Autogestión, Un Rumbo De Todos” Se Encuentra Bajo Una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-Nocomercial-Compartirigual 3.0 Unported

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Autogestión, Un Rumbo De Todos” Se Encuentra Bajo Una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-Nocomercial-Compartirigual 3.0 Unported AUTOGESTIÓN un rumbo de todos José López Mercao Hernán Bello “Autogestión, un rumbo de todos” se encuentra bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Unported. Se solicita que sea citado apropiadamente cuando corresponda. Esta publicación también está disponible en formato electrónico (PDF) en: www.presidencia.gub.uy Diseño: Esteban Grille Las imágenes fueron provistas por la Secretaría de Comunicación de Presidencia de la República excepto en el capítulo 29, donde pertenecen a Sandro Pereyra. Presentación “Yo no sé muchas cosas, es verdad. Digo tan sólo lo que he visto” (León Felipe) Tal vez las palabras del epígrafe sean las que mejor resuman la naturaleza de este libro. En su primera parte, nos vimos obligados a recapitular el saqueo que sufrió nuestra sociedad durante décadas, pero de manera exacerbada a partir de la década del 90. Si no comprendemos que detrás del eufemismo “crisis”, se esconde el atraco organizado y deliberado, ejercido por una clase en perjuicio de otra, aceptaríamos pasivamente la repetición de saqueos similares. Luego, tras detenernos brevemente en los primeros emprendimientos apalancados por Hugo Chávez Frías, entre otras cosas, un gran utopista de nuestros tiempos, entramos a la consideración de los emprendimien- tos vinculados a la Asociación Nacional de Empresas Recuperadas por los Trabajadores (ANERT). Ello implicó un itinerario complejo y dilatado, que nos llevó desde Santa María de la Bella Unión, en el extremo norte uru- guayo, a las fábricas y talleres que albergaban la obrería autogestionaria del sur. Compartimos sus premuras, sus anhelos, sus certezas, sus historias, sus frustraciones; a menudo nos albergaron en sus casas y fraccionaron el pan con nosotros. Pretendimos hablar por su boca, compartir su mirada, ser fieles hasta en el menor detalle con lo que nos narraron. Sólo en los capítulos finales, arries- gamos nuestra opinión sobre lo visto y vivido. Este libro es para ellos, para los que luchan cotidianamente por un futuro mejor y pedimos disculpas de antemano por sus imperfecciones, por aque- llo que faltó en la escueta síntesis que nos vimos obligados a transcribir. No obstante, pensamos que no se ha omitido nada de lo fundamental, ni hemos mirado de soslayo lo que debíamos mirar de frente. Nos queda la gratitud, el compromiso y la solidaridad con una causa que hicimos nuestra y el propósito de haber sido objetivos en todo aquello que ha sido materia de esta publicación. Julio 2014, Montevideo Hernán Bello, José López Mercao Contenido Prólogo: El presidente Mujica y la autogestión ................................................... 7 Parte I- El plan perfecto Capítulo 1: Las empresas recuperadas y sus antecedentes .......................... 15 Capítulo 2: La concentración del capital ........................................................ 19 Capítulo 3: La emergencia de la autogestión ................................................. 24 Capítulo 4: El nuevo ciclo .............................................................................. 29 Capítulo 5. Las crisis de 1982 y de 2002: sus efectos acumulativos .............. 33 Capítulo 6. La previa de la década del noventa .............................................. 38 Capítulo 7. La década neoliberal ................................................................... 45 Capítulo 8. La caída ...................................................................................... 49 Capítulo 9. Los precursores ........................................................................... 54 Capítulo 10. El despegue de la autogestión ..................................................... 60 Parte II: Los instrumentos de la autogestión Capítulo 11: El “Banco país” ............................................................................ 66 Capítulo 12: FUNSA: un retazo de historia ....................................................... 69 Capítulo 13: Envidrio: la lucha que no se abandonó ........................................ 77 Capítulo 14: URUVEN: asignatura pendiente ................................................... 83 Capítulo 15: La fundación de la ANERT ........................................................... 88 Capítulo 16: La creación del FONDES ............................................................. 93 Capítulo 17: El marco teórico Capítulo 18: El plano operativo ........................................................................ 99 Capítulo 19: La Federación de Cooperativas de Producción del Uruguay ...... 104 Capítulo 20: El Fondo Raúl Sendic ................................................................ 