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O'zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Va O'rta O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI QARSHI DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI FIZIKA-MATEMATIKA FAKULTETI “AMALIY MATEMATIKA VA INFORMATIKA” KAFEDRASI INFORMATIKA VA AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI FANIDAN MA’RUZALAR MATNI Tuzuvchi: o‘q. R.Pirova QARSHI-2015 1 MA`RUZA – 1 Mavzu: Informatika va axborot texnologiyalar fanining mazmuni Darsning maqsadi: Talabalarga fanning premeti va vazifasi. Axborot, axborot turlari, axborotni saqlash, qayta ishlash va uzatish usullari haqida tushuncha berish. Reja: 1. Axborotning jamiyat, ishlab chiqarish va fandagi o’rni. 2. Axborotni yig’ish, saqlash va ishlov berishning yangi texnologiyasi. 3. Axborot turlari. Axborotlarni kompyuterda tasvirlash usullari. 4. Fanning predmeti va vazifasi. Tayanch iboralar: informatika, axborot texnologiyalari, kompyuter, bayt, bit, sanoq sistemasi Axborotning jamiyat, ishlab chiqarish va fandagi o’rni Insoniyat o’zining rivojlanishi tarixi mobaynida modda, quvvat va axoborotlarni o’zlashtirib kelgan. Bu rivojlanishning butun bir davrlari shu bosqichning ilg’or texnologiyasi nomi bilan atalgan. Masalan: "tosh asr" - mehnat quroli yasash uchun toshga ishlov berish texnologiyasini egallash bosqichi, "kitob chop etish asri" - axborotlarni tarqatishning yangi usulini o’zlashtirish bosqichi, "elektr asri" - quvvatning yangi turlarini o’zlashtirish bosqichi shular jumlasidandir. Bundan 20-30 yillar ilgari "atom asri" boshlandi deyilgan bo’lsa, hozirgi kunda "axborot asri", "kompyuter asri" deb aytiladi. Axborot - so’zi lotincha «informatio» so’zidan kelib chiqqan bo’lib, tushuntirish, tanishtirish, bayon etish degan ma’noni anglatadi. Axborotning o’zini esa biror obyekt, atrof-muhitni ma’lum bo’lagi yoki ma’lum jarayon haqidagi, aniqmaslik darajasini kamaytiradigan belgilar (parametrlar), tafsilotlar yo’riqlar va h.k. majmuasi deyish mumkin. O’z navbatida xabar axborotni tasvirlash formasi bo’lib, u nutq, matn, tasvir, grafik, jadval, videotasvir, tovush va h.k. ko’rinishida ifodalanadi. Umuman, zamonaviy mazmunda olganda - axborot bu odamlar orasidagi, odamlar bilan jonli va jonsiz tabiat, xususan EHM orasidagi ma’lumot almashinuvi bo’lib, keng ma’nodagi ilmiy tushunchadir. Informatika va axborot texnologiyalari fanining kelib chiqishi, uning uch tarkibiy qismi algoritm, dastur va hisoblash vositalari, kompyuterning paydo bo’lishi va rivojlanishi bilan bog’liq. XIX asr oxiri, XX asr boshlarida fanlarning yangi yo’nalishlarining paydo bo’lishi, ishlov berish uchun zarur bo’lgan axborotlar hajmining keskin oshib ketishiga olib keldi. XX asr o’rtalarida yaratilgan axborotlarga avtomatik ishlov berish qurilmalari-elektron hisoblash mashinalar katta hajmdagi axborotlarni saqlab turish va tezlikda ishlov berish imkoniyatini tug’dirdi. Buning natijasida esa murakkab ilmiy-texnik masalalarni (atom energetikasi, kosmosni 2 o’zlashtirish, ob-havo bashorati, ishlab chiqarishni avtomatlashtirilgan boshqarish, avtomatlashtirilgan loyihalash va x.k.) yechish, ularni tahlil qilish mumkin bo’lib qoldi. Elektron hisoblash teхnikalarining paydo bo‘lishi va rivojlanishi kishilik jamiyatida