Editors Rena Torres Cacoullos Pennsylvania State University William Labov University of Pennsylvania

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VOLUME 25, NUMBER 1 2013

Volume 25 Number 1 2013

CONTENTS

ANTHONY JULIUS NARO AND MARIA MARTA PEREIRA SCHERRE Remodeling the age variable: Number concord in Brazilian Portuguese 1

LAUREL MACKENZIE Variation in English auxiliary realization: A new take on contraction 17

YOUSEF AL-ROJAIE Regional dialect leveling in Najdi Arabic: The case of the deaffrication Pages 1–118 2013 Number 1 Volume 25, of [k] in the Qas.¯mıı ¯ dialect 43

DANIEL WIECHMANN AND ARNE LOHMANN Domain minimization and beyond: Modeling prepositional phrase ordering 65

JOHN C. PAOLILLO Individual effects in variation analysis: Model, software, and research design 89

Editors Rena Torres Cacoullos Pennsylvania State University William Labov University of Pennsylvania

Instructions for Contributors on inside back cover

Cambridge Journals Online For further information about this journal please go to the journal website at: journals.cambridge.org/lvc

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notes for contributors Language Variation and Change publishes original publication, and, where relevant, the page(s) referred to: research reports that are based on data of language (Vincent, 1982:90–91). If the author’s name is part of the EDITORS production, either oral or written, from contemporary text, the following form should be used: “Vincent (1982) RENA TORRES CACOULLOS WILLIAM LABOV or historical sources. Articles with substantive content listed several. . . .” For multi-authored works, only the Pennsylvania State University University of Pennsylvania are preferred over those that are solely argumentative; first citation should list all authors: (Weinreich, Labov, & those that synthesize or reanalyze a number of Herzog, 1968). In subsequent citations, only the first ASSOCIATE EDITORS research findings on substantive issues will also be name should be given, followed by “et al.”: (Weinreich et Sylvie Dubois, Louisiana State University Beatrice Santorini, University of Pennsylvania considered. Conforming to scientific methodology, al., 1968). Separate works referred to in the same paren- Penelope Eckert, Stanford University James Walker, York University the reported findings should be fully replicable from theses should be listed in alphabetical order; those by the John C. Paolillo, Indiana University the information provided. same author should be separated by commas and those Contributions may be submitted from all countries. by different authors by semi-colons: (López Morales, EDITORIAL BOARD The usual language of publication is English, although 1981; Vincent, 1981, 1982). Initials should be used articles in French are also welcome. All submissions (before the author’s name) only when it is necessary to Henrietta Cedergren, Université du Québec Anthony Naro, Federal University, Rio de Janeiro distinguish between two or more authors with the same à Montréal Shana Poplack, University of Ottawa should be submitted electronically, and by postal mail. Please send both a Word and PDF version to surname referred to in the same article. Sandra Clarke, Memorial University of Gillian Sankoff, University of Pennsylvania [email protected], and one hard copy to: All works referred to in the text must be listed in the Newfoundland Sali A. Tagliamonte, University of Toronto Rena Torres Cacoullos reference section in alphabetical order. Gregory Guy, New York University Gunnel Tottie, University of Zurich Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese Examples of references (note the use of punctuation Barbara Horvath, University of Sydney Peter Trudgill, University of Friburg Pennsylvania State University marks within references): 237 Burrowes Building Interplay of social and Editorial Assistant: Nicole M. Benevento University Park, PA 16802 Cedergren, Henrietta J. (1973). linguistic factors in Panama. Doctoral dissertation, EDITORIAL POLICY Submission of an article is taken to imply that it has not Cornell University. been previously published or is not being considered for López Morales, Humberto. (1981). Velarization of Language Variation and Change is dedicated to the reflected in actual speech production and processing publication elsewhere. If an author is publishing a related /n/ in Puerto Rican Spanish. In D. Sankoff & description and understanding of variability and (or writing) and as systematically analyzed using article, this fact should be stated. H. J. Cedergren (eds.), Variation omnibus. Edmonton: change at the levels of the speaker/hearer and the quantitative methods. The interaction between Copyright. Contributors of accepted articles will be Linguistic Research. 105–113. speech community. The journal will concentrate on language and society falls within the focus of the asked to assign their copyrights, on certain conditions, Tagliamonte, Sali, & Poplack, Shana. (1980). How the details of structure and process that have tradi- journal insofar as it is manifested in linguistic to Cambridge University Press, to help protect their Black English Past got to the present: Evidence from tionally constituted the discipline of linguistics, as structure. material, particularly in the U.S.A. Samaná. Language in Society 17:513–533. Vincent, Diane. (1982). 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