 182, 1–62. 8. Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution, pp. 170, 212–13. 9. Politburo meetings, 31.10.45, 29.5.46, 30.5.46, 10.6.46, TsPA, 1, 6, 83. 10. Reports from the party intelligence, the military intelligence and the State Security department; 29.5.46, 30.5.46, 10.6.46; TsPA, 146, 5, 1137, list 1, 6–7. 11. Military intelligence report, May 1946, TsPA, 146, 5, 925, 37–8. 12. Dimitrov’s diary, 6.6.46. 13. Isusov, Stalin i Bulgaria, p. 68. 14. Dimitrov’s diary, 2.5.46, 3.5.46, 4.5.46, 19.6.46, 21.6.46; 24.6.46; 8.7.46; 30.7.46; Boll, Cold War, p. 172. 15. Speech of G. Damianov, head of the CC military department at the 10th CC plenary session, August 1946, TsPA,1, 5, 7, 64–5. 16. Dimitrov’s speech, ibid., 13–14. 17. Party intelligence, July 1946, TsPA, 146, 5, 385, 298. 18. Data in TsPA, 146, 5, 925, 54–5. 19. Letter to Dimitrov signed by T. Dobroslavski, T. Trifonov and others, May 1946, TsPA, 146, 5, 384, 56–60. 20. Party intelligence, no date, TsPA, 146, 5, 925, 1011. 21. Dimitrov’s diary, 2.9.46. 22. Dimitrov’s speech at the 10th CC plenary session, August 1946, TsPA, 1, 5, 7, 20. 23. BANU Permanent Representation (PR) meeting, 20.7.46, TsDA, 75, 2, 13, 206. 24. Chrevenkov to Dimitrov, August 1946, TsPA, 1, 7, 771, 2–3; Meeting of P. A. Kolesnikov, second secretary of the Soviet embassy in Bulgaria, with V. Pavurdzhiev, a member of BANU-FF’s PR, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 9, 87. 25. Meeting of P. A. Kolesnikov with K. Dramaliev, a member of the BWP CC, 15.9.46, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 8, 86. 26. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 233. 27. Chakalov, Ofitser za svruzka, pp. 97–8. 28. United Kingdom Delegation, Paris to FO, PRO, FO371/58582. 29. Bevin to Byrnes, 1.7.46, FRUS, 1946, 6, 109–10. 30. Ambassador in France (Caffery) to Acting Secretary of State, 1.7.46, ibid., pp. 110–11. 31. Barker, Truce in the Balkans, p. 70. 32. Dimitrov’s diary, 21.7.46. 33. Barnes to Byrnes, 16.7.46, FRUS, 1946, 6, p. 118. 34. Boll, Cold War, p. 179. 35. Ibid. 36. Ibid., pp. 179–80. 37. Ibid., p. 180. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid. 40. Warner to Hayter, 29.8.46, PRO, FO371/58583. 41. Warner to Hayter, 4.9.46, ibid. 42. Boll, Cold War, pp. 180–1. 43. Ibid., p. 181. 44. Dimitrov’s diary, 3.10.46 and 4.10.46. 45. Ibid., 6.10.46. 46. Central Committee to oblast party secretaries, 2.10.46, TsPA, 1, 7, 844, 1. 222 Notes

47. Report on the activity of the opposition in Burgas (in Russian), 15.10–20.10.46, TsPA, 146, 5, 656, 16–17. 48. Pelovski’s speech at a meeting of BWP oblast secretaries, November 1946, TsPA, 1, 5, 11, 33. 49. Party intelligence reports to Dimitrov, October 1946, TsPA, 146, 5, 655, 1–83. 50. Ibid., list 76. 51. Dimitrov’s diary, 27.10.46. 52. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 247. 53. Ibid. 54. Ibid. 55. Ibid., p. 249.

7 Towards Confrontation (October 1946–September 1947)

1. Unsigned report (in Russian), 29.10.46, TsPA, 146, 5, 1124, 124–7. 2. Barnes to Byrnes, 5.11.46, FRUS, 1946, 6, pp. 166–7; see also Boll, Cold War, p. 183. 3. Tollinton to FO, 7.11.46, PRO, FO371/58527. 4. Foreign Office to Washington, 14.11.46, ibid. 5. Meeting of G. M. Bazhanov, second secretary of the Soviet embassy in Bulgaria, with D. Bratanov, of the BWSDP-FF, AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 9. 6. Dimitrov’s diary, 5.11.46. 7. Soviet diplomats in Bulgaria were pointedly instructed to express verbally to Petkov and his associates Stalin’s gratitude for their greetings on the anniver- sary of the Bolshevik revolution. The unpleasant task fell on Levichkin, who met with Serbinsky, the leader of the youth wing of the BANU-NP, on 29.11.46. Levichkin found it rather difficult to conceal his feelings towards the opposition leader: ‘Knowing that Serbinsky is a convinced and fanatical enemy of the communists and the FF, I limited myself to passively listening to him.’ AVP RF, 074, 35, 125, 9, 112. The British diplomat Tollinton reported to the Foreign Office from Sofia that Petkov had been approached by two unofficial Soviet emissaries with proposals to enter the government: Tollinton to FO, 23.11.46, PRO, FO371/58527. 8. Dimitrov’s diary, 5.11.46. 9. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 287. 10. Rabotnichesko Delo, 29.11.46. 11. Narodno Zededelsko Zname, 8.11.46. 12. Rabotnichesko Delo, 18.12.46, 22.12.46. 13. Narodno Zemedelsko Zname, 4.12.46, 6.12.46. 14. G. Gunev, Kum brega na svobodata ili za Nikola Petkov i negovoto vreme (Sofia, 1992), p. 107. 15. Military intelligence reports, January–May 1947, TsPA, 146, 5, 1141. 16. Meetings of the BANU-FF PR, 12.3.47, 13.3.47, TsDA, 75, 2, 13, 286–300. 17. Reports from oblast directors to minister of the interior, January–May 1947, TsPA, 146, 5, 657. 18. Chervenkov to BWP oblast committees, 2.5.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 1201, 2. 19. From Varna, 27.5.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 1187, 1–2; Vratsa, 25.5.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 1193, 1; Burgas, 26.5.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 1170, 4. Notes 223

20. Chervenkov to Dimitrov, 9.7.47, TsPA, 146, 4, 337, 205–6. 21. Military intelligence report, after 22.3.47, TsPA, 146, 5, 925, 41–2. 22. Isusov, Politicheskite partii, p. 326. 23. Reports from oblast directors to minister of interior, January–May 1947, TsPA, 146, 5, 657. 24. Military intelligence report, 30.3.47, TsPA, 146, 5, 1144, 22–3. 25. Ibid. Gichev continued his sporadic meetings with the communists through- out early1947 (the meetings on 10.2.47 and 5.3.47 are recorded in TsPA, 146, 5, 1144, 7 and 11–12). 26. Military intelligence report, April 1947, TsPA, 146, 5, 1125, 15. 27. Research on the conspiracies is hampered by a lack of primary sources. The only documents that have survived are the case files in the interior ministry archives, and they appear to have been re-worked several times in the course of the investigations. The case files and the records of the court proceedings have formed the basis of the most detailed account, Zh. Tsvetkov, Sudut nad opozitsionnite lideri (Sofia, 1991). My study of the Politburo records from January to May 1947 in the TsPA has identified some of the build-up to Petkov’s arrest (such as the reorganization of the security apparatus, see n. 28 below), but not the actual decision. Possibly the decision was not taken by the Politburo as a whole, but by a narrow circle of people which probably included Dimitrov and interior minister Yugov. 28. Politburo meetings, 30.4.47,TsPA, 1, 6, 284, 1–4, and 6.5.47, TsPA, 1, 6, 290, 1–3. 29. Boll, Cold War, p. 184. 30. Dimitrov to Stalin, 31.5.47, TsPA, 146, 2, 1765, 103. 31. Stalin to Sofia, late June 1947, 5.7.47, 8.7.47, TsPA, 146, 4, 639, list 10, 11, 20–2. 32. Dimitrov to Kostov, 18.8.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 902, 2. 33. Chervenkov’s and Yugov’s speeches at a meeting of BWP oblast secretaries, 14.8.47, TsPA, 1, 5, 15, 8. 34. V. Stoianov, Predsmurtnite pisma na Nikola D. Petkov do Georgi Dimitrov i Vasil Kolarov, 19 avgust– 22 septemvri 1947 (Sofia, 1992), pp. 14–26. 35. Boll, Cold War, pp. 184–5. 36. Ibid., pp. 185–6. 37. Ibid., p. 186. 38. Ibid.