aхborotni qayta ishlash va ulardan kerakli maqsadlarda foydalanish borasida tub burilish yasadi. Inson faoliyati sohasida bunday axborot inqilobiga asos bo‘lgan fan informatika deb ataldi. Informatika atamasi lotincha informatic so‘zidan kelib chiqqan bo‘lib, хabar qilish, tushuntirish, bayon etish degan ma’nolarni anglatadi. Informatikaning mustaqil fan sifatida ajralib chiqishi, birinchi navbatda, elektron hisoblash mashinalari, keyinchalik, kompyuter teхnikasining rivojlanishi bilan bog‘liqdir. Informatikaning fan sifatidagi vazifalari, imkoniyatlari juda ko‘p qirrali va har doim o‘zgaruvchan xususiyatga ega. Shu sababli aniq bir ta’rifni berish qiyin. Barcha xususiyatlarini umumlashtirgan holda, informatika faniga zamonaviy tusda faqat nisbiy “ta’rif”larnigina berish mumkin: Ta’rif Informatika – bu kompyuter yordamida aхborotni qayta ishlash va undan foydalanish jarayonlari bilan bog‘liq qonuniyatlarni o‘rganuvchi fandir. Informatika - insoniyat faoliyatining bir sohasi bo’lib, axborotlarni hosil qilish, saqlash va kompyuter yordamida qayta ishlash, shu bilan bir qatorda tadbiq muhiti bilan o’zaro bog’liq bo’lgan jarayonlarning aloqadorliklarini o’z ichiga oladigan ko’nikma va vositalar tizimidir. Olamdagi har bir jonli va jonsiz mavjudot makonda va zamonda o’zgarib turadigan modda va quvvat ko’rinishda namoyon bo’ladi. Modda va quvvat dunyoning ikki muhim mazmuni, ikki muhim tarkibiy qismidir. Lekin borliqning mavjud bo’lishi va bilishning yana bir muhim va zarur mazmuni bor, bu ham bo’lsa axborotdir. Axborot umumiy ta‘rifga ega bo’lmagan imperik tushuncha bo’lib, axborot nima degan savolga, falsafa fani bizni o’rab turgan borliqning ifodasi deb tushuntirsa, axborotlardan amalda foydalanuvchilar axborot bu saqlanish, shakl o’zgartirish va uzatish mumkin bo’lgan ashyo (ob‘ekt) deb tushuntiradi. Ta’rif Atrofimizni o’rab turgan borliq haqidagi bilimlar yoki har qanday ma‘lumotlar axborot deb ataladi. Axborot odamlar bir-biriga og’zaki, yozma yoki boshqa usulda (shartli signallar, texnika vositalari yordamida) beriladigan ma‘lumot, shuningdek ularni berish va olish jarayonidir. Axborot ayirboshlash nafaqat odamlar o’rtasida, balki odam bilan kompyuter, kompyuter bilan kompyuter o’rtasidagi ma‘lumotlarni, hayvonlar va o’simliklar o’rtasidagi xabar (signal) almashinishi yoki to’qimadan to’qimaga, organizmdan organizmga irsiy va boshqa alomatlar orqali o’tish ko’rinishida sodir bo’lishi mumkin. Axborot bu - aniq va amalda ishlatiladigan xabardir. Berilganlar esa - xabarlar, kuzatishlarni o’z ichiga oladi. Biror zarurat bo’yicha, masalan, narsa to’g’risidagi bilimimizni oshirish paytida u axborotga aylanadi. Axborotning amalda qo’llanilish zaruriy sharti, o’z vaqtidaligi va adekvatligidir. Adekvatlik olingan axborot asosida qurilgan obrazning haqiqiy obyektga qanchalik mosligini beradi va quyidagicha ifodalanadi: 3 Sintaktik adekvatlilik - axborotni uzatish tezligi, aniqligi, kodlashtirish tizimi, tashqi ta’sirlarning mavjudligi va shu kabi jarayonlardan iborat. Semantik adekvatlilik - uzatiladigan axborotning ma’naviy tarkibi, obyekt obraziga va haqiqiy ko’rinishiga mos kelishi hisobga olinadi. Pragmatik adekvatlilik - olingan axborotning asosiy boshqariladigan jarayon bilan mos kelishini belgilaydi. Xozirgi kunda axborot