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Water Resource Conflict in Kenya: the Case of Turkwel Dam and Pokot-Turkana Relations, 1984-2015

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Water Resource Conflict in Kenya: the Case of Turkwel Dam and Pokot-Turkana Relations, 1984-2015 Faculty of Arts, Department of History MA Project Water Resource Conflict in Kenya: The Case of Turkwel Dam and Pokot-Turkana Relations, 1984-2015 By Andreas Nandelenga Submitted in partial fulfilment of Master of Arts in Armed Conflict and Peace Studies University of Nairobi 2019 DECLARATION This is my original work and has not been submitted for an award of a degree either in any University or any other institution. Signed _____________________________ Date ________________________ Andreas Nandelenga C50/78008/2015 This project has been submitted for an examination with our approval as University supervisors. Dr. KENNETH S. OMBONGI Signature:…………………….. Date:…………………………. Dr. MARGARET GACHIHI Signature:…………………….. Date:…………………………. ii DEDICATION To my beloved mother Julia Mukoya Nandelenga, late father Timothy Nandelenga and late brother Joseph Nandelenga. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my thanks, first and foremost, to the almighty God for walking me through this work. Secondly, I would like to thank the University of Nairobi, through the Department of History and Archaeology for granting me an opportunity to take my studies. Special thanks to my two supervisors Dr. Kenneth S. Ombongi and Dr. Margaret Gachihi without whom this project could not have been completed. They constantly mentored; panel beat, corrected and encouraged me through this academic process. I cannot forget to thank all the academic staff members of the Department of History who made my studies possible. I wish to particularly thank Dr. George Gona, Dr. Ben Nyanchoga, Dr. Misigo, Prof Vincent Simiyu and other members of academic and non-academic staff for their kind assistance. My gratitude to Dr. Solomon Owoche, Dr. Ben Mutsotso, Dr. X.N. Iraki and family, Dr. Joseph Situma, Dr. Godwin Siundu, Mr. Isaac Were, Mr. David Masika, Mr. Joseph Ogutu Owino, Mr Justus Ondigi, Mr Moses Ndung’u and Mr. Jarred Maeri. Special thanks to my girlfriend, Acquillers Juma for her unrelenting support. Above all I am indebted to the chair of department, Dr. Mary Mwiandi for devoting her time and finances to assist me. May God bless her. I want to thank Water and Society (WaSo)-Africa fellowship for the research grant and two months fellowship opportunity in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa University. The WaSo fraternity, in particular, Prof, Aduda, Prof. Mutua, Prof. Yacub Arsano, Dr. Mary Mwiandi, Dr. Arka Abota and last but not least, Mrs. Elsa Murunga. I wish to thank all my classmates in particular James Osodo, Galgallo Yattani Dida, Isaiah Masolo and Shadrack Kering for their support. I want to thank Principal Criminal Registrar Mr. Patrick Mutua Ndunda and Inspector Felix William Okinei for their security advice during my research period both in Turkana and Pokot counties. I sincerely wish to thank the efforts of my family and relatives especially my mother Julia Mukoya, sisters, Mary Khayongo and Carolyne Nanzala and brothers, Henry Nandelenga, late Joseph Nandelenga, Edward Nandelenga, Johnstone Nandelenga and Jeremiah Nandelenga for having supported and encouraged me both psychologically and financially throughout my studies. iv ABSTRACT Despite the many recent studies on resource conflict, its effect on community livelihoods, relations and security, these studies, mainly, focus on the link between conflict and the consequent inefficient natural resource utilization, dismal economic development as well as the decline of state hegemony in matters security. The current project was, fundamentally, consistent to this trend, given that its aim was to augment the extant understanding of resource-based conflicts, intercommunity relations and state patronage. The study examined the Pokot-Turkana inter-ethnic relations using the Turkwel Hydro-electric Dam (THD) as the central arena to illustrate the relationship binary of conflict and cooperation between the two neighbouring communities. Consequently, in this project, I argue that, before the dam, Pokot and Turkana only fought between the months of April and June. This is the period each community has enough pasture and healthy livestock. The study refers to it as the rain period. Secondly, as its immediate impacts, the construction of the Turkwel Hydroelectric dam dried up the river in the downstream; it displaced many people1although in the same period it created casual or short term manual jobs for the locals and thirdly, both locally and internationally, the dam became a new field in Kenya on which there featured hydro-politics, state patronage and conflict which was later influenced by the installation of the Safaricom communication booster for staff and locals but instead embraced by the ngoroko (warriors from both Turkana and Pokot) to acquire more mulika mwizi (simple mobile phone). The research concludes that the state hegemony was missing in the region. Despite the fact that the Pokot and Turkana areas such as Turkwel, Kakong, Ombolion, Kasei, Kainuk, Lami nyeusi and Lorogon were regarded as insecure, people relied on the ngoroko for protection and security. The irony is that ngoroko were blamed by state and some faction of local people for chaos and insecurity in the region. I further conclude that in academic sector, it is the Catholic Church which took over the provision of basic needs to the Pokot and Turkana people. In essence this took away the two communities sovereignty and instead created dependant mentality on the church to provide education and food while the ngoroko provided security. Therefore, due to the breadth of this debate in regard to the cooperation and conflict over resources, there is need for more studies to shed light on possible answers to the challenges the two communities face. 1 Nyamai, F. (2013 Oct 31).Steeped in controversy, dam gobbled up 20 billion, five times more than the initial budget. Daily Nation. p.17. v TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................ vi MAP OF THE STUDY AREA ................................................................................................... viii OPERETIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................... ix LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the research problem ............................................................................................4 1.3 Research questions. ...................................................................................................................5 1.4 Objectives of the study ..............................................................................................................5 1.5 Justification of the study ...........................................................................................................5 1.6 Scope and Limitations................................................................................................................6 1.7 Literature Review...................................................................................................................... 7 1.8Theoretical framework ............................................................................................................. 14 1.9 Research Hypothesis ...............................................................................................................17 1.10 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER TWO COOPERATION AND CONFLICT: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO POKOT- TURKANA RELATIONS 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................20 2.2 Turkwel Region, Turkana and Pokot people and their way of life ......................................... 20 2.3 The Pokot and Turkana people during the colonial and post-colonial rule ............................ 25 2.4 Famine and decreased mobility among the Turkana and Pokot People .................................30 2.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 34 vi CHAPTER THREE A CURSE AND BLESSING: TURKWEL DAM AND POKOT-TURKANA RELATIONS, 1984-1991 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 36 3.2 Construction of Turkwel dam and the dry river bed ...............................................................36 3.3 Jobs at Turkwel dam ............................................................................................................... 39 3.4 Development-induced displacement .......................................................................................43
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