8 The End of National Communism (September 1947–December 1948)

1. Fillipov (Moscow) to Chervenkov, 11.8.47 and 21.8.47, TsPA, 1, 7, 1106, 1–2. 2. Zhdanov’s notes on the first Cominform meeting, 23.9.47, RGASPI, 77, 3s, 4. 3. Originally expressed by Isusov, this view has become prevalent in Bulgarian historiography; see Isusov, Stalin i Bulgariia, Politicheskite partii v Bulgariia, Komunisticheskata partiia i revolutsioniiat protses v Bulgariia, 1944–1948 (Sofia, 1983). 4. Zhdanov’s notes, 23.9.47, RGASPI, 77, 3s, 4–5. 5. See also V. Dimitrov, ‘Revolution Released: Stalin, the Bulgarian Communist Party and Establishment of the Cominform’, in F. Gori and S. Pons (eds), The 224 Notes

Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943–1953 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 272–89; and V. Dimitrov, ‘Communism in Bulgaria’, in M. P. Leffler and D. S. Painter (eds), Origins of the Cold War: An International History, 2nd edn (New York and London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 190–204. 6. Kostov to Dimitrov, 22.10.47, TsPA, 146, 4, 126, 6. 7. D. Michev, Makedonskiiat vupros i bulgaro – yugoslavskite otnosheniia, 9.9.1944–1949, Sofia, 1994, pp. 315–9. 8. Dimitrov’s diary, 12.8.47. 9. Minutes of the meeting as recorded by Kolarov, TsPA, 147, 2, 62, 1–48. 10. Ibid., 12–14. 11. Ibid., 18–20. 12. Ibid., 22–5. 13. Copy of the declaration sent by Molotov to Stalin, 12.2.48 and the corre- sponding Article 4 of the Treaty of Friendship between Bulgaria and the USSR, signed in March 1948, AVP RF, 06, 10, 32, 406, 2. 14. See L. Gibianski, Sovetsko-Yugoslavskii konflict, a paper presented at the Ninth International Colloquium, The Soviet Union and the Cold War in Europe, 1943–1953, Cortona, Italy, 23–24 September 1994, for a convincing criticism of the thesis that the clash between Tito and Stalin was almost pre-determined and resulted from differences going back as far as the war. In fact, the conflict seems to have arisen on an almost trivial note. 15. Dimitrov’s diary, 25.3.48. 16. Ibid., 4.4.48. 17. Ibid., 10.5.48. 18. Zhdanov’s notes on the Cominform meeting in Bucharest, RGASPI, 77, 3s, 106, 5–7. 19. Ibid., delo 108, list 14. 20. Chervenkov’s record of the meeting with Stalin, December 1948, TsPA, 1, 5, 34, 68. 21. Dimitrov’s speech at the 15th CC plenary session, June 1948, TsPA, 1, 5, 25. 22. Dimitrov’s speech at the 16th CC plenary session, July 1948,TsPA, 1, 5, 25, 14–30. 23. Ibid. 24. Resolutions of 16th CC plenary session, ibid., list 12. 25. Dimitrov’s draft, November 1948, TsPA, 146, 2, 257, 252. 26. Politburo to Dimitrov, November 1948, TsPA, 146, 5, 328, 7–8. 27. Dimitrov to 17th CC plenary session, December 1948, TsPA, 1, 5, 26, 1–2.

Conclusion: Reinterpreting the Origins of the Cold War

1. B. Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (London: Allen Lane, the Penguin Press, 1967). 2. J. R. Lampe, The Bulgarian Economy in the Twentieth Century (London and Sydney, 1986), pp. 86–7. 3. Ibid, pp. 56–60; 81–7. 4. Swain and Swain, Eastern Europe since 1945, p. 47. 5. Ibid., pp. 50–1; see also Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, pp. 84–5. Notes 225

6. Naimark, The Russians in Germany. 7. Prazmowska, Civil War, p. 210. 8. Ibid., p. 208. 9. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, p. 82. 10. Myant, Socialism and Democracy, p. 125. 11. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, p. 70. 12. See I. T. Berend, Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA; London: University of California Press, 1998), p. 292. 13. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, p. 70. 14. Ibid., pp. 67–71. 15. Berend, Decades of Crisis, p. 294. 16. J. R. Lampe, Balkans into Southeastern Europe: A Century of War and Transition (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 13; Berend, Decades of Crisis, p. 299. 17. Berend, Decades of Crisis, pp. 296–7. 18. Prazmowska, Civil War, pp. 143–59. 19. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, pp. 14–23. 20. De Santis, The Diplomacy of Silence, p. 208. 21. Isusov, Politicheskiat zhivot, p. 367. Bibliography

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British Documents on British Policy Overseas (DBPO): Series 1, Volume I: The Conference at Potsdam (HMSO, 1984) Series 1, Volume II: Conferences and Conversations, 1945: London, Washington and Moscow (HMSO, 1985) Series 1, Volume VI: Eastern Europe, 1945–1946 (HMSO, 1992)

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Georgi Dimitrov: Dnevnik (9 mart 1933 – 6 fevruari 1948) (Georgi Dimitrov: Diary, 9 March 1933–6 February 1948) (Sofia, 1997) – Dimitrov’s diary in Bulgarian. The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949, edited by I. Banac (New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2003) – Dimitrov’s diary in English.

3. Secondary literature

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Abrams, Bradley F., 6, 206n BANU-FF see Bulgarian Agrarian ACC see Allied Control Commission National Union – Fatherland Acheson, Dean, 171 Front agrarian parties, 14, 28, 39, 188, 197–8 BANU-NP see Bulgarian Agrarian see also Bulgarian Agrarian National Union – Nikola Petkov National Union; Bulgarian Barker, Elizabeth, 90, 156, 210n, 212n, Agrarian National Union – 214n, 221n Fatherland Front; Bulgarian Barnes, Maynard, 90–1, 98, 117–20, Agrarian National Union – Nikola 122, 126, 129–30, 135, 142–4, Petkov 156–7, 163, 171–2, 201, 214n, Allied Control Commission, 76–8, 91, 215n, 217n, 218n, 221n, 222n 102–3, 108–9, 112, 114, 117–24, BCP see Bulgarian Communist Party 126, 130, 145, 147, 170, 192, 200 Berry, Burton, 62 see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria, Bessarabia, 16, 17 Allied Control Commission for; Bevin, Ernest, 125, 130, 132, 134, 138, Bulgarian armistice/exit from 142, 155–6, 170, 217n, 218n, the war; Soviet Union/Soviet, 220n, 221n and Bulgaria, Allied Control Bidault, Georges, 170 Commission for; United Biriuzov, General Sergei, 91, 93–4, States/America(n), and Bulgaria, 100, 105–7, 110, 119–20, 122–3, Allied Control Commission for 129, 134, 144, 151–2, 212n, 217n, armistice see Bulgarian armistice/exit 219n from the war Bled meeting (Bulgarian-Yugoslav, army see Bulgarian army; August 1947), 175 Soviet army Blum government (France), 36 Attlee, Clement, 125, 182 Boboshevski, Tsviatko, 136 Austria, 10, 95, 116, 200 Boll, Michael, 60, 206n, 210n, 211n, authoritarian regimes, 10–11, 19, 29, 214n, 215n, 217n, 218n, 219n, 34–5, 48, 53, 68–9, 85, 103, 119, 220n, 221n, 222n, 223n 130, 187 Bolshevik Revolution (November Axis, 44, 57, 60–4, 68, 98 see also Nazi 1917), 14, 46, 201, 222n Germany; Tripartite Pact Boris III, King of the Bulgarians, 19–20, 34, 48–50, 60, 68 Bagrianov, Ivan, 55–6, 62–6, 95 bourgeoisie/bourgeois see middle class Balabanov, Nikolai, 61, 218n Brimelow, Thomas, 131 Balfour, 131, 218n Britain/British, 12–6, 43, 46–7, 100, Balkans, 9–10, 45, 57–60, 62–5, 67–8, 105, 146 75–6, 103, 106, 113, 133, 142, and the Balkans, 9–10, 57–61, 64–5, 150, 170, 175–6, 178, 192, 206n, 75–8, 113, 142, 192, 214n, 214n, 221n, 225n 221n Baltic states, 16, 19, 22 and Bulgaria BANU see Bulgarian Agrarian National Allied Control Commission for, Union 76–8, 91, 102, 108, 112, 114,

233 234 Index

Britain/British – continued Petkov, Nikola, trial of, 169–72 117–24, 126, 130, 145, 192, postponement of Bulgarian 200, 217n, 218n parliamentary elections, British representatives in, 89–91, August 1945, 117–27 97, 103, 104, 107, 117–24, purges/terror, 89, 91, 151, 171–2 126, 129–30, 136, 137, 141–4, radio stations ‘Free and 156, 160, 162–3, 172, 192, Independent Bulgaria’ and 200–1, 217n, 218n, 219n, ‘Vasil Levski’, 53 220n Soviet sphere of influence, Bulgarian armistice/exit from the inclusion of Bulgaria in, 22, war, 10, 42, 45, 49, 57–63, 44, 58–60, 69, 75–8, 108, 65–8, 75–8, 89, 102–3, 108, 115–6, 137, 142, 145, 160, 192 162–3, 169–72, 173, 190–2, Bulgarian communist party, 89, 194–5, 200–202 91, 107–8, 112–27, 129–32, containment, policy of, 2, 22, 136–9, 141–4, 145, 155–8, 162–3, 169, 201–2 160, 162–3, 165–6, 169, and democracy, 1–3, 6, 20–4, 44, 171–2, 175–6, 190–2, 194–5, 97–9, 113–27, 130–4, 136–9, 200–1 141–4, 145, 151, 155–8, 160, Bulgarian declaration of war on 162–3, 165–6, 168–72, 173, 176, Britain, 10, 42, 45, 49, 59, 181–4, 190–6, 196, 200–2 76, 192 and Eastern Europe see Western Bulgarian government, powers, and Eastern Europe recognition and demands for Foreign Office, 57–8, 66–7, 75–6, 89, reorganization of, 115–16, 98, 115, 117, 120, 126, 129, 122, 131–2, 137–9, 131, 136–7, 163, 209n, 210n, 143–4, 155–8, 163, 169, 211n, 212n, 217n, 218n, 220n, 175–6, 200 221n, 222n Bulgarian peace treaty, 76, 78, see also Bevin, Ernest 114–17, 131–2, 137–8, 145, and ideology, 6, 172, 192, 200 155–8, 160, 169, 200, 217n London Council (conference) of diplomatic relations with, 10, 42, Foreign Ministers, 49, 58, 61–3, 65–8, 89, 108, September–October 1945, 114–22, 124–7, 131–2, 137–9, 128–9, 131–2 141–4, 145, 155–8, 160, 163, Moscow Council (conference) of 169, 171–2, 173, 175, 192, Foreign Ministers, December 200–1, 217n 1945, 128, 137–8 Fatherland Front coalition, 89–91, implementation of the decisions 103, 104, 107–9, 112–13, of the Moscow Council of 129–30, 136–9, 141–4, 145, Foreign Ministers, 141–44 155–8, 160 ‘percentages’ agreement see military operations with respect Churchill, Winston S., to, 51, 57–8, 62, 64–5, 69, 77, ‘percentages’ agreement with 102, 200 Stalin opposition parties, 104, 113–27, Potsdam conference, 114–7 129–32, 136–9, 141–4, 145, and security, 10, 57–8, 75–6, 115–16, 155–8, 160, 162–3, 165–6, 142, 177, 192, 194, 200–2 168–9, 171–2, 173, 190–2, and the Soviet Union see Soviet 195, 200–1 Union/Soviet, and the United Index 235

