A Rtigo De R Evisão

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A Rtigo De R Evisão ANÁLISE DAS IDEIAS DE A. I. MIKHAILOV SOBRE O IMPACTO E A UTILIZAÇÃO DAS NOVAS TECNOLOGIAS NA CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO (1977-1986) Roberto Lopes dos Santos Junior Doutor em Ciência da Informação Professor da Faculdade de Arquivologia Universidade Federal do Pará [email protected] de Revisão Artigo Resumo Análise das ideias do pesquisador soviético Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailov (1905-1988) sobre as novas tecnologias e seu papel e impacto na sociedade contemporânea e na Ciência da Informação. A pesquisa baseou-se em levantamento bibliográfico e revisão de literatura em periódicos russos, norte-americanos e europeus, centralizados na produção bibliográfica de Mikhailov, no período entre 1977 e 1986. Inicialmen- te, o artigo fez breve análise histórica sobre o desenvolvimento da Ciência da Informação e da Ciência da computação na antiga União Soviética. Posteriormente, o trabalho discorreu sobre a abordagem de Mi- khailov sobre as novas tecnologias, apresentando aspectos teóricos sobre a relação da Ciência da Informa- ção com essas tecnologias, e dos projetos e iniciativas de automação e mecanização da informação cientí- fica na antiga União Soviética. A pesquisa identificou que a abordagem de Mikhailov a essas temáticas mostrou-se coerente e apresentou consistência, mesmo que, em algumas partes, tenha-se percebido um inevitável envelhecimento. Palavras-chave A. I. Mikhailov. Novas tecnologias. Informatika / Ciência da Informação. 1 INTRODUÇÃO termos de estudo da informação em âmbito internacional (SANTOS JUNIOR; PI- O campo de estudo relacionado à NHEIRO, 2010). Ciência da Informação na antiga União das Em relação ao setor ligado aos com- Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS), putadores e a automação na URSS, sua his- apresentada nesse país pela nomenclatura tória evidencia tanto as potencialidades Informatika, possuiu três fases distintas de quanto os problemas do campo tecnológico evolução e desenvolvimento: primeiramente naquele país durante a chamada Guerra Fria, com as medidas tomadas pelo líder bolche- período de disputa ideológica com os Esta- vique Vladimir Lênin na construção de um dos Unidos da América (EUA) em busca de sistema de informação no país, entre 1918 a poderio político, econômico e militar. 1922, passando por sua consolidação nas O país mostrou pioneirismo na pro- décadas de 1960 e 1970 e por um período de dução de computadores – foi o terceiro a reestruturação e reorganização no final dos construir um modelo, depois dos EUA e anos 1980. Essa iniciativa pode ser conside- Inglaterra – e tinha um campo em ciência da rada como uma das mais importantes em computação independente e solidificado no Ci. Inf. Rev., Maceió, v. 2, n. 3, p. 15-28, set./dez. 2015 15 Roberto Lopes dos Santos Junior final da década de 1960. Por outro, o Partido ção intelectual, devido à sua formação em Comunista soviético, após 1968, influencia- engenharia e pela carreira bem-sucedida em do por fatores internos (controle do campo projetos ligados a caças soviéticos durante as científico do país) e externos (custos advin- décadas de 1940 e 1950, foi somente na fase dos da corrida armamentista), adotou políti- final de sua produção bibliográfica, a partir cas de cópia e clonagem de modelos ociden- da segunda metade dos anos 1970, que o tais para os equipamentos produzidos pela autor focaria sua análise no impacto e influ- URSS (MALINOVISKY, 2010; GERO- ência das novas tecnologias automatizadas, VITCH, 2015). Como resultado, segundo não somente na Ciência da Informação, mas Graham (1998), a automação soviética, no também na sociedade contemporânea. fim do sistema comunista, no início da dé- A presente pesquisa, a partir de le- cada de 1990, “foi um exemplo do fracasso vantamento bibliográfico e revisão de litera- do país em conseguir seguir por um cami- tura em periódicos russos, norte-americanos nho independente”. e da Europa ocidental, analisou a produção Tanto a Ciência da Computação bibliográfica de A. I. Mikhailov, entre 1977 e quanto a Informatika, durante a existência da 1986, em que foram discutidos aspectos URSS, mantiveram relação e contato, sendo teóricos e práticos das novas tecnologias que profissionais e institutos de ambas as automatizadas da informação. O trabalho áreas participaram de projetos em conjunto, objetivou discutir e apresentar dados sobre além de publicarem suas pesquisas em peri- como um dos principais nomes ligados à ódicos das duas disciplinas (CHERNYI, Ciência da Informação abordou temáticas 2012). O conceito Informatika relacionado a relacionadas à automação da informação uma área que estuda, organiza e dissemina a científica, tema esse, a partir da visão sovié- informação científica, não somente foi aceito tica, pouco presente na produção teórica de pelos profissionais ligados à ciência da com- pesquisadores brasileiros. O período esco- putação, como alguns deles, ao apresentarem lhido justifica-se por não terem sido encon- seus trabalhos para países fora da orbita tradas pesquisas, seja no âmbito brasileiro ou soviética, frisavam a diferença entre o con- no exterior, discutindo essa produção “tardi- ceito Informática utilizado no ocidente pelo a” de Mikhailov, e as ideias e os conceitos assimilado na URSS (AGAMIRZIAN, apresentados nesses trabalhos. 