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1 FUTURE CITY — COMBINING DISCIPLINES 2 1 RE-CITY Future City — Combining Disciplines 2 FUTURE CITY — COMBINING DISCIPLINES DATUTOP School of Architecture Tampere University of Technology Occasional Papers 34 Issue editor: Juho Rajaniemi Series editors: Minna Chudoba Gareth Griffiths Series International Editorial Board: Sari Hirvonen-Kantola - Oulu Martin H. Krieger - Los Angeles Kimmo Lapintie - Helsinki Rachel McCann - Mississippi Jorma Mänty - Tampere Raine Mäntysalo - Helsinki Necdet Teymur - London Ola Wetterberg - Gothenburg Layout: Mohammad Boroojerdi Gareth Griffiths Publisher: School of Architecture Tampere University of Technology PO Box 600 FIN-33101 Tampere Finland [email protected] Distributor: Juvenes Print www.verkkokauppa.juvenesprint.fi [email protected] Copyright © the authors by arrangement with Datutop Datutop 34, 2016 ISBN 978-952-15-3624-3 (printed) ISBN 978-952-15-3625-0 (PDF) ISSN 0359-7105 http://URN.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-15-3625-0 Printed in Finland by Juvenes Print, Tampere 3 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Juho Rajaniemi 6 SECTION ONE: CITIES’ GROWING PAINS High-Rise Living on the Periphery: Learning from Kansas City’s Country Club Plaza District Lance Owen 13 Preconditions of Urban Infill in Residential Areas with Low Market Position Hanna Kosunen, Sari Hirvonen-Kantola, Helka-Liisa Hentilä 37 Municipal Economics of Regional Development – Infill versus Greenfield Development Jaakko Vihola, Antti Kurvinen 59 The Emergence of Households and Urbanization Patterns in Poland Jakub Zasina 83 SECTION TWO: MANAGING CITY REGENERATION Policy Interventions for City Regeneration: City Development Planning Processes in Heritage Cities in India Bhawna Bali 104 Participatory Upgrading in Latin America: Finding the Balance Between Top-down and Bottom-up Urban Planning Susana Restrepo Rico 128 The Development Process of Smart City Strategies: The Case of Barcelona Luca Mora, Roberto Bolici 155 Vitality Through Integrative Urban Design: The Case of Three Finnish Cities Ari Hynynen 182 SECTION THREE: SHAPING THE FUTURE CITY Synchronized Street: The Urban Arterial of Future City Joseph E. Hummer 206 Emplotting Urban Regeneration: Narrative Strategies in the Case of Kalasatama, Helsinki Lieven Ameel 223 The Strategic and Communicative Uses of Architectural Designs in Planning: A Habermasian Perspective on the Case of Guggenheim Helsinki Hanna Mattila 242 Toward a New Image of High Density - A Review of the “Linkage” Concept of the Metabolist Architects Nazli Amin Farzaneh 271 CONTRIBUTORS 283 4 FUTURE CITY — COMBINING DISCIPLINES Tampere, 2014. Photo by Mikko Vares, used with permission. 5 6 FUTURE CITY — COMBINING DISCIPLINES INTRODUCTION The first international city regeneration congress, Re-City 2015, was arranged under the theme Future City — Combining Disciplines in Tam- pere, Finland, on September 3-4, 2015. The congress was organized as a collaboration between Tampere University of Technology and the University of Tampere, and with a total of 81 participants arriving from all continents and around 20 countries. As the congress was designed to provide an interdisciplinary forum for researchers and practitio- ners from various fields, the participants represented urban planning, architecture, traffic planning and logistics, urban history, economics and business, political science, the social sciences and the humanities. The word “regeneration” implies that cities today have problems with regard to, for instance, aesthetics, growth, citizen participation and functionality. Solving these challenges, that is, “city regeneration”, requires a greater awareness from citizens and governing institutions. One particular aim of the congress was to ascertain how this can be achieved and how different disciplines in planning practice or urban research can be combined within the context of city regeneration. The topic was, of course, highly multi-disciplinary, but at the same time it allowed a wide range of approaches concerning the regeneration of future cities. The congress was organised around the following five themes: Theme A: Urban regenerative strategies, methods and tools Theme B: Mobility and urban planning in city regeneration Theme C: Economics and power in city regeneration Theme D: Citizens and their milieu in city regeneration Theme E: The 3Rs in city regeneration (rehabilitation, reconstruction, renovation) INTRODUCTION 7 The spring 2015 call for abstracts invited new approaches to these themes. Over 80 abstracts were submitted and almost half of them were presented in the congress. The scientific committee consisted of 13 peer reviewers representing different sciences. The members of the committee also made recommendations for the papers to be