Britain/British – continued Bulgarian Agrarian National Union – States and Britain; Stalin, Fatherland Front, 130, 221n, Joseph, and the United States 222n and Britain communist manipulation of, and the United States see United 104–113, 127, 162–7 States/America(n), electoral representation and Britain in the proposed joint Fatherland Yalta conference/Yalta Declaration, Front electoral lists in 1946, 97–9, 103, 117–18, 142, 182 154–5 see also Attlee, Clement; Churchill, in the October 1946 elections, Winston S.; great powers; 159–60, 162–3 London; Western powers government participation Bukovina, 17 replacing ministers loyal to Bulgaria see individual entries; Sofia Petkov, 109–110, 112–13 Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, in cabinet formed after October 11, 27, 168, 187, 197–8, 207n, 1946 elections, 164–5, 167 213n, 215n movement towards opposition, communist manipulation of, 162–7 99–103, 104–113, 127 weakness, 128, 162–3, 166–7 Stalin’s intervention, July 1945, youth wing, 166 109–113 Bulgarian Agrarian National Union – consolidation and growth in Nikola Petkov 1944–5, 85–7 destruction, 169–172 electoral representation consolidation and growth, 130–1, in 1919–1923, 25–6 163, 166, 168–9, 187–90 in 1931, 29 electoral representation in the joint Fatherland Front boycott of the November 1945 electoral lists in 1945, 112 elections, 132 government participation voters spoiling ballots/abstaining in 1919–1923, 25–6 in the November 1945 in 1931–34, 29 elections, 136 2–8 September 1944 (Muraviev participation in the October 1946 government), 56, 66–8, 69, elections, 155–65 95, 132 factions within, 132, 168–9 9 September 1944–summer 1945 government participation, attempts (Fatherland Front to secure, 128–9, 133–44, government), 57, 86, 92, 155–8, 162–5 99–100, 102–3, 107, 109–112, legalization, 128 118 ‘links’ to ‘military conspiracies’, Petkov’s efforts to preserve, 101, 169 107, 111 Narodno Zemedelsko Zname (party Pladne group, 29, 35, 52–3, 57, 84–6, newspaper), 128, 130–1, 219n, 132, 168–9 222n Vrabcha group, 29, 53, 56, 84–6, youth wing, 166, 222n 132, 168–9 see also Petkov, Nikola youth wing (Agrarian Youth Bulgarian armistice/exit from the war, League), 108 10, 42, 45, 49, 59–63, 65–8, 75–8, Zemedelsko Zname (party 89, 92, 94, 102–3, 108, 192, 214n newspaper), 86, 101, 102 see also Allied Control Commission 236 Index

Bulgarian army, 26, 51, 54–5, 60–1, Agrarian National Union – 63, 70, 72–3, 81, 83, 88, 91–5, Fatherland Front, communist 100, 103, 141, 145, 150–2, manipulation of; Bulgarian 160, 187 Workers’ Social Democratic Bulgarian communist party (official Party, communist names: Bulgarian Communist manipulation of; Bulgarian Party; Bulgarian Workers’ Party Workers’ Social Democratic (communists)), 19, 85, 87–8, 170 Party – Fatherland Front, Bagrianov, Ivan, relations with, communist manipulation of; 54–6 Dimitrov, Georgi, and Central Committee, 9, 26–7, 30, communist manipulation of 50–1, 53, 55–6, 71, 72, 74, 81–3, democratic parties in 86, 91, 94–5, 109–10, 112–13, Bulgaria, and the Fatherland 136, 147, 158, 164, 179–80, Front; Fatherland Front, 209n, 212n, 213n, 214n, 216n, communist manipulation of 219n, 220n, 221n, 224n Fatherland Front parties; Cadre Department, 147–50 Zveno, communist attacks on, Economic Department, 83–4 and manipulation of Military Department, 150, 152, government participation, 51–2, 214n, 221n 55–7, 66–7, 69–74, 79–84, consolidation and growth, 79–84, 89–97, 99–102, 105–6, 109–17, 202 118–19, 121–7, 128–44, 145–52, democratic parties, relations with 154–61, 162–7, 169–72, 173–80, (before 9 September 1944) 183, 186–192, 194–6, 200–4 in 1919–23, 25–8, 188 and opposition parties, 112–13, in 1923–36, 28–30 118, 124–7, 128–37, 139–141, in 1936–June 1941, 7–8, 15, 34–6 143–4, 145–6, 150–1, 155–61, June 1941–9 September 1944, 162–72, 173, 180, 186–92, 41–5, 48–57, 66–8 194–204 electoral representation, 197–9 see also Dimitrov, Georgi, and in 1919–1923, 25–6 opposition parties in Bulgaria in 1931, 28–9 People’s Democracy, 4, 8, 125–6, in the joint Fatherland Front 146–7, 174, 180 electoral lists, 1945, 112 Politburo, 9, 49–51, 73, 79–83, 86, in the proposed joint Fatherland 93–6, 99–100, 102, 105–6, Front electoral lists, 1946, 108–12, 123, 132, 150, 166, 154–5 169, 178–80, 209n, 213n, 214n, in the October 1946 elections, 215n, 216n, 218n, 221n, 223n, 159–60, 162–5 224n and Fatherland Front parties (after 9 Popular Front, 7–8, 15, 34–6, 41–5, September 1944), 7–8, 69–75, 48–57, 66–8 79–80, 84–103, 104–13, 118–19, purges/terror 121–27, 128–37, 139–141, with respect to opponents outside 143–4, 145–7, 149–61, 162–8, the party, 28, 70–4, 79–80, 172, 173–5, 179–80, 181, 183, 89, 91–7, 99, 105, 106, 108, 186–91, 194–204, 216n 127, 145, 151–2, 155–61, 167, see also Bulgarian Agrarian 169–73, 188–90, 198, 202, National Union, communist 214n, 215n, 223n manipulation of; Bulgarian within the party, 34–5, 178–80 Index 237

Bulgarian communist party – continued split, 104, 105, 108, 109, 123, 127, Rabotnichesko Delo (party 216n newspaper), 152–3, 212n, 219n, Bulgarian Workers’ Social Democratic 222n Party – Fatherland Front, 129, and Stalin see Stalin, Joseph, and 198, 222n the Bulgarian communist party communist manipulation of, 167–8 state administration, positions in, electoral representation 69, 70–1, 81, 83–4, 100, 102–3, in the October 1946 elections, 105, 110, 145–6, 147–51, 152, 159–60, 162–3 165, 169, 179, 187, 190, 196, in the proposed joint Fatherland 223n Front electoral lists in 1946, united front, 27–8, 188 154–5 youth wing (Workers’ Youth government participation, 149, 165 League), 79–80, 148 weakness, 128, 162–3, 167–8 Yugoslav communists, relations unification with communists, 167 with, 9–10, 11, 50–1, 52, 55, Bulgarian Workers’ Social Democratic 99, 109, 141, 151, 154, 174–9, Party – United, 155, 167, 198 224n electoral representation see also Bled meeting in the October 1946 elections, see also Dimitrov, Georgi; Soviet 159 Union, and Bulgaria, Bulgarian legalization, 128 communist party; Stalin, Lulchev’s (party leader) talks with Joseph, and the Bulgarian Vyshinsky, 140–1 communist party see also Chesmedzhiev, Grigor; Bulgarian Communist Party see Lulchev, Kosta Bulgarian communist party Bumbarov, Boris, 86 Bulgarian National Bank, 150, 216n BWP see Bulgarian Workers’ Party Bulgarian peace treaty, 43, 76, 78, BWSDP see Bulgarian Workers’ Social 114–17, 131–2, 137–8, 145, 147, Democratic Party 150–1, 155–8, 160, 169–72, BWSDP-FF see Bulgarian Workers’ 175–6, 200, 217n Social Democratic Party – see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria, Fatherland Front Bulgarian peace treaty; Paris BWSDP-U see Bulgarian Workers’ peace treaty negotiations; Social Democratic Party – United Soviet Union/Soviet, and Byelorussia, 151 Bulgaria, Bulgarian peace treaty; Byrnes, James F., 118, 126, 129, 132–4, United States/America(n), and 137–8, 142–4, 156–8, 171, 217n, Bulgaria, Bulgarian peace treaty 218n, 219n, 221n, 222n Bulgarian Workers’ Party see Bulgarian communist party Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 58, 210n Bulgarian Workers’ Social Democratic Cairo, 61, 66, 68 Party, 35, 53 Cannon, 157 communist manipulation of, 104, Carr, Edward H., 8, 31, 206n, 207n, 105, 108, 123, 127, 216n 208n electoral representation CC see Bulgarian communist party, in the joint Fatherland Front Central Committee electoral lists in 1945, 112 Chamberlain, Neville, 21, 182 government participation, 57 Chankov, Georgi, 82, 110, 212n re-establishment, 84, 88–9 Cherepanov, General Alexander, 107 238 Index