1991). Inicialmente o artigo fez breve análise Entre diferentes pesquisadores, um histórica sobre o desenvolvimento da Ciên- nome de destaque que permitiu e estimulou cia da Informação e da Ciência da Computa- a troca informacional entre essas duas áreas ção na antiga URSS. Posteriormente, o tra- foi o diretor e coordenador do principal balho discorreu sobre a abordagem de Mi- órgão de pesquisa em Ciência da Informação khailov acerca das novas tecnologias, apre- na URSS, o Instituto Estatal de Informação sentando respectivamente aspectos teóricos Cientifica e Técnica (VINITI), e por duas referentes à relação da Ciência da Informa- vezes vice-diretor da Federação Internacio- ção com as novas tecnologias, e aos projetos nal de Documentação (FID), Alexander e às iniciativas de automação e mecanização Ivanovich Mikhailov (1905-1988). Além de da informação científica na antiga União seu papel proeminente na Ciência da Infor- Soviética. mação soviética, Mikhailov foi dos teóricos que mais contribuíram para a discussão de 2 CIÊNCIA DA INFORMA- questões sobre a produção e a gestão da ÇÃO/INFORMATIKA NA ANTIGA informação científica, não só na então União UNIÃO SOVIÉTICA: BREVE HISTÓ- Soviética, mas de parte considerável do ex- RICO tinto bloco socialista (SANTOS JUNIOR, 2011). A antiga União Soviética, a partir da Apesar das tecnologias da informa- década de 1950, viu o desenvolvimento e a ção sempre terem feito parte de sua produ- consolidação do que viria a ser denominado Ci. Inf. Rev., Maceió, v. 2, n. 3, p. 15-28, set./dez. 2015 16 Análise das Ideias de A. I. Mikhailov sobre o Impacto e a Utilização das Novas Tecnologias na Ciência da Informação (1977-1986) de “sistema de informação científica”, que se “Informatika: um novo nome para a teoria manteve até início dos anos 1990. Entre da informação científica”. Nesse artigo, os 1951 e 1960, foram criadas aproximadamen- autores apontavam o surgimento de uma te 1.861 unidades de informação, que visa- nova disciplina, denominada Informatika, que vam suprir organizações e indústrias com foi apresentada como: material científico (CHERNYI; GILYARE- VISKYI; KOROTKEVICH, 1993) e, a par- Disciplina científica que estuda a tir de 1954, implantados institutos e comitês estrutura e as propriedades (não de informação científica e técnica nas repú- especificamente o conteúdo) da in- blicas soviéticas, com o objetivo de apoiar formação científica, assim como as leis que regem as atividades ligadas seus governos com informações que dessem à informação científica, sua teoria, suporte às suas decisões econômicas e admi- história, metodologias e organiza- nistrativas (GILYAREVISKYI, 1999). ção. O objetivo da Informatika é O principal órgão de pesquisa e es- desenvolver métodos e meios efici- tudo sobre a informação na União Soviética entes de registro, processamento foi o VINITI, mencionado anteriormente. analítico sintético, armazenamento, Apesar de não ter sido o único instituto que recuperação e disseminação da in- realizou esse tipo de atividade no país, foi formação científica (MIKHAI- uma espécie de “órgão central”, que coorde- LOV, 1967a, p. 241). nou a maior parte das pesquisas e projetos ligados à Ciência da Informação, tanto na Seria a partir desse trabalho, que se URSS como em grande parte do antigo blo- consolidaria a nomenclatura e disciplina In- co socialista. Instituído em junho de 1952, formatika (Informát [informação] + ika [au- participou de diversos projetos em diferen- tomática ou automação]), que definiu a Ci- tes campos científicos, muitos relacionados à ência da Informação no país até a dissolução utilização de novas tecnologias no armaze- da URSS, em 1991 (SANTOS JUNIOR, namento e disseminação da informação, 2010). alguns em convênio com outros órgãos ou Cita-se também a criação do primei- institutos soviéticos. Entre 1975 e 1980, o ro curso de pós-graduação, estruturado es- VINITI chegou ao número de aproximada- pecificamente para a informação científica, mente 20 mil funcionários trabalhando na em 1959, no VINITI. No início dos anos instituição quando atingiu, segundo alguns 1970, as principais linhas de pesquisa dessa autores, seu ápice (CHERNYI; GILYARE- pós se dividiam em três: Informação científica e VISKYI, 2002). técnica; Técnicas de computação e Linguagem mate- No campo teórico, a partir da década
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