109 Parte III: Los protagonistas Capítulo 21: Santa Rosa: triguera y milagrosa ................................................ 114 Capítulo 22. Caorsi: viñeta de una decana ..................................................... 122 Capítulo 23. Urutransfor: un peso semipesado .............................................. 130 Capítulo 24. CTC: la herencia de los cerámicos ............................................. 139 Capítulo 25. Cotrapay: la industria que volvió del frío ..................................... 153 Capítulo 26. Pressur: un gigante inmovilizado ................................................ 159 Capítulo 27. El sinuoso vuelo de “El Águila” ................................................... 166 Capítulo 28. Profuncoop: Resucitando oficios ............................................... 172 Capítulo 29. Calvinor: barajar y d ar de nuevo ............................................... 178 Capítulo 30. COFU ESA: un agua de alta gama ............................................. 185 Capítulo 31. COOPIMA: el tiempo no para..................................................... 190 Capítulo 32: Arerunguá: el cuartel del Protector ............................................. 199 Capítulo 33. Moda Chic: Y todo a pulmón. .................................................... 205 Capítulo 34. COLASE: Sin licencia para trabajar ............................................ 210 Capítulo 35. la diaria: un tigre de papel .......................................................... 214 Capítulo 36. 7N: Sin innovación no hay paraíso ............................................. 220 Capítulo 37. Larga vida a COTRAYDI ............................................................. 223 Capítulo 38. La Victoria de las humildes ........................................................ 227 Capítulo 39. Comereptra: Un museo de la metalurgia .................................... 229 Capítulo 40. CTEPA: fideos con alma ............................................................ 233 Capítulo 41. COOTAB: La ñata atrás del vidrio .............................................. 237 Capítulo 42. Piedra Lisa: la otra cara de la renovación ................................... 243 Capítulo 43. Alas Uruguay: la aventura de volar ............................................. 247 Capítulo 44. Niboplast: Honor y gloria a los caídos ........................................ 251 Parte IV: Epílogo Capítulo 45: A manera de síntesis.................................................................. 258 Capítulo 46. Reflexiones finales ..................................................................... 265 6 Prólogo El presidente Mujica y la autogestión Más allá de que el protagonismo del incipiente proceso de autogestión que se vive en nuestro país, le corresponde a los que efectivamente día a día crean con su trabajo los valores y la organización, es indudable que al presidente José Mujica le cupo un papel principalísimo en su impulso, lo que particularmente se materializó en la iniciativa de incorporar a la Carta Orgánica del Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay (BROU) el artí- culo 40, que daría origen a la formación y financiamiento del Fondo para el Desarrollo (FONDES), a saber, una banca de alternativa puesta al servicio de los emprendimientos autogestionarios. Por lo mismo, es de estricta jus- ticia que este libro esté encabezado por una entrevista a quién buscó un camino nuevo para materializar viejas utopías - Presidente ¿qué fue lo que le llevó a dar un apoyo tan decidido al pro- ceso de autogestión? - Sencillamente porque gané la presidencia y en honor a la verdad siem- pre discrepé con el concepto de explotación del hombre por el hombre. Pertenezco a una generación ingenua que quería cambiar estas cuestiones que son esenciales en las relaciones humanas. 7 Los errores o fracasos cometidos no significan una abdicación en la forma de pensar. Por el contrario, significan un afinamiento en el sentido de que una de las razones fundamentales del fracaso de los intentos socializantes ha sido la intención de construir un edificio socialista con albañiles capita- listas. Los albañiles somos todos los que salimos de una sociedad provistos de los valores con los que necesariamente debemos convivir. La conclusión es que todo intento de construcción de una sociedad con nuevas relaciones no puede olvidarse de los hombres. Y a los hombres hay que reformularlos, porque los hombres todos, incluso los que se golpean el pecho y se dicen socialistas, a lo sumo pueden tener una postura sobre el tema, pero su con- ducta permanente, su sentimiento permanente sigue siendo netamente ca- pitalista, porque el capitalismo es también una cultura. Quiero decir con esto que hablamos de una épica muy larga y parto de la base de que no hay derecho a sacrificar a una sociedad cometiendo estupi- deces del punto de vista económico, intentando construir algo mejor a costa de sacrificar a gente que tiene una única vida
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