Chervenkov, Vulko, 81, 82, 110, 167, and democracy, 1–12, 181–204 174, 178, 179, 222n, 223n, 223n, resistance to, 22, 142, 180, 197, 199, 224n 201, 203 Chesmedzhiev, Grigor, 35, 53, 88, see also Bulgarian communist party; 109, 112 Communist Information Cholakov, Stancho, 135, 136, 141 Bureau; Communist Churchill, Winston S., 21, 45, 57–8, International; communist 60, 61, 66, 75–6, 97, 182, 210n, parties; Dimitrov, Georgi; 212n Marxism/Marxism–Leninism; ‘percentages’ agreement with Stalin Soviet communist party; Stalin, (October 1944), 2, 59, 77–8 Joseph Clark-Kerr, Sir Archibald, 117, 210n Communist Information Bureau, coalitions, 22, 56, 97–103, 111, 125–7, 174–9, 220n, 223n, 224n 174, 183 Communist International, 82, 111, agrarian–liberal alliance in Bulgaria 206n, 207n, 208n People’s Bloc government, 29–30 and the Bulgarian communist party between communists and in 1923, 26–8 democratic parties in Europe, 3, dissolution of, 38, 46–8 24, 39–41, 146, 183, 202–3 leftist policy, 23–4, 28–32, ‘genuine’ and ‘false’ coalitions, 37, 45–6 99–100, 111 Popular Front, 8, 13, 15, 23, 24, 25, grand coalition between the BWP 27–8, 31–4, 36–40, 42, 45–8, and the BANU-NP, 162–5 188, 190–1 see also Fatherland Front united front, 26–8, 31–4, 188 Cold War, origins of, 8–12, 20–2, see also Dimitrov, Georgi, and the 23–4, 38–40, 41–8, 160–1, 162, Communist International; 169–172, 173–8 Stalin, Joseph, and the historiography of, 1–7, 181, 192–6, Communist International 205n communist parties, 1, 3–11, 13–4, long-term implications of, 201–4 22–5, 27–40, 41–3, 45–8, 70, reinterpreting, 181–204 146–7, 170–2, 173–8, 180–1, 183, see also Eastern Europe, Cold War 185–6, 188–203 and see also Bulgarian communist party; collective security German communist party; failure of, 14, 15–6, 38–40 Soviet communist party; Soviet Litvinov and, 13, 15–16, 23–5, 41, Union/Soviet, and communist 206n parties outside the Soviet pursuit of, 13–16, 23–5, 38–40, 41, Union; Stalin, Joseph, and 194, 206n communist parties outside the see also Soviet Union, isolation; Soviet Union Stalin, Joseph, and collective coups, 64 security in Yugoslavia, pro-Allied coup (27 collectivization, 180, 189, 202–3 March 1941), 48 Cominform see Communist in Bulgaria Information Bureau communist fears of, 93, 151 Comintern see Communist by the Fatherland Front (9 International September 1944), 50–2, 56–7, communism, 49 68, 71–4, 80, 84, 92, 95–6, 99, collapse of, 1, 3, 4, 7, 196, 203–4 147, 179 Index 239 coups – continued parties, relations with, People’s by Zveno (19 May1934), 30, 34–5, Democracy, Popular Front, 56, 85, 87 united front; Communist overthrow of the BANU International, Popular Front, government (9 June 1923), united front; Dimitrov, Georgi, 26–7, 51, 52 and People’s Democracy, and the within the BANU, the BWSDP Popular Front, and the united and Zveno, 101, 105, 153 front; People’s Democracy; in Czechoslovakia, communist coup Popular Front; Stalin, Joseph, (February 1948), 201 and democracy; united front; Coutouvidis, John, 4, 205n United States/America(n), and Crane, General John, 119–20, 122 democracy Czechoslovakia, 4, 11, 15, 36, 44, 116, Dimitrov, Dr. Georgi M. (‘G. M.’) 177, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203 leadership role, 29, 53, 73, 85–6, 91 campaign against, 91, 99–102, Daladier government (France), 36 104–8 Damianov, Georgi (Belov), 81, 214n, Dimitrov, Georgi, 81–2, 89, 91, 121, 221n 131, 159, 206n, 207n, 208n, Damianov, Raiko, 81 209n, 210n, 211n, 212n, 213n, Daskalov, Doncho, 209n 214n, 215n, 216n, 217n, 218n, Dekanozov, Vladimir, 119, 143, 147, 219n, 220n, 221n, 222n, 223n, 217n, 220n 224n democracy and Bagrianov, Ivan, 54–6, 63 and communism see communism, and the Communist International, and democracy 7, 8, 15, 19, 24, 25, 27–8, 30–4, in Bulgaria 36–40, 42, 45–8, 135, 166, 188, before September 1944, 10–11, 190–1 19, 25–30, 34–5, 42–3 and communist manipulation of after September 1944, 4, 7, 10–12, democratic parties in Bulgaria, 44, 48, 52–8, 68, 69, 73–4, 100–2, 105–13, 132, 152–3, 167, 79–89, 97–100, 103, 104, 189 113–27, 128–44, 145–7, and the Fatherland Front, 48, 52–6, 152–61, 162–72, 173–5, 63, 66–7, 74, 91, 95, 97, 100, 179–80: comparative analysis, 105, 107, 109, 111–2, 118–19, 196–201; long-term 132–6, 144, 151–2, 154–5, 158, implications, 202–4; overall 165, 174, 179–80 assessment, 186–92 and the international department of in Eastern Europe, 1–7, 10–1, 35–6, the Central Committee of the 39–40, 42, 44–5, 146, 181, 185, Soviet communist party, 7, 42, 193–203 47–8, 135, 190 postwar revival of, 10, 103, 185, 187 and opposition parties in Bulgaria, in Western Europe, 2–3, 6, 32–4, 124, 129, 135, 144, 156, 158, 35–9, 42, 44–5, 87, 146, 181, 164–6, 170, 172, 185, 194–6 and People’s Democracy, 8, 146–7, Yalta Declaration and, 2, 97–9, 179–80 102–3, 114, 117–8, 134, 142 and the Popular Front, 8, 13, 15, see also Britain/British, and 24–5, 27–8, 31–7, 39–40, 41–2, democracy; Bulgarian 45–8, 180, 185, 188, 190–1 communist party, democratic prime minister of Bulgaria, 165 240 Index

Dimitrov, Georgi – continued see also democracy, in Eastern and purges/terror, 25, 34–5, Europe; Soviet Union/Soviet, 71–2, 94–5, 151–2, 170–2; and Eastern Europe; Western 178–80, 189 powers, and Eastern Europe and the Reichstag Fire trial, 30–1 Eden, Anthony, 58, 59, 61, 75, 76, 77, and Stalin see Stalin, Joseph, and 78, 115, 125, 137, 210n, 211n, Dimitrov, Georgi 212n, 217n and the united front, 27–8, 31–4, Ehrenburg, Ilya, 138 188, 190–1 elections, 97 and the wartime resistance in in Balkans, 113, 116, 118 Bulgaria, 48–51, 55–6, 63 in Britain, 1945, 146 and the Yugoslav communists, 55, in Bulgaria, 54, 80, 85, 90, 97–8, 175–9 see also Bled meeting 138, 148 see also Bulgarian communist party in 1919, 25 Djilas, Milovan, 176 in 1920, 25 Dobroslavski, Traicho, 154, 167, in 1923, 25–6 221n in 1931, 29–30, 80 Dolapchiev, Nikola, 4, 205n in 1938, 34–5 Donovan, William (Bill), 60, 61 in 1945: plans to hold Draganov, Purvan, 64, 65 parliamentary elections in Dramaliev, Kiril, 53, 221n February–March, 99; Drundarevski, M., 86 Fatherland Front joint druzhba (a BANU local organization), electoral lists, 109–112, 123; plural druzhbi, 85–7, 130, 166 postponement of Dubcek, Alexander, 203 parliamentary elections Durzhanski, Angel, 86 scheduled for August, 109–127, 128–30, 144, 195; EAC see European Advisory parliamentary elections held Commission in November, 129–30, 132, Eastern Europe, 49, 80, 104, 117, 126, 134–7, 139, 142, 218 160, 173–8, 196–203 in 1946: referendum on Cold War and, 1–7, 10–1, 39–40 monarchy, September, 154–5; communism in, 1–7, 27–8, 39–40, constitutional assembly 41–2, 44–5, 70, 80, 99–100, 126, elections, October, 154–61, 135, 146–7, 162, 169, 173–4, 162–5, 167–8, 187–8, 197 176–8, 180, 181–6, 191–6 in 1990, 203–4 comparative analysis, 196–201 in 1991, 203–4 domestic politics in, 1–7, 10–11, in other Eastern European 13–5, 27–8, 39–40, 41–2, 44–5, countries, 97, 99, 116–8, 70, 95, 99–100, 126, 135, 197–8 146–7, 162, 169, 173–4, 180, in France, 36, 196 181–6, 191–6,196–203 in Germany, 30 federations in, 176–7 in Italy, 116, 196 long-term implications of postwar in the United States, 176 experience, 201–3 EMOS (a united organization for high Second World War, impact on, school students), 153 199 Estonia, 16 social structures in, 198–9 Ethridge, Mark, 133–4, 137–8, 219n Index 241