juda katta ahamiyatga ega. Inson o’z faoliyatining hamma sohalarida axborotlarni qayta ishlaydi: yangi ma‘lumotlarni (ro’znoma, kitob, havo mavjlari, televizor, o’zaro fikr almashinish orqali) oladi; kundalik hayotda oldindan ma‘lum axborotlarni ishlatadi; yangi axborotlar yaratadi (fanda, adabiyotda, san‘atda). Qishloq xo’jaligi, sanoat yoki maishiy xizmat sohalari axborotni qayta ishlash bilan bog’liq bo’lgan inson faoliyatining asosiy sohasi emas, lekin fan, siyosat, boshqarish, san‘at asosiy sohalardan hisoblanadi. Insonning o’zi katta hajmdagi axborotlarni qayta ishlay olmaydi, unga kompyuter yordamga keladi. Axborotni yig’ish, saqlash va ishlov berishning yangi texnologiyasi. Kompyuterning paydo bo’lishi jamiyat rivojlanishida inqilobiy o’zgarishlarga sabab bo’ldiki, insonga axborotni yig’ish, saqlash va ishlov berish bilan bog’liq bo’lgan aqliy mehnatni avtomatlashtirish imkonini berdi. Bu xildagi jarayonlarni avtomatlashtirish iqtisodiy-tashkiliy tizimlarga, texnologik jarayonlarni boshqarishga, loyihalar tuzish, ilmiy izlanishlar, o’qish-o’rganish va boshqa sohalarga kirib bordi. Shunday qilib, ilmiy-texnik rivojlanishning asosiy yo`nalishi paydo bo’ldi. Kiritish-chiqarish qurilmalari bilan ta‘minlangan kompyuterlar katta hajmdagi axborotlarni yig’ib, xotirada saqlab turishi va kerak bo’lganda katta tezlikda kerakli axborotni berishi mumkin. Masalan: 100 Mbaytli disk o’zida O’zbekiston Qomusining 25 tomini saqlay oladi, uni o’qib olish uchun esa 1 minut vaqt kifoya. Axborot texnologiyasi deganda, hajmi oshib borayotgan axbor oqimini yig’ish, saqlab turish, ishlov berish va uzatishni kompyuterlar yordamida amalga oshiradigan usullar majmuasi tushuniladi. Ushbu usullarni turli ko’rinishda ishlatilishi insonga zarur axborotlarni olish uchun kompyuter bilan muloqatda bo’lishni taqozo etadi. Axborotlarni qayta ishlashning yangi texnologiyalari yordami bilan jahonning turli burchaklaridagi kitobxonalardan foydalanish, ilmiy anjumanlarda qatnashish, soha mutaxassislaridan maslahatlar olish, fikr almashinish va boshqa ishlarni amalga oshirish mumkin. Jamiyat rivojiga yordam berishi uchun shaxsiy kompyuterlar moddiy va ma‘naviy boyliklar ishlab chiqishning turli sohalariga jadal kirib bormoqda. Kompyuter deganda, axborotlar va hisoblashlarni algoritm asosida ishlov berishni tezlashtiradigan yoki avtomatik tarzda amalga oshiradigan qurilma tushuniladi. Informatika va axborot texnologiyalari esa axborotlarni kompyuter yordamida ishlov berishni o’rganadi. Hammaga ma‘lumki kompyuter hisoblashlarni avtomatlashtirish vositasidir. U keng ko’lamdagi masalalarni: fan, texnika, tibbiyot, aloqa va boshqalarni hisoblashda ishlatiladi. Axborot turlari. Axborotlarni kompyuterda tasvirlash usullari Axborotni abstrakt tushunchalar, masalan matematik formulalar qatoriga qo`yish mumkin, har doim moddiy-quvvat shaklida fizik asosga ega bo’lgan holda namoyon bo’ladi va shuning uchun ham uni o’lchash 4 imkoni mavjud. Uzunlik, massa, vaqt, tok va boshqalarni o’lchash uchun asboblar va o’lchash usullari o’ylab topilgan. Turli xildagi hodisa va ashyolarning vaqt va fazodagi holati fizik kattaliklar bilan aniqlanadi. Fizik kattaliklar turli qiymatlar qabul qilishi mumkin. Ma‘lum bir to`plamda
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