included in the present publication. Several criteria were used in selecting the articles, including the paper’s overall quality, scientific value, novelty value, clarity, international appeal, how it matches the congress theme and other accepted papers, and how ready it is for publication. Conse- quently, there were many excellent congress papers that could not be accepted for publication. The end result is a publication with 12 articles from different sci- ences, and gathered together under three sections. Section One, Cities’ Growing Pains, emphasizes the problems of city growth or the lack of growth. In this section, examples from the United States, Finland and Poland also tackle economic issues. Section Two, Managing City Regeneration, includes examples from India, Latin America, Spain and Finland. As a whole, this section shows how different – and also how similar – the issues of city regeneration are in these different countries. Section Three takes a look at the future under the theme Shaping the Future City. All the articles in this section are rather different from each other, which only confirms the complexity of city regeneration and the need for different approaches. SECTION ONE: CITIES’ GROWING PAINS In his paper, Lance Owen, a PhD student from the University of Califor- nia, Berkeley, USA, examines the Country Club Plaza district in Kansas City. The Plaza is an apartment and retail district built originally as early as 1922-1930 and ranked by many historians as the first suburban shopping centre in the USA. Owen offers an interesting view of a highly important area development during the roaring 20s and shows, quite surprisingly, that all the main elements of area development we have today existed already in Kansas City almost one hundred years ago. His viewpoint is thus a historical one and serves well as a starter in the publication. According to Owen, “To build better cities of the future, we should examine the suburbs of the past – not for their shortcomings, but rather the opposite.” Urban regeneration researchers and urban planners often deal with the infill of growing and wealthy areas. In their paper, university teach- er Hanna Kosunen, post-doctoral researcher Sari Hirvonen-Kantola 8 FUTURE CITY — COMBINING DISCIPLINES and Professor Helka-Liisa Hentilä from the University of Oulu, Fin- land, show that urban infill is even more problematic in areas with a low market interest. Private developers are not very interested in these areas because of the low profits and the various stakeholders involved in the development projects. The authors concentrate on three urban regeneration strategies (state-led, property-led and community-led) and demonstrate how prevailing political ideologies affect urban re- generation. They also call for the integration of these three strategies. The article by Jaakko Vihola and Antti Kurvinen, PhD students from Tampere University of Technology, Finland, contributes to the ongoing debate on whether infill development (building urban environment within existing urban areas) is more profitable than greenfield devel- opment (building urban environment outside of existing urban areas). The authors present three case studies in Tampere: two infill develop- ments and one greenfield development. Even if public transportation economics or state subsidies are not included in the calculations, the outcome is still convincing. The article supports the claim that urban infill is far more profitable than greenfield development, at least from the municipal economy point of view. It is easy to agree with the au- thors’ conclusion, namely that this fact should certainly be taken into consideration in political decision making. Jakub Zasina, a PhD student from the University of Łódź, Poland, shows in his data analysis of the 51 largest Polish cities how the number of small and non-traditional households has increased in the majority of urban areas, even if the total population has decreased. This is a significant issue not only in Poland, but also elsewhere. This second demographic transition, as the phenomenon is known in academic dis- course, is very familiar at least in developed countries. It includes many demographic changes, such as the deinstitutionalization of the nuclear family, the decline in the fertility rate, the delay in childbearing and postponement of marriage. Zasina also assumes that a higher propor- tion of small households may result in a more compact urban form, because the inhabitants of these households favour the urban amenities of city centres. For contemporary cities this development can affect significant economic changes as well as transformations in city form. SECTION TWO: MANAGING CITY REGENERATION In her article, Bhawna Bali, Assistant Professor at TERI University, New Delhi, India, concentrates on Indian