European Advisory Commission, seizure of power, 56–7, 63, 66–8, 70 London, 63, 76, 78 tensions within (November 1944–April 1945), 89–103 Fatherland Front, 55, 58, 195, 209n, ‘united socio-political organization’, 213n, 214n, 215n, 216n, 222n 174–5, 179 break-up of (May–August 1945), see also Dimitrov, Georgi, and the 104–13, 125–7 Fatherland Front; Soviet Union, closed coalition, 69, 84–5, 125–7, and Bulgaria, Fatherland Front 140, 187 coalition; Stalin, Joseph, and communist manipulation of the Fatherland Front coalition Fatherland Front parties, in Bulgaria 99–103, 104–113, 123, 127, FF see Fatherland Front 132, 145, 151–4, 156–8, 162–9, Filov, Bogdan, 54, 55 189, 216n Finland, 16–7, 44, 49, 63, 75, 116 and elections Soviet war with, 18 in 1945, 112, 136 First World War, 11, 25, 37, 80, 85, in 1946, 154–5, 158–61, 162–3 103, 122, 155, 187 governments Foreign Relations of the United States first government, formed in (American diplomatic September 1944, 57 correspondence), 120, 122, 156, replacement of ministers loyal to 211n, 212n, 213n, 214n, 215n, Petkov (summer 1945), 217n, 218n, 221n, 222n, 227n 109–13 France, 3, 13–17, 24, 34, 36–7, 44, 57, second government, formed in 171, 196, 221n March 1946, 141, 143–4 third government, formed after Gaddis, John Lewis, 2, 6, 7, 196, 206n October 1946 elections, 165, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War 167 History (monograph), 6 actions of non-communist Ganev, Dimitur, 81 government ministers and Ganev, Venelin, 136 members of the regency, Gati, Charles, 4, 198, 205n, 211n, 72–4, 88–9, 91–4, 99–100, 224n, 225n 102, 109–13, 119–24, 127, General Workers’ Professional Union, 128–30, 133–6, 139–41, 80, 102, 150 143–4, 147, 149–52, 156–8, Genovski, Mikhail, 101 166–7, 195 Georgiev, Ivan-Asen, 148 and the opposition parties, 125–30, Georgiev, Kimon, 35, 54, 57, 88, 91, 133–44, 145, 149–51, 155–61, 102, 107, 112, 119, 122, 134, 139, 162–9, 171–2, 173–5, 187–9 141, 143–4, 151–4, 157–8, 167 origins of, 48–9, 52–4 German communist party, 23, 27, Otechestven Front (official 146, 197 newspaper), 153 Germany see Nazi Germany parties within the Fatherland Front, Gichev, Dimitur, 29, 53, 54, 56, 132, development of (1944), 75, 79–89 166, 168, 223n and purges/terror, 79–80, 89, 91–97, ‘G. M.’, ‘G. M.-ists’ see Dimitrov, Dr. 99 Georgi M. revolutionary upsurge (September Goebbels, Joseph, 30 1944) and, 69–74 Goering, Hermann, 30 242 Index

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 14, 203 Italy, 3, 18, 22, 44, 47, 57, 60, 116, Gousev, Fedor, 59 131, 196 great powers, 1–4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 15, 44, Ivanov, Colonel, 169 49, 57, 64, 115, 117, 119, 122, 127–8, 132, 139, 162, 182, 190, Kabakchiev, Hristo, 26 192, 194–6, 199, 201–2 Kardelj, Edward, 176 see also Attlee, Clement; Kaulbars, General, 107 Britain/British; Churchill, Kazasov, Dimo, 53 Winston S.; Roosevelt, Franklin Kerensky, Alexander, 26 D.; Soviet Union; Stalin, Joseph; Khrushchev, Nikita S., 5, 202 Truman, Harry S.; United Kinov, Ivan, 94 States/America(n); Western Kiril, Prince of Bulgaria, 54 powers Kirsanov, Stepan, 106, 110, 120–1, Greece, 9, 19, 20, 44, 57, 58, 59, 60, 134, 144, 152, 212n, 217n, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 95, 116, 131, 219n, 220n 137, 142, 169, 175, 176, 200 Knorin, Wilhelm, 31 Grew, Joseph C., 98 Koev, Petur, 169 GWPU see General Workers’ Kolarov, Vasil, 28, 34–5, 81–2, 97, 146, Professional Union 155–6, 172, 176, 215n, 224n Konstantinov, F., 219n Halifax, Earl of, 115, 217n Kornilov affair (in Russia, 1917), 26 Hayter, 131, 221n Kostov, Professor Doncho, 64 Hitler, Adolf, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, Kostov, Traicho, 72, 74, 81–3, 89, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 36, 48, 91–3, 97, 99, 101, 107, 108–13, 54, 64, 182, 201 118, 121–2, 124, 129, 132–3, 136, Holland, 44 150–1, 176, 178–9, 209n, 212n, Horner, John E., 171 213n, 214n, 215n, 216n, 217n, Houstoun-Boswall, W., 89, 117, 118, 218n, 219n, 220n, 223n, 224n 119, 120, 122, 126, 129, 130, 136, Kosturkov, Stoian, 53, 149 137, 142, 143, 156, 217n, 218n, Kouyoumdjisky, Angel, 61 219n, 220n Kozhevnikov, Vadim, 73, 212n Howard, D., 67, 211n Kunin, Petko, 81 Hristozov, Rusi, 51, 212n Kuusinen, Otto, 31 Hull, Cordell, 59, 60, 61, 211n, 212n, 213n, 214n, 215n Lampe, John R., 189, 224n, 225n Humbert-Droz, J., 28 Lane, Arthur Bliss, 201 Hungary, 4, 10, 11, 44, 49, 54, 61, Latvia, 16 77, 80, 95, 114, 115, 116, 118, Lavrischev, Alexander A., 58, 62, 177, 197, 198, 199, 200, 216n, 219n 201, 203 Leffler, Melvyn P., 6, 205n, 206n, 224n ideology see Britain/British, and Lekarski, General Krum, 152 ideology; Lenin, Vladimir I., 38, 47, 183, 185 Marxism/Marxism–Leninism; What is to Be Done? (pamphlet, Stalin, Joseph, and ideology; 1902), 184 United States/America(n), and Levichkin, Kliment, 105, 212n, 213n, ideology 214n, 215n, 222n intellectuals, 6, 29, 34, 52–3, 71, 82, Levy, Robert, 6, 206n 87, 184, 198, 203 Libya, 9 Index 243

Lithuania, 16 in Russia, 33, 37 Litvinov, Maxim, 8, 13, 15–6, 23–5, in Western European countries, 41, 62, 206n, 207n 20–1, 29, 32–3, 36–7, 87, 174 proposals for postwar order, 43–5 see also lower middle class see also collective security, Litvinov Mihalchev, Dimitur, 118, 123, 143, and 220n London, 22, 49, 63, 65, 67, 75, 97, Mihov, General Nikola, 54 119–20, 122, 128–9, 131–2, 163, Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 4, 205n 205n, 206n, 207n, 210n, 214n, Mirov (Mirov-Rozkin), Iakov, 135 215n, 219n, 224n, 225n Molotov, Viacheslav M., 15, 16, 17, see also Britain/British 18, 31, 41, 45, 46, 54, 58, 62, 63, London Council (conference) of 68, 74, 77, 78, 92, 94, 98, 109, Foreign Ministers, 129, 131, 158, 170, 178, 211n, September–October 1945, 128–9, 214n, 219n, 220n, 224n 131–2 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (23 August lower middle class 1939), 36, 39 in Bulgaria, 34, 87, 137, 146, 160, Moore, Barrington, 189, 224n 180, 187 Moscow, 1–2, 8, 10, 13–14, 18–19, in other Eastern European 22–3, 28, 31, 34, 36, 40, 44–7, 49, countries, 34, 146, 180 51–5, 58–60, 62–7, 74, 76–8, 81–2, in Western European countries, 18, 91–2, 94, 97, 100–1, 103, 105–6, 20–1, 34, 146 109, 112–3, 117–8, 120, 122–4, see also middle class 126, 128, 131, 134–5, 137–43, Lulchev, Kosta, 88, 140, 158 147, 151, 155, 157–8, 163, 171–3, Lundestad, Geir, 3, 195, 205n 176–80, 182, 191–2, 195, 197, 199–201, 206n, 210n, 213n, Macedonia, 48, 58, 65, 110, 151, 175, 220n, 223n 177 see also Soviet Union/Soviet Maisky, Ivan, 23, 43 Moscow Council (conference) of Manuilsky, Dmitry, 31, 38, 48 Foreign Ministers/Moscow Mao Zedong, 7, 176 agreement, December 1945, Marshall, George C., 170 137–44, 157 Marshall Plan, 170–1 Moshanov, Stoicho, 62, 65–6, 68, Marxism/Marxism–Leninism, 4, 6, 21, 211n 38, 74, 82, 85, 125, 146–7, 178, Moyne, Lord, 66, 211n 183, 186 Munich agreement (1938), 15, 36 Mastny, Vojtech, 5, 6, 16, 205n, 206n Muraviev, Konstantin, 56, 66, 67, 68, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: 69, 95, 132 The Stalin Years (monograph), 5 Mushanov, Nikola, 19, 53–4, 56, 135 Mevius, Martin, 6, 206n Mussolini, Benito, 60 Michael, King of Romania, 134 Myant, Martin R., 4, 205n, 225n middle class in Bulgaria, 26, 29, 32–3, 37, 52, 58, Naimark, Norman, 5, 197, 205n, 74, 87, 94, 113, 135–7, 140, 225n 153, 161, 174, 189–90, 198–9, nationalism, 3, 6, 14, 20, 42, 46–9, 65, 203 68, 103, 112–14, 122, 145, 151, in other Eastern European 173, 177, 179, 187, 190, 195, countries, 32–3, 37, 113, 174, 197, 199 198–9 National Council see Fatherland Front 244 Index

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty in Bulgaria; United Organization), 22 States/America(n), and Bulgaria, Nazi Germany, 8, 47, 184 opposition parties and Bulgaria, 15, 17–20, 42, 44–5, in other Eastern European 48–9, 52–6, 58, 60–1, 63–5, countries, 4, 6, 113–7, 126, 67–8, 73–4, 114, 116, 140, 152 131–2, 141–2, 146, 196–201 Dimitrov, Georgi and, 19, 30–4, okoliia (district in Bulgaria), plural 52–4, 63, 67, 74, 185 okolii, 96, 148, 166 war with the Soviet Union, 10–11, Oxley, General W. H., 89, 119, 120 14, 18, 41–3, 45, 49, 52, 58, 63, 67–8, 73, 102, 113–4, 117, 140, Paris peace treaty negotiations, 145, 181–2 155, 157–8, 221n see also collective security; Pastuhov, Krustiu, 53, 88 Communist International, Pauker, Ana, 6, 206n Popular Front; Stalin, Joseph, Pavlov, Asen, 86, 100 and Hitler, and Nazi Germany; Pavurdzhiev, Vasil, 155, 221n Wehrmacht PB see Bulgarian communist party, NC see National Council Politburo Neikov, Dimitur, 88–9, 108, 129, 216n peace treaties, 21, 43, 76, 78, 114–7, NKID see Soviet commissariat/ministry 131–2, 137–8, 145, 147, 150–1, of foreign affairs 155–8, 160, 169–72, 175–6, 200, NKVD (Soviet commissariat of 217n internal affairs), 35 see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria, Northern Iran, 9 Bulgarian peace treaty; Bulgarian peace treaty; Paris Obbov, Alexander, 29, 100–1, 108, peace treaty negotiations; 111–12, 129, 132, 154–5, 166–7, Soviet Union/Soviet, and 215n Bulgaria, Bulgarian peace treaty; oblast (region in Bulgaria), plural United States/America(n), and oblasti, 72–3, 79, 83, 106, 108, Bulgaria, Bulgarian peace treaty 148, 153, 158–9, 166–8, 212n, peasants 213n, 216n, 221n, 222n, 223n in Bulgaria, 11, 26–9, 33–4, 50, Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 60, 52, 74, 80, 85–8, 103, 61, 213n 113–4, 131, 146, 153, 186–7, opposition parties 189–90, 198–9, 202–3, 207n, in Bulgaria see Britain/British, and 224n Bulgaria, opposition parties; in other Eastern European Bulgarian Agrarian National countries, 11, 33–4, 114, 146, Union – Nikola Petkov; 198–9 Bulgarian Workers’ Social in Russia, 37, 202 Democratic Party – United; Pelovsky, Pelo, 106 Bulgarian communist party, People’s Bloc, 29, 30, 85 democratic parties, relations people’s courts, 53, 79–80, 89, 92, with; Dimitrov, Georgi, and 94–6, 132, 140, 154 opposition parties in Bulgaria; People’s Democracy, 4, 8, 68, 125, Petkov, Nikola; Soviet 146, 174, 180 see also Bulgarian Union/Soviet, and Bulgaria, communist party, People’s opposition parties; Stalin, Democracy; Dimitrov, Georgi, Joseph, and opposition parties and People’s Democracy Index 245

‘percentages’ agreement see Churchill, postwar period see Second World War; Winston S., ‘percentages’ Stalin, Joseph, postwar world, agreement with Stalin views on Permanent Representation: an Potsdam Conference, 2, 113, 115–17, agrarian party standing body 127, 131, 217n responsible for day-to-day policy PR see Permanent Representation see Bulgarian Agrarian National Pravda (newspaper of the Soviet Union; Bulgarian Agrarian communist party), 63, 73, 136, National Union – Fatherland 170, 212n Front; Bulgarian Agrarian Prazmowska, Anita J., 5, 206n, 225n National Union – Nikola Petkov pre-war period see Second World War petite bourgeoisie/petit bourgeois see proletariat/proletarian see working lower middle class class Petkov, Nikola, 35, 53–4, 86, 100–1, purges/terror 105–13, 117–18, 124, 128, 130, in Bulgaria, 28, 34–5, 53, 70–3, 132, 135, 140, 154, 158–9, 163, 79–80, 89, 91–7, 99, 105–6, 108, 165–6, 168–72, 174, 187–9, 203, 127, 132, 139–41, 145, 154, 215n, 222n, 223n 148–9, 151–3, 162, 167, 169–72, see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria, 173–4, 178–80, 186, 188–9, Petkov, Nikola, trial of; 191–2, 196, 198–9, 202–3, Bulgarian Agrarian National 214–5 Union – Nikola Petkov; United in other Eastern European States/America(n), and Bulgaria, countries, 2, 6, 198–200, 202–3 Petkov, Nikola, trial of in the Soviet Union, 25, 34–5, 40, Petorka, 35 79, 82, 94–5, 178, 185, 202 Petrov, Georgi, 79, 95 see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria, Phillips, Morgan, 146 purges/terror; Bulgarian Piatnitsky, Iosif (Osip), 31 communist party, purges/terror; Pladne agrarians see Bulgarian Dimitrov, Georgi, and Agrarian National Union, Pladne purges/terror; people’s courts; group NKVD; Soviet Union/Soviet, Pleshakov, Constantine, 5, 6, 205n and Bulgaria, purges/terror; Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin, Joseph, and Stalin to Khrushchev purges/terror; United (monograph), 5 States/America(n), and Bulgaria, Poland, 4, 6, 11, 15–18, 44, 77, 116, purges/terror 176–7, 197–201 Poptomov, Vladimir, 81, 111 RC see Ruling Council Popular Front, 8, 11, 15, 23–5, 27–8, Red Army see Soviet army 31, 33–7, 39–40, 41–6, 48, 52, 69, regions (in Bulgaria) see oblast, oblasti 99, 126, 174, 180, 185, 188–9, resistance, anti-Nazi 191, 208n in Bulgaria, 11, 42, 45, 48–52, 63, see also Bulgarian communist 68, 70, 81–2, 187–8, 197, 199, party, Popular Front; 209n Communist International, in other European countries, 10–11, Popular Front; Dimitrov, 42, 50–1, 197, 199 Georgi, and the Popular Reynolds, Jaime, 4, 205n Front Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 19, 64, 211n Popzlatev, Petur, 154, 167 Ripka, Hubert, 4, 205n 246 Index

Romania, 4, 10, 15–8, 44, 49, 56–7, Democratic Party; Bulgarian 59–61, 65, 68, 75–7, 80, 114–16, Workers’ Social Democratic 118, 133, 138–40, 177, 197, Party – Fatherland Front; 198–200 Bulgarian Workers’ Social Roosevelt, Franklin D., 21, 59, 60, 61, Democratic Party – United 97, 98, 113, 182 Sofia, 8, 19, 28–9, 49–51, 54, 56–8, Ruling Council: an agrarian party 60–4, 70–2, 74, 81, 88, 90–1, body convened periodically to 93–4, 96, 100–1, 106, 112, 118, discuss party policy see Bulgarian 123, 129, 134–6, 139, 141–2, Agrarian National Union; 147–8, 153, 156–8, 163, 166–7, Bulgarian Agrarian National 171–2, 195, 205n, 206n, 207n, Union – Fatherland Front; 208n, 209n, 211n, 212n, 213n, Bulgarian Agrarian National 214n, 215n, 218n, 222n, 223n, Union – Nikola Petkov 224n Russia/Russian see Soviet Union/Soviet see also Bulgaria Soviet army, 10, 14, 18, 20, 42–3, Sargent, Sir Orme, 126, 137, 142, 45, 49–50, 56–9, 62–8, 70, 73–4, 218n, 219n 77–8, 80, 90–5, 100, 105, 108, ‘Stocktaking after V. E.-Day’ 114, 131, 134, 137, 145, 147, (memorandum, 11 July 1945), 151, 156, 169–70, 180, 186, 190, 98–9, 115–6, 215n, 217n 197, 219n Second Balkan War, 103 Soviet commissariat/ministry of Second World War, 1, 3–11, 14, 16, 18, foreign affairs, 9, 24, 111, 217n, 20–1, 23, 34, 37, 39–40, 41–50, 220n 52–60, 62, 64–5, 67–8, 70, 73–6, officials in, and envoys sent from, 78–9, 81, 83, 85–6, 89, 91–2, Moscow, 19, 43, 62–3, 74, 94–9, 102–3, 104–7, 113–15, 117, 105–6, 118, 123, 134–5, 138–9, 122, 127, 132, 140, 142, 152, 155, 140–3, 147, 191 174, 181–2, 184–5, 187–95, representatives in Bulgaria, 55, 58, 197–203, 205n, 206n, 207n, 62–3, 74, 86–7, 91, 94, 97, 103, 208n, 210n, 211n, 212n, 220n, 104–6, 109, 120–1, 135–6, 144, 224n, 225n 147, 154–5, 163, 190–1 see also Nazi Germany, war with the representatives in Britain, 23, 59 Soviet Union representative in Cairo, 61 security see Britain/British, and representatives in Turkey, 67 security; Stalin, Joseph, and Soviet see also Litvinov, Maxim; Molotov, security; United Viacheslav States/America(n), and security Soviet communist party (official Serbia, 58, 65 see also name: All-Union Communist Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Party (Bolsheviks) ) 5, 7, 9, 15, 24, Seton-Watson, Hugh, 99, 205n, 215n, 25, 26, 33, 36, 83, 136, 173, 179, 221n 183, 185, 187, 196, 201, 202, Simeon II, King of the Bulgarians, 54, 218n, 222n 155 International department of the Sivolobov, M., 73, 212n Central Committee, 42, 47–8, Sobolev, Arkady, 19 72, 135, 174, 177 social democratic parties, 14, 28, 32–3, Soviet Russia see Soviet Union/Soviet 36, 37, 39, 174, 183, 197–8 see Soviet Union/Soviet, 51–2, 87, 149, also Bulgarian Workers’ Social 160, 172, 205n, 206n, 207n, Index 247

Soviet Union/Soviet – continued military operations with respect 208n, 211n, 212n, 215n, 217n, to, 45, 49, 57–9, 65, 67–9, 218n, 219n, 220n, 221n, 222n, 77, 102 224n, 225n opposition parties, 113, 116–17, and the Balkans, 9–10, 45, 57–60, 124–6, 129–30, 135–6, 64–5, 67, 75–8, 113, 132–3, 138–44, 146–7, 157–8, 163–5, 142, 170 170–1, 189 and Bulgaria, 34–5, 36 postponement of Bulgarian Allied Control Commission for: parliamentary elections, organization and status of, August 1945, 117–27 75–8, 108, 114, 117, 145, purges/terror, 72, 79, 89, 92, 94–5, 147; activities of Soviet 100, 113, 151, 171 representatives on, 89, Soviet sphere of influence, 91, 93–4, 97, 103, 104–7, inclusion of Bulgaria in: in 109, 117–18, 120–3, the period of the Nazi-Soviet 129–30, 134, 144, 151, pact, 15, 17–20; after June 157, 191 1941, 44, 48–9, 58–60, 62, 69, Bulgarian armistice/exit from the 75–8, 137, 142, 145, 160, war, 10, 42, 43, 45, 49, 59–60, 162–3, 169–72, 173, 177, 61, 63, 65–8, 75–8, 89, 92, 94, 182–3, 192, 194–5, 199–202 102–3, 108, 192, 214n and communist parties outside the Bulgarian army, 65, 73, 77, Soviet Union, 13–5, 22–5, 27–8, 92–5 31–40, 41–2, 45–8 Bulgarian communist party, 9–10, and Eastern Europe, 1–7, 9–11, 22, 43, 49–50, 66–7, 69, 73–4, 13–18, 20–2, 39–40, 41–2, 44–5, 79, 82, 89–90, 93–5, 97, 49, 58, 77, 95, 97–9, 114, 99–100, 101, 102–3, 104–13, 116–8, 131, 135, 140, 146–7, 118–26, 128–44, 145–7, 151, 162, 169–74, 176–8, 180, 154, 157–8, 163–5, 170–1, 181–6, 191–6, 194–5, 197, 173–83, 186–92, 195–6, 199–202 199–201, 222n isolation, 13–5, 22–3, 36, 38–40, Bulgarian government, 170–1, 177, 184, 191 recognition of, 116, 118–19, London Council (conference) of 121–2 Foreign Ministers, Bulgarian peace treaty, 43, 115–16, September–October 1945, 145, 147, 156, 160, 175–6 128–9, 132 declaration of war on, 49, 56, Moscow Council (conference) of 67–8, 70 Foreign Ministers, December diplomatic relations with, 15, 1945, 128, 137–8 17–20, 45, 49, 54–5, 58, 62–8, implementation of the decisions of 118–9, 120–3, 144 the Moscow Council of Fatherland Front coalition, Foreign Ministers, 139–44, 157 53–4, 66–7, 69, 73–4, 79, and Nazi Germany 86–7, 100–1, 104–7, accommodation with, 11, 14, 109–11, 113, 116–17, 118–19, 16–24, 36 122, 125–7, 129–30, conflict with, 11, 13–4, 15–8, 20–2, 132–6, 138–44, 145–7, 151, 38–40, 41, 182, 184–5, 194 154–8, 163–5, 173–5, 179–80, war with see Nazi Germany, war 187–9 with the Soviet Union 248 Index

Soviet Union/Soviet – continued Soviet sphere of influence, policy-making, 1, 5, 7–8, 24, 63, inclusion of Bulgaria in 181, 190, 195 Stainov, Petko, 57, 102, 105, 107, centralization, 45, 190–1 119–24, 126–7, 135, 139, 140–1, conceptual and institutional gaps, 143, 214n, 218n, 220n 190–1 Staliiski, Alexander, 65 Dimitrov, Georgi and, 7–8, 24, Stalin, Joseph, 62, 83, 207n, 209n, 188, 190–1 211n, 215n, 218n, 220n, 222n, overlapping competencies, 190 223n, 224n see also Stalin, Joseph, policy- and the ‘Big Three’ (Roosevelt, making Churchill and Stalin), 20–1, postwar world, strategies for, 125, 182 43–5 and the Bulgarian communist party, Potsdam conference, 116–17 50–1, 55, 63, 69, 73–5, 79, 82, and the United States and Britain 94–5, 97, 100, 104, 109–13, cooperation with, 5–8, 11–12, 118–9, 122, 123–6, 128–9, 13–16, 20–4, 36, 38–40, 41–7, 134–6, 137–41, 144, 145–7, 151, 58–9, 61, 67–8, 69, 73, 75–79, 154, 158, 163–5, 170–1, 175–80, 89–91, 97–8, 102, 104, 109, 181–3, 186–92, 195–6, 199–200, 113–17, 123–6, 129, 132–3, 201, 222n 137–44, 144, 162, 170, 176, and Bulgarian-Yugoslav relations, 181–6, 191–6, 200–1 175–8 conflict with, 1–12, 13–6, 20–4, and collective security, 11, 13–16, 36–40, 58, 65, 67, 73, 75–7, 23–5, 38–40, 41, 184, 194, 206n 89–91, 97–9, 102–3, 104–5, and communism 107, 113–17, 129–30, 132–44, spread of, 32–3, 37–40, 43–5, 97, 151, 158, 162, 169–71, 124–6, 146–7, 176–7, 181–6, 173–4, 176–7, 181–6, 191–6, 193, 201–2 201–2 and the Communist International, Yalta conference/Yalta Declaration, 7, 8, 13, 23, 24, 25, 31–3, 36–40, 97–8 42, 45–8, 135, 188, 190–1 see also great powers; Moscow; and communist parties outside the Stalin, Joseph Soviet Union, 13, 22–5, 31–3, Spain, 14, 44 37–40, 41–2, 45–8 spheres of influence, 1–3, 6, 9–10, and the correlation of forces, 98, 14–22, 42, 44–5, 49, 58–60, 62–3, 176, 183 69, 75–8, 98, 104, 108, 113–16, and democracy, 13–14, 19, 20–4, 122–7, 140, 142, 145, 160, 162–3, 32–3, 36–40, 41, 44–7, 69, 73–4, 169–72, 173, 177, 181–6, 190–5, 79, 97–8, 100, 109–111, 113, 199–202 124–6, 129, 134–6, 138–41, 144, see also Britain/British, and Bulgaria, 146–7, 151, 154, 158, 162–5, Soviet sphere of influence, 170–1, 176–7, 180, 182–7, inclusion of Bulgaria in; Soviet 190–6, 199–203 Union/Soviet, and Bulgaria, and Dimitrov, Georgi, 7–9, 13, 16, Soviet sphere of influence, 19–21, 24–5, 31–3, 36–40, 41–2, inclusion of Bulgaria in; Stalin, 45–8, 50, 63, 66–7, 74, 97, 100, Joseph, and spheres of 118, 109, 134–5, 144, 146–7, influence; United 151, 154, 163–4, 170, 175–80, States/America(n), and Bulgaria, 185, 188, 190–1 Index 249

Stalin, Joseph – continued see also Soviet Union/Soviet, and the Fatherland Front coalition policy-making in Bulgaria, 53–4, 66–7, 73–4, postwar world, views on, 97–8, 89, 97, 100, 104, 109–11, 124–5, 140, 146–7, 181–6 118–19, 125–7, 136, 134–41, and purges/terror 144, 145–7, 151, 154, 158, in Bulgaria, 79, 89, 94–5, 113, 163–5, 173–5, 179–80 151, 171 and Hitler, Adolf in Eastern Europe, 95, 113, 186 Stalin’s views on, 20–1 in the Soviet Union, 25, 34–5, 40, see also Stalin, Joseph, and Nazi 79, 94–5, 178, 185 Germany and revolution, 6, 10–1, 13, 23–4, and ideology, 6, 8, 9–10, 12, 16, 21, 32–3, 37–8, 45, 73–5, 79, 104, 37–8, 97, 146–7, 170, 180, 146–7, 176–7, 184–5, 193 see 181–6, 190–4, 196 see also also Stalin, Joseph, and Marxism/Marxism–Leninism communism, spread of and the Marshall Plan, 170–1 and Soviet security, 13, 15–18, 38, and Nazi Germany 182, 184, 194, 200 see also Stalin, accommodation with, 11, 14, Joseph, and collective security 16–24, 37–8 and spheres of influence, 9–10, threat/attack from, 11, 13, 15–18, 16–22, 42, 44–5, 59–60, 62–3, 20–2, 38–40, 41, 182, 184–5, 69, 75–8, 104, 113, 123–7, 140, 194 145, 160, 162–3, 170–71, 177, see also Nazi Germany, war with 181–6, 190–4, 200–202 the Soviet Union; Stalin, and the United States and Britain Joseph, and Hitler, Adolf cooperation with, 11–12, 13–16, and opposition parties in Bulgaria, 20–4, 38–40, 41–7, 58–9, 69, 124–6, 139–41, 146, 163–5, 170–1 73, 75, 77, 79, 97–8, 104, 109, and pan-Slavism, 9, 140 123–6, 129, 133–4, 137–41, ‘percentages’ agreement see 144, 162, 170, 176, 181–6, Churchill, Winston S., 191–6, 200–1 ‘percentages’ agreement with conflict with, 11–12, 13–16, 20–4, Stalin 36–40, 66–7, 75, 89, 97, 104, policy-making, 5 113, 134–6, 139–41, 144, 151, ambiguity, 24–5, 191 158, 162, 170–1, 176–7, brutality see Stalin, Joseph, and 181–6, 191–6, 201–2 purges/terror see also individual entries; Soviet centralization, 45, 190 Union/Soviet crucial role in key decisions, 191 Stamboliiski, Alexander, 25, 26, 27, delegation, 7–8, 24–5 29, 85, 86, 105 dual policy, 16–7, 20–2, 69, 99, Stanchev, General Kiril, 152 140, 181–6, 191–4, 201–2 Stanishev, Alexander, 64–5 flexibility, 45, 69, 97, 100, 183–4, Steel, 58, 210n 191, 201 Stewart, D. L., 115, 217n, 219n heavy-handed decisions, 191 Stoianov, Petko, 102, 109, 112 inconsistency, 186, 192 Stoianov, Teniu, 71, 212n opportunism, 17–20, 67–8 SUC see Supreme Union Council ‘philosopher-king’ role, 193 Supreme Union Council: an agrarian pragmatism, 16, 45, 183, 201 party body convened periodically secrecy, 8 to elect a Ruling Council and a 250 Index

Supreme Union Council – continued United States/America(n), 47 Permanent Representaion see and the Balkans, 9–10, 57, 59–61, 64, Bulgarian Agrarian National 78, 113, 132–3, 142, 170, 206n Union; Bulgarian Agrarian and Britain National Union – Fatherland cooperation with, 1–3, 6, 9–10, Front; Bulgarian Agrarian 12, 43, 60, 76, 78, 91, 113–27, National Union – Nikola Petkov 132, 134, 138, 141–4, 145, Swain, Geoffrey, 196, 211n, 220n, 155–6, 160, 162, 169–72, 173, 224n 190–2, 195, 200–1 Swain, Nigel, 196, 211n, 224n disagreements with, 43, 60–1, 76, Szklarska Poreba (Poland) meeting 78, 91, 114–5, 125, 129–32, (1947), 173–4, 177 136–7, 157–8, 163, 192 and Bulgaria TASS (Soviet news agency), 74 Allied Control Commission for, Terpeshev, Dobri, 55, 81–2, 96, 101, 76–8, 91, 102, 108, 112, 114, 110, 150 117–24, 126, 130, 145, 170, terror see purges/terror 192, 200 Third Ukrainian Front see Soviet army American representatives in, 10, Thorez, Maurice, 38 89–91, 91, 97–8, 103–4, 107, Tito, Josip Broz/Titoist, 55, 77, 99, 114, 117–24, 126, 129–30, 109, 151, 175–9, 209n, 220n, 133, 135, 141–4, 156–7, 160, 224n see also Bled meeting; 162–3, 171–2, 192, 200–1, Bulgarian communist party, 214n, 215n, 217n, 218n, Yugoslav communists, relations 221n, 222n with; Dimitrov, Georgi, and the Bulgarian armistice/exit from the Yugoslav communists war, 10, 42, 45, 49, 59–8, Togliatti, Palmiro, 38 75–6, 78, 89, 102–3, 108, 192 Tolbuhin, Marshal Fedor, 151 Bulgarian communist party, Third Ukrainian Front (occupied 89–90, 107–8, 112–27, Bulgaria in 1944), 151 129–34, 135–9, 141–4, 145, Tollinton, 222n 155–8, 160, 162–3, 165–6, Tonchev, Stefan, 101, 102 169–70, 171–2, 175–6, 190–2, trade unions, 26, 32, 46, 84, 102, 148, 194–5, 200–1 150, 178 see also General Workers’ Bulgarian declaration of war on Professional Union the United States, 10, 42, 45, Traikov, Georgi, 167 49, 59, 76, 192 Trifonov, T., 154, 167, 221n Bulgarian government, Tripartite Pact, 19, 48, 65, 79, 95 recognition and demands for Truman, Harry S., 113, 114 reorganization of, 114, 116, Truman Doctrine (1947), 10, 169, 170 122, 131–2, 137–9, 142–4, Turkey, 10, 19, 22, 44, 60, 61, 62, 65, 76, 155–8, 163, 169–72, 175–6, 116, 137, 142, 169, 175, 200, 211n 200 Bulgarian peace treaty, 76, 78, united front, 27–8, 33, 188 see also 114–7, 131–2, 137–8, 145, Bulgarian communist party, 155–8, 160, 169–72, 200 united front; Communist diplomatic relations with, 10, 42, International, united front; 49, 58, 60–3, 65–8, 89, 108, Dimitrov, Georgi, and the united 114–22, 124–7, 129, 131–2, front 137–9, 141–4, 145, 155–8, Index 251

United States/America(n) – continued States and Britain; Stalin, 160, 163, 169–72, 173, 175, Joseph, and the United States 192, 200–1 and Britain Fatherland Front coalition, 89–91, State Department, 67, 78, 90–1, 98, 98, 103, 104, 107–9, 112–13, 114–5, 119–20, 126, 130, 133, 129–30, 133–4, 135–9, 141–4, 135, 142–3, 156, 171, 217n see 145, 155–8, 160 also Byrnes, James F.; Marshall, military operations with respect George C. to, 57–8, 60–1, 64–5, 69, 77, Yalta conference/Yalta Declaration, 102, 200 97–8, 103, 114, 117, 134, 182 opposition parties, 104, 113–27, see also great powers; Roosevelt, 129–34, 135–8, 141–4, 145, Franklin D.; Truman, Harry S.; 155–8, 160, 162–3, 165–6, Washington, D.C.; Western 168–72, 173, 190–2, 195, powers 200–1 USSR see Soviet Union/Soviet Petkov, Nikola, trial of, 169–72 postponement of Bulgarian Velchev, Colonel, later General parliamentary elections, Damian, 57, 72–3, 91–4, 102, 105, August 1945, 117–27 107, 141, 150–2, 156, 169 purges/terror, 2, 6, 89, 151, 171–2 and Decree No. 4, 91–4 Soviet sphere of influence, Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 43 inclusion of Bulgaria in, 22, Vrabcha agrarians see Bulgarian 59, 69, 75–8, 98, 108, 114–5, Agrarian National Union, Vrabcha 142, 145, 160, 162–3, 169–72, group 173, 190–2, 194–5, 200–202 Vyshinsky, Andrei, 60, 62–3, 106, 118, containment, policy of, 2, 22, 123, 134, 139–40, 142–3, 211n, 162–3, 169, 201–2 212n, 216n, 217n, 218n, 219n and democracy, 1–3, 6–7, 10, 20–4, 44, 90–1, 97–9, 113–27, 130–9, Warner, F., 157, 158, 221n 141–4, 145, 151, 155–8, 160, Washington, D.C., 22, 49, 62, 97–8, 162–3, 165–6, 168–72, 171–2, 115, 119–20, 126, 129–31, 143, 173, 176, 181–4, 190–6, 200–2 163, 170, 217n, 218n, 222n and Eastern Europe see Western see also United States/America(n) powers and Eastern Europe Wehrmacht, 21, 49, 63–4, 95 see also and ideology, 6, 172, 192, 200 Nazi Germany London Council (conference) of Western powers (United States, Foreign Ministers, Britain, France), 1, 4, 9–10, 20–1, September–October 1945, 23, 41–3, 45, 49, 58, 63, 65–6, 128–9, 131–2 68–9, 75, 79, 89–90, 104, 108, Moscow Council (conference) of 113, 116–18, 123–4, 128, 132, Foreign Ministers, December 144–5, 158, 162–3, 172–3, 182–3, 1945, 128, 137–8 191–2, 194, 200 implementation of the decisions and Eastern Europe, 1–4, 6, 10, 22, of the Moscow Council of 44–5, 58, 77, 95, 97–9, 100, Foreign Ministers, 141–44 104, 114–7, 160, 162, 169–72, Potsdam conference, 113–7 176–7, 191–5, 200–2 and security, 10, 76, 142, 177, 200–2 see also Britain/British; France; and the Soviet Union see Soviet United States/America(n) Union/Soviet, and the United Winant, John, 76, 78, 212n, 213n 252 Index workers see working class Zorin, Valentin, 62, 211n, 212n Workers’ Youth League see Bulgarian Zveno, 50–2, 56, 219n, 220n communist party, youth wing communist attacks on, and working class manipulation of, 91–4, in Bulgaria, 4, 27, 32–4, 37–8, 43, 99–100, 102, 105–6, 112, 47, 50, 52, 74, 80–2, 85, 87, 88, 124, 133, 153–4, 157, 146–7, 150, 153, 180, 188–9, 167, 169 198, 203, 216n conflicts within, 88, 153–4, 167 in other Eastern European consolidation and growth, 87–8, countries, 4, 32–4, 37–8, 43, 47, 152–3 88, 146–7, 180, 198, 203 coups see coups, in Bulgaria in Russia, 33, 37, 184, 202 electoral representation in Western European countries, 26, in the joint Fatherland Front 32–4, 37–8, 43, 47, 87, 146–7, electoral lists in 1945, 112 185 in the proposed joint Fatherland World War I see First World War Front electoral lists in 1946, World War II see Second World War 154–5 WYL see Workers’ Youth League in the October 1946 elections, 159–60, 162–3 Yalta conference/Yalta Declaration, 2, government participation 97, 98, 99, 103, 114, 117, 118, in 1934–5, 29–30, 34–5, 54 134, 142, 182 after 9 September 1944, 57, 72, Yugoslavia/Yugoslav, 9–11, 44, 48, 50–2, 91–4, 99–100, 102–3, 105–6, 57, 60, 67, 75–9, 95, 99, 116, 118, 119–24, 126 128–9, 135–6, 141, 151, 154, 174–9, 197, 199 141, 143–4, 149–52, 156–8, see also Bled meeting; Bulgarian 164–5 communist party, Yugoslav Izgrev (party newspaper), 152–3 communists, relations with; movement towards autonomy, 153, Dimitrov, Georgi, and the 167 Yugoslav communists; Serbia; Stalin’s views/moves with respect Tito, Josip Broz/Titoist to, 100, 118–19, 122, 139–41, Yugov, Anton, 81, 93, 111, 139, 223n 144, 151, 154, 164–5 Yurukov, Vasil, 154, 167 weakness, 167 youth wing, 153 Zhdanov, Andrei, 38, 173–4, 178, Zubok, Vladislav M., 5, 6, 205n 223n, 224n Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From zones of influence see spheres of Stalin to Khrushchev influence (monograph), 5